Lecture 2. Digital Coherent Systems

Lecture 2: Digital Optical Systems 1/
2. Digital Optical Systems based on

Coherent and Direct Detection
Optical Communication Systems

and Networks
Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Lecture 2: Digital Optical Systems 2/ 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Fiber-Optic Communications Systems

Govind P. Agrawal, Chapter 10, pp. 478-512, John Wiley & Sons, 2002,
Third Edition.
 Optical Fiber Communications. Principles and

Practice
John M. Senior. Chapter 12, pp.700-767, Ed. Prentice Hall, 1992,
Second Edition,

Modulation formats
Optical carrier: E(t) = A0 cos(0t − 0) ê

“1” “0” “1” “0” “1” “0”
Electric signal
(Bit sequence)
• Amplitude modulation A0: ASK, Amplitude-shift
keying
ASK
• Phase modulation 0: PSK, Phase-shift keying
• Frequency modulation 0: FSK, Frequency-shift PSK

keying
• Polarization modulation ê: PoSK, information FSK

coded by polarization state (not allowed in optical
systems based on fiber)
 Most commercial systems are based on ASK (These systems are also known as on–off
keying, OOK)  IM/DD (intensity modulation and Direct Detection)
 First Differential PSK (DPSK) are being deployed recently

Direct Detection
ELECTRICAL RECEPTION
Antenna weak
electric
signal
Electrical Amplifiers
E(t)=f(t)cos(t) receiver (& filter/s)
i(t)=CE(t)  f(t)
OPTICAL RECEPTION
weak
electric
signal
E(t)=f(t)cos(t)
Optical Amplifier
receiver (& filter/s)
Lens
(Focusing /collimation) i(t)=C|E(t)|2 =CP(t)  f2(t)

Thermal Direct Detection: Detectors

Variation of
radiation makes a Vacuum devices
change of
temperature T As the photomultiplier tubes, which have high
(bolometers). sensitivity but require high voltages, are
They are slow for expensive, slow and large. They also have
communication difficulty operating at  > 1 m
applications
Photodetectors
Photoconductors
Incident radiation causes
Semiconductors variation of carriers, which in
turn causes the modification
of the conductivity of the
material. They have low
sensitivity
Best option in Optical
Communications
fotodiodes
Coherent Systems
ADVANTAGES:
 Coherent detection can provide a potential improvement up to 20 dB in the receiver

sensivity unlike direct-detection-based systems
 For a given power budget, this would allow to increase the total length of an
optical link (or spacing between repeaters/aplifiers)
 Higher transmisssion rates over existing optical links without reducing repeater
spacing is achieved
 Efficent use of the available bandwidth

• 6
 Allows to transmit simultaneously several carriers (frequency multiplexing)

 Channel spacing can be reduced to 1 - 10 GHz.
In IM/DD systems, 100 GHz – channel spacing has been proposed. Latest
recomendations (G.694.1) include 50, 25 and 12.5 GHz versions
DISADVANTAGES:
• Receivers become more complex
• Sensitivity to the optical carrier’s phase and frequency degradation in reception

Diagram of a Coherent Detection System
Beam
combiner
Received Electronic
optical signal Detector
driver
(modulated)
CW
Local Electrical bit

oscillator secuence

Coherent Systems
• The optical carrier carries modulated/coded information (phase and/or frequency)
• At receiver: coherent mixing between the incoming signal and optical wave generated
by a stable and reduced spectral width local oscillator.
Incoming signal: Es  As exp  j (0t  s )

Local oscillator: EOL  ALO exp  j(LOt  LO )
• Assuming perfect optical mixing, and recalling than optical power is proportional to the
square of the electrical field strength, we have :
P(t )  Ps  PLO  2 Ps PLO cos(IF t  s  LO ),
Ps  KAs2 PLO  KALO

