CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides all the substantial writings relevant to the study.

This is to establish sufficient documentary basis which will support the present

undertaking. In addition, this chapter will provide the theoretical and conceptual

frameworks of the study which were developed through the readings made after

reviewing the related literature and studies.

Related Literature

In relation to the present study, the researchers gathered related

literatures in order to fully understand the study being undertaken. The following

literatures were chronologically organized.

In the realm of delivering state services to the public, good governance

reforms advance human rights when they improve the state’s capacity to fulfill its

responsibility to provide public goods which are essential for the protection of a

number of human rights, such as the right to education, health and food. Reform

initiatives may include mechanisms of accountability and transparency, culturally

sensitive policy tools to ensure that services are accessible and acceptable to all,

and paths for public participation in decision-making. 1

India ranks 83rd among 133 countries in the Corruption Perception Index

of Transparency International, with only countries like Indonesia, Russia, Nigeria

and Bangladesh rated as more corrupt. Notably, India’s economic and political
 17

rival China is ahead at rank 66, even though they do not have a comparable legal

system based on the tradition of English common law. A new World Bank report

argues that red tape and stifling bureaucracy juxtaposed with abject poverty (and

consequent disempowerment) is no coincidence. The report, according to The

Economist, shows how poor countries' governments often tie their own people

down in a thicket of useless regulation. 2

The current prime minister of Australia made a special statement to the

House of Representatives on March 19 outlining the government's progress in

reducing red and green tape after writing to all cabinet ministers just before

Christmas giving them a six-week deadline to submit proposed regulatory

reductions for policy approval and drafting. On the same day, parliament was

presented with the Omnibus Red Tape Repeal Bill and a series of specific bills

proposing the repeal of burdensome regulations. 3

Sanjay K. Pandey and Donald Moynihan define red tape as an area of

public management in which theoretical developments and practical concerns

are pulling in different directions. They propose that organizational culture and

political support can mitigate the negative effects of red tape. Bureaucratic red

tape is a concept that both holds widespread popular appeal and is one of the

few ‘homegrown’ theories in the field of public management. 4

Another definition was given by Dolores Umbridge, she said that red tape

serve as the enemy of expediency. Excessive bureaucracy, overbearing formal

 18

rules, and rigid adherence to “by the book” conduct in the face of extenuating

circumstances are all examples of Red Tape. 5

Tony Abbott added that red tape meant to mean bureaucratic

requirements that waste people's time without delivering any public benefit. In the

hands of the spin doctors, however, it's being used to encompass everything

from removing dead statutes to the supposed deregulation of industries. He said

that somewhere in there is some genuine, time-wasting red tape we're better off

without, but it doesn't add up to much - hence the need for so much padding.

Governments of both colors are always promising to roll back red tape, mainly

because it gives people such an emotional charge. But while it's true there are

examples of mindless, unreasonable bureaucratic rules and requirements that

could be eliminated or greatly simplified at no loss to anyone, much alleged red

tape is in the mind of the beholder: its red tape if you don't like it and good

governance if you do.6

Gouldner posited that red tape is a phenomena grounded on individualistic

perceptions that red tape is determined not only by situation itself but also by the

frame of preference through which it is viewed. Gouldner was one of the first to

suggest the possibility that red tape could be distinguished in terms of subjective

and objective elements. He considered red tape as a social problem because it

tends to correlate positively with perception of powerlessness, alienation, lack of

trust and inability to defer gratification. 7

 19

Greiner et al linked red tape to an organization’s life cycle. As an

organization passes from its initial entrepreneurial and collectivity stages into its

control stage. It begins to enter into a phase marked by the elaboration of rules.

This process has a positive effect on administrative efficiency and organizational

effectiveness.8

According to Feeney, red tape has no effect in intranet reliance or

information quality and that formalization is negatively associated with intranet

reliance and red tape. She noted that although formalization is characteristically

positively associated with general red tape, it is not significant determinant of

procurement red tape. In sum, although formalization and red tape are related,

they are distinct concepts. Formalization has consequences well beyond the

issue of red tape. Nevertheless, an understanding of red tape presupposes

knowledge of the nature and significance of formalization. 9

Leisha DeHart-Davis conducted a study on the relationship between

organizational red tape and work alienation. She said that while bureaucratic

controls have long been considered sources of worker detachment, the

relationship between red tape and managerial alienation has not been explicitly

tested. When managers encounter rules, regulations, or procedures that seem

pointless yet burdensome, these encounters may simultaneously trigger the key

psychological ingredients of alienation—powerlessness and meaninglessness.

