Material Testing Lab Manual

MATERIAL TESTING LAB Page |1
LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Survey No 32, Near Telangana State Police Academy Himayath Sagar
Hyderabad, Telangana 500091
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
Of
MATERIAL TESTING
for
For B.E(O. U) II-Year I-SEMESTER
Prepared By Checked and approved by

Mr Md Misbahuddin Dr Syed Azam Pasha Quadri
Asst Professor Professor & Head of Dept
Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering
LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

INDEX
S. NO PARTICULARS PAGE
NO
1 Vision, Mission 3
2 Program Outcomes 4
3 Program Specific Objectives 6
4 Course Outcomes 7
5 Preface 8
6 General Instructions 9
7 List Of Experiments 10
8 Introduction 11
9 Experiment Study 12
10 Tension test on a mild steel rod 16
11 19
Compression test on bricks and impact test.
12 Hardness test on metals - Brinnell and Vickers 22
13 25
Shear Force and bending moment test.
14 Bending test on fixed beams, simply supported beam 28
15 Spring test and torsion test.

LIST OF EXPERIMENT
SL NO Experiments Unique codes

1. Direct tension test LIET/ME/MOS/UTM
2. Bending test on Simple supported beam LIET/ME/MOS/DOB
3. Bending test on Cantilever beam LIET/ME/MOS/DOB
4. Torsion test LIET/ME/MOS/TTM
5. Brinell hardness test LIET/ME/MOS/HTM
6. Rockwell hardness test LIET/ME/MOS/HTM
7. Tests on spring LIET/ME/MOS/STM
8. Compression test on cube LIET/ME/MOS/CTM
9. Izod impact test LIET/ME/MOS/ITM
10. Charpy impact test LIET/ME/MOS/ITM
11. Punch shear test LIET/ME/MOS/UTM
Content beyond syllabus
12. Over hanging beam LIET/ME/MOS/DOB


Sy. No. 32, HimayathSagar, ,
Near TSPA Junction, Hyderabad – 500091
Program: Bachelor of Engineering
Vision of the Institute:

Strive continuously for excellence in professional education through Quality, Innovation, Team Work
and Value creation, to emerge as a premier Institute in the State and the Nation.
Mission of the Institute:

1. To impart quality professional education that meets the needs of present and emerging technological
world.
2. To strive for student achievement and success, while preparing them for life, career and leadership.
3. To produce graduates with professional ethics and responsibility towards the development of
industry and the society and for sustainable development.
4. To ensure abilities in the graduates to lead technical and management teams for conception,
development and management of projects for industrial and national development.
5. To forge mutually beneficial relationships with government organizations, industries, society and
the alumni.
Vision of the Department:

The Mechanical Engineering Department strives to be recognized globally for outstanding
education and research leading to dynamic, vibrant and well-qualified engineers, who are innovative,
entrepreneurial and capable of conducting contemporary research in cutting edge technologies.
Mission of the Department:

DM1: Provide the students with in-depth understanding of fundamentals and practical training related to
professional skills and their applications through effective Teaching-Learning Process and state of
the art laboratories
DM2: Inculcate technical, team work, management and communication skills to function in multi-
discipline teams across globe
DM3: Preparing students in developing research, design, entrepreneurial skills and employability
capabilities
DM4: Providing consultancy services and promoting Industry-Department Interactions.



Program: Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech)
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s)

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
PO 1 fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the
solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
PO 2 mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
PO 3
considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
PO 4 synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
PO 5 activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
PO 6 relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

PO 7 solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
PO 8
norms of the engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
PO 9
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
PO 10
and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a
PO 11 member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
PO 12 engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.


Program: Bachelor of Engineering (B.E)
The Program Specific outcomes (PSO‟s) listed below were developed specifically to meet the Program
Educational Objectives (PEO‟s). The focus of these PSO‟s is consistent with the set of required PO‟s
identified in the NBA accreditation guidelines.
The Mechanical Engineering PSO‟s requires that graduates receiving a Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering degree from IARE demonstrate the following.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s)
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’s)
Professional Skills: An ability to understand the basic concepts in Mechanical Engineering

and to apply them to various areas, like production, thermal, designing etc., in the design
PSO1
and implementation of complex systems
Problem-Solving Skills: An ability to solve complex Mechanical Engineering problems,

using latest hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills to arrive cost effective
PSO2
and appropriate solutions.

