Designation: E 1219 – 05

Standard Test Method for

Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the
Solvent-Removable Process1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1219; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 This test method2 covers procedures for fluorescent safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
penetrant examination utilizing the solvent-removable process. responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
It is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinui- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ties that are open to the surface, such as cracks, seams, laps, bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack 2. Referenced Documents
of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified eral Bomb Method)
ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass. D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water
1.2 This test method also provides a reference: D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination solvent- leum Products (Bomb Method)
removable process recommended or required by individual D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and (High-Temperature Method)
completeness. E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
dealing with the fluorescent solvent-removable liquid penetrant tion
examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the pur- E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
chaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is destructive Testing
strongly recommended. E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and 2.2 ASNT Documents:
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination. Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4
for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification of
out, however, that indications must be interpreted or classified NDT Personnel4
and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate 2.3 Military Standard:5
code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type, MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
size, location, and direction of indications considered accept- tion and Certification
able, and those considered unacceptable. 2.4 AIA Standard:
1.4 All areas of this document may be open to agreement
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
organization. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
5
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originally Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1219 - 99.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Test
Method SE-1219 in Section II of that Code.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E 1219 – 05
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive applicable fluorescent penetrants, solvent removers, as recom-
Test Personnel6 mended by the manufacturer, and are classified as Type I
2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) Contracts—Unless oth- Fluorescent, Method C—Solvent-Removable. Intermixing of
erwise specified, the issue of the documents that are DoD materials from various manufacturers is not recommended.
adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart- (Warning—While approved penetrant materials will not ad-
ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited versely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or
in the solicitation. rubbers may be swollen or stained by certain penetrants.)

2.6 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between NOTE 2—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
the text of this test method and the references cited herein, the alkali metal content.
text of this test method takes precedence. 6.2 Fluorescent Solvent-Removable Penetrants, are de-
signed so that excess surface penetrant can be removed by
wiping with clean, lint-free material, and repeating the opera-
3. Terminology
tion until most traces of penetrant have been removed. The
3.1 Definitions—definitions relating to liquid penetrant ex- remaining traces shall be removed by wiping the surface with
amination, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to clean, lint-free material lightly moistened with the solvent
the terms used in this test method. remover. To minimize removal of penetrant from discontinui-
4. Summary of Test Method ties, care shall be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent.
Flushing the surface with solvent to remove the excess
4.1 A liquid, fluorescent penetrant is applied evenly over the penetrant is prohibited.
surface being tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities.
After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is 6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,
removed and the surface is dried prior to the application of a making it possible to wipe the surface clean and free of residual
nonaqueous, wet, or liquid film developer. If an aqueous fluorescent penetrant as described in 7.1.5.
developer is to be employed, the developer is applied prior to 6.4 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
the drying step. The developer draws the entrapped penetrant the process of bringing the penetrant out of discontinuities
out of the discontinuity, staining the developer. The surface is through blotting action of the applied developer, thus increas-
then examined visually under black light to determine presence ing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Nonaqueous, wet
or absence of indications. (Warning—Fluorescent penetrant developers, and aqueous developers are most commonly used
examination shall not follow a visible penetrant examination in solvent-removable processes. Liquid film developers also
unless the procedure has been qualified in accordance with 9.2, are used for special applications.
because visible dyes may cause deterioration or quenching of 6.4.1 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as dry
fluorescent dyes.) powder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)
NOTE 1—The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur- in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in
chaser and supplier. accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations (see
4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration 7.1.7.2).
time, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, the 6.4.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-
nature of the part under examination (that is, size, shape, sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous solvent carrier and
surface condition, alloy), type of discontinuities expected, etc. are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to the surface by
spraying after the excess penetrant has been removed and the
5. Significance and Use surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet developers form a trans-
5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres- lucent or white coating on the surface when dried, and serve as
ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni- a contrasting background for fluorescent penetrants (see
tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method is 7.1.7.3). (Warning—This type of developer is intended for
intended primarily for portability and for localized areas of application by spray only.)
examination, utilizing minimal equipment, when a higher level
6.4.3 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
of sensitivity than can be achieved using visible process is
suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
required. Surface roughness may be a limiting factor. If so, an
developers will form a transparent or translucent coating on the
alternative process such as post-emulsified penetrant should be
surface of the part. Certain types of film developer may be
considered, when grinding or machining is not practical.
stripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see
6. Reagents and Materials 7.1.7.4).
6.1 Fluorescent Solvent-Removable Liquid Penetrant Ex- 6.4.4 Dry Developer—Dry developer shall be applied in
amination Materials, (see Note 2) consist of a family of such a manner as to allow contact of all surfaces to be
inspected. Excess dry developer may be removed after the
development time by light tapping or light air blow off not
6
Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 exceeding 5 psig. Minimum and maximum developer dwell
Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. times shall be 10 min to 4 h respectively.