These in turn are expected to reduce organizational commitment, job

involvement, and job satisfaction, alienation indicators used in this study.

Statistical analyses indicate that perceived personnel red tape is a consistently

 20

negative and statistically significant influence in all alienation models. Perceived

organizational red tape is statistically significant and negative in all but the job

involvement model. Other bureaucratic control mechanisms included in the

models also appear to be sources of alienation, including centralization and

technology routineness.10

Barry Bozeman stated that despite of the general recognition of the

importance of “red tape” on organizations' behaviors and impacts, theory remains

poorly developed. The purpose of which is to develop a theory of the origins of

red tape and then to apply the theory to the question “Why do government

organizations have more red tape?” The perspective presented assumes that red

tape is best viewed as pathological, whereas those formalization concepts are

best viewed as neutral attributes of organizations. The term “rule density” is

introduced to describe the extensiveness of rules and regulations as related to

total organization resources. The theory makes a distinction between rules that

are at their origin dysfunctional (rule-inception red tape) and rules that initially

served a useful function but transformed into red tape (rule-evolved red tape).

Specific causes of each type red tape are identified. A distinction is made

regarding the internal vs. external production and impact of red tape and a

typology is developed which is used in hypotheses about red tape. Finally, the

question of government red tape is considered. A model of the relationship

between external control and red tape is presented. The model implies that most

factors leading to red tape are not an inherent function of government. However,
 21

two inherent factors of government are cited, each of which gives rise to red

tape.11

The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that, "The State shall maintain

honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective

measures against graft and corruption". 12

Pursuant to Section 16 of said law, the Civil Service Commission (CSC),

as mandated therein, promulgated the Implementing Rules and Regulations of

said act on July 24, 2008. Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 and its IRR aim to promote

transparency in the government, re-engineering the systems and procedures of

each office or agency with regard to the manner of transacting with the public.

Thus, each agency is required to simplify frontline service procedures, formulate

service standards for clients to observe or follow in every transaction and make

these standards known to the client. 13

According to Francisco Lim, a political analyst, red tape and the resulting

corruption in the government have consistently made the Philippines fare badly in

competitive surveys among countries around the world. In the process, investors

shy away from the Philippines, thereby sinking more of our people deeper below

the poverty line. Anti-Red Tape Law is a step in the right direction. This is

welcome news for business. If properly implemented, it will go a long way in

improving the delivery of frontline services by our government agencies. It will

also ease doing business in the Philippines and improve our image as an

investment destination in the eyes of the international business community. 14

 22

Our battle against red tape and inefficiency in our bureaucracy will never

be an easy task, former interior secretary Ronaldo Puno added. He stressed that

red Tape has long been embedded in our culture, with Filipinos having to deal

with voluminous requirements and seemingly endless processes to simply

secure certificates or licenses. Moreover, each government agency is enjoined

under the law to put up a “Citizens Charter” a document to be displayed

prominently showing “the range of specific services provided by that office” a

step-by-step guide on how to avail of these services, and standards on quality

and timeliness to be expected from the agency in rendering these services.” The

government alone cannot win this war. It needs the support of our local

government units, the private sector and the rest of our citizenry to succeed in its

mission of purging our bureaucracy of unnecessary paperwork and inefficient

procedures that hamper the flow of government work and the provision of

frontline services. The local officials should actively take part in carrying out the

new law, which promotes transparency and timeliness of government

transactions. Puno said the ARTA was the government’s response to the

problem on corruption and aims to end lengthy procedures, unreasonable paper

requirements and padded fees in dealing with government offices. 15

Gutierrez explained that the psychology of red tape should be a prime

target for continuing study. The delay in official transactions is breeding grounds

and provides opportunities for corruption. For this reason, neither should be

tolerated. For delays alternate citizens from their government, aside from hiking
 23

transaction costs; while corruption makes the country poor and living in it

oppressive.16

According to Antonio Kalaw, President of Development Academy of the

Philippines, the task of eliminating red tape looks daunting but there is a glimmer

of hope if a Citizen’s Charter is set up in every government office. With the Civil