COURSE OUTCOME’s
On completion of the course, the students will be able to
1. Perform Tension, shear and torsion test on solid materials
2. Determine the Toughness of the material using CHARPY and IZOD Test.
3. Determine the Brinnell and Rockwell hardness number of the given specimen.
4. Estimate the elastic constants through compression test on springs and deflection test on beams
5.Compare the structures and hardness of Unhardened and Hardened specimen through microscopic
examinations
COs & POs MAPPING
CO/PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3
CO2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3
CO3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3
CO4 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3
CO5 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3

Preface
Welcome to the exciting world of experimenting on the strength of materials. Great strides in the world
of mechanics have been achieved only through keen experimental observations. Translating
experimental observations to meaningful aspect of analytical understanding is not a simple task. Even
great minds in the field of mechanics have committed blunders and it took 200 years to develop an
acceptable theory on the deflection of beams!
In a first course on Mechanics of Solids one learns the stress distribution on slender members
subjected to simple loading configurations. The cross-section of the slender member and the loadings
are carefully chosen such that plane sections remain plane before and after loading. This considerably
simplifies the analytical approach and thus you read torsion of circular cross-sections and bending of
rectangular beams / I beam etc. In this Guide, experiments on slender members only are presented. The
choice of dimensions of the slender member is so chosen such that the assumptions made in analytical
modeling are closely satisfied.
It is desirable to perform experiments after one learns the theory behind it. Since, this lab course
runs concurrently with the course on Strength of Materials, conscious effort is made to present each
experiment intelligible to a student who has no such advantage. This has necessitated including more
information in each experiment, sometimes amounting to pre- conditioning the inquisitive mind.
My special thanks are to our college principal, vice principal, Head of the Department and Lab
In charges to helping me to set up the experiments and Prepare this wonderful Laboratory Guide to
Enhance to our student Knowledge.

MATERIAL TESTING LAB P a g e | 10
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students should report to the labs concerned as per the timetable.

2. Record should be updated from time to time and the previous experiment must be signed by the faculty
in charge concerned before attending the lab.
3. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment scheduled
for the day.
4. After completion of the experiment, certification of the staff in-charge concerned in the observation
book is necessary.
5. Students should bring a note book of about 100 pages and should enter the readings/observations/results
into the note book while performing the experiment.
6. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment performed
in the immediate previous session should be submitted and certified by the staff member in- charge.
7. Not more than FIVE students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a set up.
8. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of student among
different groups will be permitted later.
9. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from Lab- in-charge after
duly filling in the requisition form.
10. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and should
return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.
11. Any damage of the equipment or burnout of components will be viewed seriously either by putting
penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the semester/year.
12. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
13. Students are expected to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to Laboratory
14. Dress code
i) Boys - Formal dress with tuck in and shoes.
ii) Girls - Formal dress (salwar kameez).
iii) Wearing of jeans is strictly prohibited

PCE251ME MATERIAL TESTING LAB L T P

0 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
❖ To study the mechanical properties of materials when subjected to different types of

loading.
❖ To verify the principles studied in Fluid Mechanics theory by performing experiments in
lab.
MATERIAL TESTING LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Tension test on a mild steel rod.
2. Compression test on bricks and impact test.
3. Hardness Test: Brinnel &Vickers.
4. Shear Force and bending moment test.
5. Bending test on fixed beams, simply supported beam.
6. Spring test and torsion test.

