8-1 Introduction To Vectors: Esolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero

the mass of the tire and the downward pull due to
gravity.
8-1 Introduction to Vectors ANSWER:

vector
State whether each quantity described is a 6. a rock thrown straight up at a velocity of 50 feet per
vector quantity or a scalar quantity. second
1. a box being pushed at a force of 125 newtons
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: This quantity has a magnitude of 50 feet per second
This quantity has a magnitude of 125 newtons, but no and a direction of straight up. This is a vector
direction is given. This is a scalar quantity. quantity.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
scalar vector
Use a ruler and a protractor to draw an arrow

2. wind blowing at 20 knots diagram for each quantity described. Include a
SOLUTION: scale on each diagram.
7. h = 13 inches per second at a bearing of 205°
This quantity has a magnitude of 20 knots, but no
direction is given. This is a scalar quantity. SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 3 in./s, draw
ANSWER:
and label a 13 ÷ 3 or about 4.33-centimeter arrow at
scalar an angle of 205° clockwise from the north.
3. a deer running 15 meters per second due west
SOLUTION:
This quantity has a magnitude of 15 meters per
second and a direction of due west. This is a vector
quantity.
ANSWER:
vector
4. a baseball thrown with a speed of 85 miles per hour

SOLUTION:
This quantity has a magnitude of 85 miles per hour,
Drawing may not be to scale.
but no direction is given. This is a scalar quantity.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
scalar
5. a 15-pound tire hanging from a rope

SOLUTION:
Weight is a vector quantity that is calculated using
the mass of the tire and the downward pull due to
gravity.
ANSWER:
vector
6. a rock thrown straight up at a velocity of 50 feet per

second
SOLUTION: Drawing may not be to scale.
eSolutions
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magnitude of 50 feet per second Page 1
and a direction of straight up. This is a vector 8. g = 6 kilometers per hour at a bearing of N70°W

quantity.
and a direction of straight up. This is a vector
quantity.
8-1 ANSWER:
Introduction to Vectors Drawing may not be to scale.
vector
Use a ruler and a protractor to draw an arrow 8. g = 6 kilometers per hour at a bearing of N70°W

diagram for each quantity described. Include a
scale on each diagram. SOLUTION:
7. h = 13 inches per second at a bearing of 205° Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 2 km/h,
draw and label a 3-centimeter arrow at an angle of
SOLUTION: 70° west of north.
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 3 in./s, draw
and label a 13 ÷ 3 or about 4.33-centimeter arrow at
an angle of 205° clockwise from the north.
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
9. j = 5 feet per minute at 300° to the horizontal
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 1 ft/min,
300° to the x-axis.
8. g = 6 kilometers per hour at a bearing of N70°W
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 2 km/h,
70° west of north.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero ANSWER: Page 2
Sample answer:
8-1 Introduction to Vectors
Drawing may not be to scale. Drawing may not be to scale.
9. j = 5 feet per minute at 300° to the horizontal 10. k = 28 kilometers at 35° to the horizontal

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 1 ft/min, Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 in : 10 km, draw
draw and label a 5-centimeter arrow at an angle of and label a 2.8-inch arrow at an angle of 35° to the
300° to the x-axis. x-axis.
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
11. m = 40 meters at a bearing of S55°E
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 10 m, draw
and label a 4-centimeter arrow at an angle of 55°
east of south.
10. k = 28 kilometers at 35° to the horizontal
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 in : 10 km, draw
and label a 2.8-inch arrow at an angle of 35° to the
x-axis.
ANSWER:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3
Sample answer:
11. m = 40 meters at a bearing of S55°E 12. n = 32 yards per second at a bearing of 030°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 10 m, draw Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 10 yd/sec,
and label a 4-centimeter arrow at an angle of 55° draw and label a 3.2-centimeter arrow at an angle of
east of south. 30° clockwise from the north.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
Sample answer:

12. n = 32 yards per second at a bearing of 030°
Find the resultant of each pair of vectors using
SOLUTION: either the triangle or parallelogram method.
Sample answer: Using a scale of 1 cm : 10 yd/sec, State the magnitude of the resultant to the
draw and label a 3.2-centimeter arrow at an angle of nearest tenth of a centimeter and its direction
30° clockwise from the north. relative to the horizontal.
13.
SOLUTION:
Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then
draw the resultant vector a + b as shown. Draw the
horizontal.
ANSWER:
Sample answer:


Measure the length of a + b and then measure the

ANSWER:
8-1 Introduction to Vectors 1.4 cm, 50
o
Find the resultant of each pair of vectors using

either the triangle or parallelogram method.
State the magnitude of the resultant to the
nearest tenth of a centimeter and its direction 14.
relative to the horizontal.
SOLUTION:
Translate q so that its tail touches the tip of p. Then
draw the resultant vector p + q as shown. Draw the
horizontal.
13.
SOLUTION:
draw the resultant vector a + b as shown. Draw the Drawing may not be to scale.
horizontal.
Measure the length of p + q and then measure the
angle this vector makes with the horizontal.
The vector has a length of approximately 1.1
centimeters and is at an approximate angle of 310°
with the horizontal.

Measure the length of a + b and then measure the ANSWER:
angle this vector makes with the horizontal. o
1.1 cm, 310

ANSWER:
o 15.
1.4 cm, 50
SOLUTION:
Translate c so that its tail touches the tip of d. Then
draw the resultant vector d + c as shown. Draw the
horizontal.
14.
SOLUTION:
Translate q so that its tail touches the tip of p. Then
draw the resultant vector p + q as shown. Draw the
horizontal. Drawing may not be to scale.

Measure the length of d + c and then measure the
Drawing may not be to scale. centimeter and is at an approximate angle of 46°
Measure the length of p + q and then measure the
The vector has a length of approximately 1.1 ANSWER:
centimeters and is at an approximate angle of 310° 1.0 cm, 46
o

with the horizontal. with the horizontal.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
8-1 Introduction
o to Vectors o
1.1 cm, 310 1.0 cm, 46
16.
15.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Translate k so that its tail touches the tip of h. Then
Translate c so that its tail touches the tip of d. Then draw the resultant vector h + k as shown. Draw the
draw the resultant vector d + c as shown. Draw the horizontal.
horizontal.

Measure the length of d + c and then measure the
angle this vector makes with the horizontal. Measure the length of h + k and then measure the
The vector has a length of approximately 1.0 angle this vector makes with the horizontal.
centimeter and is at an approximate angle of 46° The vector has a length of approximately 1.1
with the horizontal. centimeters and is at an approximate angle of 320°

ANSWER:
o
ANSWER:
1.0 cm, 46 o
1.1 cm, 320
16.
17.
SOLUTION:
Translate k so that its tail touches the tip of h. Then SOLUTION:
draw the resultant vector h + k as shown. Draw the Translate n so that its tail touches the tip of m. Then
horizontal. draw the resultant vector m + n as shown. Draw the
horizontal.

Measure the length of h + k and then measure the Drawing may not be to scale.
The vector has a length of approximately 1.1 Measure the length of m + n and then measure the
centimeters and is at an approximate angle of 320° angle this vector makes with the horizontal.
with the horizontal. The vector has a length of approximately 2.3
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eSolutions centimeters and is at an approximate angle of 188°
Page 6
ANSWER:
o
with the horizontal. with the horizontal.

ANSWER: ANSWER:
8-1 Introduction
o to Vectors o
1.1 cm, 320 2.3 cm, 188
17.
SOLUTION: 18.
Translate n so that its tail touches the tip of m. Then
SOLUTION:
draw the resultant vector m + n as shown. Draw the
horizontal. Translate g so that its tail touches the tip of f. Then
draw the resultant vector f + g as shown. Draw the
horizontal.

