3

t 9 41
MSC-TA-R -67-2

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

INTERIM REPORT
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIlVIENTS

GEMINI XI MISSION
September 12-15, 1966

-
(NASA-TH-X- 74348) MANNED SPACE PLIGHT N 77-73 238
EXPERIHENTS : GEHINI 11 1ISSION Interim
R e p o r t , 12- 15 Sep. 1976 (NASA) 137 p
Unclas
' 00/98 16358

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 INTERIM REPORT

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIMNTS

G E M I N I X I MISSION

September 12 t o 1 5 , 1966

8,

Prepared by: Mission and Data Management O f f i c e

Science and A p p l i c a t i o n s D i r e c t o r a t e

Approved :

Wilmot N . Hess
Director
Science and A p p l i c a t i o n s D i r e c t o r a t e

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center
Houston , Texas
May 1967
 iii

CONTENTS

Section Page

INTRODUCTION
I
I
I d
1. EXPERIMENT ~ 0 0 3 ,MASSDETERMINATION ............ 9
I
I 2. EXPERIMENT ~015,
NIGHT IMAGE INTENSIFICATION ....... 17
I f 3. EXPERlMENT ~ 0 1 6 ,POWER TOOL EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. EXPERIMENT SO&, RADIATION AND ZERO-G EFFECTS ON BLOOD
AT\SDNEuROSPORA ..................... 45
5. EXPERIMENT S005, SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . 67

6. EXPERIMENT s006, SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGFAPHY ....... 75

7. EXPERDENT soog, NUCLEAR EMULSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8. EXPERIMENT S O U , AIRGLOW HORIZON PHOTOGMPHY . . . . . . . 93

9. EXPER= s013, ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMICAL CAMERA . . . . . 105

io. EXPERWT s 0 2 6 , ION-WAKE m a s m ........... 117

11. EXPER~MENT s030, DIM SKY PHOTOGRAPHS/ORTHICON ....... 131

DISTRIBUTION L I S T ........................ 137
iv

TABLES

Table Page

I EXPERIMEf\JTS OR GEMINI X I ....... ...... 2

I1 MPERIMESJT F L I G H T PLAN FOR GEMINI X I . ...... 4

2-1 FLIGHT PIAN FOR EXPERIMENT ~015. . . . ...... 27
4-1 RESULTS OF GEMINI X I SO& BLOOD EXPERIMENT CHROMOSOME
ABERRATION ANALYS I S ................ 59
4-11 C O E F F I C D N T S OF ABERRATION PRODUCTION FOR GEMINI X I SO&
BLOOD EXPERIMENT ................... 60

9-1 EXPERIMENT so13 INFLIGHT EXPOSURES . . . . . . . . . . . 109

 V

FIGURES

Figure Page

1-1 Experiment D003, mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n ( t e l e m e t r y

method). .. ...... .. .... . ... . .. .. 14
2-1 Experiment D O 1 5 equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2-2 Experiment DO15 equipment l o c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2-3 Comparison o f DO15 experiment d a t a r e c o r d of Cal-

c u t t a , I n d i a , w i t h t h e map l o c a t i o n of same a r e a ... 30

2-4 C o a s t l i n e s of w e s t e r n A f r i c a and Saudi Arabia ...... 31

2-5 C o a s t l i n e of Somalia Republic, a c o u n t r y i n e a s t e r n

Africa .......... .............
, 31

2-6 Comparison o f DO15 experiment d a t a r e c o r d of Istmo

dos T i g r e s w i t h map l o c a t i o n of same a r e a . . . . . .. 32

2-7 ....
Cloud f o r m a t i o n i l l u m i n a t e d by a l i g h t n i n g f l a s h 33

2-8 L i g h t s of v i l l a g e s and c i t i e s i n A f r i c a .. . .. .. . . 33

2-9 I l l u m i n a t i o n e f f e c t on clouds caused by l o c a l l i g h t -

ningflashes .............. ...... . 34

2-10 Earth h o r i z o n , a i r g l o w , and s t a r f i e l d . . ....

. . . 34

3-1 Power t o o l equipment i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p . . ...... . 40

3-2 Power t o o l i n t e r n a l drawings . . . . . . . ... . . . . 41

3-3 Simplified drawings of impactor assembly o p e r a t i o n . . . 42

3-4 Power t o o l o p e r a t i o n a l concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4-1 Blood c e l l and Neurospora experiment equipment . . . . . 61

4-2 The SO04 experiment mounted on t h e Gemini X I l e f t -
hand h a t c h , s h o r t l y a f t e r r e c o v e r y of s p a c e c r a f t . . . 62
4-3 The SO04 Neurospora device mounted on i n b o a r d s i d e
o f r i g h t f o o t w e l l of Gemini X I s p a c e c r a f t ...... 63
vi

Figure Page

4-4 Dose-effect c u r v e s f o r s u r v i v a l i n f l i g h t and ground

samples o f SO04 Neurospora ............... 64

4- 5 Dose-effect c u r v e s f o r forward-mutation i n t h e ad-3

r e g i o n f o r f l i g h t and ground samples of SO04
Neur o s p o r a ....................... 65 I

4-6 Dose-effect c u r v e s f o r ad-3 m u t a t i o n s due t o i n t r a -

genic a l t e r a t i o n s (ad-3R) and gene l o s s by chromo- V

some d e l e t i o n (ad-31R) a f t e r exposure t o 250 kV

X-rays ......................... 66

5-1 Typical s y n o p t i c t e r r a i n photography . . . . . . . . . . . 69

6-1 Southern I n d i a photographed on r e v o l u t i o n 26 w i t h
t h e 80-mm f o c a l l e n g t h l e n s on t h e Maurer 70
camera ......................... 79
6-2 Southern I n d i a and Ceylon photographed on revolu-
t i o n 26 w i t h t h e 38-mm wide-angle l e n s on t h e
Hasselblad camera ................... 80

6- 3 A montage of t e l e v i s e d p i c t u r e s from ESSA 1 weather

s a t e l l i t e o f s o u t h e r n I n d i a and Ceylon ......... 81

6- 4 Southern I n d i a and Ceylon, a t t h e upper l e f t , photo-

graphed on r e v o l u t i o n 27 w i t h t h e 80-1t~1l e n s on t h e
Maurer camera ..................... 02

7-1 Experiment f l i g h t hardware c o n f i g u r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . a8

7- 2 D i s t p i b u t i o n o f a r r i v a l t i m e s o f heavy primary n u c l e i
nuclei ......................... 89

7- 3 Charge ( z ) e s t i m a t i o n from i o n i z a t i o n l o s s . . . . . . . . 90

7- 4 Charge spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8- 1 I n d i v i d u a l and combined t r a n s m i t t a n c e s o f l e n s
.............
f i l t e r and f o c a l p l a n e f i l t e r s 99
8-2 Maurer camera i n f / 0 . 9 5 c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h r e f l e x
sight ......................... 100

0- 3 Camera a t t a c h e d t o window b r a c k e t . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

 vii

Figure Page

8- 4 Ten-second exposure looking n o r t h . .. . .... .... 102

8- 5 Ten-second exposure looking s o u t h ............ 103

8-6 Four-second exposure without l e n s f i l t e r , l o o k i n g

eastward o v e r South A f r i c a .............. 104

9-1 Middle-ultravio1et.spectru-n of Canopus . . . . . . . . . 113

9- 2 Comparative s p e c t r a o f Canopus and S i r i u s . . . . . . . . 114

9- 3 U l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a of hot s t a r s i n c o n s t e l l a t i o n
Scorpius ..... . . . .... ........... 115

9- 4 U l t r a v i o l e t objective-prism s p e c t r a o f t h e s t a r s i n
c o n s t e l l a t i o n Orion ... .. .. . .... .. .... 116

10-1 P a r t i c l e f l u x e s t o s a t e l l i t e i n t h e lower
ionosphere ...................... 123

10-2 Curves of c o n s t a n t p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y i n t h e r a r e f a c t i o n
r e g i o n behind a c i r c u l a r c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r a
Mach no. of 8 . .. ... .. .. .......... . 124

10-3 Experiment so26 equipment l o c a t i o n on GATV T a r g e t

Docking Adapter .................... 125

10-4 E l e c t r o n and i o n s e n s o r c u r r e n t o u t p u t d u r i n g t e t h e r e d
flightat29Okm .. ................
, 126

10-5 Ion-wake measurement during n i g h t o u t - o f - o r b i t a l

p l a n e maneuver .................... 127

10-6 Ion-wake measurement during n i g h t i n - o r b i t a l p l a n e

maneuver ,.... .................. 128

10-7 Ion-wake measurement during d a y l i g h t o u t - o f - o r b i t a l

p l a n e maneuver .................... 129

10-8 Ion-wake measurement during l i n e a r d e p a r t u r e

maneuver ....................... 130

11-1 Airglow and star f i e l d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 135

 INTERIM REPORT

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS

GEMINI X I MISSION

INTRODUCTION

T h i s c o m p i l a t i o n of p a p e r s c o n s t i t u t e s an i n t e r i m r e p o r t on t h e
r e s u l t s of manned s p a c e f l i g h t experiments conducted on t h e Gemini X I
mission. Manned space f l i g h t experiments conducted on e a r l i e r f l i g h t s
have been p u b l i s h e d i n similar i n t e r i m r e p o r t s which are a v a i l a b l e on
r e q u e s t from t h e Mission and Data Management O f f i c e , S c i e n c e and Appli-
c a t i o n s D i r e c t o r a t e , Code TF2, Houston, Texas.

Twelve s c i e n t i f i c o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l experiments were o r i g i n a l l y

planned f o r t h e Gemini I X mission. A f t e r a 3-day d e l a y , t h e Gemini X I
m i s s i o n l i f t o f f o c c u r r e d a t 8:05:02 a . m . e a s t e r n s t a n d a r d t i m e ( e . s . t . )
on September 1 2 , 1966, w i t h s p a c e c r a f t touchdown a t 71 h o u r s
17 minutes 8 seconds ground elapsed t i m e ( g . e . t . ) on September 1 5 , 1966.
The Gemini Agena Target V e h i c l e was launched a t 6:28 e . s . t . on Septem-
b e r 1 2 , 1966. The 3-day d e l a y e d launch r e s u l t e d i n c a n c e l l a t i o n of t h e
SO29 L i b r a t i o n Regions Photography experiment because t h e earth-moon
l i b r a t i o n r e g i o n s became obscured by t h e Milky Way s t a r background, pre-
v e n t i n g t h e experiment from meeting i t s b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s . Table I l i s t s
t h e 11 scheduled experiments i n alphanumeric o r d e r , and shows t h e exper-
iment t i t l e , sponsoring agency, p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r , and q u a l i t a t i v e
s u c c e s s on t h i s m i s s i o n . The a c t u a l s c h e d u l e of experiment a c t i v i t i e s
shown i n t a b l e 11, w a s r e c o n s t r u c t e d from t h e p r e f l i g h t p l a n , onboard
v o i c e t a p e s , m i s s i o n n o t e s , crew f l i g h t l o g s , and s c i e n t i f i c d e b r i e f i n g s .

Analyses o f a v a i l a b l e photographic and t e l e m e t r y d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t

t h e fundamental o b j e c t i v e s were o b t a i n e d f o r 9 of t h e 11 scheduled exper-
i m e n t s . The ~ 0 1 6Power- Tool E v a l u a t i o n experiment w a s not a t t e m p t e d be-
c a u s e o f premature $ e r m i n a t i o n of t h e u m b i l i c a l e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s
( E V A ) . The SO30 D i m Sky Photographs/Orthicon experiment w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y
performed; however, o n l y one o f t h e s e v e r a l scheduled a c t i v i t i e s w a s
I p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y recorded.
I
I C
I Each experiment i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e s e c t i o n s t h a t f o l l o w , and t h e
I s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e of t h e experiment i s i n d i c a t e d . For most experiments
d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e d a t a w i l l r e q u i r e more t i m e f o r a n a l y s i s and
c o r r e l a t i o n ; t h e r e f o r e , o n l y p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s are r e p o r t e d f o r t h o s e
e x p e r i m e n t s . S p e c i f i c s c i e n t i f i c or t e c h n o l o g i c a l r e p o r t s w i l l b e pub-
l i s h e d as a p p r o p r i a t e .
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 9

1. EXPERIMENT D003, NASS DETERMINATION

by Rudolph J . Hamborsky
Department of t h e A i r Force
Detachment 2
Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center

SUMMARY

The accuracy of u s i n g a d i r e c t c o n t a c t method w i t h a s p a c e c r a f t t o

determine t h e mass of an o r b i t i n g o b j e c t (Gemini Agena Target V e h i c l e )
w a s e v a l u a t e d . Two methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e ' m a s s of t h e Gemini Agena
Target Vehicle (GATV) were used. The Astronaut Method w a s accomplished
by t h e f l i g h t crew i n r e a l time using d a t a c o l l e c t e d onboard and t h e
Telemetry Method w a s .accomplished a f t e r t h e f l i g h t u s i n g t e l e m e t r y d a t a .
The r e s u l t s of b o t h methods of c a l c u l a t i o n were compared t o t h e i t e r a t e d
m a s s of t h e GATV. For t h e time of t h e mass-determination t r a n s l a t i o n
maneuver, t h e weight of t h e G A T V w a s e s t i m a t e d as 7268 pounds. Using
t h i s v a l u e as a s t a n d a r d , t h e r e l a t i v e e r r o r i n determining mass by t h e
Astronaut Method i s 7.6 p e r c e n t and t h e e r r o r u s i n g t e l e m e t r y d a t a i s
approximately 4.9 p e r c e n t . However, some of t h e v e h i c l e weight v a l u e s
used i n c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t t o adjustment u n t i l s t a t i s t i c a l sampling
i s accomplished. Both methods appear t o be f e a s i b l e .

OBJECTIVE

The o b j e c t i v e of t h e D003'Mass Determination experiment was t o e v a l -

u a t e t h e accuracy of u s i n g a d i r e c t c o n t a c t method w i t h a s p a c e c r a f t t o
determine t h e mass of an o r b i t i n g o b j e c t . The method c o n s i s t e d of a c c e l -
e r a t i n g t h e Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (GATV) u s i n g t h e Gemini space-
c r a f t p r o p u l s i o n system. The mass of t h e GATV was c a l c u l a t e d from t h e
r e s u l t a n t a c c e l e r a t i o n , updated s p a c e c r a f t mass, and c a l i b r a t e d t h r u s t
l e v e l s of t h e v e h i c l e s .

EQUIPMENT

No s p e c i a l equipment was r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s experiment; however, t h e

f o l l o w i n g s p a c e c r a f t equipment was used.

(a) Computer: Computed v e l o c i t y change ( A V ) d u r i n g t h e t h r u s t i n g

periods
 10

(b) Manual Data I n s e r t i o n U n i t : Displayed AV

( c ) Time Reference System: I n d i c a t e d t o t h e crew and r e c o r d e d

t h r o u g h t e l e m e t r y t h e e v e n t t i m e i n ground e l a p s e d t i m e

( d ) O r b i t a l A t t i t u d e and Maneuver System (OAMS): Used t o perform

r e q u i r e d s p a c e c r a f t maneuvers

(e) I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n System: Provided s t a n d a r d t e l e m e t r y measure-

ment s

(f) Voice t a p e r e c o r d e r : Used by f l i g h t crew t o r e c o r d experiment

data

PROCEDURES

T h i s experiment w a s performed u s i n g s t a n d a r d s p a c e c r a f t p r o c e d u r e s ;
t h e r e f o r e , a d d i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g w a s n o t r e q u i r e d by t h e crew. A c a l i b r a -
t i o n a c c e l e r a t i o n of t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s f i r s t r e q u i r e d so t h a t t h e t h r u s t
of t h e a f t - f i r i n g t h r u s t e r s c o u l d be a c c u r a t e l y determined. A mass-
d e t e r m i n a t i o n a c c e l e r a t i o n w i t h t h e Gemini spacecraft/GATV i n t h e docked
c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s t h e n r e q u i r e d t o complete t h e experiment. Because of
o p e r a t i o n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n w a s performed e a r l y i n
t h e m i s s i o n (1:55:29.3 g . e . t . ) a f t e r t h e f i r s t docking. The c a l i b r a t i o n
maneuver w a s accomplished l a t e r (54:37:28.1 g . e . t . ) a f t e r t h e s p a c e c r a f t
had been s e p a r a t e d from t h e GATV.

The planned procedure w a s t h a t , a f t e r docking, t h e spacecraft/GATV

combination was t o b e t h r u s t e d f o r 25 seconds w i t h t h e a f t - f i r i n g OAMS
t h r u s t e r s . The f i r s t 18 seconds of t h e t h r u s t i n g a s s u r e d t h a t a minimum
GATV f u e l motion would occur d u r i n g t h e subsequent 7-second measurement
p e r i o d . The average a c c e l e r a t i o n w a s t o b e determined over t h i s 7-second
p e r i o d and i s d e r i v e d by measuring i n c r e m e n t a l v e l o c i t y ( A V ) and t h r u s t -
ing t i m e (AT) intervals.

The mass o f t h e GATV w a s t o b e computed from

I where

MA = GATV mass, s l u g s
C
 F = maneuvering t h r u s t of t h e s p a c e c r a f t , lb
C

A t = measured t h r u s t i n g t i m e i n t e r v a l , sec

AV = measured incremental v e l o c i t y , f t / s e c

MG = Gemini s p a c e c r a f t mass, s l u g s
C

The g r e a t e s t e r r o r i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n would normally a r i s e from v a r i -

a b l e o r unknown t h r u s t e r o u t p u t ; t h e r e f o r e , i n f l i g h t crew e v a l u a t i o n of
t h e s p a c e c r a f t OAMS t h r u s t was r e q u i r e d p r i o r t o docking. This v a l u e
f o r Fc w a s used i n t h e GATV mass computations.

Two methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e mass of t h e GATV were t o b e employed.

The Astronaut Method w a s t o be accomplished by t h e f l i g h t crew i n r e a l
t i m e u s i n g d a t a c o l l e c t e d onboard. The Telemetry Method w a s t o be accom-
p l i s h e d a f t e r t h e f l i g h t u s i n g t e l e m e t r y d a t a . The r e s u l t s of b o t h
methods of c a l c u l a t i o n were t o be compared w i t h t h e mass o f t h e GATV
determined from t h e known i n s e r t i o n weight and t h e consumption of ex-
pendables. Due t o t i m e c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e f l i g h t crew d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n ,
c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r b o t h methods were a c t u a l l y accomplished p o s t f l i g h t .

( a ) Astronaut Method: The Manual Data I n s e r t i o n Unit ( M D I U ) i n t h e

s p a c e c r a f t w a s used f o r t h e A t measurement. The A V . w a s a v a i l a b l e w i t h
0 . 1 f t / s e c r e s o l u t i o n and A t had e r r o r s of l e s s t h a n 0 . 2 second. The
crew computed t h e t h r u s t , m a s s , and updated m a s s u s i n g t h e s e i n f l i g h t
d a t a . The crew performed t h e predocking p a r t of t h e experiment by t h r u s t -
i n g t h e s p a c e c r a f t f o r 7-seconds w i t h t h e a f t - f i r i n g t h r u s t e r s , measur-
i n g t h e AV and A t , and t h e n computing %e maneuvering t h r u s t based on
updated s p a c e c r a f t mass and t h e measured parameters. After docking and
r i g i d i z i n g t h e spacecraft/GATV combination, t h e crew t h r u s t e d w i t h t h e
OAMS and a c t i v a t e d t h e event timer t o commence t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n
phase of t h e experiment. The crew monitored a countdown t o 7-seconds,
t h e n a c t i v a t e d t h e computer f o r t h e AV c a l c u l a t i o n over t h e 7-second
p e r i o d . When t h e timer reached zero, t h e crew stopped t h r u s t i n g . The
crew t h e n computed an updated s p a c e c r a f t mass and used t h i s v a l u e , w i t h
t h e computed predocking v a l u e of t h e maneuvering t h r u s t and t h e measured
AV and A t , f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e GATV v e h i c l e mass.

( b ) Telemetry Method: An independent a n a l y s i s w a s accomplished I

a f t e r t h e m i s s i o n , u s i n g t e l e m e t r y d a t a as shown i n f i g u r e 1-1. T h i s
method employed t h e same equation as t h e Astronaut Method, b u t t h e AV
w a s o b t a i n e d from computer t e l e m e t r y d a t a and A t through t h e Time Refer-
ence System (TRS). The v a l u e s of AV and A t were a v a i l a b l e w i t h r e s o l u -
t i o n s of 0 . 1 f t / s e c and 0.125 of a second, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Using t h e s e
d a t a systems, t h e v a l u e s o f AV and A t were o b t a i n e d f o r t h e undocked and
 12

t h e docked phases of t h e experiment. Mass u p d a t i n g d a t a , i n c l u d i n g pro-

p e l l a n t consumption and environmental oxygen consumption, were used i n
u p d a t i n g t h e mass of t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t t h e midpoint of b o t h maneuvers
and i n updating t h e GATV mass a t t h e midpoint of t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n
maneuver. P o s t f l i g h t comparisons were t h e n made w i t h t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d
from t h e Astronaut Method of mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

During t h e c a l i b r a t i o n maneuver, t h e assumed s p a c e c r a f t weight, J

based on prelaunch c o n d i t i o n s and consumables expended p r i o r t o t h e man-
e u v e r , w a s 7402 pounds. For t h e c a l i b r a t i o n maneuver, u s i n g t h e Astro-
n a u t Method, forward t r a n s l a t i o n w i t h t h e OAMS a f t - f i r i n g t h r u s t e r s l a s t e d
11 seconds and r e s u l t e d i n a v e l o c i t y change of 9.8 f t / s e c . The t h r u s t
c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e s e v a l u e s , assuming a c c e l e r a t i o n of g r a v i t y t o be
32.17 f t / s e c / s e c , w a s 205.0 pounds. Using t h e Telemetry Method, t h e
f i r i n g t i m e w a s a c t u a l l y 1 1 . 2 seconds and t h e a c t u a l v e l o c i t y change w a s
9.71 f t / s e c . The t h r u s t c a l c u l a t e d from t h e t e l e m e t r y v a l u e s w a s
200.4 pounds. These v a l u e s compare f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h e nominal v a l u e o f
189 pounds t h r u s t c i t e d i n DOD/NASA Gemini Experiments Study, MAC Report
SSD-TDR-63-406 , J a n u a r y 1964.

During t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n maneuver i n t h e docked c o n f i g u r a t i o n ,

t h e OAMS a f t - f i r i n g t h r u s t e r s were f i r e d f o r 25 seconds. The f i r s t
18 seconds were used o n l y t o minimize t h e e f f e c t s of p r o p e l l a n t s l o s h
i n t h e GATV. The t h r e e - a x i s v e l o c i t y changes d u r i n g t h e subsequent
7-second p e r i o d were t h e n recorded. The r e s u l t a n t v e l o c i t y change
o b t a i n e d was 2.9 f t / s e c . Using t h e c a l i b r a t e d t h r u s t of 205.0 pounds,
assuming a s p a c e c r a f t weight of 7881 pounds, t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n of g r a v i t y ,
and t h e measured v a l u e s of AV and A t , t h e weight of t h e GATV w a s c a l c u -
l a t e d by t h e Astronaut Method t o be 7820 pounds.

For t h e Telemetry Method, a t h r u s t i n g t i m e of 7 seconds a c t u a l l y

r e s u l t e d i n a v e l o c i t y change of 3.05 f t / s e c . Using t h e s p a c e c r a f t weight
of 7881 pounds, t h e mass of t h e GATV w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o b e 214.9 s l u g s ,
corresponding t o a weight of 6912 pounds.

I For the t i m e of t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n t r a n s l a t i o n maneuver, t h e

weight of t h e GATV w a s e s t i m a t e d as 7268 pounds. Using t h i s v a l u e as a
s t a n d a r d , t h e r e l a t i v e e r r o r i n d e t e r m i n i n g mass by t h e A s t r o n a u t Method
i s 7.6 p e r c e n t and t h e e r r o r u s i n g t e l e m e t r y d a t a i s approximately
4.9 p e r c e n t .
It should be noted t h a t some of t h e v e h i c l e weight v a l u e s used i n
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t t o a d j u s t m e n t . C a l c u l a t i o n s are v e r y sen-
i t i v e t o p r e c i s e measurements of v e l o c i t y changes and d u r a t i o n of t h r u s t -
i n g , e s p e c i a l l y over v e r y s h o r t p e r i o d s such as t h o s e employed. Both o f
 13

the mass determination methods appear to be feasible; however, neither

should be adopted until confirmation by additional statistical samples
is accomplished.

.
V

.
 10

u
al
111

2 5
8
4

0
:28 :x) :32 :34 :36 :38 :40 :42
543726 54:37:46
~ Ground elapsed lime, hr:min:sec

(a) Calibration maneuver.

Figure 1-1. - Experiment D003, mass determination (telemetry method).

3
 2. EXPERIMENT ~ 0 1 5 ,NIGHT IMAGE INTENSIFICATION

By Thomas J. Shopple, George F. Eck, and

Albert R . P r i n c e
Naval A i r Development C e n t e r

SUMMARY

T h i s experiment i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a s t r o n a u t s c a p a b i l i t y t o d i s -
c r i m i n a t e o b j e c t s on t h e ground i n d a r k n e s s can b e i n c r e a s e d t h r o u g h
use o f n i g h t image i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n equipment. E a r t h geographic features
were l o c a t e d and t r a c k e d . The Gemini Agena a c q u i s i t i o n l i g h t w a s a l s o
d e t e c t e d u s i n g t h e DO15 equipment. A r e d u c t i o n i n p i c t u r e q u a l i t y oc-
c u r r e d when t h e o p t i c a l axis o f t h e equipment exceeded 20' from t h e
n a d i r . A p r o b a b l e c a u s e of t h e d e g r a d a t i o n w a s e a r t h a i r g l o w . Per-
formance of t h e D O 1 5 experiment equipment provided a b a s e l i n e f o r
e v a l u a t i o n and d e s i g n of f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f image i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n
equipment i n manned space f l i g h t .

OBJECTIVE

The o b j e c t i v e of experiment D O 1 5 w a s t o t e s t t h e ' performance o f a

n i g h t image i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n system f o r use as a v i s u a l a i d i n t h e obser-
v a t i o n o f s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s under c o n d i t i o n s o f darkness and w i t h o u t
crew d a r k - a d a p t a t i o n .

EQUIPMENT

The experiment equipment c o n s i s t e d o f f i v e b a s i c u n i t s ( f i g . 2-1)

which are t h e (1)image i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n camera, ( 2 ) camera c o n t r o l ,
( 3 ) viewing m o n i t o r , ( 4 ) r e c o r d i n g monitor and photographic r e c o r d e r ,
and ( 5 ) monitor e l e c t r o n i c s and equipment c o n t r o l .

The camera views an a r e a , t h e n f o c u s e s t h e image on a s e n s o r t h a t

c o n v e r t s t h e o p t i c a l image i n t o an e l e c t r o n i c video s i g n a l which i s
c a b l e d t o t h e m o n i t o r s . The camera l i n e o f s i g h t i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l axis of t h e Gemini s p a c e c r a f t and t h e r e f o r e t o t h e l i n e o f
s i g h t o f b o t h crewmembers through t h e s p a c e c r a f t windows. The viewing
m o n i t o r , r e c o r d i n g m o n i t o r , and t h e photographic r e c o r d e r r e c e i v e t h e
18

v i d e o s i g n a l from t h e camera, reproduce and d i s p l a y t h e scene viewed on

cathode r a y tube r e a d o u t s . The r e c o r d i n g monitor d i s p l a y i s photographed
when a c t u a t e d by a manual pushbutton switch. A permanent photographic
r e c o r d w a s t h u s o b t a i n e d f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s . The u n i t l o c a t i o n s
o f t h e experiment equipment are shown i n f i g u r e 2-2.

