JASHORE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology

Course Title: Fundamentals of Biochemistry

Course Code: GEBT 1205
An Assignment on
ANEMIA
:

Submitted Submitted
to by
Avizit Das Sir MD. AL FAHIM.

Lecturer Roll: 190634 ,

Dept. of Genetic Engineering& 1 st year, 2nd semester,
Biotechnology, Dept. of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology,
Jashore University of Science & Technology Jashore University of Science & Technology

Date of Submission : 5 February 2021

ANEMIA
ANEMIA:

Decreased red blood cell count in the body is called anemia. Blood tests can be used to
determine the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is one of the most important
proteins in the body. This is because hemoglobin carries oxygen to all parts of the body. And
because of this low hemoglobin, the body does not carry enough oxygen. As a result, lack of
oxygen causes various problems in the body. And as a result, the symptoms of anemia are -
fatigue, shortness of breath, feeling extremely cold. However, children and the elderly are more
likely to have the disease. Also, during the period of pregnancy in women, the level of
hemoglobin decreases due to the loss of blood from the body, which causes problems due to
the formation of iron.

Anemia Symptoms:

Anemia occurs very slowly. This is not easily understood. The cause of anemia may be the
child's symptoms.

*Fast or unusual heartbeat

*Headache

*Pain, including in your bones, chest, belly, and joints

*Problems with growth, for children and teens

*Shortness of breath

*Skin that’s pale or yellow

*Cold hands and feet

*Tiredness or weakness

Anemia Types and Causes

There are more than 400 types of anemia, and they’re divided into three groups:
*Anemia caused by blood loss

*Anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production

*Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells

Anemia Caused by Blood Loss:

Through bleeding, red blood cells gradually decrease. The symptoms gradually appear in the
body. The symptoms are given without fear.

*Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of your

stomach), and cancer

*Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, which can cause
ulcers and gastritis

*A woman’s period, especially if you have a heavy menstruation (or heavy period). This can be
associated with fibroids. *Post-trauma or post-surgery as well.

Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell Production:

The cause of such anemia may not be the amount of blood cells that need to be made in the
body or the blood cells may not work properly. Such problems are caused by various
deficiencies such as deficiency of minerals and vitamins in the blood. These symptoms are given
below.

*Bone marrow and stem cell problems

*Iron-deficiency anemia

*Sickle cell anemia

*Vitamin-deficiency anemia, specifically b12 or folate.

Bone marrow and stem cell problems:

Anemia occurs if the stem cells that produce blood cells are not produced in the body.

(a)Aplastic anemia occurs when there are not enough or no stem cells. This is due to various
reasons such as radiation, camera etc.

(b)Thalassemia causes hemoglobin formation problems because 4 chains are not formed
properly.

(c)Lead is very harmful to the body which damages the bone marrow which produces red blood
cells. As a result, the production of red blood cells decreases.

Iron Deficiency Anemia Happens:

Lack of adequate amount of iron in the body can lead to anemia. This is because iron is
deficient in the blood-producing bone marrow of the body and blood is not produced from it
and iron also has a special role in transporting oxygen. The symptoms of anemia due to the
weight of this iron are given below-.

*A diet without enough iron, especially in infants, children, teens, vegans, and vegetarians

*Certain drugs, foods, and caffeinated drinks

*Digestive conditions such as Crohn's disease, or if you’ve had part of your stomach or small
intestine removed

*Donating blood often

*Endurance training
*Pregnancy and breastfeeding using up iron in your body

*Your period

*A common cause is chronic slow bleed, usually from a Gastrointestinal source.