Measure the length of m + n and then measure the
angle this vector makes with the horizontal. Drawing may not be to scale.
centimeters and is at an approximate angle of 188° Measure the length of f + g and then measure the
with the horizontal. angle this vector makes with the horizontal.
ANSWER: with the horizontal.
o
2.3 cm, 188
ANSWER:
3.8 cm, 231°
19. GOLFING While playing a golf video game, Ana
hits a ball 35º above the horizontal at a speed of 40
miles per hour with a 5 miles per hour wind blowing,
18. as shown. Find the resulting speed and direction of
the ball.
SOLUTION:
Translate g so that its tail touches the tip of f. Then
draw the resultant vector f + g as shown. Draw the
horizontal.
SOLUTION:
Let a = hitting a ball 40 miles per hour at an angle of
35° above the horizontal and b = a 5 mph wind
blowing due east. Draw a diagram to represent a
and b using a scale of 1 cm : 5 mph.

eSolutions Page 7
Measure the length of f + g and then measure the
with the horizontal. hour at an angle of 31° with the horizontal.

8-1 ANSWER:
Introduction to Vectors ANSWER:
3.8 cm, 231° 45 mph, 31º
19. GOLFING While playing a golf video game, Ana 20. BOATING A charter boat leaves port on a
hits a ball 35º above the horizontal at a speed of 40 heading of N60°W for 12 nautical miles. The captain
miles per hour with a 5 miles per hour wind blowing, changes course to a bearing of N25°E for the next
as shown. Find the resulting speed and direction of 15 nautical miles. Determine the ship’s distance and
the ball. direction from port to its current location.
SOLUTION:
Let a = the boat leaving port on a heading of N60°W
for 12 nautical miles and b = the new course of
N25°E for 15 nautical miles. Draw a diagram to
represent a and b using a scale of 1 cm : 3 mi/h.
SOLUTION:
Let a = hitting a ball 40 miles per hour at an angle of
35° above the horizontal and b = a 5 mph wind
blowing due east. Draw a diagram to represent a
and b using a scale of 1 cm : 5 mph.

draw the resultant vector a + b.

Drawings may not be to scale.

Drawings may not be to scale. angle this vector makes with the horizontal. The
length of the vector is approximately 6.5 centimeters,
Measure the length of a + b and then measure the which is 6.5 × 3 or 19.5 nautical miles. Therefore,
angle this vector makes with the horizontal. The the ship traveled approximately 19.5 nautical miles at
length of the vector is approximately 9 centimeters, a bearing of N11°W.
which is 9 × 5 or 45 miles per hour. Therefore,
Ana’s ball is traveling approximately 45 miles per
hour at an angle of 31° with the horizontal. ANSWER:
19.5 nautical mi, N11°W
ANSWER: 21. HIKING Nick and Lauren hiked 3.75 kilometers to
45 mph, 31º a lake 55° east of south from their campsite. Then
they hiked 33° west of north to the nature center 5.6
20. BOATING A charter boat leaves port on a
kilometers from the lake. Where is the nature center
heading of N60°W for 12 nautical miles. The captain in relation to their campsite?
changes course to a bearing of N25°E for the next
15 nautical miles. Determine the ship’s distance and SOLUTION:
direction from port to its current location.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Let a = Nick and Lauren hiking 3.75 kilometers 55°
Page 8
SOLUTION: b
east of south to the lake and = Nick and Lauren
hiking 5.6 kilometers 33° west of north to the nature
Let a = the boat leaving port on a heading of N60°W
a bearing of N11°W. campsite.
8-1 ANSWER:
19.5 nautical mi, N11°W 2.6 km due north
21. HIKING Nick and Lauren hiked 3.75 kilometers to Determine the magnitude and direction of the

a lake 55° east of south from their campsite. Then resultant of each vector sum.
they hiked 33° west of north to the nature center 5.6 22. 18 newtons directly forward and then 20 newtons
kilometers from the lake. Where is the nature center directly backward
in relation to their campsite?
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Let a = 18 newtons directly forward and b = 20
Let a = Nick and Lauren hiking 3.75 kilometers 55° newtons directly backward. Draw a diagram to
east of south to the lake and b = Nick and Lauren represent a and b using a scale of 1 cm : 2 N. Since
hiking 5.6 kilometers 33° west of north to the nature a is going forward and b is going backward, draw a
center. Draw a diagram to represent a and b using a so that it is headed due east and draw b so that it is
scale of 1 cm : 1 km. headed due west.