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 E 1219 – 05
7. Procedure done using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical
7.1 The following general procedure (see Fig. 1) applies to removing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, ma-
the solvent-removable fluorescent penetrant examination chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and
method. vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrant
7.1.1 Temperature Limits—The temperature of the penetrant entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the
from 40 and 125°F [4 and 52°C]. Where it is not practical to effectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwise
comply with these temperature limitations, the procedure must specified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists that
be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in previous cleaning, surface treatments or service usage have
9.2. produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection— the examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning and
Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces in the Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in Test
as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for Method E 165 for general precautions relative to surface
ceramics in the densified condition. When only loose surface preparation.)
residuals are present, these may be removed by wiping the NOTE 3—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
surface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, (Warning—Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indications and
scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be extreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)

Incoming Parts

PRECLEAN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch

(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2) Dry

PENETRANT Apply
APPLICATION Solvent-
(See 7.1.4) Removable
Fluorescent
Penetrant
REMOVE EXCESS
PENETRANT Solvent
(See 7.1.5) Wipe-Off
DRY
(See 7.1.6) Dry

DEVELOP Nonaqueous
(See 7.1.7) Wet, Liquid Film Aqueous
Developer Developer
DRY
(see 7.1.6) Dry
EXAMINE
(See 7.1.8) Examine

Mechanical
Water Rinse Detergent Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Prac-
tice E 165, Annex on
Post Cleaning Dry

Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic Clean

Outgoing Parts
FIG. 1 Solvent-Removable Fluorescent Penetrant Examination General Procedure Flowsheet

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 E 1219 – 05
NOTE 4—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by a convenient portable means of application. (Warning—Not
grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not all penetrant materials are suitable for electrostatic spray
recommended because of the potential for damage. applications.) (Warning—With spray applications, it is impor-
7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contamination: tant that there be proper ventilation. This is generally accom-
7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami- plished through the use of a properly designed spray booth and
nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface and exhaust system.)
discontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid) 7.1.4.2 Penetrant Dwell Time—After application, allow ex-
that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts or cess penetrant to drain from the part (care should be taken to
areas of parts to be inspected must be clean and dry before the prevent pools of penetrant on the part), while allowing for
penetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a weld proper penetrant dwell time (see Table 1). The length of time
including the heat-affected zone, is to be examined, remove all the penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper penetra-
contaminants from the area being examined as defined by the tion should be as recommended by the penetrant manufacturer.
contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to mean that the Table 1, however, provides a guide for selection of penetrant
surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux, spatter, dwell times for a variety of materials, forms, and types of
grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere with discontinuity. Unless otherwise specified, however, the dwell
penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent the pen- time shall not exceed the maximum recommended by the
etrant from entering discontinuities. (Warning—Residues manufacturer.
from cleaning processes, such as strong alkalies, pickling
solutions and chromates in particular, may adversely react with NOTE 5—For some specific applications in structural ceramics (for
the penetrant and reduce its sensitivity and performance.) example, detecting parting lines in slip-cast material), the required
penetrant dwell time should be determined experimentally and may be
7.1.3.2 Drying After Cleaning—It is essential that the sur- longer than that shown in Table 1 and its notes.
faces be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquid residue
will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may be 7.1.5 Removal of Excess Penetrant—After the required
accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, with penetration time, remove the excess penetrant insofar as
infrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure to ambient possible, by using wipers of a dry, clean, lint-free material,
temperature. repeating the operation until most traces of penetrant have been
7.1.4 Penetrant Application—After the part has been removed. Then lightly moisten a lint-free material with solvent
cleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature range, remover and wipe the remaining traces gently to avoid the
apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so that the removal of penetrant from discontinuities, taking care to avoid
entire part or area under examination is completely covered the use of excess solvent. If over-removal is suspected, dry (see
with penetrant. 7.1.6) and reclean the part, and reapply the penetrant for the
7.1.4.1 Modes of Application—There are various modes of prescribed dwell time. Flushing the surface with solvent
effective application of penetrant such as dipping, brushing, following the application of the penetrant and prior to devel-
flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed in oping is prohibited.
suitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger 7.1.6 Drying—Following the removal of excess surface
parts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be penetrant by solvent wipe-off techniques, the part surface will
applied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional dry quickly by normal evaporation.
and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of applying
NOTE 6—Local heating or cooling is permitted provided the tempera-
liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic spray
ture of the part remains in the range from 40 to 125°F [4 to 52°C], unless
application can eliminate excess liquid buildup of penetrant on otherwise agreed to by the contracting parties.
the part, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of
penetrant entering hollow-cored passages that might serve as 7.1.7 Developer Application:
penetrant reservoirs and can cause severe bleedout problems 7.1.7.1 Dry Developer—Immediately after the excess pen-
during examination. Aerosol sprays are also very effective and etrant has been removed from the part, and the surface has