A d e s c r i p t i o n of each u n i t i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s .

Image I n t e n s i f i c a t i o n Camera

The camera o p t i c a l s e n s o r views an area and c o n v e r t s t h e o p t i c a l

image i n t o a n e l e c t r i c a l v i d e o s i g n a l which i s c a b l e d t o m o n i t o r s . The
camera system c o n t a i n s an o b j e c t i v e l e n s , a l i g h t c o n t r o l and p r o t e c t i v e
s h u t t e r assembly, an image i n t e n s i f i e r assembly, an image o r t h i c o n t u b e ,
a d e f l e c t o r , focus and alinement c o i l assembly, an a m p l i f i e r and regu-
l a t o r assembly, automatic beam c o n t r o l c i r c u i t r y , and a v i d e o p r o c e s s o r
and r e g u l a t o r assembly.

The l i g h t c o n t r o l and p r o t e c t i v e s h u t t e r assembly r e g u l a t e s t h e

amount of l i g h t which s t r i k e s t h e photocathode of t h e image i n t e n s i f i e r
by movement of a t a p e of v a r y i n g d e n s i t y t h a t p r o v i d e s a c o n s t a n t aver-
age b r i g h t n e s s t o t h e photocathode as t h e l i g h t l e v e l changes. T h i s
assembly a l s o p l a c e s a s h u t t e r i n t o t h e l i g h t p a t h when l i g h t l e v e l s
4
exceed 1 0 foot-candles as a means of p r o t e c t i n g t h e image i n t e n s i f i e r
t u b e from damage.

The image i n t e n s i f i e r assembly w a s a 40-mm e l e c t r o s t a t i c t u b e w i t h

an S-20 photocathode and P-20 phosphor. The i n t e n s i f i e r i s o p e r a t e d
w i t h a d i f f e r e n t i a l of 20 kV between t h e photocathode and t h e phosphor.
The v o l t a g e i s s u p p l i e d by an o s c i l l a t o r and v o l t a g e m u l t i p l i e r assembly
which t r a n s f o r m s 20 V dc t o 20 000 V dc. The phosphor o f t h e i n t e n s i -
f i e r a l s o operated a t -600 V w h i l e t h e i n t e n s i f i e r photocathode i s oper-
a t e d a t -20 000 V.

The image o r t h i c o n t u b e was designed t o w i t h s t a n d abnormal environ-

mental c o n d i t i o n s . The t u b e h a s a f i b e r o p t i c f a c e p l a t e and a t h i n - f i l m
magnesium oxide t a r g e t . The t u b e i s m a g n e t i c a l l y focused and d e f l e c t e d .

The d e f l e c t i o n c o i l assembly c o n s i s t s of v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l ?

d e f l e c t i o n ' c o i l s , v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l alinement c o i l s , focus c o i l s ,
and w i r i n g which p r o v i d e c o n t i n u i t y of power and s i g n a l s from f r o n t t o
t h e rear of t h e camera head.
 The a m p l i f i e r and r e g u l a t o r assembly i n c l u d e s a high-voltage power
s u p p l y , t h e image o r t h i c o n g r i d - v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s , a f o c u s - c u r r e n t reg-
u l a t o r and t h e p r e a m p l i f i e r subassembly.

The purpose o f t h e automatic beam c o n t r o l c i r c u i t i s t o i n c r e a s e

l i g h t l e v e l dynamic r a n g e of t h e camera by a u t o m a t i c a l l y a d j u s t i n g beam
c u r r e n t t o t h e p r o p e r l e v e l t o m a i n t a i n an.optimum t a r g e t c u r r e n t t o
beam-current r a t i o . The beam c u r r e n t i s c o n t i n u o u s l y a d j u s t e d t o maxi-
mize t h e s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o as w e l l as t o i n c r e a s e t h e dynamic oper-
a t i n g r a n g e of t h e c a n e r a .

The v i d e o p r o c e s s o r c i r c u i t s p r o v i d e c o n s t a n t amplitude, b a l a n c e d ,
noncomposite v i d e o t o b o t h t h e viewing monitor and r e c o r d i n g m o n i t o r ,
and f u r n i s h c o n t r o l s i g n a l s t o t h e a u t o m a t i c l i g h t c o n t r o l assembly.
The r e g u l a t o r c i r c u i t s p r o v i d e c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t t o t h e v e r t i c a l and hor-
i z o n t a l alinement c o i l s and r e g u l a t e d dc v o l t a g e s f o r t h e a u t o m a t i c beam
control circuits.

The camera c o n t r o l u n i t c o n t r o l s t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e t e l e v i s i o n
camera by p r o v i d i n g power, timing and g a t i n g s i g n a l s , h o r i z o n t a l and
v e r t i c a l sweep d r i v e s , and blanking and a u t o m a t i c l i g h t c o n t r o l s i g n a l s .
The u n i t a l s o p r o v i d e s power, sync, and d r i v e s i g n a l s f o r b o t h m o n i t o r s .

The power supply assembly i s a h i g h e f f i c i e n c y , v a r i a b l e p u l s e -

width, r e g u l a t e d c o n v e r t e r which u s e s c o n s t a n t i n p u t power and c o n v e r t s
a 26 * 4-V dc i n p u t i n t o v a r i o u s dc l e v e l s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n
o f t h e e n t i r e system.

The sync g e n e r a t o r assembly p r o v i d e s a l l t h e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n p u l s e s

'
n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e system. The assembly i s composed o f
a c r y s t a l - c o n t r o l l e d o s c i l l a t o r , countdown s t a g e s , l o g i c g a t e s , m u l t i -
v i b r a t o r s , f l i p - f l o p s , l e v e l t r a n s l a t o r s , and o u t p u t a m p l i f i e r s .

A f a i l - s a f e c i r c u i t , l o c a t e d on t h e v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n assembly
p r o v i d e s t a r g e t b l a n k i n g and b i a s v o l t a g e s t o t h e image o r t h i c o n t u b e
and c u t s o f f t h e image o r t h i c o n t a r g e t t o p r e v e n t damage t o t h e t u b e
whenever e i t h e r h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l d r i v e i s l o s t .

The programer assembly provides c o n t r o l s i g n a l s f o r t h e a u t o m a t i c

l i g h t c o n t r o l of t h e camera. S i g n a l c o n d i t i o n i n g c i r c u i t s l o c a t e d on
t h e programer p r o c e s s t h e image o r t h i c o n t a r g e t b l a n k i n g , v i d e o o u t p u t
l e v e l , and camera s h u t t e r command s i g n a l s b e f o r e t h e y a r e p r o c e s s e d by
t h e s p a c e c r a f t t e l e m e t r y system.
20

Viewing Monitor

The viewing monitor r e c e i v e s t h e video s i g n a l and reproduces and

d i s p l a y s t h e scene viewed by t h e camera. The u n i t c o n t a i n s a cathode
ray tube and yoke assembly, a video a m p l i f i e r , a h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n
c i r c u i t , a sweep f a i l u r e p r o t e c t i o n c i r c u i t , a 12-kV high-voltage power
s u p p l y , and a m u l t i p l i e r and r e g u l a t o r assembly. The viewing s c r e e n i s
a s q u a r e (3.5 i n c h e s on a s i d e ) w i t h a m a x i m u m s c r e e n b r i g h t n e s s o f
20-foot-lamberts. The u n i t c o n t a i n s a monitor b r i g h t n e s s c o n t r o l and
a manual pushbutton s w i t c h which c o n t r o l s t h e photographic camera
recorder.

V e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n f o r t h e viewing monitor i s s u p p l i e d by a v e r t i -
c a l d e f l e c t i o n assembly l o c a t e d i n t h e monitor e l e c t r o n i c s and equipment
control unit.

When t h e viewing monitor i s viewed from a d i s t a n c e of 1 2 . 9 i n c h e s

t h e m a g n i f i c a t i o n power o f t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s 1:l i f t h e s p a c e c r a f t i s
l o c a t e d a t an a l t i t u d e of 160 n a u t i c a l miles above t h e viewing area.

Recording Monitor and Photographic Recorder

The r e c o r d i n g monitor r e c e i v e s t h e video s i g n a l , r e p r o d u c e s , d i s -

p l a y s t h e scene viewed by t h e camera, and r e c o r d s t h e monitor d i s p l a y
by use o f t h e photographic r e c o r d e r . The u n i t c o n t a i n s a video a m p l i f i e r ,
v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n a m p l i f i e r s , a photographic d r i v e l o g i c
assembly, d a t a lamps, lamp d r i v e r assembly, h i g h v o l t a g e c o n v e r t e r and
m u l t i p l i e r s , and a photographic r e c o r d e r assembly. The photographic
recorder optics include mirrors f o r folding t h e o p t i c a l path t o t h e
r e c o r d e r l e n s . The film magazine accommodated 180 f e e t o f t h i n - b a s e f i l m .
The frame r a t e o f t h e photographic r e c o r d e r w a s 3 frames p e r second.

Monitor E l e c t r o n i c s and Equipment C o n t r o l

The monitor e l e c t r o n i c s and equipment c o n t r o l u n i t c o n t a i n e d a sync

d r i v e assembly , a sawtooth g e n e r a t o r assembly, a v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n
assembly, a h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n t i m i n g assembly, and a low-voltage
power c o n v e r t e r . The u n i t s u p p l i e s o p e r a t i n g power, v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n
c u r r e n t , h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n t i m i n g p u l s e s t o t h e viewing monitor ,
o p e r a t i n g power , and d e f l e c t i o n sawtooth g e n e r a t i o n for t h e r e c o r d i n g
monitor and photographic r e c o r d e r .
 21

PROCEDURES

The experiment r e q u i r e d p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f b o t h t h e command p i l o t and

t h e p i l o t . The p i l o t s were r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e t h e equipment, m a i n t a i n
t h e r e q u i r e d s p a c e c r a f t a t t i t u d e , i n some c a s e s maneuver t h e s p a c e c r a f t
t o keep a scene i n view, and voice r e c o r d t h e i r o b s e r v a t i o n s .
. The experiment w a s a c t i v a t e d n e a r t h e end o f r e v o l u t i o n 34 and t h e
experiment was performed d u r i n g t h e n i g h t s i d e p o r t i o n s of r e v o l u t i o n s 35
and 36. The e x p e r i m e n t a l f l i g h t plan used f o r t h i s p e r i o d i s shown
Y
i n t a b l e 2-1.

The system w a s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t w i t h t h e camera l i n e of

s i g h t p a r a l l e l t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s . Each o b s e r v a t i o n
r e q u i r e d o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e s p a c e c r a f t so t h a t i t s l o n g i t u d i n a l axis
w a s nominally normal t o t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e e a r t h . The i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n
camera viewed an e a r t h scene which w a s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e p i l o t on t h e
viewing monitor and t o t h e recording monitor. The command p i l o t viewed
t h e same scene d i r e c t l y through t h e l e f t window of t h e s p a c e c r a f t .

Three modes of o p e r a t i o n , scan mode, t r a c k mode, and s e a r c h and

t r a c k mode were planned f o r crew o b s e r v a t i o n . The t h r e e modes are de-
s c r i b e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g paragraphs.

Scan Mode

The scan mode r e q u i r e d t h a t s p a c e c r a f t l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s be a l i n e d

normal t o t h e s u r f a c e of t h e e a r t h as t h e s p a c e c r a f t passed over t h e
ground t r a c k area t o be observed. A photographic r e c o r d of t h e f e a t u r e s
of i n t e r e s t were t o be made as long as t h e f e a t u r e remained i n t h e f i e l d
of view.

Track Mode

The t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h a t s p a c e c r a f t be o r i e n t e d t o an a t t i t u d e
which would e a s e a c q u i s i t i o n of a s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e ( n o t n e c e s s a r i l y on
t h e s p a c e c r a f t ground t r a c k ) as t h e s p a c e c r a f t approached t h e f e a t u r e .
A f t e r a c q u i s i t i o n t h e f e a t u r e was t o be t r a c k e d and photographic r e c o r d
w a s t o be made u n t i l t h e f e a t u r e was 20° p a s t t h e n a d i r .
22

Search and Track Mode

The search and t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h e s p a c e c r a f t b e o r i e n t e d t o

s e a r c h f o r a s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e on t h e ground t r a c k ahead of t h e space-
c r a f t . Upon a c q u i s i t i o n , t h e feature would b e t r a c k e d t o 20' p a s t t h e
n a d i r . A photographic r e c o r d w a s t o be made from t h e t i m e of a c q u i s i -
t i o n u n t i l t h e f e a t u r e w a s 20' p a s t t h e n a d i r .

An o r a l r e p o r t w a s t o b e made by b o t h t h e command p i l o t , viewing

t h e s c e n e d i r e c t l y through t h e l e f t viewing p o r t , and t h e p i l o t , observ-
i n g t h e viewing monitor d u r i n g each sequence. S i n c e t h e r e ' w a s a loss
of r e s o l u t i o n i n t h e photographic r e c o r d i n g system as compared t o t h e
viewing monitor, t h e photographs d i d not c o n t a i n a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
t h e p i l o t observed on t h e viewing monitor. Verbal d e s c r i p t i o n s were
r e q u i r e d t o determine what t h e p i l o t i n f e r s from what h e o b s e r v e s .
E v a l u a t i o n of experiment r e s u l t s were t o b e based on a comparison o f t h e
t h r e e r e c o r d s o b t a i n e d f o r each o b s e r v a t i o n .

RESULTS

Forty-two f i l m sequences of t h e experiment were r e c o r d e d u s i n g

9 minutes and 8 seconds of a v a i l a b l e f i l m t i m e . Of t h e 42 f i l m sequences
t a k e n , 13 were of medium t o heavy c l o u d f o r m a t i o n s a n d 1 4 were t a k e n over
open ocean a r e a s , Some of t h e sequences were t a k e n d u r i n g d a y l i g h t as
t h e s p a c e c r a f t passed over South America; however, t h e m a j o r i t y of se-
quences were t a k e n a t n i g h t d u r i n g t h e e x i s t i n g new-moon p h a s e . During
t h i s new-moon phase, t h e ambient e a r t h - s c e n e i l l u m i n a t i o n w a s n e a r
1x foot-candles.

The d a y l i g h t sequences t a k e n over South America c o n t a i n e d no u s e f u l

i n f o r m a t i o n f o r e v a l u a t i o n . These sequences w e r e t a k e n t o i n s u r e s u f -
f i c i e n t scene i l l u m i n a t i o n f o r o b t a i n i n g t h e s y s t e m ' s l i m i t i n g r e s o l u -
t i o n and f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e s y s t e m ' s maximum c a p a b i l i t y . A t t h e
p o s t f l i g h t d e b r i e f i n g , t h e f l i g h t crew r e p o r t e d t h a t d u r i n g t h e d a y l i g h t
sequences they were a b l e t o v i s u a l l y i d e n t i f y f e a t u r e s on t h e monitor
which t h e y determined t o b e d r y l a k e beds. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e photo-
g r a p h s t a k e n were of a r e a s which d i d n o t i n c l u d e t h e s e f e a t u r e s and sys-
t e m performance c o r r e l a t i o n i s n o t p o s s i b l e . Although t h e s i z e of t h e
d r y l a k e s was not known, t h e y were observed a t t h e l i m i t i n g r e s o l u t i o n
of about 550 TV l i n e s , even though t h e y P r e s e n t e d a very low c o n t r a s t
a g a i n s t o t h e r e a r t h backgrounds.
 23

The c o n t e n t o f t h e film sequences 0 : t h e n i g h t o b s e r v a t , m part o f

t h i s experiment i s summarized i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e .

~~

Contents Remarks

L i g h t s of towns and c i t i e s C i t i e s can b e i d e n t i f i e d by l i g h t s

Cloud f o r m a t i o n s Good q u a l i t y

Lightning f l a s h e s Good q u a l i t y

Horizon and stars Good q u a l i t y

Airglow Good q u a l i t y ( e x c e l l e n t when com-

p a r e d t o n i g h t photographs)

Coastlines Good t o poor c o n t r a s t

Pen i n s u l a Most s i g n i f i c a n t geographic f e a t u r e

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e photographs of t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s are shown i n f i g -

ures 2-3 t o 2-10. The f i l m sequences are predominantly l i g h t s and c l o u d s
because of a l a c k of s u i t a b l e s i t e s , such as i s l a n d s , on t h e ground t r a c k
of r e v o l u t i o n s 35 t o 36. More s i g n i f i c a n t i n f o r m a t i o n would have been
o b t a i n e d had it been p o s s i b l e t o s e l e c t r e v o l u t i o n s where i s l a n d s o r
o t h e r prominent l a n d features were a v a i l a b l e f o r photographing.

Clouds and l i g h t s from small v i l l a g e s , towns, and c i t i e s were prom-

i n e n t features i n t h e photographs. It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h e char-
a c t e r i s t i c shape of t h e c i t y o f C a l c u t t a , I n d i a , which i s d e f i n e d by
i t s l i g h t s i n t h e photographs of f i g u r e 2-3(a) as compared w i t h t h e map
of t h e C a l c u t t a area i n f i g u r e 2-3(b). S e v e r a l c o a s t l i n e s were photo-
graphed w i t h t h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e photographs of f i g u r e s 2-4
and 2-5. The photographs of t h e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s of c o a s t l i n e
show c o n t r a s t of t h e l a n d and ocean r a n g i n g from good t o poor. S i n c e
t h e area photographed w a s f a i r l y r e g u l a r , t h e c o n t r a s t was o n l y s u f f i -
c i e n t enough t o a l l o w d e l i n e a t i o n of t h e c o a s t l i n e .

The most s i g n i f i c a n t photograph o b t a i n e d w a s t h a t of t h e p e n i n s u l a

Istmo dos T i g r e s (Angola) on t h e west c o a s t of A f r i c a . The photograph,
f i g u r e 2 - 6 ( a ) , when compared w i t h t h e 1:l 000 000-scaled map of t h e area,
f i g u r e 2 - 6 ( b ) , c l e a r l y shows i t s i d e n t i t y . The shape of t h e p e n i n s u l a
i s a l o n g , narrow s t r i p of about 7:l length-to-width r a t i o extending
24

o u t from t h e mainland and t e r m i n a t e d by a l a r g e r , rounded a r e a having a

3 :1 length-to-width-ratio.

Deviation from t h e experiment p l a n w a s n e c e s s a r y as t h e experiment

p r o g r e s s e d because heavy c l o u d cover w a s encountered i n many areas on t h e
ground t r a c k . A s u i t a b l e p r e s e n t a t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d o n l y when t h e space-
craf% w a s p i t c h e d down a nominal 70' or more from t h e h o r i z o n t a l . As
a r e s u l t , t h e areas l i s t e d i n t h e m i s s i o n p l a n on t h e ground t r a c k were
observed, but no a t t e m p t w a s made t o perform t h e t r a c k i n g t a s k s f o r s i t e s
l o c a t e d a t p o i n t s o f f t h e ground t r a c k . Most o b s e r v a t i o n s and record-
i n g s were made i n t h e scanning mode and o n l y t h o s e f e a t u r e s which
appeared prominent were t r a c k e d . Tracking w a s g e n e r a l l y done by p i t c h -
ing t h e spacecraft.

During n i g h t p e r i o d s t h e p i l o t w a s a b l e t o observe on t h e t e l e v i s i o n
monitor e a r t h scenes such as c o a s t l i n e s and p e n i n s u l a s . The same s c e n e s
were not v i s i b l e t o t h e command p i l o t ; however, t h e command p i l o t ' s win-
dow w a s d i r t y and t h e comparison i s n o t completely v a l i d . The p i l o t
s t a t e d t h a t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e monitor p r e s e n t a t i o n w a s s u p e r i o r t o t h a t
o f t h e photographic f i l m sequences o f t h e same c o a s t l i n e s and p e n i n s u l a s .
This degradation had been observed d u r i n g l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s and w a s ex-
p e c t e d . The f l i g h t crew w a s a l s o a b l e t o s e e t h e f l a s h i n g l i g h t o f t h e
Gemini Agena T a r g e t Vehicle w i t h t h e t e l e v i s i o n monitor when t h e y were
not a b l e t o see it w i t h t h e unaided eye.

The DO15 equipment f u n c t i o n e d p r o p e r l y , except f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g

anomalies :

( a ) During experiment a c t i v a t i o n , t h e f i e l d o f view appeared

t i l t e d by a n a n g l e o f approximately'45' on t h e viewing monitor. Photo-
graphs from t h e r e c o r d i n g monitor show a s i m i l a r misalinement, i n d i c a t i n g
t h a t t h e anomaly o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n camera or m i r r o r .
The camera was mounted 20' from t h e Y-axis of t h e s p a c e c r a f t . P r o v i s i o n s
were made i n t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t f o r an u p r i g h t d i s p l a y on t h e viewing
monitor. The p i l o t c o r r e c t e d t h e d i s p l a y o r i e n t a t i o n by removing t h e
viewing monitor from i t s b r a c k e t , r o t a t i n g t h e monitor u n t i l t h e scene
w a s c o r r e c t e d , t h e n h o l d i n g t h e u n i t between h i s l e g s . An a n a l y s i s w a s
performed t o determine if a change had o c c u r r e d i n t h e equipment d u r i n g
t h e f l i g h t which would have caused t h i s r o t a t i o n . R e s u l t s o f t h e a n a l -
y s i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t no change had o c c u r r e d . I n s p e c t i o n r e c o r d s on
t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n and alinement procedures i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e camera w a s
.'
p r o p e r l y i n s t a l l e d and a l i n e d p r i o r t o f l i g h t . S i n c e t h e camera was
i n s t a l l e d i n t h e r e t r o g r a d e a d a p t e r s e c t i o n which w a s j e t t i s o n e d b e f o r e
r e e n t r y , no p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s can be performed on t h e f l i g h t hardware.
The c a u s e f o r t h e r o t a t i o n h a s n o t been e s t a b l i s h e d from t h e d a t a avail-
able.
 25

( b ) The f i e l d v i e w o f t h e camera d i d n o t appear t o b e p r o p e r l y

a l i n e d w i t h t h e o p t i c a l s i g h t on t h e command p i l o t ' s window. A f t e r
i n s t a l l a t i o n , t h e camera w a s o p t i c a l l y a l i n e d a t t h e s p a c e c r a f t con-
t r a c t o r ' s f a c i l i t y t o an accuracy o f 1/2' o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t c e n t e r l i n e .
The camera w a s removed from t h e s p a c e c r a f t f o r shipment t o t h e Kennedy
Space Center (KSC). Tolerances on t h e camera mounting base and t h e
s p a c e c r a f t mounting f i x t u r e were s u f f i c i e n t t o r e t a i n t h e d e s i r e d a l i n e -
ment accuracy d u r i n g camera removal and replacement. A comparison o f
t e s t results from t h e c o n t r a c t o r and from KSC i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e camera
w a s r e i n s t a l l e d p r o p e r l y a t KSC. No e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e misalinement
i s a p p a r e n t a t t h i s t i m e ; however, t h e e f f e c t may b e r e l a t e d t o t h e
t i l t e d f i e l d o f v i e w previously discussed.

( c ) A b r i g h t area n e a r t h e c e n t e r o f t h e viewing and r e c o r d i n g

d i s p l a y s p e r s i s t e d throughout t h e experiment. Adjustment o f t h e beam
c o n t r o l reduced t h e area b u t could n o t e n t i r e l y e l i m i n a t e t h i s c o n d i t i o n .
F i g u r e 2-9 shows a s e l e c t e d frame from t h e 3 frame p e r second,
1/30-second e x p o s u r e , 16-~t~mf i l m i l l u s t r a t i n g t h i s c o n d i t i o n . The b r i g h t
area w a s probably caused by a n ion s p o t b e g i n n i n g t o develop i n e i t h e r
t h e image i n t e n s i f i e r or image o r t h i c o n t u b e s e c t i o n s o f t h e camera.

( d ) S e v e r a l photographic sequences t a k e n d u r i n g t h e SO30 e x p e r i -

ment w i t h t h e u s e o f t h e DO15 equipment were n o t on t h e f l i g h t f i l m . A
f a i l u r e a n a l y s i s conducted following t h e f l i g h t on t h e r e c o r d i n g m o n i t o r
and photographic r e c o r d e r r e v e a l e d t h a t a f a i l u r e had o c c u r r e d i n t h e
cathode r a y t u b e d u r i n g t h e SO30 experiment. A f t e r t h e cathode-ray t u b e
f a i l u r e , photographic d a t a could n o t b e r e c o r d e d and a l o s s o f a l a r g e
p a r t of t h e SO30 d a t a o c c u r r e d .

( c ) Stowage and h a n d l i n g o f t h e viewing monitor w i t h i n t h e c a b i n

were performed w i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y . Stowage o f t h e viewing monitor i n
t h e f o o t w e l l , however, w a s a cause of crew d i s c o m f o r t d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n .

CONCLUSIONS

The experiment demonstrated t h a t geographic f e a t u r e s on t h e s u r f a c e

o f t h e e a r t h can b e observed under s t a r l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n as l o w as
5 x 10-5 foot-candles.
The a i r g l o w w a s very prominent under a new-moon c o n d i t i o n , r e s u l t -
i n g i n an apparent r e d u c t i o n i n s c e n e c o n t r a s t , a washed-out p r e s e n t a -
t i o n , and reduced r e s o l u t i o n . The a i r g l o w w a s t h e probable cause o f
t h e r e d u c t i o n i n p i c t u r e q u a l i t y when t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s p i t c h e d down
a t a n g l e s l e s s t h a n a nominal 70' below t h e h o r i z o n t a l .
26

O b j e c t s observed on t h e viewing monitor c o u l d b e t r a c k e d by t h e

p i l o t , u s i n g t h e monitor as a r e f e r e n c e .

Clouds a t n i g h t were q u i t e prominent on t h e d i s p l a y because o f t h e i r

high r e f l e c t i v i t y . The r e s u l t s o f t h e experiment photography and t h e
crew comments i n d i c a t e t h a t it i s p o s s i b l e t o map n i g h t cloud p a t t e r n s
over l a r g e areas.
.
L i g h t a r e a s on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e e a r t h , such as c i t i e s , appeared
as extremely b r i g h t s p o t s on t h e m o n i t o r s . Many of t h e l i g h t a r e a s
viewed o v e r A f r i c a were r e p o r t e d by t h e crew t o be f i r e s . L i g h t s under t
c l o u d c o v e r were a l s o r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from t h e background.

S t a r s were q u i t e a p p a r e n t on t h e m o n i t o r . During r e v o l u t i o n 4 1 a t
65:27:21 g . e . t . , t h e GATV w a s s i g h t e d on t h e viewing monitor w h i l e i n
t o t a l darkness a t a d i s t a n c e of approximately 1 5 m i l e s . The a c q u i s i t i o n
l i g h t w a s e a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e s t a r f i e l d background.