Service Commission (CSC) as the lead agency, the Development Academy of

the Philippines (DAP) is one of the implementing agencies of this legislation

together with the Office of the Ombudsman (OMB) and the Presidential Anti-Graft

Corruption (PAGC). Our roadmap to jumpstart and institutionalize the Anti-Red

Tape Act of 2007, lays down the strategic interventions to promote and develop

the capability of government agencies to implement the salient provisions of the

law.17

Mary Ann Bayang, a human rights advocate, states that red tape in the

government has been so ingrained in the system that it is like a plague that has

been there for a very long time and it seems like we cannot get rid of it. The

public generally has lost confidence and trust on the government’s capacity to

deliver basic public services due to widespread red tape. The Act seeks to

penalize any public officer or employee who fails to act on applications for

permits, retirement benefits or compensation and the grant of any privilege, right,

award, license, concession, or for modification, renewal or extension, payment or

release of, money for services rendered, or for supplies and materials delivered,

or activities and transactions or other routinely matters. 18

 24

Art Tibaldo, journalist, emphasized that red tape has become part of the

country’s history, a practice rooted in our culture that continues to stain our

bureaucracy. Just to secure documentary requirements like certificates or

licenses for example, thousands of Filipinos had to deal with voluminous

requirements and seemingly endless processes especially in seeking business

permits, passports and clearances.

The Citizen’s Charter should already be in place among all government

units. It describes the step-by step procedure for availing a particular service, and

the guaranteed performance level that they may expect for that service. Mounted

as a billboard or passed on as published material, the Citizen’s Charter must

outline the vision and mission of each agency stating the frontline services that

they offer to clients. Information like step-by-step procedure, the officer or

employee responsible for each step, documents to be presented by an applicant

and the amount to be paid must be conspicuously displayed so that clients’

obtaining a service was attended to without much delay. The same rules apply

for offices which allow computer-based access to frontline services. As a form of

public assistance, the Anti-Red Tape Act encourages government offices to have

information and grievance desks where an officer knowledgeable on their

frontline services offered shall be available for consultation and advice. The desk

shall be attended to at all times even during office breaks including lunch

period.19

Secretary of Labor and Employment Rosalinda Dimapilis-Baldoz said that

“We have to simplify and make our procedures more transparent to avoid
 25

corruption. If we want to be competitive, we need a systematic approach to raise,

20
or even surpass, the standards of good governance,”

On the other hand, Senator Juan Edgardo "Sonny" Angara stressed out

that "Red tape can result to poor investment and competitiveness as it can drive

away potential investors who are discouraged to deal with the government and

would rather prefer to do business in friendlier and more efficient jurisdictions”.

The numbers are improving but we should aim for the best. No government office

should be failing the anti-red tape test anymore. Among the salient provisions of

Anti- Red Tape Act include the no-noon break policy, no fixing activities, easy-to-

read IDs or nameplates, presence of public assistance and complaints desks,

and the implementation of the agency's Citizen's Charter which contains the

types of frontline services offered with the step-by-step procedure, the person

responsible for each step, time needed to transact, documents required, and

fees. “The people should know their rights when dealing with the government,

and at the same time, government employees should be reminded of their

responsibilities as civil servants,".21

Assistant RDO Modesto R. Avila Jr. reiterated that RA 9485 is “An act to

improve the efficiency in the delivery of government service to the public by

reducing bureaucratic red tape, preventing graft and corruption and providing

penalties therefore”. He said that as mandated in the RA 9485 the BIR is directed

to comply with the prescribed policies and procedures, including the processing

time and documentary requirements in rendering eight (8) identified Registration-

 26

related frontline activities. Avila said that the frontline services include:

processing of application for Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) and