TABLE 1 Recommended Minimum Dwell Times

Type of Dwell TimesA (minutes)
Material Form
Discontinuity PenetrantB DeveloperC
Aluminum, magnesium, steel, brass castings and welds cold shuts, porosity, lack of fusion, 5 10
and bronze, titanium and cracks (all forms)
high-temperature alloys
wrought materials—extrusions, laps, cracks (all forms) 10 10
forgings, plate
Carbide-tipped tools lack of fusion, porosity, cracks 5 10
Plastic all forms cracks 5 10
Glass all forms cracks 5 10
Ceramic all forms cracks, porosity 5 10
A
For temperature range from 40 to 120°F [4 to 49°C].
B
Maximum penetrant dwell time 60 min in accordance with 7.1.4.2.
C
Development time begins as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface of parts (recommended minimum). Maximum development time in accordance with
7.1.7.6.

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 E 1219 – 05
dried, the developer is applied in accordance with the manu- 7.1.8.2 Black Light Level—Black light intensity, (recom-
facturer’s instructions to assure complete coverage with a thin, mended minimum of 1000 µW/cm2) should be measured on the
even film of developer. The application of excessive developer surface being examined with a suitable black light meter. The
should be avoided, since it is possible for a thick coating of black light shall have a wavelength in the range from 320 to
developer to mask indications. 380 nm. The intensity should be checked daily to assure the
7.1.7.2 Aqueous Developers—Apply by spraying, flowing, required output. Since a drop in line voltage can cause
or immersing the area being examined prior to drying. Drain decreased black light output with consequent inconsistent
excess developer from the area to eliminate pooling of devel- performance, a constant voltage transformer should be used
oper that can mask indications. Dry the developer using hot air when there is evidence of voltage fluctuation. (Warning—
blast, hot air recirculating oven, infrared heater, or by exposure Certain high-intensity black lights may emit unacceptable
to ambient temperature. The dried developer appears as a amounts of visible light, which will cause fluorescent indica-
translucent or white coating on the part. Prepare and maintain tions to disappear. Care should be taken to use only bulbs
aqueous developer in accordance with the manufacturer’s certified by the supplier to be suitable for such examination
instructions and apply in such a manner as to assure complete, purposes.)
even coverage. (Warning—Atomized spraying of aqueous 7.1.8.3 Black Light Warm-Up—Allow the black light to
developers is not recommended, since a spotty film may warm up for a minimum of 10 min prior to its use or
result.) measurement of the intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted.
7.1.7.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers—Apply to the area 7.1.8.4 Visual Adaption—The examiner should be in the
being examined by spraying after the excess penetrant has been darkened area for at least 1 min before examining parts. Longer
removed and the part has been dried. Spray areas so as to times may be necessary for more complete adaptation under
assure complete coverage with a thin, even film of developer. some circumstances. (Warning—Photochromic or darkened
This type of developer carrier fluid evaporates very rapidly at lenses shall not be worn during examination.)
normal room temperature and does not require the use of a 7.1.8.5 Housekeeping—Keep the examination area free of
dryer. It should be used, however, with proper ventilation. interfering debris or fluorescent objects. Practice good house-
(Warning—Proper ventilation should be provided in all cases, keeping at all times.
but especially when the surface to be examined is inside a 7.1.9 Evaluation—Unless otherwise agreed upon, it is nor-
closed volume, such as a process drum or a small storage tank.) mal practice to interpret and evaluate the discontinuity indica-
(Warning—Dipping or flooding parts being examined with tion based on the size of the penetrant indication created by the
nonaqueous developers is prohibited, since it can flush (dis- developer’s absorption of the penetrant (see Reference Photo-
solve) the penetrant from within the discontinuities through its graphs E 433).
solvent action.) 7.1.10 Post Cleaning—Post cleaning is necessary in those
7.1.7.4 Liquid Film Developers—Apply by spraying as cases where residual penetrant or developer could interfere
recommended by the manufacturer. Spray parts in such a with subsequent processing or with service requirements. It is
manner as to ensure complete part coverage with a thin, even particularly important where residual penetrant examination
film of developer. materials might combine with other factors in service to
7.1.7.5 No Developer—For certain applications, it is per- produce corrosion. A suitable technique, such as a simple water
missible, and may be appropriate, to conduct this examination rinse, water spray, machine wash, vapor degreasing, solvent
without the use of a developer. soak, or ultrasonic cleaning may be employed (see Test Method
7.1.7.6 Developing Time—The minimum and maximum E 165, Annex on Post Cleaning). It is recommended that if
penetrant bleedout time with no developer shall be 10 min and developer removal is necessary, it shall be carried out as
2 h respectively. Developing time for dry developer begins promptly as possible after examination so that it does not fix on
immediately after the application of the dry developer and the part. Water spray rinsing is generally adequate.
begins when the developer coating has dried for wet developers (Warning—Developers should be removed prior to vapor
(aqueous and nonaqueous). The minimum developer dwell degreasing. Vapor degreasing can bake developer on parts.)
time shall be 10 min for all types of developer. The maximum
developer dwell time shall be 1 h for nonaqueous developer, 2 8. Special Requirements
h for aqueous developer and 4 h for dry developers. 8.1 Impurities:
7.1.8 Examination—Perform examination of parts after the 8.1.1 When using penetrant materials on austenitic stainless
applicable development time as specified in 7.1.7.6 to allow for steels, titanium, nickel-base, or other high-temperature alloys,
bleedout of penetrant from discontinuities onto the developer the need to restrict impurities such as sulfur, halogens, and
coating. It is good practice to observe the surface while alkali metals must be considered. These impurities may cause
applying the developer as an aid in evaluating indications. embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated tempera-
7.1.8.1 Visible Ambient Light Level—Examine fluorescent tures. Any such evaluation should also include consideration of
penetrant indications under black light in a darkened area. the form in which the impurities are present. Some penetrant
Visible ambient light should not exceed 2 fc (20 lux). The materials contain significant amounts of these impurities in the
measurement should be made with a suitable photographic- form of volatile organic solvents. These normally evaporate
type visible-light meter on the surface being examined. quickly and usually do not cause problems. Other materials