S u c c e s s f u l o p e r a t i o n of t h e experiment equipment proved t h a t d e l i -

c a t e e l e c t r o n i c components, such as image o r t h i c o n t u b e s , can be de-
s i g n e d , packaged, and i n s t a l l e d t o w i t h s t a n d t h e s e v e r e launch environment
of space v e h i c l e s .

i
 TABLE 2-1.- FLIGHT PLAN FOR EXPERIMENT DO15

Task Film r e c o r d i n g t i m e
Area t o b e observeda Mode o f o p e r a t i o n
sec
I - e v o l u t i o n 35
b
West c o a s t o f South America S e a r c h and t r a c k 30
I '.; S o u t h America ScanC 30

Sea f e a t u r e s Scan 60
Africa 120

L East c o a s t of A f r i c a S e a r c h and t r a c k 30

5 India Scan 60
d
6 Calcutta Track 30

e v o l u t i o n 36

7 San F e l i x I s l a n d Track 30

a S o u t h America Scan 50

9 Sea f e a t u r e s S e a r c h and t r a c k 60

10 S t . Helena I s l a n d Track 30

11 Africa Scan 120

Saudi A r a b i a c o a s t 60

12 Gulf o f Kutch Track 30

otal

% e a t u r e s o f i n t e r e s t : c o a s t l i n e s , i s l a n d s , p e n i n s u l a s , r i v e r s , l a k e s , d e s e r t s , snow-
capped mountains, c i t i e s , c l o u d s , and s h i p s .

bThe s e a r c h and t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h e s p a c e c r a f t t o b e o r i e n t e d t o a s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e

a h e a d o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t ground t r a c k . Upon a c q u i s i t i o n , t r a c k i n g w a s performed u n t i l 20° p a s t
t h e n a d i r . P h o t o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s were recorded u n t i i 20° p a s t t h e n a d i r .

'The s c a n mode r e q u i r e d t h e s p a c e c r a f t l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s t o be a i i n e r l normal t o t h e s u r f a c e

o f t h e e a r t h as t h e s p a c e c r a f t p a s s e d o v e r t h e ground t r a c k a r e a t o b e observed. P h o t o g r a p h i c
f e a t u r e s o f i n t e r e s t were r e c o r d e d as l p n g a s t h e y remained i n view.

%he t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h e s p a c e c r a f t t o be o r i e n t e d t o an a t t i t u d e which would f a c i l i -

t a t e a c q u i s i t i o n o f a s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e as t h e s p a c e c r a f t anproached t h e f e a t u r e . Upon a c q u i s i -
t i o n , t h e f e a t u r e w a s t r a c k e d u n t i l 20O p a s t t h e n a d i r . P h o t o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s were r e c o r d e d
from t i m e o f a c q u i s i t i o n u n t i l 20O p a s t n a d i r .
 28

.
#

Image Intensification
camera

Camera control

"1 n

Viewing monitor

-
Monitor electronics and
equipment control

Recording cathode-ray tube

photograph ICcamera

I Figure 2-1. - Experiment DO15 equipment.

 29

I-

icv

.-S
0
U

s
30

(a) Lights of Calcutta, India.

(b) Map location of Calcutta, India and surrounding area.

Figure 2-3. - Comparison of DO15 experiment data record of

Calcutta, India, with the map location of same area.
 31

.
'P

Figure 2-4. - Coastlines of western Africa and Saudi Arabia.

Figure 2-5. - Coastline of Somalia Republic, a country in

eastern Africa.
32

(a) Peninsula of Istmo dos Tigres on the west coast of Africa.

(b) Map location of Istmo dos Tigres.

Figure 2-6. - Comparison of DO15 experiment data record of

Istmo dos Tigres with the map location of same area.
 33

I
I
I
Figure 2-7. - Cloud formations illuminated by a lightning flash.
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
1

Figure 2-8. - Lights of villages and cities in Africa.

34

Figure 2-9. - Illumination effect on clouds caused by local

lightning flashes,

Figure 2-10. - Earth horizon, airglow, and starfields.

 35

3. EXPERIMENT ~016,POWER TOOL EVALUATION

By Victor L. E t t r e d g e
Department o f t h e A i r Force
Space Systems D i v i s i o n , D e t 2 .
Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center

SUMMARY

The ~ 0 1 6Power Tool Evaluation experiment w a s not a t t e m p t e d d u r i n g

t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n due t o premature t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e u m b i l i c a l e x t r a -
v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y . However, t h e o b j e c t i v e , equipment d e s c r i p t i o n , and
experiment procedures a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .

OBJECTIVE

The primary o b j e c t i v e o f t h e ~016Power Tool E v a l u a t i o n experiment

w a s t o e v a l u a t e t h e c a p a b i l i t y of man t o perform work i n t h e space envi-
ronment. Encompassing t h i s o b j e c t i v e were t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c objec-
tives:

( a ) To determine t h e a b i l i t y of an a s t r o n a u t t o perform a con-

t r o l l e d work t a s k

(b) To compare t h e a b i l i t y o f an a s t r o n a u t t o perform work under

t e t h e r e d and u n t e t h e r e d c o n d i t i o n s

( c ) To determine t h e performance o f t h e minimum r e a c t i o n power

t o o l r e l a t i v e t o o u t p u t and r e a c t i v e t o r q u e s

EQUIPMENT

The ~ 0 1 6experiment equipment c o n s i s t s of a minimum r e a c t i o n power

t o o l , a t o o l r e s t r a i n t box, a c o n v e n t i o n a l hand wrench, a work t a s k p l a c e ,
and a t e t h e r t o be a t t a c h e d i n t h e knee a r e a of t h e space s u i t . T h i s
equipment and i t s i n t e r r e l a t i o n i s shown i n f i g u r e 3-1.

The g e n e r a l arrangement of components l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e power t o o l

i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e 3-2. D i r e c t - c u r r e n t power i s s u m l i e d t o t h e
 36

motor through t h e e l e c t r i c a l s l i p r i n g assembly shown t o t h e l e f t o f t h e

drawing. S i m p l i f i e d i n t e r n a l views a r e shown i n f i g u r e 3-3.

For r e f e r e n c e p u r p o s e s , t h e d i r e c t i o n s of r o t a t i o n of t h e impactor
assembly d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s are viewed from t h e r e a r
of t h e t o o l and a r e t h e d i r e c t i o n s encountered when o p e r a t i n g t h e t o o l
for tightening fasteners.

When dc power of t h e p r o p e r p o l a r i t y i s a p p l i e d t o t h e motor, i t s

a r m a t u r e r o t a t e s clockwise, d r i v i n g t h e p l a n e t a r y g e a r t r a i n , which i n
t u r n c a u s e s t h e impactor d r i v e s h a f t t o be r o t a t e d i n a clockwise d i r e c -
t i o n . A s C a m A i s i n i t i a l l y r o t a t e d , C a m B i s f o r c e d t o move rearward
as a s t e e l b a l l r i d e s up t h e i n c l i n e d p l a n e . (See f i g . 3-3, i l l u s t r a -
t i o n A . ) The impactor b a r r e l assembly i s r e s t r a i n e d from r o t a t i n g a t
t h i s time. due t o t h e engagement o f t h e hammer l u g s w i t h t h e a n v i l l u g s
o f t h e output s h a f t . The o u t p u t s h a f t i s , p r e v e n t e d from t u r n i n g by t h e
f r i c t i o n a l f o r c e s of t h e C o n t r o l l e d I n t e r n a l R e s t r a i n t ( C I R ) c o l l a r ,
which i s h e l d s t a t i o n a r y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t o o l b a r r e l t h r o u g h t h e
s l i d i n g sleeve linkage.

A s C a m A i s r o t a t e d through approximately 50°, t h e impactor b a r r e l

assembly i s moved rearward s u f f i c i e n t l y t o disengage t h e hammer l u g s from
t h e a n v i l lugs. (See f i g . 3-3, i l l u s t r a t i o n B . ) The impactor b a r r e l
assembly i s now f r e e t o r o t a t e . The s t o r e d energy i n t h e s p r i n g s c a u s e s
t h e cams t o attempt t o a l i n e t h e m s e l v e s , t h e r e b y a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e impac-
t i n g b a r r e l i n ' a clockwise d i r e c t i o n . C o n t i n u a l d r i v e - s h a f t r o t a t i o n
a l s o c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n of t h e b a r r e l .

A s t h e b a r r e l r o t a t e s and t h e cams b e g i n t o a l i n e , t h e b a r r e l assem-

b l y moves forward. (See f i g . 3-3, i l l u s t r a t i o n C . ) A f t e r 180° o f ro-
t a t i o n , t h e hammer l u g s on t h e f a c e of t h e impactor b a r r e l s t r i k e t h e
a n v i l l u g s . The r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e v a l u e of t o r q u e developed on t h e a n v i l /
o u t p u t s h a f t assembly exceeds t h e s t a t i c f r i c t i o n a l c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e
C I R c o l l a r , and t h e o u t p u t s h a f t r o t a t e s , t i g h t e n i n g t h e b o l t .

I n summary, it could be s a i d t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e l y low power l e v e l

d e l i v e r e d by t h e motor g e a r t r a i n assembly i s g r a d u a l l y s t o r e d i n t h e
t o o l b a r r e l assembly over a r e l a t i v e l y l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e and d e l i v e r e d
i n t h e form of a high-energy, s h o r t - d u r a t i o n p u l s e t o t h e a n v i l / o u t p u t
s h a f t assembly.

The r e a c t i o n t o t h e t o r q u e on t h e b o l t i s f e l t back through t h e out-

p u t s h a f t and a n v i l l u g assembly t o t h e hammer l u g assembly 09 t h e impac-
t o r b a r r e l causing t h e b a r r e l t o rebound. The rebound f o r c e i s i n t e g r a t e d
by t h e s p r i n g i n t h e impactor assembly which i n t u r n r e f l e c t s t h e f o r c e
backward through t h e d r i v e - s h a f t assembly and d i v i d e s a t t h e p l a n e t a r y
g e a r t r a i n . P a r t of t h e r e a c t i v e f o r c e i s t r a n s f e r r e d t h r o u g h t h e g e a r
 37

c a s e assembly d i r e c t l y t o t h e t o o l b a r r e l , w h i l e p a r t o f t h e f o r c e i s
r e f l e c t e d back t h r o u g h t h e armature, t h e magnetic f i e l d s , t o t h e motor
f i e l d r i n g , and i n t u r n t o t h e t o o l b a r r e l . Both r e a c t i v e f o r c e s a r r i v -
i n g a t t h e t o o l housing are i n phase, t h u s c a u s i n g t h e t o o l b a r r e l t o
r o t a t e counterclockwise. The r a t e o f r o t a t i o n of t h e t o o l b a r r e l i s
r e s t r a i n e d , due t o t h e d r a g b r a k e a c t i o n o f t h e C I R .

a The t o o l b a r r e l i s supported by l a r g e - d i a m e t e r r i n g b e a r i n g s , whose

i n n e r r a c e i s p r e s s e d over t h e t o o l b a r r e l and t h e o u t e r r a c e i s supported
by t h e t o o l housing. The o n l y r e a c t i v e f o r c e t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e t o o l
r’ housing i s t h a t r e s u l t i n g from t h e f r i c t i o n o f t h e r i n g b e a r i n g s .

The s p a c e power t o o l p h y s i c a l and o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are

l i s t e d below.

SPACE POWER TOOL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Weight,lb.. .................... 7.62

Length :
Handle e r e c t e d , i n . ................ 1O-7/8
Handle f o l d e d , i n . ................ 10-13/16

Height :
................
Handle e r e c t e d , i n . 9-1/16
I
Handle f o l d e d , i n ................. 4-112

Width, i n . ..................... 5
Center o f g r a v i t y
...........
(from o u t p u t s h a f t e n d ) , i n . 6-5/32

Output s h a f t , i n
2
.................. 112

Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self-contained,

rechargeable ,
N i - Cd b a t t e r y
 38

SPACE POWER TOOL OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

Speed:
C I R on-full load, beats/min ......... 1550-1650
C I R off-no l o a d ( d r i l l i n g mode),
b e a t s /min ................. 1250

Operating v o l t a g e . volts ........... 6 to 7

Current :
C I R o n - f u l l mode, amps ........ . . . 13 t o 16
C I R off-no l o a d ( d r i l l i n g mode), amps. . . . 3

Open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e , V dc . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 t o 8 . 2
Output t o r q u e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exceeds 45 foot-pounds
developed on 1 / 2 - i n c h
NF AN-type b o l t

Work c a p a c i t y p e r b a t t e r y c h a r g e :
Impacting, 3-sec b u r s t ........... 100
D r i l l i n g , running t i m e i n minutes ...... 8 to 10

PROCEDURES

The experiment w a s t o b e performed d u r i n g e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s

a t approximately 24:30 g . e . t . F i g u r e 3-4 shows an a r t i s t ' s c o n c e p t i o n
o f t h e experiment a c t i v i t i e s . The p r o c e d u r a l sequence o f e v e n t s f o r t h e
EVA p i l o t was as f o l l o w s :

1. Grasp h a n d r a i l and p o s i t i o n s e l f f o r k n e e - t e t h e r a t t a c h m e n t .

2. Attach r i g h t knee t e t h e r t o h a n d r a i l .

3. Grasp t o o l b o x h a n d l e , r e l e a s e l o c k , and e x t e n d t o o l b o x u n t i l
p o s i t i v e l o c k i s engaged.

4 . Open t o o l b o x , extend power-tool h a n d l e , check l i g h t s w i t c h on,

forward-reverse s w i t c h t o forward p o s i t i o n , and t o o l i n impact mode.

5. Grasp power t o o l , t i g h t e n i n s t r u m e n t e d b o l t f o r 5 seconds.

6. Reverse s w i t c h , l o o s e n i n s t r u m e n t e d b o l t u n t i l " j u s t l o o s e . "

7. Unscrew i n s u c c e s s i o n f o u r w o r k s i t e b o l t s .
 39

8. Stow power t o c , turn over works t e p l a t e an hand-start t h r e e

I bolts .
9. Unstow power t o o l , r e v e r s e s w i t c h , t i g h t e n t h r e e b o l t s .
I
10. Stow power t o o l on t o o l b o x l i d and remove handtool.

11. Tighten instrumented b o l t for 5 seconds and l o o s e n i n s t r u m e n t

bolt.

' Y
12. Stow h a n d t o o l i n toolbox.

13. Detach knee t e t h e r from h a n d r a i l .

14. Remove power t o o l , check l i g h t on and t o o l i n impact mode.

1 5* Using power t o o l , t i g h t e n i n s t r u m e n t e d b o l t f o r 5 seconds.

16. Reverse s w i t c h , l o o s e n i n s t r u m e n t e d b o l t u n t i l " j u s t l o o s e ."
17 Stow power t o o l i n toolbox, f o l d handle.

18. Remove handt 001.

19. T i g h t e n i n s t r u m e n t e d b o l t for 5 seconds, and l o o s e n instrumen-

t ed b o l t .

20. Stow h a n d t o o l i n toolbox.

21. Close t o o l b o x l i d .

22. Release l a t c h on worksite and stow box i n a d a p t e r s e c t i o n .

23. Experiment completed.

RESULTS

This experiment w a s not attempted d u r i n g t h e mission because of

premature t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e u m b i l i c a l EVA.
I
I
I
I
I *

fool Housing Ring Bearings

Figure 3-2. - Power tool internal drawings.

42

Cam'B' Cam 'A' A' Hornmar

7 I

A
' I
Driveshaft I Steel ; ' B H a m m e r " Output Shaft J I,
Ball I
I I

I
I I
I 'A ' H a m m e r I
I / I

!1 \ I
i ' B'Ham mer
I I
I I
I I
I
I I
I
1
1 'B'Hammer
I
I / ,'A'Anvil

-
C

is 'A'Hammer

Figure 3-3. - Simplified drawings of impactor assembly operation.

 43

Figure 3 -4. - Power tool operational concept.

 45

4. EXPERIMENT S004, RADIATION AND ZERO-G EFFECTS

ON HUMAN BLOOD AND NEUROSPORA

By M. A. Bender, F. J. de S e r r e s , P. C. Gooch,
I. R. M i l l e r , D. B. Smith, and S. Kondo*
Biology D i v i s i o n ,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)

The SO04 experiment w a s designed t o t e s t f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a

p o s t u l a t e d synergism ( s u g g e s t e d by o b s e r v a t i o n s from p r e v i o u s space
f l i g h t s ) between r a d i a t i o n and some s p a c e f l i g h t parameter such as "weight-
l e s s n e s s . " This experiment w a s f i r s t c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g t h e Gemini I11
m i s s i o n . A series o f whole human b l o o d samples w a s i r r a d i a t e d onboard .
t h e s p a c e c r a f t d u r i n g t h e o r b i t a l phase o f t h e f l i g h t . A d u p l i c a t e series
was i r r a d i a t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y on t h e ground. P o s t f l i g h t comparisons were
made between t h e induced r a t e s of s i n g l e - and m u l t i p l e - b r e a k chromosomal
a b e r r a t i o n s i n t h e i n f l i g h t and ground p o r t i o n s o f t h e experiment t o
d e t e c t any p o s s i b l e e f f e c t . While t h e r e w a s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
between t h e rates of multiple-break a b e r r a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e ground
and i n f l i g h t p o r t i o n s o f t h e experiment, a s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r r a t e o f
s i n g l e - b r e a k a b e r r a t i o n production w a s observed i n t h e i n f l i g h t material.

Because o f t h e p e c u l i a r results o b t a i n e d i n t h e Gemini I11 SO04 ex-

p e r i m e n t , t h e experiment w a s r e p e a t e d and extended d u r i n g t h e Gemini X I
m i s s i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o r e p e a t i n g t h e experiment w i t h human blood c e l l s ,
a n o t h e r p a r a l l e l t e s t w a s c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g t h e b r e a d mold Neurospora as
e x p e r i m e n t a l material. Although t h e experiments d u p l i c a t e d t h e f i r s t SO04
experiment as c l o s e l y as p o s s i b l e , t h e much l o n g e r d u r a t i o n of t h e Gem-
i n i X I m i s s i o n n e c e s s i t a t e d a much l o n g e r p r e - i r r a d i a t i o n "weightless"
p e r i o d , and i n o r d e r t o b e s u r e t h a t t h e c e l l s would s u r v i v e t h e long
s t o r a g e t i m e n e c e s s a r y , t h e blood samples were r e f r i g e r a t e d u n t i l s h o r t l y
b e f o r e i r r a d i a t i o n . The Gemini X I experiment w a s c a r r i e d o u t success-
f u l l y , and most a n a l y s e s of t h e experimental m a t e r i a l have been completed.

No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e r a t e s f o r t h e i n f l i g h t and
t h e ground p o r t i o n s of t h e experiment were found f o r e i t h e r s i n g l e - o r
m u l t i p l e - b r e a k chromosome a b e r r a t i o n s . The Gemini X I SO04 blood exper-
iment has t h u s f a i l e d t o confirm t h e apparent synergism s e e n i n t h e
Gemini I11 experiment.

i
Department of Fundamental Radiology, F a c u l t y o f Medicine,
Osaka U n i v e r s i t y , Osaka, J a p a n ; on assignment t o ORNL.
46

The SO04 Neurospora experiment u t i l i z e d s p o r e s o f a two-component

heterokaryon o b t a i n e d from t h e f u s i o n of two d i f f e r e n t ( h a p l o i d ) s t r a i n s
each c o n t a i n i n g a s e r i e s o f g e n e t i c markers. These s p o r e samples were
s u b s t i t u t e d f o r blood samples i n an a d d i t i o n a l SO04 i r r a d i a t i o n d e v i c e .
S u r v i v a l of t h e h e t e r o k a r y o n a s e x u a l s p o r e s w a s s t u d i e d i n a d d i t i o n t o
m u t a t i o n of two d i f f e r e n t genes t o determine t h e e f f e c t o f i r r a d i a t i o n
d u r i n g space f l i g h t on t h e f r e q u e n c i e s of chromosome breakage and gene
mutation. Spore samples were i r r a d i a t e d b o t h c o l l e c t e d on t h e s u r f a c e
o f M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r s ( s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e ) and as suspension ( t o mimic
t h e human blood e x p e r i m e n t ) .

I n a c t i v a t i o n of t h e h e t e r o k a r y o t i c c o n i d i a w i t h i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n s
r e s u l t s from 1 - h i t e v e n t s b e l i e v e d t o b e t e r m i n a l chromosome d e l e t i o n s .
Gene mutation r e s u l t s from b o t h 1 - h i t and 2 - h i t e v e n t s . The t y p e o f
1 - h i t event r e s u l t i n g i n mutation i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e
1 - h i t event r e s u l t i n g i n c e l l i n a c t i v a t i o n . The 2 - h i t m u t a t i o n s r e s u l t
from chromosome breakage and d e l e t i o n and are expected t o respond t o
changes i n environmental c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e same way as t h e 1 - h i t e v e n t s
resulting in c e l l inactivation.

No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was found between d o s e - e f f e c t curves f o r

s u r v i v a l or mutation-induction o f t h e i n f l i g h t and ground samples irra-
d i a t e d on f i l t e r s . Thus t h i s p a r t o f t h e Gemini SO04 experiment, l i k e
t h e blood experiment, f a i l e d t o confirm t h e apparent synergism s e e n i n
t h e Gemini I11 SO04 blood experiment. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e Neurospora ex-
periment provides c o n c l u s i v e data t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e
g e n e t i c e f f e c t s o f i r r a d i a t i o n d u r i n g s p a c e f l i g h t and t h e g e n e t i c e f -
f e c t s obtained i n ground-based experiments.

S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e found between t h e d o s e - e f f e c t c u r v e s
f o r s u r v i v a l ( P = 0 . 0 2 ) b u t not m u t a t i o n - i n d u c t i o n ( P = 0 . 0 9 ) o f t h e
i n f l i g h t and ground Neurospora samples i r r a d i a t e d i n suspension. A t
f a c e v a l u e t h e s e d a t a might s u g g e s t antagonism between space f l i g h t
parameters and r a d i a t i o n . However, t h e y c l e a r l y do not a g r e e w i t h t h e
d a t a from t h e SO04 blood experiments on e i t h e r t h e Gemini I11 or
Gemini X I m i s s i o n s , o r w i t h t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d from Neurospora samples
on M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r s . The d i f f e r e n c e between t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d from
i n f l i g h t and ground s u s p e n s i o n s i s b e l i e v e d t o b e due t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n
r e l a t i v e anoxia r e s u l t i n g from high s p a c e c r a f t c a b i n t e m p e r a t u r e , r a t h e r
t h a n "weightlessness.

Both t h e Gemini X I SO04 blood experiment and t h e SO04 Neurospora

experiment have t h u s f a i l e d t o confirm t h e a p p a r e n t synergism s e e n i n
t h e Gemini I11 experiment. It i s concluded t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e
Gemini I11 s i n g l e - b r e a k chromosome a b e r r a t i o n r a t e s w a s probably t h e
r e s u l t o f s t a t i s t i c a l sampling e r r o r s . I n any c a s e , even i f t h e e f f e c t
found i n t h e Gemini I11 experiment were i n f a c t " r e a l , " it w a s e v i d e n t l y
n o t t h e r e s u l t o f a g e n e r a l synergism between " w e i g h t l e s s n e s s " and r a d i -
at ion.
 47

OBJECTIVE

The SO04 experiment w a s designed t o t e s t whether or n o t t h e r e

e x i s t s a synergism between r a d i a t i o n and some f a c t o r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
s p a c e f l i g h t (such as "weightlessness") f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f q u a n t i -
t a t i v e r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s . The e x i s t e n c e o f such a synergism,
which i s not expected on t h e b a s i s o f ground-based r a d i o b i o l o g y , has
been s u g g e s t e d l a r g e l y because o f o b s e r v a t i o n s o f b i o l o g i c a l materials
flown on v a r i o u s p r e v i o u s s p a c e f l i g h t s ( s e e r e f s . 1, 2 , and 3 ) .

The SO04 human blood experiment w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g

t h e Gemini I11 missior, i n March, 1965. The r e s u l t s from t h e Gemini I11
experiment have a l r e a d y been d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l ( r e f s . 4 and 5 ) . I n
b r i e f , no evidence o f synergism f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m u l t i p l e - b r e a k
chromosomal a b e r r a t i o n s w a s found, n o r w a s t h e r e any evidence t h a t t h e
s p a c e f l i g h t i t s e l f had induced a b e r r a t i o n s . However, approximately
t w i c e as many s i n g l e - b r e a k a b e r r a t i o n s were found i n t h e i r r a d i a t e d
f l i g h t samples as i n t h e samples i r r a d i a t e d on t h e ground, and t h e
d i f f e r e n c e w a s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . This unexpected result could
not b e e x p l a i n e d by known p h y s i c a l phenomena. Furthermore, subsequent
ground experiments r u l e d o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s and
v i b r a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s p a c e f l i g h t had i n f l u e n c e d t h e a b e r r a -
t i o n y i e l d s i n t h e i n f l i g h t blood samples. It w a s d e c i d e d , t h e r e f o r e , t o
r e p e a t t h e Gemini I11 SO04 human blood experiment as n e a r l y as p o s s i b l e
on a subsequent Gemini m i s s i o n , i n an a t t e m p t t o confirm t h e r e a l i t y ,
or a t l e a s t t h e g e n e r a l i t y o f t h e Gemini I11 " e f f e c t . " The r e p e a t
experiment w a s c a r r i e d out d u r i n g t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n .

The experiment c o n s i s t e d o f two p a r t s . One, l i k e t h e Gemini I11

SO04 experiment, u t i l i z e d human white blood c e l l s as t h e b i o l o g i c a l t e s t
material and chromosome a b e r r a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n as t h e e n d p o i n t . The
o t h e r u t i l i z e d t h e mold Neurospora c r a s s a as t h e b i o l o g i c a l t e s t material
and measured s u r v i v a l and mutation as e n d p o i n t s . Both t h e experiments
c o n s i s t e d of s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i r r a d i a t i n g two s e r i e s o f b i o l o g i c a l samples
w i t h measured doses o f 32P B r a y s , one on t h e ground and t h e o t h e r aboard
t h e s p a c e c r a f i , d u r i n g t h e o r b i t a l phase of a s p a c e f l i g h t . P o s t f l i g h t
a n a l y s e s o f t h e w h i t e c e l l s from t h e i n f l i g h t and ground blood samples
for induced chromosomal a b e r r a t i o n s , and o f t h e s p o r e s from t h e i n f l i g h t
and ground Neurospora samples f o r s u r v i v a l and f o r m u t a t i o n , provide
t e s t s f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e p o s t u l a t e d synergism, a t l e a s t f o r t h e s e
p a r t i c u l a r r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l endpoints.

The Neurospora p o r t i o n of t h e Gemini X I SO04 experiment was added

t o t h e o r i g i n a l human blood experiment i n o r d e r t o extend t h e obser-
v a t i o n s t o a n o t h e r organism and t o o t h e r r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l e n d p o i n t s . The
Neurospora a s s a y system i s designed t o e v a l u a t e t h e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s o f
 48

any " i n s u l t " t o t h e organism w i t h r e g a r d t o chromosome breakage and gene

m u t a t i o n . It has been used t o e v a l u a t e t h e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s
i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n s as w e l l as a v a r i e t y o f chemical mutagens ( r e f s . 6
t o 9 ) . This organism has t h e same chromosome s t r u c t u r e as i s found i n
h i g h e r p l a n t s and animals and t h e r e i s e v e r y r e a s o n t o expect t h a t t h e
g e n e t i c e f f e c t s d e t e c t a b l e w i t h t h i s h a p l o i d t e s t system a r e comparable
t o t h o s e found i n h i g h e r d i p l o i d forms. Although t h e Neurospora exper-
iment w a s flown on t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n p r i m a r i l y because o f t h e r e s u l t s
which had been o b t a i n e d i n t h e SO04 blood experiment d u r i n g t h e Gem-
i n i I11 m i s s i o n , t h e d e s i g n o f t h e Neurospora experiment a l s o made pos-
s i b l e a completely independent e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s of
r a d i a t i o n and space f l i g h t parameters b o t h on chromosome breakage and
p r o d u c t i o n of gene mutations a t s p e c i f i c l o c i .