Sickle Cell Anemia:

Sickle cell anemia is mainly due to lack of Vitamin B Twelve. This can lead to various diseases in
the body

Lake of erythropoietin:

Hormonal factors are one of the reasons for the decrease in red blood cells in the body.
Anemia occurs when the erythropoietin hormone, which produces red blood cells, is not
deficient in the body and does not function properly. This leads to various diseases such as-

*Advanced kidney disease

*Hypothyroidism

*Old age

*Long-term diseases, such as cancer, infection, lupus, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Anemia Caused by Destruction of Red Blood Cells:

When red blood cells are fragile and can’t handle the stress of traveling through your body, they
may burst, causing what’s called hemolytic anemia. You might have this condition at birth, or it
could come later. Sometimes, the causes of hemolytic anemia are unclear, but they can include:

*An attack by your immune system, as with lupus. This can happen to anyone, even a baby still
in the womb or a newborn. That’s called hemolytic disease of the newborn.
*Conditions that can be passed down through your genes, such as sickle cell anemia,
thalassemia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

*Enlarged spleen. This can, in rare cases, trap red blood cells and destroy them too early.

*Something that puts strain on your body, such as infections, drugs, snake or spider venom, or
certain foods

*Toxins from advanced liver or kidney disease

*Vascular grafts, prosthetic heart valves, tumors, severe burns, being around certain chemicals,
severe hypertension, and clotting disorders

Anemia Test

There are several teast of anemia. Such as

(a)CBC test

(b)RBC test

(a)CBC test or A complete blood cell count:

Traditionally, a doctor or a laboratory technician performed a CBC analysis by viewing a glass

slide prepared from a blood sample under a microscope. Today, this work is automated. Six
component measurements make up a CBC test:

*Red blood cell (RBC) count

*Hematocrit

*Hemoglobin

*White blood cell (WBC) count

*Differential blood count

*Platelet count

Only the first three of these anemia tests -- the red blood cell (RBC) count, the hematocrit, and
the hemoglobin -- are relevant to an anemia diagnosis.

Additionally, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is also often reported in a CBC, which basically
measures the average volume of red blood cells in a blood sample. This is important in
distinguishing the causes of anemia. Units of MCV are reported in femtoliters, a fraction of one
millionth of a liter.

Other useful clues to causes of anemia that are reported in a CBC are the size, shape, and color
of red blood cells.

(b)RBC test

The red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) are the most common type of cells in the blood. We
each have millions and

millions of these little disc-shaped cells. The RBC count is done to determine if the number of
red blood cells is low (anemia) or high (polycythemia).

In an RBC count, the number and size of the RBCs are determined. This is usually reported as
number of RBCs per a specified volume, typically in millions of RBCs in microliters (one one-
thousandth of an ml) of whole blood. The shape of the RBCs is also evaluated under a
microscope. All of this information -- the number, size and shape of the RBCs -- is useful in the
diagnosis of anemia. Further, the specific type of anemia may be determined by this
Anemia Diagnosis:

A complete blood count (CBC) test will measure your red blood cells, hemoglobin, and other
parts of your blood. Your doctor will ask about your family history and your medical history
after the CBC. They’ll probably do some tests, including:

*Blood smear or differential to count your white blood cells, check the shape of your red blood
cells, and look for unusual cells

*Reticulocyte count to check for immature red blood cells

Anemia treatment:

Your treatment will depend on your type of anemia. There are lot of causes, so there are also
many treatments available.

*If you have aplastic anemia, you might need medication, blood transfusions (in which you get
blood from another person), or a bone marrow transplant (in which you get a donor’s stem
cells).

*If you have hemolytic anemia, you might need medication that will hold back your immune
system. Your primary care doctor may refer you to a doctor who specializes in vascular
problems.

*If it’s caused by blood loss, you might have surgery to find and fix the bleeding. If you have
iron-deficiency anemia, you’ll probably need to take iron supplements and change your diet.

*Sickle cell anemia treatment includes painkillers, folic acid supplements, intermittent
antibiotics or oxygen therapy. A drug. called hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos) is often
prescribed to decrease sickle cell pain crises (complicated mechanism). The medication called
voxelator (Oxbryta) whichcan help your red blood cells keep their proper shape. Crizanlizumab-
tmca (Adakveo) can keep the blood cells from sticking together and blocking vessels. L-
glutamine oral powder (Endari) can cut down on your trips to the hospital for pain and also
guard against a condition called acute chest syndrome.

*If you have a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, you will be prescribed supplements..

*Thalassemia doesn’t usually need treatment, but if your case is severe, you might have blood
transfusions, a bone marrow transplant, or surgery.