Objective:: Write An Experiment On Zener Diode Clipper

University of Wah
Department of physics
Fall Semester
Course Title : Electronic Devices and circuits: MSC 1st PHY
9 & Onwards
Instructor :sir javed iqbal
Name: syeda Anmol Rida Registration Number: uw-20-
phy-Msc-007
Program: msc physics smster: 1st
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB
Objective:
Write an experiment on
zener Diode Clipper.
Apparatus:
➢ Ac voltage source
➢ Zener diode
➢ Resistance
➢ Oscilloscope
➢ Dc voltage source
➢ Variable resistance
Zener Diode Clipping
In the forward region, the zener acts just like an ordinary silicon diode with a
forward voltage drop of 0.7V (700mV) when conducting, the same as above.
However, in the reverse bias region, the voltage is blocked until the zener diodes
breakdown voltage is reached. At this point, the reverse current through the
zener increases sharply but the zener voltage, VZ across the device remains
constant even if the zener current, IZ varies.
Then we can put this zener action to good effect by using them for clipping a
waveform as shown.
Zener Diode Clipping
The zener diode is acting like a biased diode clipping circuit with the bias voltage
being equal to the zener breakdown voltage. In this circuit during the positive half
of the waveform the zener diode is reverse biased so the waveform is clipped at
the zener voltage, VZD1. During the negative half cycle the zener acts like a normal
diode with its usual 0.7V junction value.
Full-wave Zener Diode Clipping
The output waveform from full wave zener diode clipping circuits resembles that
of the previous voltage biased diode clipping circuit. The output waveform will be
clipped at the zener voltage plus the 0.7V forward volt drop of the other diode. So
for example, the positive half cycle will be clipped at the sum of zener
diode, ZD1 plus 0.7V from ZD2 and vice versa for the negative half cycle
[Lab ]. Basic logic
Gates (AND, OR,
NOT,NOR NAND)
1- To study and understand the 3 basic
gates.
Logic AND Gate

Input (Pin 1) Input (Pin 2) Output (Pin 3)
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Transistor Logic AND Gate

This is a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) AND Gate circuit using bipolar junction
transistors. A basic circuit using any general-purpose bipolar transistor such as the
BC549, BC548, or BC547, can be used to construct the AND gate.
In this configuration there are two transistors connected in series. This is similar to two
switches connected in series. The current through the diode will flow only when both
transistors are conducting. This can only happen when both transistors receive an input
voltage of 5 V (TTL) representing logic 1.
If either of the transistors receives an input voltage of 0 V (logic 0) then the transistor
does not conduct breaking the flow of current.
NAND Gate Transistor Logic

This is a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) NAND Gate circuit using bipolar junction
BC549, BC548, or BC547, could be used to construct the gate.
In this circuit, we have two bipolar transistors connected in series across the light
emitting diode (LED). The current to the diode is bypassed only when both transistors
are conducting at the same time. If only one transistor is conducting, then the bypass
path remains open, and the LED stays ON.
A NAND gate is very useful in digital electronics. You could use them to make a half-
adder circuit.
Transistor Logic NOT Gate - Inverter
A Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) NOT gate or inverter is one of the simplest logic
gates used in Digital Electronics. A NOT gate using a transistor is very simple to make.
This circuit uses a commonly available bipolar junction transistor (bjt). I tested the
circuit implementation using a BC549C NPN transistor, however almost any general-
purpose BC range of transistors should work. For example, the BC547, BC548, and
BC549, would also work in this circuit.
In a TTL circuit, logic 1 represents +5 V at the input. This causes the transistor to switch
ON hard and all the current then passes through its collector to the emitter and into
ground. The transistor therefore bypasses the current to the LED, and the LED goes
OFF.
When the input is logic 0, represented by 0 V at the input, the transistor stops conducting
and goes OFF. All the current therefore goes through the 1 kΩ resistor and through the
LED and the LED comes ON.
Transistor Logic OR Gate

Input (Pin 1) Input (Pin 2) Output (Pin 3)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
This is a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) OR Gate circuit using bipolar junction
BC549, BC548, or BC547, could be used to construct the gate.
In this configuration there are two transistors connected in parallel. This is similar to
two switches connected in parallel. The current through the LED will flow if either of the
transistors are conducting. This can happen when either transistor receives an input
voltage of 5 V representing logic 1.
NOR Gate Transistor Logic
This is a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) NOR Gate circuit using bipolar junction
transistors. A basic circuit using any general-purpose transistor such as the BC549,
BC548, or BC547, could be used to construct the gate.
In this configuration, there are two transistors whose emitter collector junctions are
connected in parallel across the diode. This is similar to two switches connected in
parallel across the diode. Either of these transistors is capable of bypassing the LED. If
Tr1 conducts then all the current passes through it and the LED turns OFF. If Tr2
conducts then all the current passes through it, and again the LED will turn OFF.
The LED lights when both transistors are not conducting and OFF

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University of Wah

Zener Diode Clipping

Full-wave Zener Diode Clipping

Logic AND Gate

Transistor Logic AND Gate

NAND Gate Transistor Logic

Transistor Logic OR Gate

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