EQUIPMENT

Because o f t h e much l o n g e r d u r a t i o n planned f o r t h e Gemini X I

m i s s i o n , some m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e Gemini I11 SO04 human blood exper-
iment w a s r e q u i r e d t o make it f e a s i b l e f o r Gemini X I . To a s s u r e s u r v i v a l
o f t h e white blood c e l l s , r e f r i g e r a t i o n of t h e samples w a s r e q u i r e d dur-
i n g most o f t h e f l i g h t . A l s o , because t h e blood samples would b e sub-
j e c t e d t o leakage B p a r t i c l e and Bremsstrahlung i r r a d i a t i o n w i t h i n t h e
experimental d e v i c e f o r a much l o n g e r p e r i o d , it w a s decided t o reduce
t h e q u a n t i t y o f 32P i n t h e r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e s . I n consequence, a l o n g e r
exposure t o t h e s o u r c e s w a s r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o d e l i v e r t h e doses
d e s i r e d . The same experimental device was used f o r b o t h t h e human blood
and t h e Neurospora p o r t i o n s o f t h e Gemini X I SO04 experiment. Aside
from t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e 32P s o u r c e s t r e n g t h (and an i n c r e a s e i n t h e
t h i c k n e s s of one s i d e o f t h e housing t o a c h i e v e b e t t e r h e a t t r a n s f e r f o r
t h e blood e x p e r i m e n t ) , t h e Gemini X I SO04 e x p e r i m e n t a l d e v i c e s were
i d e n t i c a l with t h a t used on Gemini 111. D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h i s
experimental d e v i c e have a l r e a d y been p r e s e n t e d ( r e f s . 4, 5 , 1 0 , and 11).

To provide c o o l i n g o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d e v i c e t o extend t h e t i m e
t h a t t h e blood c e l l s would remain v i a b l e , a t h e r m o e l e c t r i c c o o l e r w a s
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e mounting b r a c k e t f o r t h e SO04 blood e x p e r i m e n t a l
d e v i c e . This r e f r i g e r a t o r b r a c k e t used s p a c e c r a f t power to t r a n s f e r
h e a t from t h e experimental d e v i c e t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t h a t c h s t r u c t u r e and
a l s o provided a t e l e m e t r y s i g n a l f o r r e a d o u t o f t h e d e v i c e t e m p e r a t u r e
d u r i n g t h e mission. F i g u r e 4-1 shows t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l hardware assembly.
The experimental hardware w a s mounted on t h e l e f t - h a n d h a t c h t o r q u e box
o f t h e G e m i n i X I s p a c e c r a f t , as shown i n f i g u r e 4-2. A s w i t c h t o t u r n
t h e r e f r i g e r a t o r on and o f f was provided on t h e s p a c e c r a f t ' s right-hand
I c i r c u i t breaker panel.
 49

Due t o e l e c t r i c a l power r e s t r i c t i o n s , no a t t e m p t c o u l d b e made t o

c o n t r o l t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e Neurospora i n f l i g h t e x p e r i m e n t a l d e v i c e s .
The Neurospora d e v i c e w a s mounted on t h e i n b o a r d s i d e o f t h e r i g h t f o o t
w e l l of t h e Gemini X I s p a c e c r a f t ( f i g . 4-3) , o r i e n t e d s o t h a t t h e Z-axis
of t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s p a r a l l e l t o a diameter o f t h e sample chambers. An
i d e n t i c a l ground d e v i c e w a s k e p t a t t h e launch s i t e .

PROCEDURE

A s w a s t h e c a s e f o r t h e Gemini I11 SO04 human b l o o d experiment,

e x e c u t i o n o f t h e Gemini X I experiment w a s a f a i r l y complex o p e r a t i o n .
The blood and Neurospora samples had t o b e o b t a i n e d and l o a d e d , and
I t h e f l i g h t and ground experimental d e v i c e s assembled and t e s t e d as l a t e
I as p o s s i b l e b e f o r e launch. The t i s s u e c u l t u r e p r o c e d u r e s r e q u i r e d t o
I m a k e chromosome p r e p a r a t i o n s from t h e blood samples a f t e r recovery o f
I
I t h e s p a c e c r a f t had t o b e c a r r i e d out aboard t h e r e c o v e r y v e s s e l . Real-
t i m e c o o r d i n a t i o n d u r i n g and a f t e r t h e m i s s i o n w a s r e q u i r e d t o a c h i e v e
I t h e c l o s e s t p o s s i b l e correspondence between t h e f l i g h t and ground por-
I
I t i o n s of t h e experiment. Each experiment m a n i p u l a t i o n d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n
I w a s a c t u a l l y counted down from Houston Mission C o n t r o l Center.
I
I
I
I Preflight
I
I Nine days b e f o r e t h e a c t u a l l a u n c h , s t e r i l e p e r i p h e r a l blood l e u -
I kocyte samples were o b t a i n e d from t h e f l i g h t crew. Short-term l e u k o c y t e
I
I c u l t u r e s were p r e p a r e d and incubated a t 37O C f o r 63 h o u r s . The c u l t u r e s
were t h e n c o l c h i c i n e - t r e a t e d f o r 5 h o u r s , f i x e d , and chromosome p r e p a r a -
t i o n s made.

Almost 1 0 hours b e f o r e t h e launch, s t e r i l e p e r i p h e r a l blood s a x p l e s

were drawn from t h e same two blood donors used f o r t h e Gemini I11
SO04 experiment. The f l i g h t and ground e x p e r i m e n t a l d e v i c e s were as-
sembled and t e s t e d , and t h e f l i g h t e x p e r i m e n t a l d e v i c e w a s mounted i n
t h e r e f r i g e r a t e d b r a c k e t on t h e l e f t - h a n d h a t c h o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t approx-
i m a t e l y 1 5 0 minutes b e f o r e launch. The ground c o n t r o l d e v i c e w a s p l a c e d
i n a d u p l i c a t e r e f r i g e r a t o r l o c a t e d i n t h e launch s i t e assembly f a c i l i t y .
Both r e f r i g e r a t o r s were switched on, and t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s o f t h e exper-
i m e n t a l d e v i c e s f e l l r a p i d l y t o t h e normal c o n t r o l r a n g e (4' 5 ' 2 C)
i n d i c a t i n g s a t i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t ion.

The Neurospora samples were prepared as a suspension (%5 x 1 07

c e l l s / m l i n 0.12-percent a g a r S o l u t i o n t o p r e v e n t s e t t l i n g ) o r c o l l e c t e d
on t h e s u r f a c e of 25-mm diameter M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r s i n Oak Ridge. These
samples were kept r e f r i g e r a t e d and hand c a r r i e d t o t h e launch s i t e . The
f l i g h t and ground sample h o l d e r s were p r e p a r e d and i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e
experimental d e v i c e s about 1 0 hours and 5 h o u r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , p r i o r t o
launch and t h e n r e f r i g e r a t e d b r i e f l y . The f l i g h t e x p e r i m e n t a l d e v i c e
w a s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t about 300 minutes p r i o r t o launch. The
ground c o n t r o l d e v i c e w a s k e p t i n t h e launch s i t e assembly f a c i l i t y a t
a temperature o f 25' C .

Flight

A f t e r t h e launch phase o f . t h e f l i g h t had ended t h e experimental

d e v i c e s aboard t h e s p a c e c r a f t remained e s s e n t i a l l y " w e i g h t l e s s ,'I except
f o r t h e two Agena Primary P r o p u l s i o n System (PPS) b u r n s , u n t i l r e t r o -
f i r e . The PPS b u r n s each produced an a c c e l e r a t i o n of about 1 . 2 g , b u t
o n l y f o r approximately 22 seconds. The second PPS burn w a s completed
a t 43:54:27 g . e . t .

S t a r t i n g about 1 4 minutes a f t e r l i f t o f f , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e
experimental d e v i c e aboard t h e s p a c e c r a f t r o s e above t h e normal c o n t r o l
range and remained between 6' and 10' C through t h e f i r s t 24 hours o f
t h e mission. The d e v i c e t e m p e r a t u r e f e l l r a p i d l y back t o t h e normal
c o n t r o l range when t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s d e p r e s s u r i z e d f o r t h e f i r s t , EVA,
and o p e r a t e d w i t h i n t h i s range u n t i l switched o f f a t 65:38:00 g . e . t . ,
except f o r a b r i e f r i s e t o almost 7' C a t about 62 h o u r s . The ground
u n i t remained i n t h e normal c o n t r o l range u n t i l switched o f f simultane-
o u s l y w i t h t h e f l i g h t u n i t . A f t e r t h e r e f r i g e r a t o r s were t u r n e d o f f ,
t h e temperatures o f b o t h d e v i c e s r o s e r a p i d l y t o about 25' C , and s t a y e d
a t about t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e u n t i l t h e y were r e c o v e r e d .

The c o n t r o l Neurospora d e v i c e w a s m a i n t a i n e d a t 25' C although c a b i n

t e m p e r a t u r e (and t h u s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f l i g h t d e v i c e ) appears t o
have been h i g h e r d u r i n g t h e f i r s t 24 hours o f t h e m i s s i o n ( p r i o r t o
i r r a d i a t i o n of t h e Neurospora s a m p l e s ) . The t e m p e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e d by
t h e c a b i n temperature t e l e m e t r y channel r a n as h i g h as 33' C b u t aver-
aged about 28' t o 29' C. No d i r e c t measurements o f t h e Neurospora
d e v i c e were o b t a i n e d , however. N e v e r t h e l e s s , it seems extremely l i k e l y
t h a t t h e i n f l i g h t samples were a t a h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e t h a n t h e ground
c o n t r o l samples d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d .

The i r r a d i a t i o n o f t h e Neurospora samples w a s begun a t

30:09:00 g.e.t. Both PPS b u r n s o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e i r r a d i a t i o n p e r i o d .
The PPS burns were completed a t 43:54:27 g . e . t . The i r r a d i a t i o n of t h e
Neurospora samples w a s t e r m i n a t e d a t 67:53:50 g . e . t . The i n f l i g h t sam-
p l e s were t h u s "weightless" d u r i n g a l l of t h e i r r a d i a t i o n p e r i o d except
f o r t h e two PPS b u r n s , and t h e remaining approximately 3-1./2 hours p r i o r
t o r e t r o f i r e as w e l l . The i r r a d i a t i o n of t h e blood samples w a s s t a r t e d
a t 66:43:00 g . e . t . and w a s t e r m i n a t e d a t 67:53:00 g . e . t . The i n f l i g h t
samples were " w e i g h t l e s s " d u r i n g i r r a d i a t i o n and remained i n t h i s s t a t e
f o r approximately 3-1/2 hours f o l l o w i n g i r r a d i a t i o n .
 Postflight

The i n f l i g h t e x p e r i m e n t a l ' d e v i c e s were removed from t h e s p a c e c r a f i

s h o r t l y a f t e r recovery. The blood samples had been removed from b o t h
t h e i n f l i g h t and t h e ground c o n t r o l d e v i c e s by 73:33:00 g . e . t . , and
were i n c u l t u r e by 75:lb:OO. P o s t f l i g h t p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d l e u k o c y t e sam-
p l e s were a l s o o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e f l i g h t crew and p l a c e d i n c u l t u r e at
t h e same t i m e . All c u l t u r e s were f i x e d a f t e r 66 hours or i n c u b a t i o n ,
f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t w i t h c o l c h i c i n e f o r 5 h o u r s . The r e s u l t i n g prep-
I a r a t i o n s were s c o r e d a t Oak Ridge i n t h e same manner as were t h o s e from
I
I " t h e Gemini I11 SO04 experiment ( r e f s . 4 and 5 ) .
I
The samples were t a k e n f r o m t h e i n f l i g h t Neurospora d e v i c e by
1
73:13:00 g . e . t . The ground c o n t r o l samples were removed f r o m t h e i r
d e v i c e by 73:38:00 g . e . t . A l l Neurospora samples were r e f r i g e r a t e d a t
bo C and r e t u r n e d t o ORNL f o r a n a l y s i s .
Genetic a n a l y s i s w a s i n i t i a t e d by p r e p a r i n g s u s p e n s i o n s from each
o f t h e samples f o r i n o c u l a t i o n i n t o t h e a s s a y medium. I n o c u l a t i o n vol-
ume w a s v a r i e d s o t h a t t h e t o t a l number o f expected s u r v i v o r s p e r f l a s k
6
would b e about 1 0 i n a t o t a l volume o f 1 0 l i t e r s of medium. In t h i s
medium h e t e r o k a r y o t i c s u r v i v o r s form a t i n y w h i t e colony about 2 mm i n
d i a m e t e r a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n i n t h e dark f o r about 7 days a t 30° C . Spec-
i f i c l o c u s m u t a t i o n s of t h e ad-3A and t h e ad-3B genes c a u s e accumulation
o f a reddish-purple pigment , and such m u t a t i o n s can t h u s b e r e c o g n i z e d
by t h e i r unusual colony c o l o r .

F i v e t o t e n r e p l i c a t e f l a s k s were made from each s p o r e sample.

When t h e f l a s k s were h a r v e s t e d , t h e t o t a l volume w a s measured and t h e
t o t a l number o f c o l o n i e s p e r f l a s k determined by c o u n t i n g a l i q u o t s . The
number o f p u r p l e c o l o n i e s p e r f l a s k w a s determined by hand c o u n t i n g ( t h e
number t y p i c a l l y varies from 0 t o 500 p e r f l a s k ) .

The r e l a t i o n between t o t a l colony : o u t s and t h e number o f s p o r e s

i n o c u l a t e d f o r each of t h e samples i s used t o o b t a i n dose survival
curves.

The r e l a t i o n between t h e t o t a l number o f p u r p l e c o l o n i e s and t h e

t o t a l colony c o u n t s g i v e s t h e forward-mutation frequency. The forward-
m u t a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s o b t a i n e d with each s e t o f samples a r e e x p r e s s e d
as d o s e - e f f e c t curves f o r forward-mutation.

Samples o f ad-3 mutants f r o m each o f t h e i n f l i g h t and ground sam-

p l e s were r e s e r v e d f o r more d e t a i l e d g e n e t i c a n a l y s i s . These a n a l y s e s
are s t i l l i n p r o g r e s s .
 52

RESULTS

Blood Experiment

P o s t f l i g h t i n s p e c t i o n and t e s t i n g o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l hardware
showed t h a t a l l o f t h e equipment had f u n c t i o n e d p r o p e r l y . The i n a b i l i t y
o f t h e r e f l - i g e r a t o r aboard t h e s p a c e c r a f t t o h o l d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l de-
v i c e temperature w i t h i n t h e d e s i g n range w a s a p p a r e n t l y caused by
unexpectedly high h a t c h t e m p e r a t u r e , not by any equipment m a l f u n c t i o n .
I n any c a s e , t h e s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e i n f l i g h t b l o o d
samples during t h e f i r s t day o f t h e m i s s i o n d i d not a f f e c t t h e s u c c e s s
o f t h e experiment and cannot have a f f e c t e d t h e r e s u l t s .

Analysis o f t h e f l u o r o g l a s s dosimeters and o t h e r i n s t r u m e n t s from

t h e experimental d e v i c e s gave t e m p e r a t u r e s , t i m e s , and r a d i a t i o n expo-
s u r e s i n agreement w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e from o t h e r s o u r c e s .
The doses i n d i c a t e d by t h e dosimeters a g r e e very w e l l w i t h b o t h t h e
t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s and a c t u a l measurements made w i t h f l u o r o g l a s s ,
l i t h i u m f l u o r i d e , and F r i c k e d o s i m e t e r s a f t e r completion of t h e exper-
iment. About o n e - t h i r d o f t h e t o t a l dose s e e n by t h e c o n t r o l blood
samples w a s from Bremsstrahlung w i t h a peak energy of 6 5 keV. The
" e s t i m a t e d doses" shown i n t a b l e 4-1 a r e i n f a c t t h e c a l c u l a t e d theo-
r e t i c a l doses, w i t h which t h e dosimeters a g r e e very w e l l .

No evidence o f e x c e s s i v e haemolysis o f g r o s s c e l l damage w a s s e e n

i n t h e recovered blood samples. A l l o f t h e blood sample c u l t u r e s were
s u c c e s s f u l and y i e l d e d s a t i s f a c t o r y chromosome p r e p a r a t i o n s , although
t h e c u l t u r e s from t h e blood samples from t h e ground p o r t i o n of t h e
experiment y i e l d e d somewhat fewer m i t o s e s t h a n had been hoped. Aito-
g e t h e r , a t o t a l o f 4340 c e l l s were analyzed f o r chromosomal a b e r r a t i o n s
The r e s u l t s a r e shown i n t a b l e 4-1.

The f l i g h t crew samples show no s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n a b e r r a t i o n

f r e q u e n c i e s following t h e f l i g h t . This r e s u l t i s i n agreement w i t h t h e
r e s u l t s from t h e Gemini I11 SO04 experiment, as w e l l as w i t h t h e r e s u l t s
o f similar d e t e r m i n a t i o n s made f o r t h e f l i g h t crews of o t h e r Gemini
missions.

The chromosome a b e r r a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s s e e n i n t h e c o n t r o l blood

samples a r e t y p i c a l of what i s expected i n c e l l s exposed t o such low
r a d i a t i o n doses. They a g r e e w e l l w i t h what w a s s e e n i n p r e v i o u s ground
experiments as w e l l as i n t h e samples from t h e Gemini I11 SO04 exper-
iment. A l e a s t - s q u a r e s r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s w a s c a r r i e d o u t t o o b t a i n
t h e b e s t e s t i m a t e s of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f chromosome d e l e t i o n pro-
d u c t i o n and r i n g and d i c e n t r i c chromosome p r o d u c t i o n f o r ground and
i n f l i g h t p o r t i o n s o f t h e experiment. The chromosome d e l e t i o n d a t a were
f i t t e d t o a l i n e a r model, w h i l e t h e m u l t i p l e - b r e a k a b e r r a t i o n d a t a were
 53

f i t t e d t o t h e dose-square model. The results o f t h e s e a n a l y s e s are shown

i n t a b l e 4-11, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e s u l t s from a t y p i c a l p r e f l i g h t c o n t r o l
experiment ( R u n 1) f o r comparison. There i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
between t h e f l i g h t and ground values f o r e i t h e r d e l e t i o n s o r r i n g s and
d i c e n t r i c s . N e i t h e r do t h e values f o r t h e a c t u a l experiment d i f f e r from
t h e results o f t h e p r e f l i g h t experiment.

Neurospora Experiment

Analysis o f t h e d o s e - e f f e c t curves f o r s u r v i v a l and forward m u t a t i o n

f o r a l l o f t h e i n f l i g h t and ground. c o n t r o l samples h a s been completed.
The more d e t a i l e d g e n e t i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e ad-3 m u t a t i o n s i n each sample
i s i n progress.

F i l t e r s . - The d a t a from t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e Neurospora samples

i r r a d i a t e d on M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r s shows no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n
e i t h e r t h e s u r v i v a l curves ( f i g . 4-4) or forward-mutation curves
( f i g . 4-5). The estimates of t h e forward-mutation f r e q u e n c i e s o b t a i n e d
w i t h 32P B r a y s a r e i n e x c e l l e n t agreement w i t h c h r o n i c 250 kV X-ray
and 137Cs or 85Sr gamma r a y exposures ( r e f s . 1 2 and 1 3 ) . None o f t h e
estimates o f t h e s l o p e s o f t h e s e curves are s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t
from 1 . 0 . The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d with t h e Neurospora samples on M i l l i p o r e
f i l t e r s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s no g e n e t i c e f f e c t o f r a d i a t i o n under con-
d i t i o n s o f s p a c e f l i g h t t h a t d i f f e r s from t h e same r a d i a t i o n exposures
on t h e ground. I n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e SO04 Neurospora experiment and t h e
SO04 blood experiment on t h e G e m i n i X I m i s s i o n a r e i n good agreement.
N e i t h e r experiment confirmed t h e apparent synergism observed on t h e
Gemini I11 m i s s i o n .

Suspensions.- The d a t a from t h e Neurospora samples i n suspension

show t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r ( P = 0.02) s u r v i v a l w a s o b t a i n e d w i t h
t h e i n f l i g h t samples t h a n w i t h t h e ground samples. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e
forward m u t a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s a r e lower f o r t h e i n f l i g h t s u s p e n s i o n s ,
t h a n f o r t h e ground s u s p e n s i o n s , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s l o p e s of
t h e s e c u r v e s i s not s i g n i f i c a n t (P = 0.09). Taken a t f a c e v a l u e , t h e
d a t a from t h e Neurospora suspensions a c t u a l l y s u g g e s t antagonism be-
tween r a d i a t i o n exposures and some f a c t o r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h space f l i g h t
and t o t h i s e x t e n t d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e SO04 Neuro-
s p o r a f i l t e r samples and t h e blood experiment.

DISCUSSION

The r e s u l t s from t h e Gemini X I SO04 human blood experiment have

f a i l e d t o confirm t h e i n c r e a s e i n s i n g l e - b r e a k chromosome a b e r r a t i o n s
 54

observed i n t h e Gemini .I11 SO04 experiment. The Gemini X I r e s u l t s a g r e e

w i t h t h e Gemini I11 r e s u l t s b o t h i n showing no s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n
a b e r r a t i o n l e v e l s i n f l i g h t crew samples a r t e r an o r b i t a l m i s s i o n and i n
f a i l i n g t o demonstrate any i n c r e a s e i n m u l t i p l e - b r e a k a b e r r a t i o n y i e l d s
when t h e c e l l s a r e i r r a d i a t e d d u r i n g o r b i t a l f l i g h t . While t h e a b s o l u t e
values o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f d e l e t i o n p r o d u c t i o n f o r t h e Gemini I11 and
t h e Gemini X I experiments are d i f f e r e n t , t h i s d i f f e r e n c e w a s t o b e e l -
p e c t e d (as a consequence of t h e change i n t h e i n t e r v a l between t h e t i m e
t h e blood was drawn and i t s i r r a d i a t i o n ; c o n t r o l experiments p r i o r t o
t h e Gemini X I f l i g h t c o n s i s t e n t l y showed t h e same e f f e c t ) .

The SO04 Neurospora experiment w a s flown w i t h samples c o l l e c t e d on

f i l t e r s so t h a t any d a t a could b e compared d i r e c t l y w i t h e x i s t i n g
i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s of c h r o n i c and a c u t e exposures t o
v a r i o u s i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n s ( r e f s . 6 t o 9 , 1 2 , and 1 3 ) . Such samples
are i r r a d i a t e d under a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s even i n s e a l e d c o n t a i n e r s be-
c a u s e t h e r a t e of r e s p i r a t i o n o f Neurospora s p o r e s on M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r s
i s low, and t h e oxygen c o n t e n t o f t h e a i r l e v e l s o f f a t about 1 6 t o
17 p e r c e n t ( r e f . 1 4 ) .
The samples flown i n suspension were i n c l u d e d p r i m a r i l y t o a t t e m p t
t o mimic more c l o s e l y t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h e SO04 blood experiment.
Spores o f Neurospora i n s u s p e n s i o n r e s p i r e r a p i d l y and become a n e r o b i c ,
t h e r a t e depending on t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e s u s p e n s i o n , and on t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e ( r e f . 1 5 ) . F u l l y a e r o b i c suspensions o f c o n i d i a a t t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n used on t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n , k e p t i n c o n t a i n e r s i m -
permeable t o oxygen would become a n e r o b i c w i t h i n 75 minutes a f t e r
incubation a t 2 5 O C. (We confirmed t h i s by d i r e c t measurement o f t h e
oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f such suspensions w i t h a Beckman Model 160
P h y s i o l o g i c a l Gas Analyzer. )

It i s w e l l known t h a t a n e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s p r o t e c t t h e c e l l a g a i n s t
various genetic e f f e c t s of ionizing radiations. I n Neurospora anoxia
r e s u l t i n g from endogenous metabolism has been shown t o g i v e h i g h l e v e l s
o f s u r v i v a l and lower l e v e l s of r e v e r s e m u t a t i o n s (mutant t o w i l d - t y p e ,
r e f . 1 5 ) . Data from o t h e r experiments i n t h i s l a b o r a t o r y on a e r o b i c and
a n e r o b i c suspensions of t h e same t y p e as used i n t h e SO04 Neurospora
experiment have i n d i c a t e d t h a t anoxia produces a s i m i l a r e f f e c t on
forward-mutation f r e q u e n c i e s (wild-type t o m u t a n t ) , a l t h o u g h w e do n o t
y e t have as e x t e n s i v e background i n f o r m a t i o n on Neurospora samples
i r r a d i a t e d as a n e r o b i c s u s p e n s i o n s .

The d a t a from t h e SO04 Neurospora f e a s i b i l i t y experiments and t h e

d a t a from t h e i n f l i g h t and ground c o n t r o l samples from t h e Gemini X I
m i s s i o n c l e a r l y show t h a t t h e a n e r o b i c samples g i v e h i g h e r s u r v i v a l
l e v e l s and lower forward-mutation f r e q u e n c i e s t h a n t h e a e r o b i c samples
on f i l t e r s .
 55

D i r e c t measurements o f t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f t h e p l a s t i c sample hold-

ers used i n t h e SO04 d e v i c e have shown t h a t t h e y are somewhat permeable
t o oxygen. If t h e s p o r e s i n suspension were m e t a b o l i c a l l y a c t i v e d u r i n g
t h e f i r s t 24 h o u r s o f t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n , t h e h i g h e r c a b i n tempera-
tures could have r e s u l t e d i n (1)more r a p i d d i f f u s i o n o f oxygen t h r o u g h
t h e w a l l s o f t h e sample h o l d e r , and ( 2 ) more r a p i d r e s p i r a t i o n o f t h e
Neurospora s p o r e s i n s u s p e n s i o n , so t h a t t h e i n f l i g h t samples may w e l l
have been i n a d i f f e r e n t p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t a t e (more complete a n e r o b i o s i s ? )
C
d u r i n g t h e i r r a d i a t i o n phase of t h e experiment.

I n summary, it seems more l i k e l y t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s found between

t h e i n f l i g h t and ground samples of Neurospora t r e a t e d i n s u s p e n s i o n re-

I f l e c t u n i n t e n t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e physiology o f t h e s p o r e s r e s u l t -
i n g from t h e h i g h e r c a b i n temperatures d u r i n g t h e f i r s t day o f t h e
m i s s i o n , r a t h e r t h a n antagonism between r a d i a t i o n and some space f l i g h t
parameter , such as "weightlessness." The s i m p l e s t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e
results o f t h e SO04 experiment i s t h a t t h e s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n chromo-
some d e l e t i o n y i e l d which w a s observed i n t h e Gemini I11 experiment w a s
t h e r e s u l t o f a s t a t i s t i c a l sampling e r r o r (which, w h i l e u n l i k e l y , c e r -
t a i n l y had a f i n i t e p r o b a b i l i t y o f o c c u r r i n g ) . I f it i s argued t h a t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e Gemini I11 results a c t u a l l y r e f l e c t s a real s y n e r g i s t i c
e f f e c t , t h e n t h e c o n d i t i o n s under which such an e f f e c t can occur must be
very s p e c i a l ; t h e Gemini I11 and X I m i s s i o n p r o f i l e s c e r t a i n l y c o n t a i n
t h e same major elements o f v i b r a t i o n , " w e i g h t l e s s n e s s , " e t c e t e r a . A
t h i r d p o s s i b i l i t y , t h a t t h e l a c k of a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e
Gemini X I r e s u l t s i s i t s e l f due t o a s t a t i s t i c a l sampling e r r o r , seems
e s p e c i a l l y u n l i k e l y i n view o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e SO04 Neurospora exper-
iment.