Registration of Self-Employed Individuals, Estates and Trusts and the processing

of application for TIN and registration of Non-Individuals including their branches

or facilities.22

He explained that the BIR is also tasked to post their vision and mission at

the main entrance, post information billboards/tarpaulins, establishment of the

Public Assistance and Complaints Desk manned by a personnel about the

frontline services, posting of procedures on filing complaint, no lunch break

policy, posting of CSC Anti-Fixer Campaign Banner and the use of suggestion

boxes or other feedback mechanisms. He also added that they will organize their

office in order to comply with the requirements for the full implementation of the

said act. (PIA Cams. Norte).23

DTI Secretary Gregory Domingo admits that even with the system now

computerized, it still takes between four to eight hours to apply for a business

name in many parts of the country. He agrees with the Department of Interior and

Local Government (DILG) contention that the government’s computer system

needs a serious upgrade to improve service. The Medium Term Philippine

Development Plan (MTPDP) 2004-2010 sought to put in place a comprehensive

national Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) infrastructure to

improve access to government information such as public records and delivery of

 27

frontline services. Local Government Units were scheduled to be “ICT-enabled

down to the barangay level by 2010.” 24

Bernadette Reyes, journalist/broadcaster emphasized that the government

established a “Fix the Fixers” campaign, in an attempt to get the public involved

in helping reduce the crime and increasing revenues associated with business

and other permits. The Anti- Red Tape Act is in fact only the latest in a long line

of attempts to address inefficiencies and corruption in government services in the

Philippines. They included the Mamamayan Muna, Hindi Mamaya Na (People

First, Not Later) program in 1994 which encouraged a client who is dissatisfied

with the service of a government office to file a complaint at the Civil Service

Commission. The Commission was supposed to ensure immediate action is

taken to investigate and resolve the complaint. 25

Marlon Es. Ditan stated that Anti-Red Tape Act was enacted to improve

efficiency in the delivery of government service to the public by rendering

bureaucratic red tape and to prevent graft and corruption and the Civil Service

Commission is one of the leading agencies that implement and supervise the

provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007. The commission regularly monitors

the agencies and instrumentalities of government through its Anti-Red Tape Act

Watch. 26

Related Studies
 28

The current study of the researchers was found to be closely interrelated

with several previous studies.

Echano’s study on “The Perceived Level of Effectiveness of Implemented

Social Services Programs in Legazpi City (2007-2010)” aims to know the

perceptions of the residents of Legazpi City with regard to the level of

effectiveness of the identified social services programs from 2007-2010. The

previous study focused on two programs each for health and peace and order. 27

This study is related to the present study for the reason that both focused

on social services oriented topics. However, the two studies differ because

Echano’s study focused more on social services programs while the undertaking

study mainly concentrated on social services oriented LGU offices. Furthermore,

the present study also took into consideration R.A. 9485 wherein the past study

did not utilized.

Another notable contribution that helps formulate the present undertaking

is the study of Manata entitled, “The Implementation of Programs on Peace and

Order in the Municipality of Manito in the year 2007”. In this study, Manata

focused in knowing the status of peace and order in Manito and how the
28
programs for maintenance of peace and order were implemented.

This study is related to the present study in the sense that both studies are

concerned with the delivery of social services to the people. However, the

present study focuses on the general concept of social services while the

Manata’s study emphasized on the social service which is peace and order.
 29

Further, both also differ with the locale wherein the researchers will acquire

respondents.

The study of Loseriaga and Montillano entitled, “Poverty Reduction

Projects in the Municipality of Pilar, Sorsogon” focused on the services and

facilities offered by the government. The finding of the study as to poverty

reduction program, the programs on education were effective while the projects

on health and agriculture were moderate. 29

The aforementioned study is related to the present undertaking because

both tackled on the services offered by the local government offices. Also, both

studies aim to know if the services rendered are properly delivered to the people.

The studies differ because the present study focused on the offices rendering the

services while the past study focused on the project that has social services.

In the thesis of Barbin and Gile, it focused on the ordinances with regard

to social services in the selected barangays of Sorsogon City. This study is

related to the present study in the sense that it both deals with the services

offered to its inhabitants. The previous and the present study are both anchored

on the social services delivered by the Local Government Units; however this

present study focused on particular social services oriented LGU offices in the

locale of Masbate City.30

The study entitled “Implementation of the Services provided by the City

Jails in Albay Province (2008)” was designed to determine the services provided

by the city jails in Albay to their inmates. This study also tackled the extent of
 30

implementation of the jails’ services and the problems encountered by the jail

personnel in the implementation of the jail services which is with financial

matters. The results of the study concluded that the inmates are not satisfied with

the other services such as food, shelter, water, health education and skills

training. Only the mail services were rated fully implemented by the inmates.