INTRODUCTION
Materials which we come across may be classified into elastic, plastic and rigid materials. An elastic
material undergoes a deformation when subjected to an external loading such that the deformation
disappears on the removal of loading. A plastic material undergoes a continuous deformation during the
period of loading and the deformation is permanent and the material does not regain its original
dimensions on the removal of the loading. A rigid material does not undergo any deformation when
subjected to an external loading.
In practice no material is absolutely elastic or plastic or rigid. We attribute these properties when the
deformations are within certain limits. Generally, we handle a member in its elastic range. Structural
members are all generally designed so as to remain in the elastic condition under the action of the
working loads.
A material when subjected to an external load system undergoes a deformation. It becomes necessary to
study the deformations in order to determine the conditions under which failure may occur. The ability
of a part or element of a structure to resist failure by virtue of its strength.
The ability to resist deformation is called stiffness. The material will have the ability to offer the
necessary resistance when the deformation is within a certain limit. A loaded member remains in
equilibrium when the resistance offered by the member against the deformation and the applied load are
in equilibrium. When the member is incapable of offering the necessary resistance against the external
forces, the deformation will continue leading to the failure of the member.
Because of the complexity involved certain simplifying assumptions are made in strength calculations:
1. The material of the body has a solid continuous structure.
2. Within the limits of the part of the body the material is homogeneous and isotropic i.e., it has
identical properties in all directions at all points
3. There are no internal forces in a body prior to loading
4. The effect of the system of forces acting on a body is equal to the sum of the effects of these same
forces applied in succession and in any order. This is the principle of super imposition.
5. At points in a body sufficiently away from the points of application of loads, internal forces are
independent of the manner in which the loads are applied. This is known as Saint Venant
Principle. Theoretical investigations show that points more than 1.5-2 times the greatest linear
dimension of the area of load transmission from the region of loading a distributed load can be
replaced by a concentrated load. Thus, the principle enables a distributed load replaced by a point
load over a small area.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
AIM: -Study of Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.)
OBJECT: - To Study the various component parts of the Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.) & test
procedures of various practical’s to be performed.
APPARATUS: - Universal Testing Machine with all attachment i.e. shears test attachment, bending
attachment, tension grips, compression test attachment etc.
DIAGRAM – UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE: -
THEORY: - The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units.

1) Loading unit, 2) Control panel.
LOADING UNIT: -
It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside. The piston which moves up and down. The
chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on left hand side. The screw column maintained in the base
can be rotated using above arrangement of chain. Each column passes through the main nut which is fitted
in the lower cross head. The lower table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is joined
to ensure axial loading. There is a connection between lower table and upper head assembly that moves up
and down with main piston. The measurement of this assembly is carried out by number of bearings which
slides over the columns. The test specimen each fixed in the job is known as ‘Jack Job’. To fix up the
specimen tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically by handle.
CONTROL PANEL: -
It consists of oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass for checking the oil level. The pump is
displacement type piston pump having free plungers those ensure for continuation of high pressure.
The pump is fixed to the tank from bottom. The suction & delivery valve are fitted to the pump near
tank

Electric motor driven the pump is mounted on four studs which is fitted on the right side of the tank. There
is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the valve. The four valves on control panel control the oil
stroke in the hydraulic system. The loading system works as described below.
The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the flow control valves to the cylinder & the
piston goes up. Pressure starts developing & either the specimen breaks or the load having maximum value
is controlled with the base dynameters consisting in a cylinder in which the piston reciprocates. The
switches have upper and lower push at the control panel for the downward & upward movement of the
movable head. The on & off switch provided on the control panel & the pilot lamp shows the transmission
of main supply.
METHOD OF TESTING:-
Initial Adjustment: - before testing adjust the pendulum with respect to capacity of the test i.e. 8 Tones;
10 Tones; 20 Tones; 40 Tones etc. For ex: - A specimen of 6 tones capacity gives more accurate result of
10 Tones capacity range instead of 20 Tones capacity range. These ranges of capacity are adjusted on the
dial with the help of range selector knob. Engineering control weights of the pendulum are adjusted
correctly. The ink should be inserted in pen holder of recording paper around the drum & the testing
process is started depending upon the types of test as mentioned below.
TENSION TEST:-
Select the proper job and complete upper and lower check adjustment. Apply some Greece to the tapered
surface of specimen or groove. Then operate the upper cross head grip operation handle & grip the upper
end of test specimen fully in to the groove. Keep the lower left valve in fully close position. Open the right
valve & close it after lower table is slightly lifted. Adjust the lower points to zero with the help of adjusting
knob. This is necessary to remove the dead weight of the lower table. Then lock the jobs in this position
by operating job working handle. Then open the left control valve. The printer on dial gauge at which the
specimen breaks slightly return back & corresponding load is known as breaking load & maximum load is
known as the ultimate load.
COMPRESSION TEST:-
Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary head & lower table respectively. Place the
specimen on the lower plate in order to grip. Then adjust zero by lifting the lower table. Then perform the
test in the same manner as described in tension test.