2
IF  0  LO
– if IF = 0, coherent system with homodyne detection

– if IF  0, coherent system with heterodyne detection

Coherent Systems. Homodyne detection
• When the local oscillator frequency equals to optical carrier frequency: wFI = ws - wOL = 0
• The photocurrent generated by the optical detector is proportional to the optical power
(or optical intensity) :
I (t )  ( Ps  PLO )  2 Ps PLO cos(s  LO )
I (t )  2 Ps PLO cos(s  LO ) This information can not be detected
in direct detection systems
(PLO >> Ps PLO + Ps  PLO , where DC can be eliminated)
Assuming: s=LO , there is an improvement of SNR:
2 2
 I HomodyneDetect   2 Ps PLO  4 PLO
      1
 I   
 Direct Detect   Ps  Ps
Main disadvantage: Very sensitive to phase variations
• Accurate control of LO and s could be a solution unless both do not fluctuate
• Solution: Phase control so that the difference between OL y s remains constant (by
using phase locked-loops)

Coherent Systems. Heterodyne detection
 Typically, the local oscillator frequency is chosen so that intermediate frequency values
range from 0,1 to 5 GHz.
I (t )  ( Ps  PLO )  2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t  s  LO )

(following the same considerations we made in homodyne detection)
I (t )  2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t  s  LO )
 A SNR improvement is obtained with regard to IM/DD systems. However, this

improvement (3dB) is lower compared to the one obtained in homodyne detection
Adventage: Simpler optical receivers
 Suitable for optical communications systems

 Unable to demodulate directly optical signal to baseband (it is required a previous
demodulation from intermediate frequency to baseband in the electrical domain)

• Typically, the local oscillator frequency is chosen so that intermediate frequency values
range from 0,1 to 5 GHz.
I (t )  ( Ps  PLO )  2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t  s  LO )
(following the same considerations we made in homodyne detection)

I (t )  2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t  s  LO )
 A SNR improvement is obtained with regard to IM/DD systems. However, this

improvement (3dB) is lower compared to the one obtained in homodyne detection
I Photocurrent which depends on the detection

process (homodyne or heterodyne)
The homodyne case (OL = s) produces an increase

of 3dB with regard to the heterodyne case
If the power level PLO dominates and can be controlled:

Beam
Incoming combiner
optical
signal
(modulated)
Photodetector
Bandpass Lowpass
filter filter
subcarrier
CW recovery (IF) Data out
Local
Oscillator
Diagram of a coherent system based on heterodyne detection

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Lecture 2: Digital Optical Systems 1/

2. Digital Optical Systems based on

Optical Communication Systems

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

 Fiber-Optic Communications Systems

 Optical Fiber Communications. Principles and

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Optical carrier: E(t) = A0 cos(0t − 0) ê

• Frequency modulation 0: FSK, Frequency-shift PSK

• Polarization modulation ê: PoSK, information FSK

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Thermal Direct Detection: Detectors

 Coherent detection can provide a potential improvement up to 20 dB in the receiver

 Efficent use of the available bandwidth

 Allows to transmit simultaneously several carriers (frequency multiplexing)

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Diagram of a Coherent Detection System

Local Electrical bit

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

• The optical carrier carries modulated/coded information (phase and/or frequency)

Incoming signal: Es  As exp  j (0t  s )

P(t )  Ps  PLO  2 Ps PLO cos(IF t  s  LO ),

Ps  KAs2 PLO  KALO

– if IF = 0, coherent system with homodyne detection

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Coherent Systems. Homodyne detection

Assuming: s=LO , there is an improvement of SNR:

Main disadvantage: Very sensitive to phase variations

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Coherent Systems. Heterodyne detection

I (t )  ( Ps  PLO )  2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t  s  LO )

I (t )  2 Ps PLO cos( wIF t  s  LO )

 A SNR improvement is obtained with regard to IM/DD systems. However, this

Adventage: Simpler optical receivers

 Suitable for optical communications systems

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Coherent Systems. Heterodyne detection

(following the same considerations we made in homodyne detection)

 A SNR improvement is obtained with regard to IM/DD systems. However, this

I Photocurrent which depends on the detection

The homodyne case (OL = s) produces an increase

If the power level PLO dominates and can be controlled:

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

Coherent Systems. Heterodyne detection

Diagram of a coherent system based on heterodyne detection

Optical Communication Systems and Networks

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