Further confirmation o f t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s
expected from t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s o f t h e g e n e t i c a n a l y s e s o f t h e mutants
r e c o v e r e d from t h e SO04 Neurospora experiment. The recovered ad-3
mutants r e s u l t from two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f e v e n t s : (1)p o i n t m u t a t i o n s
r e s u l t i n g from g e n e t i c a l t e r a t i o n s o f t h e DNA r a n g i n g from s i n g l e - b a s e -
p a i r s u b s t i t u t i o n s t o s m a l l i n t r a l o c a l d e l e t i o n s , and ( 2 ) chromosome
d e l e t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from chromosome breakage e v e n t s o u t s i d e o f t h e
' . ad-3A or ad-3B genes t h a t i n t e r a c t t o cause gene l o s s ( r e f . 6 ) . P o i n t
m u t a t i o n s i n c r e a s e l i n e a r l y w i t h r a d i a t i o n dose and occur more f r e q u e n t l y
t h a n chromosome d e l e t i o n m u t a t i o n s , which i n c r e a s e as t h e s q u a r e of t h e
dose ( f i g . 4-6).

Genetic a n a l y s i s of t h e ad-3 m u t a t i o n s from t h e f l i g h t and ground

c o n t r o l samples o f Neurospora flown on f i l t e r s w i l l p r o v i d e t h e dose-
e f f e c t c u r v e s f o r i n d u c t i o n of t h e s e two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f e v e n t s . S i n c e
t h e r e w a s no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e slopes o f t h e curves f o r a l l ad-3 m u t a t i o n s
t h e d a t a from t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e Neurospora experiment should also show
t h a t t h e r e i s no i n t e r a c t i o n between r a d i a t i o n and t h e v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s p a c e f l i g h t and t h a t t h e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s ( w i t h r e g a r d
t o e v e n t s giving r i s e t o chromosome breakage or gene m u t a t i o n by e i t h e r
p o i n t mutation o r chromosome d e l e t i o n ) are i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h o s e found i n
ground-based experiments.

Genetic a n a l y s i s o f t h e ad-3 m u t a t i o n s r e c o v e r e d from suspensions i n

t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n seems l i k e l y t o p r o v i d e d a t a i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e Neurospora
experiment can b e b e s t a t t r i b u t e d t o i r r a d i a t i o n under anoxia. I n v e s t i - ?
g a t i o n o f t h e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s of i r r a d i a t i o n under anoxia w i t h r e g a r d
t o survival and forward m u t a t i o n d o s e - e f f e c t curves as w e l l as on t h e
spectrum of ad-3 m u t a t i o n s recovered , has been s t a r t e d .

I n any case, whether o r n o t it i s e v e n t u a l l y p o s s i b l e t o a s c r i b e

t h e d i f f e r e n c e s s e e n i n t h e i n f l i g h t and ground Neurospora samples t o
d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e l e v e l o f a n o x i a caused by t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e
temperature of t h e experimental d e v i c e s , it i s c l e a r t h a t no synergism
between r a d i a t i o n and space f l i g h t w a s demonstrated f o r e i t h e r s u r v i v a l
o r forward-mutation by t h e SO04 Neurospora experiment.

The SO04 experiments have shown, i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d

from e a r l i e r o b s e r v a t i o n s ( r e f s . 1, 2 , and 3) , t h a t n e i t h e r o r b i t a l
space f l i g h t nor any o f t h e s t r e s s e s connected w i t h it produce s i g n i f -
i c a n t unpredicted g e n e t i c damage , a t l e a s t i n s o f a r as chromosomal aber-
r a t i o n production i s a v a l i d measure of t h i s g e n e r a l t y p e o f e f f e c t .
Furthermore, t h e Gemini X I r e s u l t s l e a d us t o conclude t h a t no s y n e r g i s -
t i c e f f e c t e x i s t s between r a d i a t i o n and f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h space
flight.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The s u c c e s s f u l e x e c u t i o n of t h e SO04 human blood experiment in-

volved a much l a r g e r group of people t h a n can p o s s i b l y be acknowledged
i n d i v i d u a l l y . We a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n d e b t e d , however, t o H . F. Smith, J r . ,
W. T. Smith, Jr., F. W. Henson, and E. N . Rogers o f t h e Oak Ridge Y - 1 2
P l a n t and t o F. M. Faulcon, W. H. Lee, F. G . P e a r s o n , K. P. J o n e s ,
J . R . Azzi, M. C . Gibson, E. C . Gourley, W. P. Henry, L. Oggs,
L. B. R a l s t o n , M. T. Sheppard, A. P. T e a s l e y , D. S . C a r r o l l , and
J. S. Wasson of t h e Biology D i v i s i o n of t h e Oak Ridge N a t i o n a l Labora-
tory.
 57

RE WRENCE S

1. S i s a k y a n , N. M . , ed: Problemy Kosmicheskoy B i o l o g i i . v o l . 1;

U.S.S.R. Academy o f Sciences P u b l i s h i n g House, Moscow, 1962
(NASA TT F-174).

2. Sisakyan, N . M . ; and Yazdovskiy, V. I . , e d s . : Problemy Kosmicheskoy

B i o l o g i i . v o l . 2, U.S.S.R. Academy o f S c i e n c e s P u b l i s h i n g House,
Moscow, 1962 (JPRS 18,395; OTS 63-21437).

3. Sisakyan, N. M . ; F a r i n , V. V . ; Antipov, V. V . ; Dobrov, N. N . ; and

Saksonov, P. P.: C e r t a i n R e s u l t s of and Long Term P r o s p e c t s f o r
t h e Development of R a d i o b i o l o g i c a l Research i n Space. I z v e s t i y a
Akademie Nauk U.S.S.H. , S e r i u a B i o l o g i y e s k a y a 3, 304-315, 1964
(JPRS 25,844, pp. 1 - 1 5 ) .

4. Bender, M. A . ; Gooch, P. C . ; and Kondo, S . : Experiment S-4, Zero g

and R a d i a t i o n on Blood During Gemini 111. Manned Space F l i g h t
Experiments Symposium, Gemini Missions I11 and I V , N a t i o n a l Aero-
n a u t i c s and Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Washington, 1965.

5. Bender, M. A . ; Gooch, P. C . ; and Kondo, S . : The Gemini-3 S-4

S p a c e f l i g h t - R a d i a t i o n I n t e r a c t i o n Experiment. R a d i a t i o n Research
31:91-111, 1967.

6. Webber, B. B . ; and de S e r r e s , F. J . : I n d u c t i o n K i n e t i c s and G e n e t i c

A n a l y s i s o f X-Ray-Induced Mutations i n t h e ad-3 Region of Neuro-
s p o r a c r a s s a . Proc. N a t l . Acad. S c i . U.S. 53: 430-437 (1965).

7. de S e r r e s , F. J . ; Webber, B. B . ; and Lyman, J . T . : Mutation-

I n d u c t i o n and Nuclear I n a c t i v a t i o n i n Neurospora c r a s s a Using
R a d i a t i o n s w i t h D i f f e r e n t Rates of Energy Loss. R a d i a t i o n Res.,
( i n press).

8. Brockman, H. E . ; and Goben, Wini: Mutagenicity of a Monofunctional

A l k y l a t i n g Agent D e r i v a t i v e o f A c r i d i n e i n Neurospora. S c i e n c e
1 4 7 : 750-751 (1965).
9. Brockman, H . E . ; de S e r r e s , F. J . ; and B a r n e t t , W. E . : A n a l y s i s o f
ad-3 Mutants Induced by Nitrous Acid i n a Heterokaryon of Neuro-
s p o r a c r a s s a . Mutation Res., ( i n p r e s s ) .

10. Oak Ridge N a t i o n a l Laboratory: S y n e r g i s t i c E f f e c t of Zero g and

R a d i a t i o n on White Blood C e l l s . Annual R e p o r t , p e r i o d ending
June 30, 1964, ORNL-TM-940, 1964.
 58

11. Oak Ridge N a t i o n a l Laboratory: S y n e r g i s t i c E f f e c t o f Zero g and

Radiation on White Blood Cells. Annual R e p o r t , p e r i o d ending
June 30, 1965, ORNL-TM-1550, 1966.

12. de S e r r e s , F. J . ; M a l l i n g , H. V . ; and Webber, B. B . : unpublished

observations.

13. Webber, B. B. ; and d e S e r r e s , F. J. : unpublished o b s e r v a t i o n s .

14. de S e r r e s , F. J'.; and Webber, B. B . : S u r v i v a l o f Neurospora Conidia

i n Simulated Three Day B i o s a t e l l i t e Hardware. Semi-annual r e p o r t
f o r p e r i o d ending J u l y 31, 1966, ORNL-3999, pp. 203-204, 1966.

15. K $ l m a r k , H. G . : P r o t e c t i o n by Endogenous Anoxia Against t h e Muta-

g e n i c and L e t h a l E f f e c t s o f X-rays i n Neurpspora c r a s s a . Mutation
Res. 2, 222-228 (1965).
 59

0 0 O N

o r - d l n

1 -
I
I

I
I
I
I

I I I I
I I I I

0 0 0 0
n o n o
d N d N

c, u

a,
r-

R
03

4 m
60

TABLE 4-11.- COEFFICIENTS OF ABERRATION PRODUCTION FOR

G E M I N I X I SO04 BLOOD EXPERIMENT

Delet i o n s Rings and d i c e n t r i c s

41 10
61
Source (x 10 (x
p e r c e l l per r a d 2
per c e l l per rad

Ground c o n t r o l 10.22 f 0.87 3.84 f 0.70

Inflight 9.01 f 0.98 3.64 f 0.26

Run I 8.16 f 1.12 3.22 * 0.57

 61

Neurospora container

Experiment containers

Phosphorus source

Phosphorus source assembly

Neurospora holder

-
dosimeter

Figure 4-1.- Blood cell and Neurospora experiment equipment.

62

> -' "

L ?
63
64

0 FLIGHT F I L T E R

' GROUND
SUSPENSIONS

I I I I I 1
2,400 4,800 7,200 9,600 12,000 14,400
DOSE (rad)

Figure 4-4. - Dose-effect curves for survival of flight

and ground samples of the SO04 Neurospora.
 65

/
1o - ~ -

>
0
Z
W
3
0
W
LT
LL
z
0-
I-
<
-I
3
z
I
n
<
3
LT
0
LL 0 FLIGHT FILTER
GROUND F I L T E R

1o-~ 0 F L I G H T SUSPENSION
0 GROUND SUSPENSION

1
I I
5,000 10,000
DOSE ( r a d )

Figure 4-5.- Dose-effect curves for forward-mutation in the ad-3

region for flight and ground samples of the SO04 Neurospora.
66

10-4

>
0
z
W
3
0
w 10-5
(r
LL
I-
z
a
I-
3
2
3
-2
1o-(

0 INTRAGENIC MUTATIONS
A CHROMOSOME DELET IONS
( M O D I F I E D FROM R E F . 1)

lo-'
I I I I 1 I
1 2 5 10 20 40
X-RAY EXPOSURE (kr)

Figure 4-6.- Dose-effect curves for ad-3 mutations due to intragenic

alteration( ad-3") and gene loss by chromosome deletion ad-31R) (
after exposure t o 250 kV X-rays.
 67

5. EXPERIMENT s 0 0 5 , SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY

By Dr. Paul D. Lowman

NASA/Goddard Space F l i g h t Center

+.
OBJECTIVE

The o b j e c t i v e of t h e SO05 Synoptic T e r r a i n Photography experiment

w a s t o o b t a i n h i g h - q u a l i t y c o l o r photographs o f s e l e c t e d t e r r a i n and
o c e a n i c areas f o r g e o d e t i c , geographic, and oceanographic r e s e a r c h . In
p a r t i c u l a r , photographs t a k e n from v e r y h i g h a l t i t u d e s were d e s i r e d of
t h e f o l l o w i n g areas, l i s t e d i n o r d e r of p r i o r i t y : northwestern Austra-
l i a , t h e Egypt/Red Sea/Arabian Peninsula a r e a , s o u t h e r n I n d i a , and south-
e r n Mexico.

EQUIPMENT

Two cameras s u i t a b l e f o r t e r r a i n photography were c a r r i e d i n t h e

s p a c e c r a f t , and b o t h cameras were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e used d u r i n g p r e v i o u s
Gemini m i s s i o n s . Many of t h e p i c t u r e s were t a k e n w i t h t h e 70-mm EVA
camera u s i n g a 38-m f o c a l l e n g t h l e n s and a 90' prism assembly.
The 70-mm general-purpose camera, w i t h t h e ~O-IIUTI f / 2 . 8 l e n s , was a l s o
used. S t a n d a r d film magazines were used, and b o t h cameras c o n t a i n e d
medium-speed c o l o r - r e v e r s a l f i l m (2.5-mil p o l y e s t e r b a s e ) , a type n o t
u s e d on p r e v i o u s m i s s i o n s . A haze f i l t e r w a s used on b o t h cameras.

PROCEDURES

The crew w a s i n s t r u c t e d t o t a k e v e r t i c a l l y o r i e n t e d , s y s t e m a t i c ,
o v e r l a p p i n g , o r i s o l a t e d photographs d u r i n g t h e high-apogee and o t h e r
r e v o l u t i o n s over t h e d e s i r e d a r e a s . A s i n p r e v i o u s f l i g h t s , it w a s
s t r e s s e d t h a t photographs of any c l o u d - f r e e l a n d a r e a s would be u s e f u l .

RESULTS

The experiment w a s h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l . About 1 4 5 photographs o f good

t o e x c e l l e n t q u a l i t y were obtained and i n c l u d e d a l l t h e d e s i r e d areas
p l u s a number of a d d i t i o n a l ones.
 68

The command p i l o t ' s window w a s obscured, as on p r e v i o u s f l i g h t s ,

w h i l e t h e p i l o t ' s window w a s r e l a t i v e l y c l e a r . Consequently, t h e p i l o t
t o o k most of t h e t e r r a i n photographs, a l t e r n a t i n g between t h e 70-mm EVA
s t i l l camera and t h e 70-mm general-purpose camera. T h i s t e c h n i q u e , which
had n o t been planned as p a r t of t h i s experiment, provided n o t o n l y s t e r e -
o s c o p i c coverage b u t a l s o an e x c e l l e n t comparison of t h e two camera
l e n s e s . I n g e n e r a l , p i c t u r e s from b o t h cameras were of good q u a l i t y , b u t
t h o s e from t h e g e n e r a l purpose camera were n o t as c l e a r .

The m a j o r i t y of t h e t e r r a i n photographs were t a k e n d u r i n g t h e two

high-apogee r e v o l u t i o n s . During t h i s p e r i o d , most l a n d areas, except
I n d o n e s i a and Ceylon, were c l e a r of c l o u d cover. P i c t u r e q u a l i t y i s
good t o e x c e l l e n t for most of t h e photographs. Reds and b l u e s are some-
what exaggerated i n s e v e r a l photographs t a k e n w i t h t h e 70-mm EVA s t i l l
camera. The p i c t u r e s t a k e n t h r o u g h t h e command p i l o t ' s window w e r e s e r i -
o u s l y degraded by d e p o s i t s on t h e window.

A p r e l i m i n a r y examination of t h e p i c t u r e s i n d i c a t e s t h e y a r e o f
g r e a t v a l u e for r e s e a r c h purposes and, because of t h e wide coverage ob-
t a i n e d , for l o c a t i n g a r e a s photographed on e a r l i e r f l i g h t s . Representa-
t i v e photographs a r e p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e s 5 - l ( a ) t o 5 - l ( e ) .
 69

(a) Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Turkey,

and Israel. The water areas include The Red Sea, Dead Sea,
Sea of Galilee, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal and Euphrates
River. Taken at an altitude of 220 nautical miles, looking
north (7:25 G. m. t., September 14, 1966).

Figure 5- 1. - Typical synoptic terrain photography.

(b) Egypt/Saudi Arabia area. Coverage includes Jordan/Israel,
Sinai, Nile River, Red Sea, Dead Sea, and A1 Hijaz. Taken
at an altitude of 220 nautical miles looking down with north
at the top of the page (7: 26 G. m. t., September 14, 1966).

Figure 5- 1. - Continued.
.
(c) Libya, Chad, Sudan, Egypt, and Niger. The Tibesti Mountains,
A1 Haruj A1 Swad, Mediterranean Sea, and Great Libyan Land
Sea are shown in background. Taken at an altitude of 240 nau-
tical miles, looking northeast (8: 55 G. m. t., September 14,
1966).

Figure 5-1. - Continued.

(d) Egypt, Libya, and Sudan. Red Sea, Tibesti Mountains, Gulf
E l Kebir, and Great Land Sea are also shown. Taken at an
altitude of 260 nautical miles, looking east northeast
(8: 56 G. m. t., September 14, 1966).

Figure 5-1. - Continued.

 73

I
I
I
I *
I
I
I
I - (e) Ethiopia, Somali, French Somaliland, Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
I and South Arabia. The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden a r e directly
I below. Taken at an altitude of 350 nautical miles, looking
I
down, with southeast at the top of the page (9: 01 G. m. t . ,
September 14, 1966).

Figure 5-1. - Concluded.

 I 75
I
I
I
I 6. EXPERIMENT s006, SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY
I

I By Kenneth M. Nagler
I Environmental S c i e n c e S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (ESSA),
I Weather Bureau
I
I and
I '
I
I S t a n l e y D. Soules
I ESSA, N a t i o n a l Environmental S a t e l l i t e Center
1 -
I
I
I SUMMARY
I
I
I
I Photographs were t a k e n w i t h two cameras a t a h i g h a l t i t u d e of
i approximately 740 n a u t i c a l m i l e s over A f r i c a , t h e I n d i a n Ocean, and
I A u s t r a l i a . The photographs can be compared w i t h weather s a t e l l i t e pho-
I
t o g r a p h s t a k e n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . Analyses of c l o u d development and move-
I
I ment were made from photographs t a k e n o f s o u t h e r n I n d i a and Ceylon on
I s u c c e s s i v e Gemini v e h i c l e r e v o l u t i o n s . The wide-angle coverage of one
I camera w a s p r e f e r r e d t o t h a t of t h e o t h e r camera f o r photographic mete-
I orological studies.
I
I
I
I OBJECTIVE
I
I
I
I The o b j e c t i v e of t h e so06 experiment w a s t o o b t a i n a s e r i e s o f c o l o r
I photographs of t h e e a r t h ' s cloud cover f o r t h e a n a l y s e s of weather sys-
I t e m s and t o - a i d i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of weather s a t e l l i t e photographs.
I Cloud system photographs t o be t a k e n a t h i g h e r a l t i t u d e s t h a n from pre-
I
I v i o u s Gemini m i s s i o n s were secondary o b j e c t i v e s . These h i g h e r a l t i t u d e s
I a r e comparable t o t h o s e o f weather s a t e l l i t e photographic systems. Expo-
I s u r e s of t h e same geographic areas on s u c c e s s i v e Gemini r e v o l u t i o n s were
I . d e s i r a b l e f o r comparative e v a l u a t i o n s .

I - EQUIPMENT

The equipment f o r t h i s experiment c o n s i s t e d of 70-mm Kodak Ekta-

chrome MS f i l m on a 2l5-mil p o l y e s t e r b a s e and w a s used i n t h e H a s s e l b l a d
camera and t h e Maurer g e n e r a l purpose camera. A s u p e r wide-angle l e n s
w i t h a 38-mm f o c a l l e n g t h w a s used on t h e H a s s e l b l a d camera w i t h t h e
Maurer camera u s i n g a n 80-III~f o c a l l e n g t h l e n s . F i v e r o l l s of f i l m were
exposed f o r t h e SO05 and so06 experiments and f o r documentary photog-
raphy.

PROCEDURE

c
P r i o r t o t h e m i s s i o n , t h e f l i g h t crew w a s b r i e f e d on t h e t y p e s of
weather systems of i n t e r e s t . One day p r i o r t o l a u n c h , and a g a i n on t h e
morning o f launch, maps were g i v e n t o t h e crew showing s p e c i f i c a r e a s o f
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l i n t e r e s t and a r e a s of o p e r a t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . S p e c i f i c
emphasis w a s on c o n d i t i o n s a v a i l a b l e on r e v o l u t i o n s 26 and 27 when t h e
Gemini v e h i c l e w a s t o be a t a n apogee of about 740 n a u t i c a l m i l e s .

RESULTS

Approximately 180 good q u a l i t y c o l o r photographs were t a k e n showing

cloud formations. Most of t h e p i c t u r e s were t a k e n on September 1 4 , 1966,
d u r i n g r e v o l u t i o n s 26 and 27 over A f r i c a , A r a b i a , t h e I n d i a n Ocean, and
A u s t r a l i a . P i c t u r e s were t a k e n w i t h b o t h cameras d u r i n g t h e s e revolu-
t i o n s . Between r e v o l u t i o n s 26 and 27 photographs were t a k e n over t h e
I n d i a n area from t h e ESSA 1 m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e . The Gemini X I
p i c t u r e s of t h i s r e g i o n p e r m i t a comparison of t h e a r e a l coverage and
d e t a i l o b t a i n a b l e w i t h cameras having d i f f e r e n t l e n s e s w i t h c o n c u r r e n t
o p e r a t i o n a l weather s a t e l l i t e p i c t u r e s , and e v a l u a t i o n of cloud move-
ments and changes o c c u r r i n g between t h e . t i m e p e r i o d of each r e v o l u t i o n .

F i g u r e 6-1 i s a t y p i c a l example of a photograph t a k e n w i t h t h e

Maurer camera u s i n g an 80-mm f o c a l l e n g t h l e n s . It shows t h e s o u t h e r n
p a r t of I n d i a w i t h t h e surrounding I n d i a n Ocean a t an a l t i t u d e of about
410 n a u t i c a l m i l e s . P a t t e r n s o f cumulus c l o u d s formed by midday over
t h e l a n d and t h e absence of many c l o u d s a l o n g t h e c o a s t l i n e i n d i c a t e a
sea b r e e z e was blowing o f f t h e c o o l ocean water. Cloud d i a m e t e r s as
s m a l l as 1/4 m i l e a r e e a s i l y recognized i n t h i s photograph.

F i g u r e 6-2 i s an e x c e l l e n t p i c t u r e of s o u t h e r n I n d i a and Ceylon

t a k e n w i t h t h e H a s s e l b l a d camera u s i n g t h e wide-angle, 38-mm f o c a l
l e n g t h l e n s . Although t h e f i e l d o f view i s g r e a t e r , t h e m a g n i f i c a t i o n
i s about one-half t h a t i n f i g u r e 6-1. The a d d i t i o n a l a r e a s s e e n i n
f i g u r e 6-2 give a b e t t e r i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e l a r g e r - s c a l e c l o u d p a t t e r n s
and t h e g a i n i n a r e a l coverage compensates f o r t h e factor-of-two loss
i n r e s o l u t i o n . The l a r g e r f i e l d of view i n f i g u r e 6-2 shows a f e a t u r e
t h a t i s n o t r e a d i l y apparent i n f i g u r e 6-1. A c l e a r zone, n e a r l y f r e e
 77

of c l o u d s , e x t e n d s a l o n g t h e west c o a s t o f I n d i a v a r y i n g from 30 t o
50 m i l e s i n w i d t h , and c o n t i n u e s around t h e s o u t h e r n t i p of I n d i a i n t o
t h e Bay of Bengal where a l i n e o f c o n v e c t i v e c l o u d s s e v e r a l hundred
m i l e s o f f s h o r e had formed.

This c l e a r r e g i o n i s n o t e n t i r e l y u n d e r s t o o d , but two r e a s o n s f o r

i t s e x i s t e n c e are suggested. The l a c k of c l o u d s may b e t h e r e s u l t o f
d r i e r a i r s u b s i d i n g o f f s h o r e which h a s t h e tendency t o s u p p r e s s c l o u d
development. The sea b r e e z e where t h e low-level winds a r e moving t h e
a i r toward t h e l a n d may cause t h e a i r t o descend i n t h e c l e a r r e g i o n .
There a l s o may b e c o o l water upwelling a l o n g t h e c o a s t . S u r f a c e winds
a r e n o r t h w e s t e r l y a l o n g t h e west I n d i a n c o a s t and s o u t h w e s t e r l y a l o n g
t h e e a s t I n d i a n c o a s t . The northwest winds w i l l t r a n s p o r t t h e s u r f a c e
water southeastward. However, t h e C o r i o l i s f o r c e w i l l t e n d t o d e f l e c t
t h e water toward t h e southwest away from t h e l a n d . T h i s would p e r m i t
t h e upwelling o f c o o l e r water along t h e c o a s t l i n e and t h e water temper-
ature may be s u f f i c i e n t l y low t o s u p p r e s s t h e development o f cumulus
c l o u d s . A s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e change of about 1 d e g r e e c o u l d be enough
t o accomplish t h i s . To t h e e a s t of I n d i a , where southwest winds p r e v a i l ,
t h e C o r i o l i s f o r c e would a c t t o t r a n s p o r t t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r i n an east-
e r l y d i r e c t i o n . Again, t h i s produces a f a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n f o r upwelling
n e a r t h e c o a s t a l area. Observations of sea water t e m p e r a t u r e s from s h i p s
were s c a r c e , b u t t h e few r e p o r t s a v a i l a b l e i n d i c a t e d t h e c o a s t a l waters
were 1 o r 2 d e g r e e s c o o l e r t h a n sea w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s f a r t h e r w e s t i n
t h e Arabian Sea. The c l o u d - f r e e zone i s an i n t e r e s t i n g phenomenon t h a t
i s b e i n g analyzed by o t h e r s c i e n t i s t s .

F i g u r e 6-3 i s a montage of weather s a t e l l i t e p i c t u r e s made by ESSA 1

about 45 minutes a f t e r t h e photographs i n f i g u r e s 6-1 and 6-2 were t a k e n .
The c l o u d - f r e e zone i s a l s o evident i n t h i s p i c t u r e . An examination of
ESSA p i c t u r e s t a k e n of I n d i a on o t h e r days r e v e a l e d s e v e r a l similar s i t -
u a t i o n s . Many o f t h e smaller cumulus c l o u d s t h a t a r e e a s i l y seen i n t h e
Gemini v e h i c l e p i c t u r e s cannot be r e s o l v e d i n t h i s p i c t u r e . Because it
i s an o b l i q u e view, t h e r e s o l u t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n of n o r t h e r n Ceylon i n
f i g u r e 6-3 i s o n l y about 5 m i l e s .
' .
I

The f l i g h t crew t o o k a n o t h e r s e r i e s of photographs on r e v o l u t i o n 27

w h i l e c r o s s i n g t h e I n d i a n Ocean. F i g u r e 6-4 w a s made a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e
d i s t a n c e s o u t h of I n d i a w i t h t h e Maurer camera u s i n g t h e 80-rnm l e n s .
The c l o u d i n e s s i n t h e foreground i s t y p i c a l f o r a convergence zone i n
t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s . Very l o n g s t r e a m e r s o f c i r r u s c l o u d s extend a c r o s s
t h e upper p a r t of t h e p i c t u r e . E a s t e r l y winds a t h i g h a l t i t u d e s have
c a r r i e d t h e s e c l o u d s of i c e p a r t i c l e s from t h e t o p s of thunderstorms
n e a r Malaysia.