FLEXURAL OR BENDING TEST:-

Keep the bending table on the lower table in such a way that the central position of the bending table
is fixed in the central location value of the lower table. The bending supports are adjusted to required
distance.
Stuffers at the back of the bending table at different positions. Then place the specimen on bending
table & apply the load by bending attachment at the upper stationary head. Then perform the test in
the same manner as described in tension test.
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST:-

Place the specimen on the lower table & lift it up slightly. Adjust the zero fixed value at the bottom
side of the lower cross head. Increase the load slowly ultimate load value is obtained. Then release the
load slowly with left control valve. Get the impression of a suitable value of five to ten millimeter on
the specimen & measure the diameter of the impression correctly by microscope & calculate Brinell
hardness.
SHEAR TEST:-
Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter. The specimen is
inserted in roles of shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is adjusted, then applies
the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces
then it will be in angle shear, & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be in double shear.
STUDY OF EXTENSOMETER:-
This instrument is an attachment to Universal / Tensile Testing Machines. This measures the
elongation of a test place on load for the set gauge length. The least count of measurement being 0.01
mm, and maximum elongation measurement up to 3 mm. This elongation measurement helps in finding
out the proof stress at the required percentage elongation.
WORKING OF THE INSTRUMENT:-

The required gauge length (between 30to 120) is set by adjusting the upper knife edges (3) A scale (2)
is provided for this purpose. Hold the specimen in the upper and lower jaws of Tensile / Universal
Testing Machine. Position the extensometer on the specimen, Position upper clamp (4) to press upper
knife edges on the specimen. The extensometer will be now fixed to the specimen by spring pressure.
Set zero on both the dial gauges by zero adjusts screws (7). Start loading the specimen and take the
reading of load on the machine at required elongation or the elongation at required load. Force setter
accuracies mean of both the dial gauge (8) readings should be taken as elongation. It is very important

to note & follow the practice of removing the extensometer from the specimen before the specimen
breaks otherwise the instrument will be totally damaged. As a safety, while testing the instrument may
be kept hanging from a fixed support by a slightly loose thread
1. Stress-strain graph Ductile Material
2. Stress-Strain Graphs of Different Materials
❖ Curve A shows a brittle material. This material is also strong because there is little strain for a
high stress. The fracture of a brittle material is sudden and catastrophic, with little or no plastic
deformation. Brittle materials crack under tension and the stress increases around the cracks. Cracks
propagate less under compression.
❖ Curve B is a strong material which is not ductile. Steel wires stretch very little, and break suddenly.
There can be a lot of elastic strain energy in a steel wire under tension and it will “whiplash” if it breaks. The
ends are razor sharp and such a failure is very dangerous indeed.
❖ Curve C is a ductile material
❖ Curve D is a plastic material. Notice a very large strain for a small stress. The material will not
go back to its original length

TENSION TEST ON A MILD STEEL ROD

Ex.No : 1
Date :
AIM:
To determine tensile strength on a required material (Mild Steel)
OBJECT: To conduct tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following
1). Limit of proportionality. 7)Young’s modulus
2) Upper yield point 8) Percentage elongation
3) Ultimate strength 9) Percentage reduction in area
4) Lower yield point. 10) Ductility, Toughness
5) Ultimate strength 11) Malleability
6) Fracture Strength 12) True-Stress & true-strain values.
APPARATUS:
1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2. Mild steel specimens
3. Graph paper
4. Scale
5. Vernier Caliper
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of
gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the
specimen.
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it.
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.
FORMULA USED:
Percentage of elongation in
Percentage of elongation in length = CL/L
Percentage of reduction in area =CA/A
where CL = Final Length