Furthermore, the researchers recommended that LGUs and NGOs must be

encouraged to provide support especially in the educational needs of the

inmates. The researchers further concluded that not all jail services under RULE

VII Rehabilitation services of the BJMP Operational Manual are implemented. 31

This study and the present study have a something in common which is

service. The present study focused on the social services received from the local

government offices in doing transactions while this study focused on the services

being availed by the inmates.

Another study which bears relation to the present study was done by

Añola and Betitio. The study conducted sought to determine the development

programs undertaken by the Social Action Center in the development of Rapu-

Rapu, Albay. The researchers aimed to find out everything about the programs

being implemented by the center from the residents’ perspective. Like the study

on Jail Services, the implementers suffer from lack of fund. The researchers also

concluded that the respondents are also slightly aware of the development

programs of the Social Action Center. It was also concluded that the

recommendations derived from the findings are more on the attitude of the
 31

residents and those persons involved in the development programs towards its

enhancements.32

This study and the present study are related due to the fact that both

studies are focused on the services rendered by local government agencies. The

difference between these studies is that the present study’s scope is more on the

different departments of the government implementing R.A. 9485. Furthermore,

the present undertaking and the past study differs because the present study’s

focus is on local government offices.

In the study of Bea and Balleta entitled “The Performance of Local

Government Officials Sto. Domingo, Albay in implementing ordinances from 2008

to 2010”, found out that the challenges encountered by the Local Government

Officials in implementing ordinances are the communication gap, inadequate

funds, unaware officials of the problems of each barangays and uninformed

citizens and lack of personnel to monitor the implementation of the law. 33

This is related to the present study because it also aimed to determine the

problems encountered by the local government officials. However, the present

study focused on the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007, while the other emphasized the

performance of the Local Government Officials in Sto. Domingo Albay.

Furthermore, both studies differ because the present undertaking is concern with

the compliance on ARTA of LGU social services offices.

The study of the “Performance of the Local Government Unit in the

municipality of Bacacay by John Barbanis et al is another related study. The fact

 32

that it is discussed on leadership as well as the task they have to perform that will

surely contribute to the development.34

The present study also discusses on the performance and task of LGU of

Daraga which they should perform in terms of the delivery of benefits to its

employees. This is related to the present study for it both focused on the

evaluation of the performance of the officials and the employees. It stressed the

basic delivery of services on its clientele.

Pordan focused her study on the problems encountered in the

implementation of basic services and facilities in Mercedes Masbate City. 35

Several of these problems were agricultural support services, social welfare

services, general hygiene and peace and order. Portan study is related to the

present study since both are concerned with the problems encountered in the

implementation of basic services like support services, social welfare service and

health services.

Arimado, et al in their field research found out that the social services

rendered by the local government of Pandan, Catanduanes were poorly

delivered.36 The group was also able to include the problem encountered in the

implementation of such social services. These problems were lack of funds,

unawareness of the programs and lack of focused programs on services which

are very much needed.

 33

This is related to the present study since both study dealt on the delivery

of benefits to its constituents the benefits being rendered by present study are

benefits from social and economic services.

Synthesis of the State- Of- The-Art

The review of related literature and studies revolved around anti-red tape

act and the effectiveness of services offered by the government.

The study of Echano, Manata, Loseriaga and Montillano, Barbin and Gile

tackled the social service programs implemented by the government. This

includes the agricultural support service, social welfare, general hygiene and

peace and order. It was strengthened in the study of Barbanis which highlighted

the need for teamwork and a good relationship between the government and the

clienteles. Hence, the government should employ effective leadership to the task

they have to perform that will surely contribute to the development.

Añola and Betitio sought to determine the development programs

undertaken by the Social Action Center in the development of Rapu-Rapu, Albay.

It was concluded that the attitude of the residents and the persons involved in the

programs should be well-enhanced in order to achieve the desired outcome.

Similarly, the study of Arimado, Bea and Balleta showed that the challenges

encountered by the Local Government Officials in implementing ordinances are

the communication gap, inadequate funds, unaware officials of the problems of

 34

each barangays and uninformed citizens and lack of personnel to monitor the

implementation of the law.