Ceylon i s p a r t l y obscured by t h e s e c l o u d s , b u t t h e l a r g e thunder-

s t o r m s n e a r t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e i s l a n d a r e very v i s i b l e . The g r e a t
 78

change i n t h e s e thunderstorms can be seen by r e f e r r i n g t o f i g u r e s 6-2

and 6-4. I n 96 minutes t h e s e c l o u d s changed from t h e towering cumulus
s t a g e t o well-formed thunderstorm c l o u d s w i t h a n v i l s s p r e a d i n g westward
about 1 0 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s . The wind v e l o c i t y a t t h e c i r r u s c l o u d l e v e l
most l i k e l y exceeds 67 k n o t s t o account f o r t h i s r a p i d c l o u d movement.

Other photographs made d u r i n g t h e Gemini X I f l i g h t i n c l u d e views of

e x t e n s i v e c l o u d i n e s s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h T r o p i c a l Storm Grace i n t h e Western
P a c i f i c Ocean, a v o r t e x i n s t r a t o c u m u l u s c l o u d s s o u t h of Cape R h i r o f f
northwest A f r i c a , a v a r i e t y o f o r g a n i z e d p a t t e r n s of c o n v e c t i v e c l o u d s ,
and e x t e n s i v e a r e a s o f cumulonimbus a c t i v i t y i n t h e t r o p i c s .

CONCLUSIONS

The photographs o b t a i n e d from t h i s m i s s i o n have shown t h a t t h e

H a s s e l b l a d camera w i t h t h e 38-mm wide-angle l e n s can show l a r g e - s c a l e
c l o u d p a t t e r n s . Although t h e r e i s a d e c r e a s e i n m a g n i f i c a t i o n , c l o u d
t y p e s a r e s t i l l e a s i l y i d e n t i f i e d . P i c t u r e s made w i t h t h e two f o c a l
l e n g t h l e n s e s have been compared w i t h t e l e v i s e d p i c t u r e s from weather
s a t e l l i t e s . From t h e s e photographs, m e t e o r o l o g i s t s w i l l be a b l e t o
b e t t e r i n t e r p r e t t h e cloud p a t t e r n s seen :7 s a t e l l i t e p i c t u r e s showing
l e s s d e t a i l and l a c k of c o l o r . Changes t h a t occur 1 . t h e same c l o u d
p a t t e r n s over s h o r t p e r i o d s of t i m e on s u c c e s s i v e v e h i c l e r e v o l u t i o n s
can also be analyzed i n d e t a i l .
 79

Figure 6-1. - Southern India photographed on revolution 26 with the

83-mm focal length lens on the Maurer camera.
80

Figure 6-2. - Southern India and Ceylon photographed on

revolution 26 with the 38-mm wide-angle lens
on the Hasselblad camera.
 81

Photograph taken at 0814 G. m. t. on September 14, 1966.

The coastline and the latitude-longitude grid is shown in
white dots and lines.

Figure 6-3. - A montage of televised pictures from ESSA 1

weather satellite of southern India and Ceylon.
82
 83

7. EXPERIMENT s009, NUCLEAR EMULSION

By F. W. O ' D e l l , M. M. Shapiro, R . S i l b e r b e r g , B. S t i l l e r ,
and C. H. Tsao; U. S. Naval Research L a b o r a t o r y

and

N. Durgaprasad, C. E. F i c h t e l , D. E. GUSS, and D. V. Reames

Goddard Space F l i g h t Center

SUMMARY

An o r i e n t e d n u c l e a r emulsion d e t e c t o r c a p a b l e of t i m e r e s o l u t i o n
w a s exposed d u r i n g t h e Gemini X I Mission t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e primary
cosmic-ray n u c l e i above t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere. T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t use
of an emulsion a p p a r a t u s designed t o c o l l e c t 1000 h i g h q u a l i t y t r a c k s o f
2
heavy n u c l e i under n e g l i g i b l e t h i c k n e s s of matter e q u a l t o 0.07 gram/cm
T i m e r e s o l u t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d by moving a lower s t a c k , c o n s i s t i n g of
emulsions of v a r i o u s s e n s i t i v i t i e s , w i t h r e s p e c t t o a s h a l l o w e r , s e n s i -
t i v e upper s t a c k a t t h e r a t e o f 25 microns/minute. It w a s t h u s p o s s i b l e
t o s e p a r a t e t h e " u s e f u l " t r a c k s which were formed d u r i n g t h e o r i e n t e d
p o r t i o n of t h e f l i g h t from t h o s e formed a t o t h e r times. P r e l i m i n a r y d a t a
are p r e s e n t e d on t h e r e l a t i v e abundances o f i n d i v i d u a l chemical. elements
i n t h e high-energy cosmic r a d i a t i o n above t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere. These
measurements a r e compared t o p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d on b a l l o o n f l i g h t s
a t similar l a t i t u d e s . When s u f f i c i e n t d a t a become a v a i l a b l e i n a l a t e r
phase of t h i s experiment, p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n w i l l b e d i r e c t e d towards
t h e Be and B abundances, t h e N and F c o n t e n t r e l a t i v e t o C and 0 , and
t h e r e l a t i v e number of t h e iron-group n u c l e i compared t o t h e l i g h t e r o n e s .

OBJECTIVE

The SO09 Nuclear f i u l s i o n experiment w a s designed t o e x p l o r e cosmic

r a d i a t i o n i n c i d e n t on t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere u s i n g a n u c l e a r emuslion
s t a c k und.er a n e g l i g i b l e t h i c k n e s s of p r o t e c t i v e m a t e r i a l . Cosmic r a y s
c o n s i s t of atomic n u c l e i moving w i t h n e a r l y t h e speed of l i g h t and pro-
v i d e means f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g remote a r e a s of our Milky Way galaxy where
high-energy p r o c e s s e s are o c c u r r i n g . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r -
a b l e i n t e r e s t i n s t u d y i n g components of primary r a d i a t i o n from n u c l e i
h e a v i e r t h a n hydrogen o r helium.
84

The cosmic-ray d e t e c t o r c o n s i s t e d of a s t a c k o f n u c l e a r photographic

emulsions designed t o r e g i s t e r a t l e a s t 400 t r a c k s of heavy n u c l e i , t h e
minimum acceptance number f o r each 1 0 hours of u s e f u l exposure. Exposure
u s e f u l n e s s r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e s p a c e c r a f t be o r i e n t e d i n a heads-up a t t i -
t u d e d u r i n g t h e 10-hour p e r i o d .

EQUIPMENT

The experiment equipment shown i n f i g u r e 7-1 c o n s i s t e d of a r e c t a n -

g u l a r package measuring 8 . 5 by 6 by 3 i n c h e s and weighing 13 pounds when
loaded w i t h approximately 1 l i t e r of emulsion. An e l e c t r i c a l connector
on t h e bottom f a c e of t h e package provided s p a c e c r a f t power t o and t e l e -
metry information from t h e package. The t o p f a c e of t h e package had a
250-micron aluminum window f o r exposing t h e emulsion t o ambient r a d i a t i o n
o u t s i d e t h e s p a c e c r a f t . The package w a s housed i n a temperature-
c o n t r o l l e d w e l l d i r e c t l y behind t h e p i l o t ' s h a t c h l o c a t e d i n t h e r e t r o -
grade a d a p t e r s e c t i o n of t h e s p a c e c r a f t . During l a u n c h , p r o t e c t i o n w a s
provided by a hinged cover which w a s opened 190' a t t h e t i m e of launch
v e h i c l e s e p a r a t i o n from t h e s p a c e c r a f t . The package w a s equipped w i t h
a deployable handle f o r removal and placement i n s i d e t h e s p a c e c r a f t a f t e r
r e t r i e v a l by t h e crew p i l o t .

Each of t h e two s e c t i o n s of t h e emulsion s t a c k c o n t a i n e d 92 s h e e t s

of 600-micron t h i c k n u c l e a r emulsion c o n s i s t i n g of s i l v e r bromide c r y s -
t a l s embedded i n g e l a t i n e l a y e r s . The p l a n e o f t h e emulsion s h e e t s i s
i n t h e p l a n e of t h e p i c t u r e . During t h e f l i g h t , when i n i t i a t e d by a
s w i t c h , t h e lower s e c t i o n moved i n s t e p s of 25 microns p e r minute w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h e upper s e c t i o n . The purpose of t h i s movement w a s t o o b t a i n
t i m e r e s o l u t i o n for p a r t i c l e s e n t e r i n g t h e d e t e c t o r through t h e c o l l e c -
t i o n f a c e . By matching segments of t h e same t r a c k i n t h e two s e c t i o n s ,
it i s p o s s i b l e t o determine t h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e s e c t i o n s had
a t t h e t i m e t h e t r a c k w a s r e g i s t e r e d , and hence t h e time of e n t r y of t h e
particle.

The moving mechanism i s l o c a t e d below t h e emulsion s t a c k . It con-

s i s t s of a 60-second t i m e r , a g e a r head motor, and a d r i v e assembly. A
h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n p o t e n t i o m e t e r , a t t a c h e d t o t h e d r i v e assembly, provided
a s i g n a l i n d i c a t i n g t h e amount of s t a c k movement. I n a d d i t i o n , a b i -
l e v e l v o l t a g e s i g n a l i n d i c a t i n g motor a c t u a t i o n s , and a s i g n a l from a
t e m p e r a t u r e sensor were r e a d o u t . E l e c t r i c a l c o n n e c t i o n s between t h e
S p a c e c r a f t and t h e package were made through a p l u g on t h e bottom of t h e
package.

Telemetry i n f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t e d of (1)a s i g n a l from t h e potentiom-

e t e r i n d i c a t i n g d i s t a n c e t r a v e l e d by t h e lower s t a c k , ( 2 ) a b i l e v e l v o l t -
age s i g n a l i n d i c a t i n g motor a c t u a t i o n , and (3) t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e
experiment housing.
 PROCEDURES

The experiment w a s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t approximately 55 hours

p r i o r t o launch. A t 1:42:20 ground e l a p s e d t i m e , t h e experiment w a s
a c t i v a t e d by t h e p i l o t . Proper o p e r a t i o n of t h e experiment w a s v e r i f i e d
by t e l e m e t r y a t 4 hours 30 minutes ground e l a p s e d t i m e . The experiment
continued t o o p e r a t e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y u n t i l t h e package w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y
recovered by t h e p i l o t d u r i n g t h e f i r s t E x t r a Vehicular A c t i v i t y at
approximately 24 hours 5 minutes ground e l a p s e d t i m e . The package w a s
t h e n stowed i n s i d e t h e c a b i n by t h e command p i l o t , and it remained t h e r e
f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e f l i g h t . The f l i g h t p l a n c a l l e d f o r a s p a c e c r a f t
heads-up a t t i t u d e w i t h i n *15' during t h e exposure p e r i o d , except d u r i n g
South A t l a n t i c anomaly p a s s e s when t h e blunt-end-forward s p a c e c r a f t con-
figuration was specified.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Approximatley o n e - f i f t h of t h e a v a i l a b l e emulsion volume has been

scanned and analyzed. The r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d a r e t h e r e f o r e p r e l i m i n a r y .
F i g u r e 7-2 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a r r i v a l t i m e s o f t h e heavy primary
n u c l e i t h a t have been analyzed. The t i m e s c a l e i s i n hours of e l a p s e d
f l i g h t time. The peak of t h e r i g h t on t h e diagram r e p r e s e n t s heavy
n u c l e i t h a t e n t e r e d t h e d e t e c t o r d u r i n g t h e l a s t two days of t h e f l i g h t ,
when t h e package w a s i n s i d e t h e s p a c e c r a f t c a b i n . The s m a l l peak t o t h e
l e f t r e p r e s e n t s p a r t i c l e s recorded e a r l y i n t h e f l i g h t b e f o r e t h e s t a c k
movement w a s a c t u a t e d . Out o f t h i s sample of t r a c k s , approximately
250 n u c l e i of c h a r g e 4 and g r e a t e r had a r r i v a l t i m e s w i t h i n t h e 22 hour
p e r i o d of u s e f u l exposure.

Nuclei of charge 3 have n o t been i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s because

of t h e low d e t e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y for t r a c k s a t t h i s l e v e l of i o n i z a t i o n
i n t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h background accumulated on t h e p l a t e s d u r i n g t h e
t h r e e day f l i g h t . I n o r d e r t o minimize t h e background e f f e c t of Van
I ' Allen p a r t i c l e s accumulated on passages through t h e r e g i o n of t h e South
A t l a n t i c Anomaly, t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s maintained such t h a t
t h e c o l l e c t i o n f a c e of t h e d e t e c t o r w a s approximatley normal t o t h e d i r e c -
' . t i o n of t h e magnetic f i e l d l i n e s i n t h e r e g i o n . I n t h i s way t h e m i r r o r i n g
p a r t i c l e s produced t r a c k s i n t h e p l a t e s more o r l e s s a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o
t h e t r a c k s of t h e primary n u c l e i .

F i g u r e 7-3 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e methods used t o determine n u c l e a r c h a r g e .

The lower s t a c k c o n t a i n e d emulsions of t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s ,
K.5, K.2, and G.O. Charge e s t i m a t e s a r e based on d e l t a - r a y counting i n
K.5 emulsions and g r a i n counting i n t h e K. 2 and G . 0 emulsion. I n t h e
graph on t h e l e f t i n f i g u r e 7-3, t h e c h a r g e , as determined by d e l t a - r a y
86

c o u n t i n g i n K . 5 emulsion, i s p l o t t e d a l o n g t h e v e r t i c a l a x i s and t h e
c h a r g e from g r a i n c o u n t i n g i n G.0 emulsion i s p l o t t e d a l o n g t h e horizon-
t a l axis. I n t h e upper r i g h t i s a s i m i l a r p l o t u s i n g d e l t a - r a y d e n s i t y
i n K . 5 v e r s u s K . 5 g r a i n c o u n t i n g i n K . 2 acd on t h e lower r i g h t , a p l o t
u s i n g g r a i n counts i n K . 2 v e r s u s G.O. The f i n a l c h a r g e a s s i g n e d t o each
p a r t i c l e i s a weighted average of a l l t h e measurements made on t h e t r a c k .

F i g u r e 7-4 shows t h e c h a r g e spectrum o b t a i n e d , u s i n g t h e 250 t r a c k s

t h u s f a r analyzed, by one o r more of t h e i o n i z a t i o n methods mentioned
above. It i s e v i d e n t t h a t good r e s o l u t i o n between charges. i n t h e L and
M groups i s p o s s i b l e d e s p i t e t h e f a i r l y heavy background o f e l e c t r o n and
p r o t o n t r a c k s . Peaks a l s o occur f o r h i g h e r c h a r g e s , b u t as y e t , t h e
s t a t i s t i c a l weights a r e t o o low f o r good s e p a r a t i o n . It i s a l s o e v i d e n t
t h a t t h e abundance of n i t r o g e n i s q u i t e low r e l a t i v e t o carbon and oxygen
which i s i n agreement w i t h p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t s .

I n t a b l e I , p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s a r e summarized and compared t o a v e r -

ages made of f i v e s e t s of p u b l i s h e d r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d on b a l l o o n f l i g h t s
a t a geomagnetic l a t i t u d e of 41'. The Gemini X I o r b i t s ranged between
+28' and -28' geographic l a t i t u d e . There i s good agreement between
measurements and e x t r a p o l a t e d r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d deeper i n t h e atmosphere
on v e r y high a l t i t u d e baloon f l i g h t s when compared w i t h t h e SO09 e x p e r i -
mental measurements. There i s an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t secondary p r o d u c t i o n
of l i g h t n u c l e i i n t h e atmosphere i s not f u l l y accounted f o r , s i n c e t h e
L/M r a t i o of 0.39 i s much h i g h e r f o r t h e b a l l o o n f l i g h t s a t matter t h i c k -
2
n e s s e s g r e a t e r t h a n 6 gramslcm .
These p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t s u c c e s s f u l exposures of
n u c l e a r r e s e a r c h emulsions were o b t a i n e d on t h e f l i g h t of Gemini X I .
F i n a l r e s u l t s and a n a l y s e s w i l l be based on about 1000 t r a c k s produced by
t h e heavy primary n u c l e i .
.

TABLE 1.- CHARGE SPECTRUM AT TOP OF ATMOSPHERE ( I N PERCENT)

Average o f p u b l i s h e d data"
Balloon f l i g h t s
Z Gemini d a t a
thickness thickness
< 3 g/crn2 2 6 g/cm2

L 16.7 * 3 14.1 21.8

M 58.6 f 5 62.7 55.4
H 24.7 * 3 23.6 22.6

L/M 0.28 0.22 0.39

L/S 0.20 0.16 0.28

a
Judek, B . ; and V a n Heerden, I . J . : Can. J . P h y s . ,
vol. 44, 1966, p . 11-21.
t
88

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3-

UPPER EMULSION STACK 7

LOWER EMULSION STACK

ASSEMBLY
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E L E CTRONlCS

CONN.
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Figure 7-1. - Experimental flight hardware configuration.
 89

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 93

8. EXPERIMENT S O l l , AIRGLOW HORIZON PHOTOGRAPHY

By M. J . Koomen and R . T. S e a l , Jr.

Naval Research Laboratory

and

John L i n t o t t
Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center

SUMMARY

Twenty-four photographs o f t h e n i g h t a i r g l o w l a y e r a t v a r i o u s geo-

g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n s were o b t a i n e d on September 13, 1966, from t h e p i l o t ' s
window of t h e Gemini X I v e h i c l e . The Maurer g e n e r a l purpose camera used
had a f/O.g5, 50-mm f o c a l 1eng;h l e n s . TQe camera w a s f i l t e r e d f o r spec-
t r a l r e g i o n s c e n t e r e d a t 5577 A and 3893 A where prominent a i r g l o w e m i s -
s i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y due t o atomic oxygen and sodium o c c u r . F i l t e r
combinations w i t h b r o a d e r s p e c t r a l coverage were a l s o u s e d . Exposure
t i m e s were between 2 and 50 seconds. F i n e p o i n t i n g of t h e camera w a s done
d u r i n g exposure w i t h an i l l u m i n a t e d camera s i g h t and an a d j u s t a b l e camera
mount.

The r e s u l t s r e p r e s e n t a s u c c e s s f u l c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e SO11 Experi-

ment which w a s f i r s t performed during t h e Gemini I X m i s s i o n . Photographs
from b o t h f l i g h t s show v a r i a t i o n s i n i n t e n s i t y and a l t i t u d e o f t h e a i r -
glow e m i s s i o n s . Data r e d u c t i o n i s s t i l l i n p r o g r e s s and w i l l i n c l u d e
photographs o b t a i n e d from t h i s experiment scheduled f o r Gemini X I I .

OBJECTIVE

Experiment S O U , Airglow Horizon Photography, w a s designed t o s t u d y

t h e n i g h t a i r g l o w which l i e s i n a t h i n l a y e r 70 t o 1 0 0 km ( 4 0 t o 60 m i l e s )
above t h e e a r t h . Although t h e s u r f a c e b r i g h t n e s s i s low when viewed
t h r o u g h t h i s l a y e r from below, i t s b r i g h t n e s s i s enhanced by a f a c t o r o f
approximately 35 when viewed ' t a n g e n t i a l l y from t h e Gemini o r b i t . T h i s
enhancement phenomenon p l u s t h e worldwide coverage provided by o r b i t i n g
v e h i c l e s o f f e r s a h i g h l y a t t r a c t i v e means f o r s y n o p t i c a i r g l o w s t u d y .

The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s experiment f o r t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n w a s

t o extend and r e f i n e t h e Mercury-Atlas-9 m i s s i o n photographic method
( r e f s . 1 and 2) as f o l l o w s :
94

(1) The camera was f i l i e r e d t o photograph t h e two prominent l i n e

emissions a t 5577 E and 5893 A which are due t o atomic oxygen and sodium,
r e s p e c t i v e l y . Another f i l t g r combination w a s provided t o photograph t h e
r e d oxygen doublet a t 6300 A and 6364 8, which i s e m i t t e d a t a l e v e l more
t h a n t h r e e times h i g h e r t h a n t h e main a i r g l o w l a y e r and may b e d e t e c t a b l e
from a h i g h o r b i t .

( 2 ) An i l l u m i n a t e d camera s i g h t and an aiming camera mount w e r e

provided t o reduce t h e number of b l u r r e d photographs which o c c u r r e d dur-
i n g t h e l o n g e r exposures.

( 3 ) The number o f photographs t a k e n and t h e e a r t h coverage were

made as l a r g e as p o s s i b l e . The experiment i s scheduled t o be r e p e a t e d on
t h e Gemini X I 1 m i s s i o n t o c o l l e c t more d a t a .

EQmPMENT DESCRIPTION

The following equipment w a s used:

(1) Camera - The experiment used t h e Maurer 70-mm g e n e r a l purpose

camera w i t h a f/0.95, 50-mm l e n s and a f o c a l p l a n e f i l t e r . The l e n s and
f i l t e r were designed e s p e c i a l l y f o r a i r g l o w and o t h e r dim-light photog-
raphy.

(2) Film - The Eastman so166 f i l m yas used because of i t s h i g h e r

s e n s i t i v i t y i n t h e s p e c t r a l r e g i o n s 5577 A through 6300 A .

( 3 ) Camera F i l t e r s - A camera l e n s f i l t e r and a f o c a l p l a n e f i l t e r

were provided t o perform t h e f u n c t i o n shown s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n f i g u r e 8-1.
The l e n s f i l t e r w a s of t h e multi,layer.interfer$nce t y p e and had a s t e e p -
s i d e d bandpass which a d m i t t e d 5577 A and 5893 A , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a t s h o r t
and l o n g wavelength ends of t h e band. The f o c a l p l a n e f i l t e r s , mounted
side-by-zide over tQe f i l m , d i v i d e d t h i s band i n t o two bands c e n t e r e d o
a t 5577 4 and 5893 A. Band h a l f - w i d t h s (HW) were, r e s p e c t i v e l y , 250 A
and 300 A. Thus, l i g h t i n t h e s e two wavelength bands w a s photographed c
side-by-side i n t h e p i c t u r e p l a n e i n a s p l i t - f i e l d arrangement w i t h a
v e r t i c a l d i v i d i n g l i n e . The extreme edges o f t h e f o c a l p l a n e f i l t e r were
of c l e a r g l a s s t o admit t h e e n t i r e band of t h e l e n s f i l t e r . The system
r e p r e s e n t e d an a t t e m p t t o d e t e c t s m a l l a l t i t u d e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e a i r -
glow emission wavelengths.

It may be ment-ioned t h a t t h e f i l t e r bands were r a t h e r wide and ad-

m i t t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e contamination i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e wanted l i n e s . The
c o n d i t i o n was most u n f a v o r a b l e f o r t h e sodium f i l t e r which a d m i t t e d a
l a r g e amount of OH r a d i a t i o n . However, it w a s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e photo-
graphs could y i e l d s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s and a l s o i n d i c a t e t h e d i r e c t i o n
 95

of r e f i n e m e n t s f o r l a t e r m i s s i o n s . The f i l t e r system h a s a d d i t i o n a l
f l e x i b i l i t y i n t h a t s h o r t exposures can b e t a k e n w i t h t h e l e n s f i l t e r re-
moved t o r e c o r d t h e r e d and orange wavelengths on one s i d e o f t h e c e n t e r
d i v i d i n g l i n e w h i l e t h e didymium glass on t h e o t h e r s i d e of t h e d i v i d i n g
l i n e admits v i r t u a l l y t h e e n t i r e v i s i b l e spectrum except sodium yellow.

For t h e planned h i g h o r b i t o a n i n t e r f e r e n c e - t y p e l e n s f i l t e r w i t h a
150 A Hw band c e n t e r e d a t 6330 A was provided t o photograph t h e r e d oxy-
gen d o u b l e t . The f o c a l p l a n e f i l t e r s were l e f t i n p l a c e s i n c e t h e y had
a high transmittance red leak.

(4) Camera S i g h t - The camerashad a newly designed r e f l e x s i g h t

w i t h b e t t e r o p t i c a l performance than t h e Maurer s i g h t used i n Gemini I X .
Aiming marks were two s m a l l p o i n t s o f l i g h t on a h o r i z o n t a l l i n e which
c o u l d be superimposed upon t h e horizon. B r i g h t n e s s of t h e l i g h t s w a s ad-
justable. F i g u r e 8-2 shows t h e camera w i t h r e f l e x s i g h t and l e n s f i l t e r
i n place.

( 5 ) Camera Bracket -Because r e l a t i v e l y l o n g exposure t i m e s were

r e q u i r e d , t h e camera could n o t b e handheld. A b r a c k e t , a d j u s t a b l e i n
p i t c h , h e l d t h e ' c a m e r a t o t h e right-hand s p a c e c r a f t window. F i g u r e 4-3
shows t h e b r a c k e t w i t h camera a t t a c h e d . The two f l u t e d knobs f a s t e n e d
t h e b r a c k e t t o t h e lower p a r t o f t h e window frame. Turning t h e l a r g e
knob a d j u s t e d t h e camera i n t h e e l e v a t i o n ( p i t c h ) d i r e c t i o n ; t h e l i m i t s
of motion were somewhat more t h a n 6 O i n e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n from i t s c e n t e r
p o s i t i o n . T h i s c e n t e r p o s i t i o n was marked w i t h a viTible groove i n t h e
knob s h a f t , and t h e groove could a l s o be f e l t w i t h t h e f i n g e r s when t h e
c a b i n w a s dark. When n o t i n u s e , t h e b r a c k e t c o u l d b e c o l l a p s e d f o r
storage.

PROCEDURE

Camera components, i n c l u d i n g t h e window b r a c k e t , were s t o r e d i n t h e

s p a c e c r a f t c a b i n and assembled on t h e r i g h t - h a n d window when needed. The
camera a x i s w a s e s s e n t i a l l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t window and
w a s , t h e r e f o r e , n o t b o r e s i g h t e d t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t . To a c q u i r e t h e h o r i -
zon, t h e e n t i r e s p a c e c r a f t w a s a d j u s t e d i n a t t i t u d e u n t i l t h e h o r i z o n l a y
c o r r e c t l y i n t h e camera s i g h t . T h i s r e q u i r e d a c t i v i t y by b o t h t h e com-
mand p i l o t and p i l o t . S p a c e c r a f t d r i f t rates were t h e n damped as much as
p o s s i b l e and t h e exposure w a s begun. The p i l o t compensated f o r d r i f t s i n
p i t c h d u r i n g exposure by f i n e - p o i n t i n g t h e camera a t t h e h o r i z o n w i t h t h e
a i d o f t h e camera s i g h t and a d j u s t a b l e b r a c k e t .

