Function: Navigation at The Operational Level Competence: Plan and Conduct A Passage and Determine Position

Part A – Paper 1 – Coastal Navigation (2.
5 hrs, 70% pass)
Remember to bring – 量角器, 圓規, calculators x 2
Materials needed: Chart work, navigational charts, light lists, sailing directions,
bridge procedure (passage planning and watchkeeper’s duties), and tide table.
Function : Navigation at the operational level

Competence : Plan and conduct a passage and determine position
Criteria : The primary method of fixing the ships position is the most appropriate to
the prevailing circumstances and conditions. Information obtained from charts and
publications is correctly interpreted and applied.
Terrestrial and Coastal Navigation
A. The ability to determine the ships position and to properly monitor a coastal
passage using the following types of information or any combination thereof:
1. DR position and estimated position.
2. Positions fixed using position lines obtained visually or by radar as
bearings or ranges from shore land-marks, lighthouses, beacons and buoys.
3. Position lines and fixes by Electronic Navigational Instruments.
4. Information obtained from log, propeller revolutions, soundings, winds,
tides, currents and estimated speed.
5. Parallel indexing by radar.
6. Transit bearings and single bearings used as clearing and leading lines.
7. Horizontal and vertical angles.
8. Transferred position lines, single position lines.
B. A thorough knowledge of navigational charts, light lists and sailing directions
and their correction using Notices to Mariners and navigational warnings by
radio and NAVTEX and ship's routeing information.
C. Basic knowledge of the principles of passage planning, and the watchkeeper's
duties in implementing a passage plan.
D. The ability to lay off suitable courses and prepare charts and information for a
coastal passage, and to calculate an ETA.
E. A thorough knowledge of navigational procedures in connection with traffic
separation schemes and other routeing schemes, coastal ship reporting schemes
and VTS.
F. The correction of courses for compass error. Knowledge of the separate effects
of variation and deviation on compass headings.
G. The ability to assess and compare the accuracies and reliabilities of the types of
information as in (a).
H. The ability to adjust course, amend the allowance for tidal stream, set, and/or
leeway and amend ETA as a result of information obtained as in (a).
I. Landfalls and approaching harbours and anchorages. The use of visual
indications, radar and appropriate instruments in making landfall and during an
approach.
J. The use of Admiralty Tide Tables.
K. Ability to calculate tidal conditions. To use tide tables in conjunction with
Tidal Stream Atlas and charted information to obtain tidal stream predictions.
Note : ECDIS systems are considered to be included under the term "Charts".
Notes:
1. Position Fix:
i. Observed position. Symbol = a circle. Intersection of 2 position lines
a) Cocked hat. Result from change of bearing caused by speed,
proximity or a time interval between bearings, and formed a
triangle between 3 position lines
ii. Radar. Can be combined with visual bearing or radar alone. Radar ranges
is better than radar bearing, and visual bearing is better than radar bearing.
iii. Cross bearing. Bearings from visual or radar
iv. Dead reckoning and estimated position.
a) Dead reckoning (DR). Courses steered and log distances.
b) Sea position. Courses steered with leeway and log distances.
c) Estimated position (EP). With the effect of leeway, set and drift.
d) Set. Direction of current. Marked with 3 arrows.
e) Ground track. Marked with 2 arrows
f) Water Track. Marked with 1 arrows
v. Counteracting the effect of current and leeway to find the course to steer.
a) Plot the set and drift at the beginning position
b) Draw the distance run at the end of set and drift
c) Apply the leeway
vi. Beam bearing. Bearing lies at right angles to the course steered, NOT
ground track.
vii. Running Fix. When only one charted shore object is visible, fix by
transfer position lines (2 arrows). Take 2 bearings of the same object,
calculate the distance make good and ground track and transfer the line.
viii. Doubling the angle one the bow.
a) Providing CMG is known, the distance off at the time of the second
bearing is equal to the distance run between first and second
bearing.
b) Four point bearing. Use 45 ﾟ as the first bearing so distance run
equal to the distance off abeam
c) Special angle. Use 26.5 ﾟ bearing, so the distance to arrive 45 ﾟ
bearing is the distance off abeam.
2. Converting a true course to a compass course
i. True  Variation  Magnetic  Deviation  Compass
a) First apply variation to the True course  get magnetic course
b) Then apply deviation to similar Compass courses using deviation
card  get 2~3 similar magnetic course
c) Interpolation
ii. Deviation always for ship’s head (course steered), NOT observe bearing.
i.e., find a single deviation for the course steered, and then apply it to all
bearings observed.
3. Transit bearing
i. Two charted objects are seen exactly in line
ii. Symbol: Ø
iii. To find the gyro error
iv. Require good horizontal separation, distance not more than 3 times
4. Altering course onto a transferred position line
i. Take one bearing, transfer P/L for an estimated time interval
ii. Use the DR lat, draw the ground track, measure to find the ground speed
iii. Extend the ground track to the transferred P/L, divide the dist by the
ground speed  find the ETA to A/C
iv. Counteract the lee and current at the A/C point  find intended course
5. Horizontal angle (HA)
i. By horizontal sextant angle
ii. By compass/gyro bearing – no need to adjust for error
a) Obtain the horizontal angles between objects
b) If HA > 90 ﾟ, the ship position must be on the minor arc of the
position circle. Base angle = HA - 90 ﾟ. Vice versa.
c) Join the two points observed
d) Lay off base angles, facing the major arc, on base line
e) Produce the base angle to intersect at a point, which is the center of
position circle. Draw the circle and the ship position is on the
minor arc.
f) Draw another circle, the intersection between two position circles
is the vessel position.
g) Obtain the true bearing of the objects from the chart to find the
compass error.
6. Horizontal Danger Angle
i. Plot the ship’s DR and position of danger (wreck)
ii. Draw the ground track, find the CPA. At this point, obtain the horizontal
angle of objects near to the danger, and then draw the position circle.
iii. Take the HA regularly. If the HA > horizontal danger angle, danger exist
and course should be alter to avoid risk.
7. Vertical Sextant angle
i. Provide a accurate distance off
ii. Correction for height of tide
iii. Apply the index error
iv. Found the distance off from Nories table
8. Leading lines
i. It passes thru 2 leading marks. When kept in transit, it leads the vessel
thru a safe channel
9. Clearing lines
i. It is a transit thru 2 charted marks selected by the navigator.
ii. By keeping to the appropriate side of the clearing line, the vessel will run
clear of the danger
10.

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Part A – Paper 1 – Coastal Navigation (2.

5 hrs, 70% pass)

Remember to bring – 量角器, 圓規, calculators x 2

Function : Navigation at the operational level

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