CA = Final Area
OBESERVATION:
A) Material: Initial Dimension
1. Length = ---------------
2. Diameter = ----------------
3. Area = ----------------
B) Final Dimensions:
1. Length = ---------------
2. Diameter = ----------------
3. Area = ----------------

Observation Table:
S.No Load(N) Original Extension 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡

Stress = Strain =
Gauge 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡
length (mm)
(N/mm2)
1
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

Elastic limit =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

Youngs Modulus =
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
% of elongation =
% of reduction in area =

Exp.No : 2 COMPRESSION TEST

Date :
Aim :
OBJECTIVE:-
To perform compression test on UTM.
APPARATUS:-
1. UTM or A compression testing m/c,
2. Cylindrical or cube shaped specimen,
3. Vernier caliper,
4. Liner scale.
DIAGRAM:-
THEORY:-
Bricks are used in construction of either load bearing walls or in portion walls in case of frame structure.
In bad bearing walls total weight from slab and upper floor comes directly through brick and then it is
transversed to the foundation. In case the bricks are loaded with compressive nature of force on other
hand in case of frame structure bricks are used only for construction of portion walls, layers comes
directly on the lower layers or wall. In this case bricks are loaded with compressive nature of force.
Hence for safely measures before using the bricks in actual practice they have to be tested in laboratory
for their compressive strength.

. PROCEDURE: -
1. Select some brick with uniform shape and size.
2. Measure it‟s all dimensions. (L×B×H)
3. Now fill the frog of the brick with fine sand.
4. Place the brick on the lower platform of compression testing machine and lower the spindle till the
upper motion of ram is offered by a specimen the oil pressure start increasing the pointer start
returning to zero leaving the drug pointer that is maximum reading which can be noted down.
TABULATION: - (Refer Tables)

SL NO Volume of Brick Area Of Load on Compressive Avg.
V=L×B×H Brick Brick Strength Compressive
A=L×B (P), N (P/A), KPa Strength
(P/A),
1

CALCULATION:-
Max. Load at failure
Compressive Strength =---------------------- KPa
Loaded Area of brick
RESULT:-
The average compressive strength of new brick sample is found to be ........ KPa
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) Measure the dimensions of Brick accurately.
2) Specimen should be placed as for as possible in the of lower plate.
3) The range of the gauge fitted on the machine should not be more than double the breaking load of
specimen for reliable results.
Compressive and tensile strength of some common materials :

1. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

Ex.No: 5A
Date :
AIM:
To find the brinell‟s hardness number of the given metals using brinell‟s hardness testing machine.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct Brinell hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum specimens.
APPARATUS:
❖ Brinell hardness machine,

❖ Test specimen.
❖ Brinell Microscope
THEORY
INDENTATION HARDNESS -A number related to the area or to the depth of the impression made by
an indenter or fixed geometry under a known fixed load. This method consists of indenting the surface
of the metal by a hardened steel ball of specified diameter D mm under a given load F(kgf) and measuring
the average diameter d mm of the impression with the help of Brinell microscope fitted with a scale. The
Brinell hardness HB is defined, as the quotient of the applied force F divided by the spherical area of the
impression HB = Test load in kgf/surface area of indentation.

BHN =
PROCEDURE:
❖ Select the proper diameter of the indentor and load.
❖ Start the machine by pushing the green button of starter and allow oil to circulate for few
minutes.
❖ Keep the hand lever in position A.
Place the specimen securely on the testing table. Turn the hand wheel in clockwise
direction so that the specimen will push the indentor and will show a reading on dial gauge.
The movement will continue until the long pointer will stop at „0‟ and small pointer at red
dot when the initial load of 250kg is applied. If little error exists the same can be adjusted
by rotating the outer ring dial gauge.
❖ Turn the handle from position „A‟ to „B‟ so that the total system is
brought into action.
❖ When the long pointer of dial gauge reaches a steady position, the load may be released
by taking back the lever to position „A‟.
❖ Turn back the hand wheel and remove the specimen.
❖ The diameter of the impression can be found by using optical microscope.
❖ Read the hardness number from the tables.
TABLE & OBSERVATIONS:

SL.No Material Load Diameter of BHN(kg/mm^2)
impression(mm)
1

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Brinell test should be performed on smooth, flat specimens from which dirt and scale have been cleaned.
2. The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression shows through the metal, nor
should impression be made too close to the edge of a specimen.
RESULT:
The hardness of the metal is found to be
i) Hard steel =
ii) Unhardened Steel =

2. VICKERS HARDNESS TEST
Ex.No:
Date :
AIM:
To find the Vickers hardness number of the given metals using Vickers hardness testing machine.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct Vickers hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum specimens.
APPARATUS:
❖ Vickers hardness machine,

❖ Test specimen.
❖ Diamond Cone Indentor
❖ Microscope
THEORY:
Very Hard materials (e.g. Mild steel, case hardened steel, etc,) can be tested by the Vickers’ method. If
the moderately hard materials like Brass, Copper and Aluminum are tested in this machine, the indentor
makes a deep impression. Hence, a proper indentation cannot be made on the specimen and correct value
of the hardness cannot be obtained for these materials by V. H. Test. VHN = Load Sloping or pyramidal
area of the indentation This test is similar to the Brinell hardness test similar relationship and eliminates
most of the errors. The produced impression is projected onto a focusing screen and the diagonals of the
impression are measured by means of the measuring equipment. Due to small impressions, it is very
suitable for testing polished and hardened material surfaces. This test is rapid and accurate. The required
load as calculated by P/D2 ratio is applied on the specimen for a standard time of 8-10 seconds and BHN
is calculated by the ratio of load and the spherical area of indentation. The diameter of the indentation
is measured on the focusing screen of the machine.
SUITABLE APPLICATION:
❖ Vickers hardness test is used for hardness testing of all solid materials, including metallic materials.
❖ It is suitable for a wide range of applications.
❖ It can also be used for a sub-group of hardness testing of welds. (IV)

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION:
PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the surface at the specimen
2) Fix the indentor in the hardness tester and switch on the power supply.
3) Place the specimen with a cleaned surface facing the indentor on the anvil at work table.
4) Focus the workpiece surface for clean visibility by rotating the hand wheel at the work table upwards and
downwards.
5) Select the load specified (P) push button available on the right side at the hardness tester.
6) Actuate the electric push button (Green Button) at the front for loading, the loading lever starts moving
up words and reaches the study position.
7) Now release the loading lever slowly and bring it to the downward position.
8) For major reading adjust the display at the indentation made by the indentor to coincide with the
micrometer on the display screen.
9) For major (minor) reading adjust the movable side at the micrometer and note down the total reading.
10) The measurement is to be made for two opposite corners of the diagonal indentation denoted as (l).
11) Repeat the above procedure for different material.
12)
Observation Table
SL Specimen Load Length of Average VHN

NO applied Indentation(L) Length
in Kg- in mm in mm
F
Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) =
Where, P= Load applied in Kg

L = Average length of the diagonal L in mm
Least count of microscope = 0.001mm
1st scale each division = 0.1mm
2nd scale each division = 0.01
3rd scale each division = 0.001mm
Precautions: The specimen should be well cleaned.  Place the specimen properly.  Reading must be
taken carefully and correctly. (VIII) Results: Vickers hardness Number of the given specimen is  Mild steel

DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL AND ALUMINUM RODS
Ex.No :
Date :
AIM:
To Determine Shear Strength on given specimen under double shear.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct and Investigate shear test on given Mild Steel and Aluminum Rod under double shear.
THEORY
In actual practice when a beam is loaded the shear force at a section always comes to play
along with bending moment. It has been observed that the effect of shearing stress as compared to
bending stress is quite negligible. But sometimes, the shearing stress at a section assumes much
importance in design calculations. Universal testing machine is used for performing shear,
compression and tension. There are two types of UTM. (i)Screw type, (ii) Hydraulic type.
Hydraulic machines are easier to operate. They have a testing unit and control unit connected to
each other with hydraulic pipes. It has a reservoir of oil, which is pumped into a cylinder, which
has a piston. By this arrangement, the piston is made to move up. Same oil is taken in a tube to
measure the pressure. This causes movement of the pointer, which gives reading for the load
applied.
APPARATUS
1) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2) Mild steel & Aluminum specimens
3) Load capacity = 0-40000 kgf.
4) Power supply = 440V
DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:
1) Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the upper portion and one end
in the lower portion.
2) Switch on the main switch of universal testing machine.
3) The drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.
4) Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight in the pendulum and balance
it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights.
5) Operate (push) buttons for driving the motor to drive the pump.
6) Gradually move the head control level in left-hand direction till the specimen shears.
7) Down the load at which the specimen shears.
8) Stop the machine and remove the specimen
FORMULA USED & OBESERVATION

Diameter of the Rod, D = -------------------------- mm
Cross-section area of the Rod (in double shear) = 2× π/4× d2 = ............................ mm2
Load taken by the Specimen at the time of failure, W=N Strength of rod
against Shearing = ƒ×2× π/4× d2
ƒ = W/2× π/4× d2 N/mm2

OBSERVATION TABLE
S.No Material Diameter Cross Non load Shear Breaking load

in mm sectional in N strength in N
area in mm N/mm
1
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The measuring range should not be changed at any stage during the test.
2. The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment should be slightly greater than that of the
specimen. Measure the diameter of the specimen accurately
2.BENDING TEST ON SIMPLY SUPPORT BEAM
Ex.No: 6B
Date :
AIM:
To determined young‟s modulus of elasticity of material of beam simply supported at ends.
OBJECTIVE:
To find the values of bending stresses and young‟s modulus of elasticity of the material of a beam simply supported
at the ends and carrying a concentrated load at the center
APPARATUS:
1) Deflection of beam apparatus

2) Pan
3) Weights
4) Beam of different cross-sections and material
DIAGRAM

If a beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a concentrated load at its center, the beam bends
concave upwards. The distance between the original position of the beams and its position after bending
at different points along the length of the beam, being maximum at the center in this case. This difference
is known as „deflection‟ In this particular type of loading the maximum amount of deflection (δ) is given
by the
E=
Where W = Load acting at center, N

L = Length of the beam between the supports mm
E = Young‟s modulus of material of the beam, N/mm2
I = Second moment of area of the cross- section
Bending Stress
As per bending equation
Where
M = Bending Moment N-mm I =Moment of inertia mm4
σ b = Bending stress, N/mm2 , and
Y = Distance of the top fibre of beam from the neutral axis
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust cast- iron block along the bed so that they are symmetrical with respect to the length of the bed.
2. Place the beam on the knife edges on the block so as to project equally beyond each knife edge. See that
the load is applied at the center of the beam
3. Note the initial reading of Vernier scale.
4. Add a weight of 20N (say) and again note the reading of the Vernier scale.
5. Go on taking readings adding 20N (say) each time till you have minimum six readings.
6. Find the deflection (δ) in each case by subtracting the initial reading of Vernier scale.
7. Draw a graph between load (W) and deflection (δ). On the graph choose any two convenient points and
between these points find the corresponding values of W and δ. Putting these Values in the relation.
8. Calculate the bending stresses for different loads using relation
=
TABULATION
Sl No Load Bending Moment Bending Deflection Young‟s Modulus
W Stress of elasticity
(N)
PRECAUTIONS
❖ Make sure that beam and load are placed a proper position
❖ The cross- section of the beam should be large.