During t h i s m i s s i o n a l l exposures were made w i t h t h e s p a c e c r a f t

docked t o t h e Agena v e h i c l e . Events proved t h a t t h i s w a s a d e s i r a b l e con-
f i g u r a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r long e x p o s u r e s , because of t h e enhanced sta-
b i l i t y and improved a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l .
 Night photographs were t a k e n i n two sequences. The f i r s t o c c u r r e d
i n r e v o l u t i o n 11 when s e t s of h o r i z o n exposures were t a k e n s u c c e s s i v e l y
i n t h e d i r e c t i o n s n o r t h , s o u t h , s o u t h , n o r t h . The s e t s w e r e 4 minutes
a p a r t and each c o n s i s t e d of a 10-second exposure w i t h l e n s f i l t e r s i n
p l a c e , p l u s a 2- and a 5-second exposure w i t h l e n s f i l t e r removed. The
second sequence o c c u r r e d i n r e v o l u t i o n 19 and c o n s i s t e d o f f o u r s i m i l a r
sets of exposures, spaced 4 minutes a p a r t , b u t a l l t a k e n i n an e a s t w a r d
d i r e c t i o n . The two sequences were a crude a t t e m p t , w i t h i n t h e c o n s t r a i n t s
o f t h e mission, t o observe r e s p e c t i v e l y t h e p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s of l a t i t u d e
-
and of l o c a l t i m e .

The eastward-looking photographs are t h e most d i f f i c u l t t o t a k e ,

.
s i n c e t h e horizon undergoes a maximum amount of b l u r r i n g d u r i n g a t i m e
exposure f r o m a n i n e r t i a l l y s t a b i l i z e d v e h i c l e . The p i t c h - a d j u s t a b l e
camera b r a c k e t and s i g h t were provided t o compensate f o r t h e a p p a r e n t
h o r i z o n motion. However, t h e f l i g h t crew found t h a t an a p p r o p r i a t e p i t c h
rate c o u l d be i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t t o make adjustment o f t h e
b r a c k e t n e a r l y unnecessary.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Twelve good photographs of t h e n i g h t a i r g l o w l a y e r were o b t a i n e d i n

r e v o l u t i o n 11 o v e r t h e South P a c i f i c . Twelve more were t a k e n i n revolu-
t i o n 19 over t h e South A t l a n t i c and South A f r i c a . Before t h e s e photo-
graphs were t a k e n , t h e r e d f i l t e r w a s used i n a high o r b i t . No u s a b l e
photographs were o b t a i n e d because of a camera s h u t t e r m a l f u n c t i o n .

P r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s shows r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l geographic v a r i a t i o n i n
a i r g l o w a l t i t u d e . No v a r i a t i o n s as l a r g e as t h o s e observed from Mer-
cury 9 have as y e t been d e t e c t e d . However, t h e r e were e a s i l y o b s e r v a b l e
changes o f i n t e n s i t y as i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e s 8-4 and 8-5 which are,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , n o r t h and south-looking photographs t a k e n from t h e South
P a c i f i c . Each shows t h e a i r g l o w l a y e r w i t h dark e a r t h ;elow and s t a r
f i e l d above. The green wavelengths i n t h e r e g i o n 5577 A a r e r e g i s t e r e d
on t h e l e f t h a l f of t h e p i c t u r e , and t h e y e l l o w wavelengths spanning t h e
sodium emission are r e g i s t e r e d t o t h e r i g h t . Extreme r i g h t and l e f t
edges r e c o r d a s p e c t r a l band i n c l u d i n g b o t h . I t i s obvious t h a t t o t h e
n o r t h t h e yellow wavelengths a r e s l i g h t l y more i n t e n s e t h a n t h e g r e e n
w h i l e t o t h e s o u t h t h e yellow r a d i a t i o n s a r e v e r y f a i n t . Another conspic-
uous f e a t u r e i s t h a t t h e g r e e n and y e l l o w r a d i a t i o n s a r i s e a t t h e same
a l t i t u d e . Rocket measurements ( r e f . 3) from White Sands (106' W , 33' N )
u s u a l l y l o c a t e t h e yellow wavelengths (sodium D-line: %nd OH b a n d s ) a t a
measurable lower a l t i t u d e t h a n t h e g r e e n (oxygen.5577 A and continuum).
Photographs from Gemini I X a l s o show b o t h c o n d i t i o n s .
 97

F i g u r e 8-6 shows an eastward-looking photograph of South A f r i c a ,

t a k e n from a p o i n t i n t h e South A t l a n t i c w i t h t h e camera l e n s f i l t e r re-
moved. The s t r i p t o t h e r i g h t of c e n t e r r e c o r d s t r a n s m i 5 s i o n t h r o u g h an
orange f i l t e r (Corning No. 3480) of wavelengths a t 5893 A and l o n g e r ,
w h i l e t h e s t r i p t o t h e l e f t records t r a n s m i s s i b n t h r o u g h didymium g l a s s
and i n c l u d e s most o f t h e v i s i b l e spectrum except t h e N a D l i n e . Areas a t
t h e extreme r i g h t and l e f t are exposed w i t h no f i l t e r . The r i c h s t a r
f i e l d i n Taurus, w i t h t h e P l e i a d e s i n t h e a i r g l o w l a y e r at t h e l e f t , i s
r i s i n g because of s p a c e c r a f t o r b i t a l motion. Study of t h e s t a r t r a i l s
shows no evidence of atmospheric a t t e n u a t i o n above approximately 25 km.
There i s t h e r e f o r e no evidence of a h i g h absorbing l a y e r a t t h e
100 - 150 km which Link ( r e f . 4 ) h a s s u g g e s t e d t o e x p l a i n t h e anomaly i n
t h e s i z e o f t h e e a r t h ' s shadow during e c l i p s e s . A l l photographs were
t a k e n a t t h e time o f t h e new moon, and, t h e r e f o r e , do n o t show t h e e a r t h
limb. The p o s i t i o n of t h e e a r t h limb (and an a c c u r a t e l a y e r a l t i t u d e )
must, t h e r e f o r e , b e deduced from t h e s t a r f i e l d and t h e t i m e and o r b i t a l
p o s i t i o n of t h e s p a c e c r a f t .

Data r e d u c t i o n and a n a l y s e s w i l l c o n t i n u e for s e v e r a l more months.

 REFERENCES

1. Mercury P r o j e c t Summary. NASA SP-45, N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Space

Administration, Washington, D . C . , October 1963.

2. G i l l e t t , F. C . ; Huch, W. F . ; Ney, E. P . ; and Cooper, G . : Photographic

Observations of t h e Airglow Layer. J. Geophys. Res. , 69, No. 13,
1964 , pp. 2827-2834.
-
3. Packer, Donald M.: A l t i t u d e s o f t h e Night Airglow R a d i a t i o n s . Ann.
Geophys. 17, 1961, pp. 67-75.. .
4. Link, F.: Theorie Photometrique des E c l i p s e s de Lune. Comp. Rend.
196, Jan. 23, 1933, pp. 251-253.
 LENS FILTER 1 \\\
TRANSMITTANCE
OF LENS FILTER-

\\ 1
8 5Oo/

-n5577A 5893A

f I 0 . 9 5 LENS // a
90 O/O 1 T - NSMIT
D I DY MIUM
y /
TRANSMITTANCE / CORN1NG
3480

5577A 5893A C L e R / A. - I -

76

I
I
I
1 - 5577A 5893
I
I

Figure 8 -1. - Individual and combined transmittances of lens filter

and focal plane filters.
100

Figure 8-2. - Maurer camera in f/O. 95 configuration

with reflex sight.
 101

Figure 8-3. - Camera attached to window bracket.

102

Horizon is at approximately 15's and 170'W. 5577 A

filter is to left of center, 5893 filter to right. Parts
of Constellations Draco, Cepheus, and Cassiopeia are
from left to right.

Figure 8-4. - Ten-second exposure looking North.

 103

Horizon is at approximately 40" S and 130"W. Constel-

lation Vela is near horizon, Carina above. y Velorum
is at left near airglow layer.

Figure 8-5. - Ten-second exposure looking South.

104

Horizon is at approximately 25" S 23" E. Constellation

Taurus is left of center; Pleiades far left.

Figure 8-6. - Four-second exposure without lens filter,

looking eastward over South Africa.
 105

9. EXPERIMENT S013, ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMICAL CAMERA

By K a r l G. Henize and Lloyd R . Wackerling

Dearborn Observatory
Northwestern U n i v e r s i t y

SUMMARY

On September 1 4 , 1966, t h e crew opened t h e h a t c h o f t h e Gemini X I

s p a c e c r a f t and s p e n t t h e n i g h t p o r t i o n s o f r e v o l u t i o n s 29 and 30 i n ob-
t a i n i n g u l t r a v i o l e t s t e l l a r s p e c t r a i n s i x star f i e l d s . Moderate d i s -
p e r s i o n o b j e c t i v e - g r a t i n g s p e c t r a were o b t a i n e d i n r e g i o n s c e n t e r e d on
X S c o r p i i , Canopus, and E O r i o n i s . Low d i s p e r s i o n o b j e c t i v e - p r i s m spec-
t r a were o b t a i n e d i n r e g i o n s c e n t e r e d on A n t a r e s , X S c o r p i i , and I O r i -
o n i s . The SO13 experiment photography w a s used t o s t u d y t h e l i n e spectTa
and t h e energy d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n (2200 to 3000 A )
of e a r l y ( 0 , B y and A ) stars.

OBJECTIVE

The fundamental o b j e c t i v e of t h e SO13 U l t r a v i o l e t Astronomical

Camera experiment w a s t o r e c o r d u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n o f stars i n
t h e wavelength r e g i o n s from 2000 t o 4000 A. The o b j e c t i v e w a s t o be
accomplished by r e c o r d i n g r a d i a t i o n s p e c t r a , u s i n g t h e 70-mm g e n e r a l -
purpose camera and an o b j e c t i v e prism or an o b j e c t i v e g r a t i n g . An a n a l -
y s i s o f t h e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s of t h e s e , s t a r s , of t h e a b s o r p t i o n
e f f e c t s t a k i n g p l a c e i n t h e i r atmospheres, and of t h e a b s o r p t i o n e f f e c t s
o f t h e i n t e r s t e l l a r d u s t w i l l be made of t h e photographic d a t a o b t a i n e d .
The h i g h r e s o l u t i o n photographs a r e expected t o show t h e a b s o r p t i o n and
emission l i n e s , making p o s s i b l e t h e s t u d y of atomic e x c i t a t i o n and ion-
i z a t i o n p r o c e s s e s i n t h e s e wavelength r e g i o n s .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of b a s i c a s t r o n o m i c a l d a t a , t e c h -
n i q u e s by which o b j e c t i v e prism s p e c t r a may b e b e s t o b t a i n e d were d e t e r -
mined. The p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e gained w i l l be u s e f u l i n p l a n n i n g
s i m i l a r a s t r o n o m i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h l a r g e r t e l e s c o p e s on f u t u r e m i s -
sions.
106

EQUIPMENT

The Maurer 70-mm camera w a s used t o o b t a i n t h e s p e c t r a . The cam-

e r a ' s u l t r a v i o l e t l e n s has a 22-mm a p e r t u r e , a 73-mm f o c a l l e n g t h , and a
f i e l d 30' i n diameter. The f i l m magazine c a r r i e s 50 frames of Kodak
s p e c t r o s c o p i c IoO emulsion on an Estar b a s e . G r a t i n g s p e c t r a w i t h a d i s -
p e r s i o n of 180 A/mm a r e pgoduced by a 600-line/mm o b j e c t i v e g r a t i n g
whichowas blazed a: 2000 A. Prism s p e c t r a w i t h a d i s p e r s i o n of
1400 A/mm a t 2500 A a r e produced by a q u a r t z o b j e c t i v e p r i s m w i t h a
10" p r i s m angle.

PROCEDURE

The o b s e r v a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t w i t h t h e right-hand h a t c h open

and w i t h t h e s p a c e c r a f t docked t o t h e Agena. The camera w a s a t t a c h e d t o
t h e s p a c e c r a f t frame by a b r a c k e t which p o s i t i o n e d t h e f i e l d c e n t e r 5'
above t h e s p a c e c r a f t roll axis. To o p e r a t e t h e camera t h e p i l o t s t o o d
up i n t h e open h a t c h w h i l e t h e command p i l o t remained i n h i s s e a t t o
c o n t r o l t h e p o i n t i n g of t h e s p a c e c r a f t and t o t i m e t h e l e n g t h of expo-
s u r e s . Each f i e l d w a s v i s u a l l y l o c a t e d by t h e a s t r o n a u t s and t h e Gemini
a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l system w a s used t o p o i n t t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t t h e r e g i o n .
The Agena's automatic s t a b i l i z i n g system w a s t h e n a c t i v a t e d i n f l i g h t
c o n t r o l mode 2 a f t e r which s i x . e x p o s u r e s were t a k e n on each f i e l d w i t h
l e n g t h s ranging from 20 seconds t o 2 minutes.

RESULTS

There were a p p a r e n t l y no problems i n t h e assembly and o p e r a t i o n of

t h e camera equipment d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t . The u s e of a carbon d i o x i d e
c a r t r i d g e e l i m i n a t e d a l l t r a c e s of s t a t i c e l e c t r i c i t y markings on t h e
f i l m , a c o n d i t i o n t h a t had been n o t i c e d on t h e f i l m from t h e Gemini X
m i s s i o n . Fogged s t r e a k s appear on s e v e r a l frames because of l i g h t l e a k s
i n t h e f i l m magazine. There i s no evidence of a l i g h t l e a k from t h e v e n t
h o l e which was d r i l l e d i n t h e f i l m magazine j u s t p r i o r t o launch.

The s t a b i l i z a t i o n s u p p l i e d by t h e GATV w a s somewhat e r r a t i c . One-

t h i r d of t h e exposures show e x c e l l e n t s t a b i l i z a t i o n , as i n d i c a t e d by t h e
smooth image motion i n t h e yaw d i r e c t i o n . The remaining exposures show
motion i n both yaw and p i t c h , t h u s degrading wavelength r e s o l u t i o n . A
s e r i e s of jumps i n yaw may have t a k e n p l a c e g i v i n g m u l t i p l e narrow spec-
t r a which degraded t h e f i n e d e t a i l . The jumps were i n e x c e s s of t h e
w i d t h of t h e GATV yaw c o n t r o l deadband.
 A frame-by-frame l o g of t h e f l i g h t f i l m i s p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 9-1.
The o n l y d e v i a t i o n from t h e f l i g h t p l a n w a s t h e o b s e r v a t i o n of Canopus,
an FO s u p e r g i a n t , r a t h e r t h a n Achernar, a B5 s t a r . T h i s d e p a r t u r e w a s
f o r t u n a t e i n t h a t t h e spectrum of Canopus between 2000 a n d 3000 A shows
more d e t a i l t h a n had been expected o f t h e Achernar spectrum.

E x c e l l e n t s p e c t r a were produced b o t h w i t h t h e g r a t i n g and w i t h t h e

. prism. For t h e g r a t i n g s p e c t r a a l i m i t i n g magnitude i n t h e 2200 t o
2600 d r e g i o n of e a r l y B-type s t a r s on unwidened 2-minute exposures i s
about V = 4.5. I n p r i s m s p e c t r a w i t h a widening of 0.5 mm t h e c o r r e -
1 .
sponding l i m i t i n g magnitude i s about V = 6.0.

G r a t i n g s p e c t r a show r e s o l v e d a b s o r p t i o n l i n e s i n t h e middle ultra-

v i o l e t s p e c t r a of Ca.nopus and S i r i u s , marking t h e f i r s t t i m e t h a t l i n e s
have been observed i n t h i s wavelength r e g i o n i n stars o t h e r t h a n t h e Sun.
The spectrum of' Canopus ( f i g . 9-1) shows t h e v e r y s t r o n g M5 I1 resonance
d o u b l e t a t 2799 d, t h e weaker Mg I r e s o n a n c e l i n e a t 2852 A, t h e
2882 l i n e of S i I , and s e v e r a l broad features w h i c h - a r e mostly i d e n t i -
f i a b l e as blende$ f e a t u r e s of Fe I and Fe 11. The u l t i m a t e l i n e s of
Fe I1 nearo2400 A are e s p e c i a l l y s t r o n g . The b r o a d a b s o r p t i o n f e a t u r e
n e a r 2530 A i s probably a b l e n d o; t h e u l t i m a t e l i n e s of S i I and Fe I.
The a b s o r p t i o n f e a t u r e n e a r 2620 A p r o b a b l y c o n t a i n s t h e u l t i m a t e l i n e s
o f Mn I1 as w e l l as s t r o n g m u l t i p l e x of Fe 11. V a r i a t i o n s i n focus t o -
g e t h e r w i t Q f i e l d d i s t o r t i o n and only moderate wavelength r e s o l u t i o n
(about 15 A ) make p r e c i s e wavelength measurement d i f f i c u l t . However ,
t h e above i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y confirmed by t h e c l o s e s i m i l a r i t y
o f t h e Canopus u l t r a v i o l e t spectrum w i t h t h a t of t h e Sun.

The spectrum of S i r i u s shows t h e Mg I1 d o u b l e t as w e l l as t h e l i n e s

o f t h e hydrogen Balmer s e r i e s . A s e x p e c t e d , no l i n e s are r e s o l v e d i n
t h e middle u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a of t h e B s t a r s observed i n S c o r p i u s and
Orion. Comparison s p e c t r a of Canopus and S i r i u s a r e shown i n f i g u r e 9-2.

G r a t i n g s p e c t r a of 99 stars a r e i d e n t i f i a b l e i n t h e t h r e e r e g i o n s
photographed. The f i l m h a s a photometric c a l i b r a t i o n and it i s expected
t h a t energy c u r v e s can be d e r i v e d f o r about 50 s t a r s . These d a t a w i l l b e
supplemented by energy curves c u r r e n t l y b e i n g measured of 20 stars ob-
s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e Gemini X f l i g h t . This work p a r t i a l l y o v e r l a p s and
p a r t i a l l y extends p r e v i o u s UV energy d i s t r i b u t i o n measures by o t h e r
investigators.

The prism s p e c t r a ( f i g . 9-3) show two s p e c t r a l f e a t u r e s of i n t e r e s t

i n s p i t e of t h e i r v e r y l o w d i s p e r s i o n . The hydrogen Balmer d i s c o n t i n u i t y
i s v e r y prominent i n A s t a r s , and i n F s t a r s t h e metal m u l t i p l e t s s e e n
i n t h e g r a t i n g spectrum of Canopusoblend i n t o two broad a b s o r p t i o n fea-
t u r e s v i s i b l e i n t h e 2400 t o 2800 A r e g i o n . A b r e a k i n t h e prism s p e c t r a
a t about 2800 which w a s i n i t i a l l y i d e n t i f i e d as p o s s i b l y due t o t h e
108

3
H e 2 S continuum h a s f i n a l l y been i d e n t i f i e d as a b r e a k i n emulsion
s e n s i t i v i t y a t t h a t wavelength.

Three s t a r s show f e a t u r e s of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . I n t h e Wolf-Rayet

star HD 156385 ( s p e c t r a l glass WC7) an emission l i n e i s v i s i b l e a t a
wavelength of about 2300 A. T h i s l i n e i s t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d as t h e
10
2297 A l i n e of C I11 due t o t h e 2p2 D' - 2p P t r a n s i t i o n . In the .
B-type s h e l l s t a r 48 L i b r a , t h e a b s o r p t i o n l i n e s due t o i r o n m u l t i p l e t s
appear even though t h e s e f e a t u r e s are not expected i n t h e s p e c t r a of
B stars. It i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e s e bands must b e f e a t u r e s a r i s i n g i n t h e
s h e l l of t h e s t a r . The spectrum of t h e M-type s u p e r g i a n t star Antares
shows an u l t r a v i o l e t e x t e n s i o n of g r e a t e r t h a n expected s t r e n g t h . It
seems l i k e l y t h a t t h i s u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n a r i s e s from t h e B-type
companion t o Antares and t h a t measures of t h e i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n
t h e spectrum w i l l g i v e an improved v a l u e of t h e v i s u a l magnitude and
s p e c t r a l type of t h e companion s t a r .

A 2-minute prism exposure i n t h e r e g i o n of Orion ( f i g . 9-4) shows

t h e r e g i o n c e n t e r e d on t h e Orion Nebula t o b e surrounded by a n u l t r a -
v i o l e t haze. The s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s n e b u l o s i t y i n u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t i s
somewhat d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e s t r u c t u r e seen i n v i s i b l e l i g h t and it i s
concluded t h a t it a r i s e s from s t a r l i g h t s c a t t e r e d from d u s t p a r t i c l e s i n
t h i s r e g i o n . A j o i n t s t u d y i s c u r r e n t l y underway between C.. R. O'Dell
of Yerkes Observatory and K. G. Henize and L. R. Wackerling of Dearborn
Observatory i n which measurements of t h e u l t r a v i o l e t i n t e n s i t y of t h i s
n e b u l o s i t y a r e used t o g i v e a new i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of
i n t e r s t e l l a r matter i n t h e Orion A s s o c i a t i o n .
 TABLE 9-1.- EXPERIMENT s o l 3 INFLIGHT EXPOSURES

t
~~ ~

Grating c o n d i t i o n

Field Vehicle Remarks

ttitude control

~ 6 653091
- ' a s t e d frame -- Lightstruck

corpius Poor S p e c t r a wide, s t r e a k e d -

no l i n e s

Fair S p e c t r a double - Balmer

l i n e s i n Shaula

Poor S p e c t r a wide, s t r e a k e d -
no l i n e s

Poor S p e c t r a wide, s t r e a k e d -
l i n e s i n S h a u l a , 8 Sco

Poor S p e c t r a wide, s t r e a k e d -
l i n e s i n S h a u l a , Sco,
8 Sco, A r a

:anopus Good Lines r a t h e r wide - UV

w e l l - expo sed

Excellent Lines r a t h e r wide - UV a

b i t weak
. Excellent L i n e s , UV well-exposed

Excellent L i n e s , UV well-exposed -
spectrum s t r e a k e d

Good L i n e s , spectrum double

Excellent L i n e s , spectrum double

110

TABLE 9-1.- EXPERIMENT SO13 INFLIGHT EXPOSURES - Continued

Grating condition

Frame Field Vehicle Remarks

i t t i t u d e control

366-53103 Or i o n Bad j p e c t r a e x t r e m e l y wide -

no l i n e s

104 Fair 3727 A emission (011) i n

Nebula - l i n e s i n S i r i u s

105 Poor s p e c t r a wide, s t r e a k e d -

p r o b a b l y no l i n e s

106 -- 3 r o s s l y underexposed -
no s p e c t r a

107 Good S t r o n g l y exposed -3727 A

i n Nebula, l i n e s i n S i r i u s

108 -- Lightstruck, ruined

366-53109 Wasted frame -- Light s t r u c k

110 S c o r p i u s head Poor Spectra streaked - focus

poor -
no l i n e s

111 Good S p e c t r a smooth - lines

visible

112 Poor Spectra streaked - focus

poor - no l i n e s

113 Good S p e c t r a double, smooth -

lines visible

114 Poor Spectra streaked - focus

poor - no l i n e s

115 Poor S p e c t r a s t r e a k e d - focus

poor - some l i n e s
 111

TABLE 9-1.- EXPERIMENT SO13 INFLIGHT EXPOSURES - Continued

Grating condition

Vehicle
Field tttitude control Remarks

korpius tail Fair S p e c t r a v e r y wide, streakec

-lines visible

Fair S p e c t r a wide, s t r e a k e d -
lines visible

Good S p e c t r a wide, smooth -

f o c u s poor - lines
visible

Poor Motion mainly i n p i t c h -

no l i n e s

Fair Spectra streaked - focus

poor - some l i n e s

Poor Spectra streaked - focus

poor - some l i n e s

Bad S p e c t r a v e r y wide - f o c u s
poor - no l i n e s

kion Fair Spectra streaked - some

lines
. Fair Spectra streaked - some
lines

Excellent S p e c t r a smooth - lines

visible

Poor Motion i n p i t c h - no line:

112

TABLE 9-1.- EXPERIMENT SO13 INFLIGHT EXPOSURES - Concluded

I Grating condition

Vehicle
Frame Field Remarks
ktitude control

127 S p e c t r a smooth - f o c u s
poor - some f e a t u r e s

128 Poor Spectra streaked -

no l i n e s

129 Wasted frame -- Spectra streaked -

no l i n e s
 113

I -
I
I The objective-grating spectrum extends from 2300 (top)
to 4800 A (bottom). The lines of Fe I, Fe 11, and Mg 11 ap-
pearing near the top a r e not transmitted by the earth's
atmosphere and a r e recorded here f o r the first time in the
spectrum of a star. The streak of light to the right is the
airglow layer above the horizon. The docked Agena blocks
out star images at the lower center.

Figure 9 -1. - Middle -ultraviolet spectrum of Canopus.

 ?-

i
a,
s
Y-
L
a
3
VI G
cd
m
3
pc
0
c,
cd
U u
a,
r w
0. 0
F?
m
LL
Y 0
Y

e0 0 0
aJ
0
m rl
I
/2m
m
r
P
ln
.-.-
3 . Q)

8
a L
In
v)
E4

E
2
Lc
zu
cd

0
-0
aJ
A=
P
m,
m
0
u
0
z
n
ln
f
P
0
S
m
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ss
- 0
OaJ
I n -P
I n
 115

II - The docked Agena and the Gemini spacecraft nose are super-
imposed on starfield. Elongation of star images is caused by
the dispersion in wavelength caused by a thin prism of quartz
in front of the lens. The intensity break near the right end is
due to the hydrogen Balmer continuum. Break n e a r center of
several spectra is due to instrumental effects.

Figure 9-3. - Ultraviolet spectra of hot stars in constellation

Scorpius.
116

The docked Agena and the Gemini spacecraft nose a r e super-

imposed on the starfields and starlight is seen glitteringooff
the Agena hull, The spectral range extends from 5000 A
(top) to 2200 A(bottom) for each spectrum.

Figure 9-4. - Ultraviolet objective-prismspectra of the stars in

constellation Orion.
 10. EXPERIMENT 5026, ION-WAKE MEASUREMENT

By D r . David B. Medved
E l e c t r o - O p t i c a l Systems, I n c .
and
B a l l a r d E. Troy, Jr.
NASA Goddard Space F l i g h t Center

SUMMARY

The i o n and e l e c t r o n wake s t r u c t u r e and p e r t u r b a t i o n s o f t h e ambient

medium produced by t h e o r b i t i n g Gemini s p a c e c r a f t were measured by e l e c -
t r o n and i o n d e t e c t o r s l o c a t e d on t h e Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (GATV)
T a r g e t Docking Adapter (TDA). The s e n s o r s o p e r a t e d c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g
t h e experiment. The inboard i o n d e t e c t o r provided d a t a whenever t h e
GATV moved TDA-forward w i t h i t s a x i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e o r b i t a l p a t h ; t h e
outboard d e t e c t o r w a s o p e r a t i v e whenever t h e GATV yawed a t r i g h t a n g l e s
t o t h e o r b i t a l p a t h . T h r u s t e r f i r i n g s i n t h e TDA-south c o n f i g u r a t i o n
appear t o produce a d e c r e a s e i n t h e observed i o n flux t o t h e outboard
i o n s e n s o r , an apparent i n c r e a s e i n t h e i o n f l u x t o t h e inboard i o n
s e n s o r , and an enhanced e l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o t h e outboard s e n s o r .