The present study is focused on determining the compliance of the Social

Service Office offered by the LGU of Masbate City. Contained in the previous

section are studies related to the problem at hand. All dealt directly or indirectly

on the variables of the study namely; service, development and government.

Gap to be Bridged by the Study

Upon the thorough examination of the related literature and studies, the

researchers target to bridge the gap. One significant aspect of this study is to

draw the relevance of implementing this procedure and the recommendations for

the continuity of such. Further, this study is believed to be unique in terms of

scope and its respondents. Therefore, the present study is not a duplication of

the abovementioned studies. This study bridged the gaps that are left out in the

previous studies.

In this undertaking, specific and available government employees and

their clientele are the target respondents. Furthermore, this was revealed on how

far the compliance of Anti-Red Tape Act. The time frame, respondents, locale of

the study and the problems in consideration differentiates the present study from

other studies.
 35

Theoretical Framework

Laws are made to aid the citizens and maintain peace and order in the

country. One of this is the anti-red tape act that was implemented in the year of

2008 which focuses on preventing and removing the fixers in every government

agencies. Thus, the researchers proposed the study of “The Compliance anti-red

tape of the Social Services in LGU in Masbate city” in the case of delivering

frontline services to the people and amplify it by anchoring Theory of Social

Liberalism.

According to John Stuart Mill, Theory of Social Liberalism is a belief that

liberalism should include social justice. This type differ from classical liberalism in

that it recognizes a legitimate role for the state in addressing the economic and

social issues while simultaneously expanding civil rights. Under social liberalism,

the good of the community is viewed as harmonious to the freedom of

opportunity of the individual.37

The new liberals believe that equal rights in life could not be achieved by

merely ensuring that the individuals did not physically interfere with each other or

by merely having laws that are impartially formulated and applied. More positive

and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have

equal protection, equal opportunities and equal benefits to have equal

chances in improving one’s life.38

Every human society has some form of social order, some way of marking

and encouraging approved behavior, deterring disapproved behavior, and

resolving disputes. The government therefore must direct it efforts by promoting

 36

social justice in the community. One of this is the Anti- Red Tape Act 2007. It is

implemented to build discipline and trust between the servant and the client and

to do away with the custom of fixers and fixing. The implementation of this act

plays vital role in the performance of the employee’s in selected government

offices. Its function cannot be achieved without the effective response of the

personnel to their respective responsibilities with the kind of dedication and

loyalty as an officer. Hence, it is expected to be responsive to the needs of both

the institution as a whole and the client as an individual. With the realization of

these, it is expected to have the desired output.

 37

GOVERNMENT

Equal Equal
Benefits Opportunities

Equal
Protection

Improved Living Condition

Of Man

Theoretical Paradigm

Figure 1
 38

Conceptual Framework

Government offices of Masbate city maintain honesty and responsibility

among its public officials and employees and promote transparency in each

agency with regard to the manner of transacting with the public in accordance to

Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007, as a result of these, Masbate city were one of the

highest ranking LGU all over the Philippines. Thus, Masbate city were able to live

up to the basic duty of the government which is to provide efficient and quality

services to every citizen.

The researchers concluded that all Government offices of Masbate City

observed the strict implementation of the law. The respondents of the study are

called clientele. They are the ones who avail the services from several

government offices. In connection to these, this study tackled about the Socio-

demographic profile of the respondents. The socio-demographic profile

determined the level of involvement of the respondents in the implementation of

the services rendered by the three offices covered in this study. Along with the

implementation of this law, there are problems encountered, upon the

examination of the problems encountered, the employees and its clientele have

proposed measures that serve as the solutions in combating the flaws of the said

law and shall be considered feedbacks. Furthermore, this study revealed the

implications of implementing the said act in the different Government Offices of

Masbate city covered by the study.

 39

RA 9485
Anti-Red Tape Act

Socio-demographic
profile of the
Respondents

Compliance of the
selected Social Service
Offices

Problems encountered

Proposed
Measures/Solutions

Implications

Figure 2
Conceptual Paradigm
 40

Definition of Terms

To clearly identify the topic under investigation, the following terms used in

this study were conceptually and operationally defined:

Anti-Red Tape Act. Signed to law as the “Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007”, it is

an act that aims to promote integrity, accountability, proper management of

public affairs and public property as well as to establish effective practices aimed

at the prevention of graft and corruption in government. 39

Clients. This refers to the costumers collectively. 40 In this study, they are

the people who affords the services of the different government agencies.