5
 E 1219 – 05
may contain impurities that are not volatile and may react with requires qualification in accordance with 9.2. Manufacturer’s
the part, particularly in the presence of moisture or elevated recommendations should be observed.
temperatures.
8.1.2 Because volatile solvents leave the tested surface 9. Qualification and Requalification
quickly without reaction under normal inspection procedures, 9.1 Personnel Qualification—Unless otherwise specified by
penetrant materials are normally subjected to an evaporation client/supplier agreement, all examination personnel shall be
procedure to remove the solvents before the materials are qualified/certified in accordance with a written procedure
analyzed for impurities. The residue from this procedure is conforming to the applicable edition of Recommended Practice
then analyzed in accordance with Test Method D 129, Test SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, NAS-410 or MIL-STD-
Method D 1552, or Test Method D 129 decomposition fol- 410.
lowed by Test Methods D 516, Method B (Turbidimetric 9.2 Procedure Qualification—Qualification of procedure
Method) for sulfur. The residue may also be analyzed in using conditions or times differing from those specified or for
accordance with Test Methods D 808or E 165, Annex on new materials may be performed by any of several methods
Methods for Measuring Total Chlorine Content in Combustible and should be agreed upon by the contracting parties. A test
Liquid Penetrant (for halogens other than fluorine) and Test piece containing one or more discontinuities of the smallest
Method E 165, Annex on Method for Measuring Total Fluorine relevant size is used. The test piece may contain real or
Content in Combustible Liquid Penetrant Materials (for fluo- simulated discontinuities, providing it displays the character-
rine). The Annex on Determination of Anions and Cations by istics of the discontinuities encountered in production exami-
Ion Chromatography in Test Method E 165 can be used as an nations.
alternate procedure. Alkali metals in the residue are determined 9.3 Nondestructive Testing Agency Qualification—If a non-
by flame photometry or atomic absorption spectrophotometry. destructive testing agency as described in Practice E 543 is
NOTE 7—Some current standards indicate that impurity levels of sulfur used to perform the examination, the agency shall meet the
and halogens exceeding 1 % of any one suspect element may be requirements of Practice E 543.
considered excessive. However, this high a level may be unacceptable in 9.4 Requalification—may be required when a change or
some cases, so the actual maximum acceptable impurity level must be substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials or in the
decided between the supplier and the user on a case by case basis. procedure (see 9.2).
8.2 Elevated Temperature Examination—Where penetrant
examination is performed on parts that must be maintained at 10. Keywords
elevated temperature during examination, special materials and 10.1 fluorescent liquid penetrant testing; nondestructive
processing techniques may be required. Such examination testing; solvent-removable process

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