OBJECTIVE

The o b j e c t i v e of t h e so26 Ion-Wake Measurement experiment w a s t o

measure and confirm t h e i o n and e l e c t r o n wake s t r u c t u r e and p e r t u r b a t i o n
o f t h e ambient medium produced by t h e o r b i t i n g Gemini s p a c e c r a f t . The
experiment w a s designed t o o b t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g :

( a ) A mapping o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t i o n - d e n s i t y wake as a f u n c t i o n o f
p o s i t i o n c o o r d i n a t e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e r e f e r e n c e frame o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t

( b ) A contour mapping of t h e s p a c e c r a f t e l e c t r o n - d e n s i t y wake as

a f u n c t i o n o f t h e same p o s i t i o n c o o r d i n a t e s

( c ) Determination of e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
p o s i t ion coordinates

( d ) D e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on ambient i o n and e l e c t r o n d e n s i t i e s
and e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e as a f u n c t i o n o f a l t i t u d e and d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n s
form t h e GATV

(e) I o n i z a t i o n t r a n s i e n t s caused by s p a c e c r a f t t h r u s t e r f i r i n g s
118

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

During f l i g h t , t h e Gemini s p a c e c r a f t moves t h r o u g h t h e i o n o s p h e r i c

medium w i t h a v e l o c i t y t h a t i s h i g h when compared w i t h t h e random t h e r m a l
v e l o c i t i e s of t h e i o n s , b u t s m a l l when compared w i t h t h e random t h e r m a l
motions of t h e e l e c t r o n s . The v e h i c l e motion i s s u p e r s o n i c w i t h r e s p e c t
t o t h e i o n s and s u b s o n i c w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e e l e c t r o n s . E l e c t r o n s ,
t h e r e f o r e , approach t h e v e h i c l e from a l l d i r e c t i o n s as i f it were s t a n d -
i n g s t i l l , whereas t h e i o n s are swept up by t h e v e h i c l e motion.

To an o b s e r v e r on t h e s p a c e c r a f t , t h e r e i s a ram i o n f l u x t o t h e
v e h i c l e along t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e v e h i c l e v e l o c i t y v e c t o r ( f i g . 10-1)
o f t h e v e h i c l e results i n a sweeping out o f t h e i o n s and n e u t r a l p a r t i -
c l e s i n i t s p a t h . If t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s of t h e i o n o s p h e r e were completely
a t r e s t , a shadow zone would e x t e n d an i n d e f i n i t e d i s t a n c e b e h i n d t h e
space c r a f t .

A s a r e s u l t o f t h e random t h e r m a l motions, t h e shadow or h o l e r e g i o n

i s f i l l e d i n by a sequence o f i n t e r a c t i n g mechanisms, w i t h t h e r e g i o n
behind t h e o r b i t i n g v e h i c l e a c t u a l l y b e i n g a plasma r a t h e r t h a n an i o n
wake. Because t h e e l e c t r o n s approach t h e s p a c e c r a f t from a l l d i r e c t i o n s ,
it would be expected t h a t t h e s e would r a p i d l y f i l l t h e shadow r e g i o n .
The e l e c t r o s t a t i c f o r c e s between t h e s e charged p a r t i c l e s p r e v e n t sub-
s t a n t i a l imbalances i n t h e l o c a l space charge from o c c u r r i n g .

F i g u r e 10-2 shows a t y p i c a l i o n w a k e p r o f i l e as p r e d i c t e d by t h e
t h e o r y o f Gurevich e t a l . ( r e f s . 1 and 2 ) .

EQUIPMENT

For t h e Gemini X I m i s s i o n , t h e e l e c t r o n d e t e c t o r w a s l o c a t e d on t h e
GATV T a r g e t Docking Adapter (TDA) and o p e r a t e d c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g t h e
experiment. Operation o f t h e i n b o a r d i o n d e t e c t o r s depended upon t h e
a n g u l a r r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e GATV w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
v e c t o r . The i n b o a r d i o n d e t e c t o r p r o v i d e d u s e f u l d a t a whenever t h e GATV
moved TDA-forward w i t h i t s axis p a r a l l e l t o t h e o r b i t a l p a t h ; t h e o u t -
board d e t e c t o r w a s o p e r a t i v e whenever t h e GATV yawed a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o
t h e o r b i t a l p a t h . The l o c a t i o n of t h e equipment on t h e TDA w a s shown
i n f i g u r e 10-3.

The sensors were five-element r e t a r d i n g p o t e n t i a l a n a l y z e r s w i t h

a c modulation f o r low-threshold o p e r a t i o n . They were d e s i g n e d t o meas-
w e i o n and e l e c t r o n c u r r e n t over a range from 5 x 10-l’ t o 5 x 1 0-6
amperes, with e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r e measurements i n a r a n g e from 3
3
e l e c t r o n v o l t s down t o zero. I o n d e n s i t i e s as low as 50 i o n s p e r cm
were considered d e t e c t a b l e f o r t h i s experiment. For c o n t o u r mapping,
p o s i t i o n r e s o l u t i o n t o approximately 1 f o o t i n accuracy was o b t a i n e d
from a 16-DIT,general-purpose sequence camera.

The s e n s o r - e l e c t r o m e t e r systems each c o l l e c t e d and modulated plasma

c u r r e n t i n a Faraday cup c o n t a i n i n g f o u r g r i d s followed by a c o l l e c t o r
p l a t e . The v o l t a g e bias p l a c e d on t h e f r o n t g r i d of t h e e l e c t r o n s e n s o r
l i m i t e d t h e minimum energy e l e c t r o n which can e n t e r t h e s e n s o r . T h i s
bias was swept from a + 9 t o -3 v o l t s r e l a t i v e t o s p a c e c r a f t p o t e n t i a l .
The second g r i d a c c e l e r a t e d t h e p r o p e r l y charged p a r t i c l e s which p a s s e d
t h e f i r s t g r i d . On both s e n s o r s , t h e second g r i d p r e v e n t e d unwanted
p a r t i c l e s from e n t e r i n g t h e system.

A t h i r d g r i d w a s d r i v e n by a 3840-cps s q u a r e wave which modulated

t h e plasma c u r r e n t by a l t e r n a t e l y blocking and a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e p a r t i c l e s
p a s s i n g through t h e second g r i d . A f o u r t h g r i d a c t u a l l y c o n s i s t e d of
t h r e e s c r e e n s connected t o g e t h e r t o a c t as a c a p a c i t i v e s h i e l d between
t h e modulation g r i d ( g r i d t h r e e ) and t h e f i n a l c o l l e c t o r . The t h i r d
s c r e e n i n t h e f i n a l g r i d a l s o served as a c o l l e c t o r f o r secondary photo
e l e c t r o n s produced i n t h e s e n s o r .

The s e n s o r o u t p u t c u r r e n t was designed t o swing from z e r o t o t h e

dc v a l u e of t h e i n p u t plasma c u r r e n t and back w i t h i n 1 microsecond,
w i t h a 50-percent d u t y c y c l e a t a frequency of 3840 c p s . T h i s square-
wave c u r r e n t was a m p l i f i e d by a n ac e l e c t r o m e t e r l o c a t e d behind t h e
s e n s o r . E l e c t r o m e t e r s i g n a l s were synchronously demodulated and averaged
by a n analog s i g n a l p r o c e s s o r c a r r i e d aboard t h e GATV. A r e s u l t i n g
v o l t a g e p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e l o g a r i t h m i c average was g e n e r a t e d and buf-
f e r e d , t h e n i n p u t e d t o t h e a n a l o g - t o - d i g i t a l c o n v e r t e r i n t h e GATV telem-
e t r y system f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n t o t h e network t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n s .

PROCEDURES

The f l i g h t p l a n c o n t a i n e d t h r e e modes f o r t h e ion-wake experiment.

Mode A w a s a l i n e a r d e p a r t u r e maneuver. Mode B had t h r e e sequences which
i n c l u d e d two o u t - o f - p l a n e maneuvers, one a t n i g h t and one i n d a y l i g h t ,
and one n i g h t t i m e i n - p l a n e mapping. These f o u r phases of modes A and B
were planned and executed between 2 hours 10 minutes and 3 hours 50'min-
Utes g . e . t . Real-time t e l e m e t r y and delayed-time t e l e m e t r y r e c e i v e d
over t h e high-speed d a t a l i n e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a l l s e n s o r s performed
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Mode C of t h e experiment c o n s i s t e d of a 360" r o l l a t
t h e apogee of t h e f i r s t r e v o l u t i o n of t h e h i g h l y e l l i p t i c a l 740- by
160-nautical-mile o r b i t .

A DIT, general-purpose sequence camera w i t h a 18-KU~I lens was actu-

a t e d f o r modes A and B t o provide p o s i t i o n and range information t o be
used for d a t a c o r r e l a t i o n .
120

RESULTS

Data c o r r e l a t i o n and r e d u c t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c o r r e l a t i n g t h e GATV

t e l e m e t r y d a t a w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e two v e h i c l e s ,
has r e q u i r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t . The r a d a r system, which w a s t o b e em-
ployed f o r backup r a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n , w a s n o t f’unctioning d u r i n g t h e exper-
iment. The onboard v o i c e t a p e r e c o r d e r a p p a r e n t l y w a s a l s o i n o p e r a t i v e
d u r i n g p e r i o d s when t h e crew w a s t o r e c o r d s t a r t - a n d - s t o p times o f t h e
-
16-KUIIb o r e s i g h t e d sequence camera. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e a u x i l i a r y r e c e p t a c l e
which w a s t o p r o v i d e t i m e markers w a s n o t f’unctioning. Some of t h e pho-
t o g r a p h i c d a t a appear t o b e o f u s a b l e q u a l i t y f o r e v e n t u a l c o r r e l a t i o n
o f experiment d a t a w i t h p o s i t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n . A d d i t i o n a l a t t e m p t s t o
a c h i e v e p o s i t i o n c o r r e l a t i o n and t i m e r e g i s t r a t i o n are b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t
by u s i n g t h r u s t e r f i r i n g d u r a t i o n s and on-off t i m e s .

Real-time t e l e m e t r y d a t a t a k e n d u r i n g t h e Gemini s p a c e c r a f t and GATV

t e t h e r e d f l i g h t are shown i n f i g u r e 10-4. Only approximate c u r r e n t s
could be obtained from t h e t e l e m e t r y d a t a . During t h e t e t h e r e d f l i g h t ,
t h e two v e h i c l e s were r e v o l v i n g abGut t h e i r c e n t e r of mass w h i l e s e p a r a t e d
by a 100-foot t e t h e r . By o b s e r v i n g t h e o s c i l l a t i o n s i n t h e s e n s o r re-
s p o n s e s , t h e P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r w a s a b l e t o p r o v i d e a real-time e s t i -
mate of t h e r o t a t i o n p e r i o d . T h i s r o t a t i o n r a t e w a s e s t i m a t e d t o b e
approximately 7 minutes. The u s e of t h e aeromedical h i g h speed d a t a
t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s made t h i s p o s s i b l e d u r i n g real-time.

Telemetry d a t a from modes A and B are shown i n f i g u r e s 10-5 t o 10-8.

The outboard i o n s e n s o r v o l t a g e shown on t h e t e l e m e t r y d a t a i n p a r t ( b ) Of
each of t h e s e f i g u r e s can b e compared w i t h t h e mode p r o c e d u r a l diagrams
shown i n p a r t ( a ) of t h e same f i g u r e . Data l o s s o c c u r r e d d u r i n g se-
quence 1 of mode B and i s i n d i c a t e d i n figure l O - 5 ( b ) . Dips i n outboard
i o n s e n s o r output v o l t a g e are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h r u s t e r f i r i n g s . The
p o s i t i o n - i n d i c a t i o n number o f t h e t h r u s t e r which was f i r e d i s shown i n
f i g u r e 10-8(b) n e a r i t s a s s o c i a t e d i o n s e n s o r o u t p u t v o l t a g e d i p .

The following e f f e c t s were observed i n real-time and from delayed-

t i m e t e l e m e t r y d u r i n g t h e mission:

( a ) The s p a c e c r a f t w a k e shadow produced i o n d e p l e t i o n s a t l e a s t an

o r d e r of magnitude below t h e ambient l e v e l s .

( b ) The bow shock f o r t h e enhanced ion-count phenomenon, p r e v i -

o u s l y r e p o r t e d d u r i n g t h e Gemini X m i s s i o n , w a s r e p e a t e d d u r i n g t h e t e r -
minal rendezvous-and-docking phases i n t h e TDA-north c o n f i g u r a t i o n .
 121

( c ) R e f l e c t i o n o f i o n s from t h e p i l o t d u r i n g h i s e x t r a v e h i c u l a r
a c t i v i t y w a s observed.

( d ) S t r i p - c h a r t .real-time d a t a from Cape Kennedy and delayed-time

t e l e m e t r y from t h e Rose Knot V i c t o r t r a c k i n g s h i p were used t o determine
t h e r o t a t i o n rate o f t h e t e t h e r e d spacecraft/GATV c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

( e ) A change i n p o t e+ n t i a l of t h e docked c o n f i g u r a t i o n under GATV

-/
primary p r o p u l s i o n system]fTrings w a s observed. The same e f f e c t had been
observed p r e v i o u s l y d u r i n g t h e Gemini X m i s s i o n .

( f ) The e f f e c t s o f t h r u s t e r f i r i n g s a p p a r e n t d u r i n g t h e Gemini X
m i s s i o n were a l s o apparent i n t h i s m i s s i o n . These e f f e c t s appeared t o

if
b e r e a d i l y s e p a r a b l e from t h e wake measurements. T h i s w a s not p o s s i b l e
w i t h t h e Gemini X d a t a .

CONCLUSIONS

It i s p o s s i b l e t o make c e r t a i n t e n t a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n s : T h r u s t e r
f i r i n g s i n t h e TDA-south c o n f i g u r a t i o n produce a d e c r e a s e i n t h e observed
i o n f l u x t o t h e outboard i o n s e n s o r , an a p p a r e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e i o n f l u x
t o t h e i n b o a r d i o n s e n s o r , and an enhanced e l e c t r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o t h e
outboard e l e c t r o n sensor.

Visual inspection o f strip-chart d a t a shows t h a t d e f i n i t i v e wake-

cone a n g l e s can b e determined. It i s a l s o a p p a r e n t f o r many c a s e s t h a t
t h e e l e c t r o n d i s t r i b u t i o n follows t h e ion depletion effects, indicating
t h a t t h e wake i s a plasma r a t h e r t h a n an i o n wake.

D e t a i l e d s c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s on a l l d a t a p r o c e s s i n g and a n a l y s i s
w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e by December 1 5 , 1967, under a s e p a r a t e NASA C o n t r a c t No.
NAS 9-6921 t i t l e d , "Processing , Analyzing , R e p o r t i n g , and P u b l i s h i n g
t h e Results o f Experiment s026, Gemini Ion-Wake Experiment."
122

REFERENCES

1. Gurevich, A. V.; A l ' P e r t , Y a . L . ; and P i t a e v s k i i , L. P.: Effects

Produced by an A r t i f i c i a l S a t e l l i t e Rapidly Moving i n t h e Iono-
sphere o r i n an I n t e r p l a n e t a r y Medium. Sov. P h y s i c s Uspekhi
(Eng. t r a n s l . ) -
6, 13, 1963.
2. Gurevich, A. V.; A l ' P e r t , Ya. L.; and P i t a e v s k i i , L. P.: Space
Physics w i t h A r t i f i c i a l S a t e l l i t e s . H. H. N i c k l e , t r a n s . , 1965.
 RAD1AT1ON 1
2

(“SECONDARY” ELECTRONS) j = n v
.
(AMBIENT NEUTRALS)
Jn’PnVs

SATELLITE

(AMBIENT
ELECTRONS) / I

Vs = S A T E L L I T E VELOCITY
Ve = A M B I E N T ELECTRON VELOCITIES
Pn=NEUTRAL DENSITY OF AMBIENT

P ~ = I OCENSITY
N OF AMBIENT

pe = E L E C T R O N DENSITY OF AMBIENT

ASSUME:P,= Pe A N D Ve >> V,

Figure 10-1. - Particle fluxes to satellite in the lower ionosphere.

124

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126

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127

I I I I I

1. A l l 0.2 ftlsec
2. Spacecraft b l u n t end forward

.
I,

Velocity vector

F
D

I I I I I I

0 5 10 15 20 70
Distance, feet
(a) Mode Blsequence 1 - Out of orbital plane, TDA pointing south from Agena.

c
a,
v)
A
c 2
-
0

1 A

I - 0 A

Figure 10- 5. - Ion-wake measurement during night out-of-orbital

plane maneuver.
128

15
1. A to G 0.2 ftlSeC
2. G t o 1 1.0 ftlsec
10 3. Spacecraft blunt end forward

b
c 5
d
u I,

I
c o -H-
m
c
VI
._
n
5

Velocity vector -I
10

15
F
I I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 70
Distance. feet
(a) Mode Blsequence 2 - In orbital plane d u r i n g darkness, TDA pointing south.

VI
-
c

fib
0
A noma ly
c
cz
3
c
3
0
L
s:
c
a,
VI

c
0
._

I
n
L
'D
0
0
3
0

Spikes are dips associated

with thruster firings.

0226 2:27 2:28 2:29 2:30 2:31 2:32

Ground elapsed time from lift-off hours: minutes
(b) Telemetry data.

Figure 10-6. - Ion-wake measurement during night in-orbital

plane maneuver.
 129

0 5 10 15 20 70
Distance, feet
(a) Mode Blsequence 3 - Out of orbital plane, TDA pointing south from Agena.

m 4
-
c

>
0

c
3
n
50 3
L
m
0
c
3
. 5 2
._
U

2
3
3
O 1

I I Spikes are dips associated

with thruster f i r i n g s
0
3:OO 3:Ol 3:02 3:03 3:04 3:05 3:06 3:07
Ground elapsed time from lift-off, hours: minutes
(b) Telemetry data.

Figure 10-7. - Ion-wake measurement during daylight

out-of -orbital plane maneuver.
130

I I I I I I

15 . 1. A to C - 0.2 ftlsec
2. C t o D less t h a n 1.0 ftlsec
3. Spacecraft b l u n t end forward
10 .

c
8 5.
a-
z 0 . -b
m
.-cn
c

n
5 -
Velocity vector

10 .

15 .
B

0 5 10 15 20 103
Distance, feet
(a) Mode A - Linear departure, TDA pointing south from Agena.

4
-
c
VI

9
c
3
a
50 3
L
0
VI

c
“0
7
I
c 2
._
0
n
2
9
0’ 1.
Spikes a r e dips associated
with t h r u s t e r firings.

0 -
3:44 367 3:48 3:49 3:50 3:51 3:52 3:53
Ground elapsed time from lift-off, hours:minutes
(b) Telemetry data.

Figure 10-8. - Ion-wake measurement during linear

departure maneuver.
 131

11. EXPERIMENT S 0 3 0 , DIM SKY PHOTOGWHS/ORTHICON

By Dr. Edward P. Ney

Institute of Technology
University of Minnesota

and

Dr. Curtis L. Hemenway

Dudley Observatory

SUMMARY

The SO30 Dim Sky Photographs/Orthicon experiment used the image

orthicon system of the DO15 Night Image Intensification experiment to
obtain photographic data on faint diffuse astronomical phenomena. The
flight crew carried out the entire observing program. However, film was
only obtained of the gegenschein just after sunset and of a partially
completed scan of the horizon because the recording camera was not func-
tioning during the airglow sequence. The photographs are useful for
determining the airglow geometry. The system, although it has an im-
pressive sensitivity, is unsuitable in its present form for the study
of dim diffuse astronomical sources of light.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the SO30 Dim Sky Photographs/Orthicon experiment

was to use the image orthicon system of the DO15 Night Image Intensifi-
cation experiment to obtain photographic data on faint diffuse astronom-
ical phenomena.

The astronomical phenomena of interest were the Milky Way, the air-
glow layer viewed in profile, the zodiacal light, the gegenschein, and
the stable Lagrangian libration points. The noise threshold sensitivity
of the DO15 experiment was estimated at foot-lamberts of object
brightness.' The brightness of the astronomical objects of interest are:

Airglow layer, ft-L ................ 1 x

Brightest Milky Way, ft-L . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 x

132

Zodiacal light, ft-L ............... 1 x

Gegenschein, ft-L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lagrangian points, ft-L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 x 10-7

It is evident that the airglow layer should have been easily ob-
served by the DO15 equipment, while the Lagrangian libration points, if
they actually exist, approach the noise level of the system. The gegen-
schein is considered of paramount importance, but, because of its low
brightness, evaluation techniques other than visual observance of photo-
graphs are required. Photographic negatives are being examined with a
microdensitometer to extract the maximum of astronomical information and
to derive absolute values of the surface brightness of the objects in
question.

EQUIPMENT

The equipment consisted of the D O 1 5 apparatus which produces 16-IUII

photographs of a television display of an image orthicon output. Photo-
graphs were taken with an exposure time of 1/30 second.

PROCEDURES

The procedures for the SO30 experiment were similar to those of the
D O 1 5 experiment, except for the observed and recorded objects of inter-
est. The flight plan schedules 12 operational sequences for this experi-
ment. They were performed during the night phase of revolution 41 at
65 hours 35 minutes g.e.t. The sequence of events requiring crew par-
ticipation was as follows:

Sequence 1 -Activate DO15 equipment before suhset.

Sequence 2 -After sunset, acquire the gegenschein area from

ground instructions, then drift in the general star area for 10 seconds.
Observe the TV monitor screen and activate the .photo-record button as
required.

Sequence 3 -Acquire the earth horizon and make a 3 6 0 O sweep of the

earth airglow and photographically record observations.

Sequence 4 -Reacquire gegenschein and repeat sequence 2.

 133

Sequence 5 - A c q u i r e t h e dark a r e a 15' east o f t h e star Canopus.

D r i f t t h r o u g h t h i s area f o r 30 seconds and p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y r e c o r d ob-
servations.

Sequence 6 - P o s i t i o n s p a c e c r a f t t o a c q u i r e Magellenic c l o u d s l o -
c a t e d 15' s o u t h o f Canopus. D r i f t w i t h i n t h i s area f o r 15 seconds and
photographically record observations.

Sequence 7 - R e p e a t sequence 4.
Sequence 8 - A c q u i r e and o c c u l t moon w i t h t h e s p a c e c r a f t nose f o r
1 5 seconds. Observe and r e c o r d o b s e r v a t i o n s .

Sequence 9 - Repeat sequence 4.

Sequence 1 0 - A c q u i r e t h e e a s t e r n h o r i z o n b e f o r e s u n r i s e and ob-
s e r v e and r e c o r d z o d i a c a l a r e a s .

Sequence 11 - Acquire, observe, and p h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y r e c o r d l i b r a -

t i o n r e g i o n s f o r a 30-second p e r i o d i n accordance w i t h ground i n s t r u c -
tions.

Sequence 1 2 - A c q u i r e and observe o t h e r a s t r o n o m i c a l phenomena as

recommended from ground m i s s i o n c o n t r o l .

RESULTS

The crew i n d i c a t e d d u r i n g t h e p o s t f l i g h t experiments d e b r i e f i n g

t h a t sequences 1, 2 , 3, 5 , and 7 were performed w i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y . The
16-IMI photographic f i l m d a t a c o n s i s t of 400 frames, showing t h a t p a r t of
sequence 2 and most of sequence 3 were t h e o n l y sequences photographi-
c a l l y recorded. E v a l u a t i o n of t h e complete f i l m r e c o r d s has shown t h a t
30 p e r c e n t of t h e a v a i l a b l e f i l m f o r experiments DO15 and SO30 w a s n o t
exposed. Apparently t h e recording camera w a s n o t f u n c t i o n i n g d u r i n g t h e
t i m e of crew p a r t i c i p a t i o n , except f o r t h e a i r g l o w sequence. This c o u l d
have r e s u l t e d from f a i l u r e of t h e p i l o t t o p r e s s t h e photo-record b u t t o n
o r through m a l f u n c t i o n of t h e camera r e c o r d i n g system. The camera w a s
checked f o r system f a i l u r e and p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e d t h e camera
r e c o r d i n g cathode r a y t u b e s h o r t e d o u t and f a i l e d d u r i n g t h e f i n a l
sequence.

Photographic d a t a o f t h e 360' sweep of e a r t h ' s h o r i z o n show stars

down t o t h e f i f t h aud s i x t h magnitude. F i g u r e 11-1 shows one frame o f
t h e 3-frame-per-secondY 1/30-second exposure coverage.
 The airglow photographs show t h e a i r g l o w s h a r p l y d e l i n e a t e d on t o p
and t h e y w i l l b e u s e f u l i n determining t h e h e i g h t of t h e a i r g l o w l a y e r
a t a l l p o i n t s around t h e h o r i z o n . The photographs t o t h e northwest seem
t o show a s p l i t t i n g of t h e a i r g l o w l a y e r . To determine t h e r e a l i t y of
t h i s e f f e c t t h e o r i g i n a l film w i l l have t o be s t u d i e d w i t h an i s o d e n s i -
tracer.
c
I n about 20 exposures t o t h e w e s t t h e h o r i z o n becomes v e r y d i s t o r t e d
by some phenomena l o c a l t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t .

I n a l l of t h e p i c t u r e s a d i f f u s e slow a p p e a r s i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e
frame. It i s presumably due t o an e l e c t r o n i c e f f e c t i n t h e image i n t e n -
s i f i e r b u t makes it v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o s e a r c h f o r d i f f u s e s o u r c e s o f
a s t r o n o m i c a l i n t e r e s t . Also a b r i g h t band, which a p p e a r s t o b e a re-
f l e c t i o n o r ghost produced by t h e b r i g h t a i r g l o w l a y e r , f r e q u e n t l y
a p p e a r s i n t h e sky p o r t i o n of t h e photographs.

The airglow seen i n p r o f 5 l e i s w e l l exposed i n t h e s e 1/30-second

photographs. The a i r g l o w viewed from above i s a l s o w i t h i n t h e exposure
c a p a b i l i t y . This i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e equipment i s s e n s i t i v e t o i l l u m i n a -
t i o n of about f i f t y 1 0 t h magnitude s t a r s / 0 2 or about 5 x lo-’ s t i l b .
I n view o f t h i s s e n s i t i v i t y it i s incomprehensible t h a t n e i t h e r t h e
z o d i a c a l l i g h t nor t h e Milky Way can be i d e n t i f i e d . It i s perhaps be-
c a u s e of t h e r a t h e r b r i g h t and p e r s i s t e n t g h o s t images i n t h e system.

CONCLUSIONS

The photographs w i l l b e u s e f u l f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a i r g l o w geometry.

The system i n i t s p r e s e n t form i s u n s u i t a b l e f o r t h e s t u d y of dim d i f f u s e
a s t r o n o m i c a l s o u r c e s of l i g h t , a l t h o u g h t h e system has an i m p r e s s i v e sen-
s i t i v i t y . A t t h e same f number it produces a n exposure i n 1 / 3 0 second
which i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e exposure o b t a i n e d i n 30 seconds w i t h T r i - X
f i l m i n t h e SO01 camera used on Gemini I X . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , approxi-
m a t e l y 1000 times f a s t e r t h a n photographic t e c h n i q u e s .
 This photograph was taken at night at 65:51:27 g.e.t. using
the DO15 Night Image intensification tube as a sensor. It was photo-
graphed at a 1 / 3 0 of a second exposure with a 16-mm camera. The
earth horizon and airglow are clearly visible. Several stars between the
airglow and earth are easily distinguishable as are stars above the airglow
layer. The photograph was taken of the constellation Cepheus. The
visual magnitude of 0 Cepheus is 4.76 and B Cepheus is 3.23.

Figure 11-1. - Airglow and star fields.

c
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