Frontline Services. This refers to the process or transaction between

clients and government offices or agencies involving applications for any

privilege, right, permit, reward, license, concession, or for any modification,

renewal or extension of the enumerated applications and/or requests which are

acted upon in the ordinary course of business of the agency or office

concerned.41 In this study, these are the services that the various government

offices are offering to their clienteles.

Implication. It is an inference not expressed but understood. 42 In this study,

it refers to the impact of the program in the lives of the employees and their

clientele in general.

Masbate City. It is one of the major cities in the Bicol Region. In this study,

it is the target local government unit who formulates and implements the Anti-

Red Tape Act in its government offices.

 41

Proposed Measure. This refers to the recommended action or procedure

intended as means to an end. 43 In this study, these are the suggestions of the

clienteles and the offices on the problems they’ve encountered on how they may

be able to surpass it.

Problems. It is a question proposed for solution or discussion or matter

involving doubt, uncertainty or difficulty. 44 For the purpose of this study, they are

the hindrances in the implementation process of the Anti-Red Tape Act.

Respondents. This refers to the person who answers. 45 In this study, they

refer to clienteles of the selected government offices delivering frontline services

in Masbate City. These clienteles are also residents living in the coastal areas of

Masbate.

Compliance. The state or act of conforming with or agreeing to do

something.46 In this study, it refers to the Local Government Unit offices that

follow the mandated rules of Republic Act no. 9485.

LGU Offices. This refers to the bureaus under the Local Government Unit

which employs the basic delivery of services. 47 In this study, it refers to the office

which delivers frontline services in line with the social service namely; Bureau of

Fire Protection, Social Welfare and Agriculture.

Delivery. This refers to the manner or process in the proper distribution of

services.48 In this study, it refers to the manner of offering the services rendered

by the different offices.

 42

Implementers. It is an instrument, an agent or a body having a structured

plan in achieving one common goal.49 In this study, it refers to the persons who

implements Republic Act no. 9485 or also known as the Anti- Red Tape Act.

Furthermore, they are also part of the respondents of the said study to evaluate

the problems they’ve encountered in the implementation process and to know

their recommendations and future plans.

Social Services. This refers to the services designated to provide

meaningful opportunities for social and economic growth of the disadvantaged

sector of the population in order to develop them into productive and self-reliant

citizens and promote social equity. 50 In this study, these are the plans laid by the

Local Government Unit of Masbate City to help uplift their constituent’s life status.
 43

Notes

http://www.ohchr.org/en/Issues/Development/GoodGovernance/Pages/G
1

oodGovernanceIndex.aspx

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-11-
2

01/news/27530441_1_red-tape-e-governance-sale-deed

http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/repeal-day-to-target-
3

government-red-tape/story-fn59niix-1226800230408#

Sanjay K. Pandey and Donald Moynihan, Analysis of Regulatory

4

Compliance Costs: Part I, April 2010.

5
Dolores Umbridge, Bloodlust: Domains of the chosen, 2011.
6
Abbott, Tony, Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au/business/tony-
abbotts-pseudo-reform-on-the-spin-cycle.
7
Goulder, A. Red Tape as a Social Problem n. in R. Merton, A. Gray, B
Mockey and H. Selvin (Eds.), Reader in bureaucracy. Glencoe, IL: The Free
Press (2010)
8
Greiner, L. Evolution and Revolution as Organization grow. Harvard
Business Review, 50;37-46. (2011)
9
Mary K. Feeney, Rules and Red Tape: A Prism for Public Administration
Theory and Research, 2009.