❖ Note down the readings of the Vernier scale carefully
RESULT
1. The young‟s modulus for steel beam is found to be ……….N/mm2.
2. The young‟s modulus for wooden beam is found to be ………N/mm2

COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRINGS

OPEN & CLOSED COIL HELICAL SPRING
Ex.No: 7
Date :
AIM:
To Test the properties of given spring
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the stiffness of spring, modulus of rigidity of the spring wire and maximum strain energy
stored.
APPARATUS:
i. Spring testing machine.
ii .A spring
iii.Vernier caliper, Scale.
iv.Micrometer.
THEORY:
This is the test to know strength of a material under compression. Generally compression test is
carried out to know either simple compression characteristics of material or column action of
structural members. It has been observed that for varying height of member, keeping cross-sectional
and the load applied constant, there is an increased tendency towards bending of a member. Member
under compression usually bends along minor axis, i.e, along least lateral dimension. According to
column theory slenderness ratio has more functional value. If this ratio goes on increasing, axial
compressive stress goes on decreasing and member buckles more and more. End conditions at the
time of test have a pronounced effect on compressive strength of materials. Effective length must be
taken according to end conditions assumed, at the time of the test. As the ends of the member is made
plain and fit between two jaws of the machine, fixed end is assumed for calculation of effective length.
Effective length is taken as 0.5 L where L is actual length of a specimen.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer.
2. Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the Vernier caliper
3. Count the number of turns.
4. Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight and note
the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
5. Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.
6. Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of the
spring.
OBESERVATION:
Least count of micrometer = ……mm
Diameter of the spring wire, d =………mm (Mean of three readings)
Least count of Vernier caliper = ……mm

Diameter of the spring coil D = ……mm (mean of three readings)
Number of turns N=
TABULATION
Sl.No Load in N Scale readings(mm) Deflection(mm) Rigidity modulus Stiffness in N/mm
N/mm2
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATION
(i) Inner diameter of spring di = mm

(ii) Outer diameter of spring do= mm
(iii) Length of the spring L = mm
(iv) Number of turns n = 10
(v) Material of spring =
(vi)Young’s modulus E=2
×105
1. Deflection : 64 WR 3 N Sec  [cos 2  / N + 2Sin 2  /E] N/mm2
Where,
W=Load applied in Newton
R=Mean radius of spring coil = (D-d) / 2
N= Number of turns
a = Helix angle of spring
N =Modulus of rigidity of spring Material
E=Young’s modulus of the spring material

Tan  = pitch / 2πR
2. Pitch
P = (L-d) / n
Where
d = Diameter of spring wire in mm
L= Length of spring in mm
N= No of turns in spring
3. Stiffness of spring
(K) = w / d
Where,
d =Deflection of spring in mm
W=Load applied in Newton’s
1. Maximum Energy Stored
E = 0.5 x WMax
Where,
WMax = Maximum load applied
Max = Maximum deflection
PRECAUTIONS
1. Place the specimen at center of compression pads,
2. Stop the machine as soon as the specimen fails.
3. Cross sectional area of specimen for compression test should be kept large as compared to the
specimen for tension test: to obtain the proper degree of stability
RESULT
Under compression test on open coil helical spring
1. Rigidity Modulus (N) = N/mm
2. Stiffness of spring (K) = N/mm
3. Maximum energy stored =


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MATERIAL TESTING LAB Page |1

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prepared By Checked and approved by

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

3 Program Specific Objectives 6

10 Tension test on a mild steel rod 16

12 Hardness test on metals - Brinnell and Vickers 22

14 Bending test on fixed beams, simply supported beam 28

15 Spring test and torsion test.

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

SL NO Experiments Unique codes

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program: Bachelor of Engineering

Vision of the Institute:

Mission of the Institute:

Vision of the Department:

Mission of the Department:

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s)

Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program: Bachelor of Engineering (B.E)

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s)

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO’s)

Professional Skills: An ability to understand the basic concepts in Mechanical Engineering

Problem-Solving Skills: An ability to solve complex Mechanical Engineering problems,

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

On completion of the course, the students will be able to

1. Perform Tension, shear and torsion test on solid materials

COs & POs MAPPING

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

1. Students should report to the labs concerned as per the timetable.

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HYDERABAD

PCE251ME MATERIAL TESTING LAB L T P

❖ To study the mechanical properties of materials when subjected to different types of