Leisha DeHart-Davis, Red Tape and Public Employees: Does Perceived

10

Rule Dysfunction Alienate Managers?, Oxford Journals: Public Administration

Research and Theory, 2011
11
Bozeman, Barry, Rules and Red Tape: A Prism for Public Administration
Theory and Research, Retrieved from www.reduceredtape.gc.ca, April 21, 2014,
03:29:10 PM
12
De Leon, Hector S., Textbook on the Philippine Constitution (Rex
Printing Company, Inc. Quezon City; 2008)

Civil Service Commission, Retrieved from http://www.csc.gov.ph/, April

13

21, 2014, 03:29:10 PM

14
Lim, Francisco, ARTA Report, Retrieved from
http://business.inquirer.net/, April 21, 2014, 03:29:10 PM
 44

15
Primer on RA 9485 (Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007) Published by Local
Government Academy, Department of the Interior and Local Government
16
Ibid.
17
Kalaw, Antonio, Anti-corruption be integrated into Development,
Retrieved from http://www.businessesfightingcorruption.org/, April 21, 2014,
03:29:10 PM
18
Bayang, Mary Ann, Brutally Frank: Face Off at Galle Face, Retrieved
from http://www.nordis.net, April 21, 2014, 03:29:10 PM
19
Tibaldo, Art, Need Servicing? Patronize DTI Accredited Repair Shops,
Retrieved from http://artibaldo.tripod.com, April 21, 2014, 03:29:10 PM
20
Baldoz, Rosalnda, Baldoz grins for labor sector over Philippine
competitiveness rise, Retrieved from http://www.sunstar.com.ph, April 21, 2014,
03:29:10 PM
21
Angara, Edgardo, Retrieved from http://www.senate.gov.ph, April 21,
2014, 03:29:10 PM
22
Manlangit, Rosalita, BIR RDO 64 to implement immediately anti red tape act,
Retrieved from http://www.inquirer.net, April 21, 2014, 03:29:10 PM
23
Ibid. p.59
24
Domingo, Gregory, PNoy confers performance quality award to PIA, 4
other institutions, Retrieved from http://archives.pia.gov.ph, April 21, 2014,
03:29:10 PM
25
Reyes, Bernadette, Retrieved from http://www.lawphil.net/, April 21,
2014, 03:29:10 PM
26
Ditan, Maria, Retrieved from http://www.masbatecity.gov.ph, April 21,
2014, 03:29:10 PM
27
Echano, Jesslayn, “The Perceived Level of Effectiveness of Implemented
Social Services Programs in Legazpi City from 2007-2020 2008 (Undergraduate
Thesis, BUCSSP, Daraga, Albay, March 2010)
28
Manata, Lita, “Implementation of Programs on Peace and Order in the
Municipality of Manito in the year 2007(Undergraduate Thesis, BUCSSP,
Daraga, Albay, March 2009)
 45

29
Shonley B. Loseriaga and Mae M. Montillano,”Poverty Reduction
Projects in the Municipality of Pilar, Sorsogon (Undergraduate Thesis, BUCSSP,
Daraga, Albay, March 2011)
30
Gile,Mejardo, et al, “Social Services delivered by the LGU of Sorsogon
City in its selected Coastal Barangays.” (Undergraduate Thesis, BUCSSP,
Daraga, Albay)
31
Agripa and Torres, “ Implementation of the Services Provided by the City
Jails in Albay Province (2008) (Undergraduate Thesis, BUCSSP, Daraga, Albay)
32
Añola and Betito, “Social Action Center Programs and Services for the
Development of Rapu-Rapu, Albay. (Undergraduate Thesis, BUCSSP, Daraga,
Albay, March, 2012)
33
Bea, Zierra Mae C. and Balleta, Dezzelyn B., “The Performance of Local
Government Officials Sto. Domingo, Albay in implementing ordinances from 2008
to 2010” (Undergraduate Thesis, BUCSSP, Daraga, Albay, 2013)
34
Barbonio, John, et al, “Performancee of the Local Government Unit in
the Municipality of Bacacay. (Undergraduate Thesis.)
35
Pordan, “Evaluation of the Basic Services and Facilities in Mercedes,
Masbate City.” (Undergraduate thesis.)
36
Arimado, et. al., “Social Services by the Local Government of Pandan,
Catanduanes.” (Undergraduate Thesis)
37
http://en.Social_Liberalism//Theories
38
Ibid.
39
R.A. 9485, Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007
40
Artha Dictionary (Software application for Windows 7)
41
R.A. 9485, Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007
42
Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language, Gramercy Books,
Outlet Book Company, Inc., p. 562
43
Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language, Gramercy Books,
Outlet Book Company, Inc., p.578
44
Artha Dictionary (Software application for Windows 7)
45
Ibid.
 46

46
Ibid.
47
Ibid.
48
Ibid.
49
Ibid.
50
Ibid.