draw the resultant vector a + b. Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then

Measure the length of a + b. The length of the
Measure the length of a + b and then measure the vector is approximately 1.0 centimeter, which is 1.0
angle this vector makes with the horizontal. The × 2 or 2 newtons. a + b is in the direction of b. Since
length of the vector is approximately 2.6 centimeters, the direction of b is backwards, the resultant vector
which is 2.6 kilometers. Therefore, the nature center is 2 newtons backwards.
is approximately 2.6 kilometers due north of the
campsite.
Drawings may not be to scale. ANSWER:
2 N backward
ANSWER:
2.6 km due north 23. 100 meters due north and then 350 meters due south
Determine the magnitude and direction of the SOLUTION:
resultant of each vector sum.
Let a = 100 meters due north and b =350 meters due
22. 18 newtons directly forward and then 20 newtons
south. Draw a diagram to represent a and b using a
directly backward scale of 1 cm : 50 m.
SOLUTION:
Let a = 18 newtons directly forward and b = 20
newtons directly backward. Draw a diagram to
represent a and b using a scale of 1 cm : 2 N. Since
a is going forward and b is going backward, draw a
so that it is headed due east and draw b so that it is
headed due west.
vector is 250 meters due south.

ANSWER:
8-1 2Introduction to Vectors ANSWER:
N backward
250 m due south
23. 100 meters due north and then 350 meters due south 24. 10 pounds of force at a bearing of 025° and then 15
pounds of force at a bearing of 045°
SOLUTION:
Let a = 100 meters due north and b =350 meters due SOLUTION:
south. Draw a diagram to represent a and b using a Let a = 10 pounds of force at a bearing of 025° and
scale of 1 cm : 50 m. b = 15 pounds of force at a bearing of 045°. Draw a
diagram to represent a and b using a scale of 1 cm :
5 lb of force.

Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then draw the resultant vector a + b.

angle this vector makes with the horizontal. The
Drawings may not be to scale. length of the vector is approximately 5 centimeters,
which is 5 × 5 or 25 pounds of force. Therefore, the
Measure the length of a + b. The length of the resultant is about 25 pounds of force at a bearing of
vector is approximately 5.0 centimeters, which is 5.0 037°.
× 50 or 250 meters. a + b is in the direction of b.
Since the direction of b is due south, the resultant
vector is 250 meters due south. ANSWER:
25 lb of force at a bearing of 037°
ANSWER: 25. 17 miles east and then 16 miles south

250 m due south SOLUTION:
24. 10 pounds of force at a bearing of 025° and then 15 Let a = 17 miles east and b = 16 miles south. Draw
pounds of force at a bearing of 045° a diagram to represent a and b using a scale of 1
cm : 4 mi.
SOLUTION:
Let a = 10 pounds of force at a bearing of 025° and
b = 15 pounds of force at a bearing of 045°. Draw a
diagram to represent a and b using a scale of 1 cm :
5 lb of force.

037°. resultant is about 23.6 miles at a bearing of S47°E.
8-1 ANSWER:
25 lb of force at a bearing of 037° 23.6 mi at a bearing of S47°E
25. 17 miles east and then 16 miles south 26. 15 meters per second squared at a 60° angle to the
horizontal and then 9.8 meters per second squared
SOLUTION: downward
Let a = 17 miles east and b = 16 miles south. Draw
a diagram to represent a and b using a scale of 1 SOLUTION:
cm : 4 mi. Let a = 15 meters per second squared at a 60° angle
to the horizontal and b = 9.8 meters per second
squared downward. Draw a diagram to represent a
2
and b using a scale of 1 cm : 5 m/s .



length of the vector is approximately 1.65
centimeters, which is 1.65 × 5 or 8.25 meters per
second squared. Therefore, the resultant is about
8.25 meters per second squared at an angle of 23° to
Measure the length of a + b and then measure the the horizontal.
length of the vector is approximately 5.9 centimeters,
which is 5.9 × 4 or 23.6 miles. Therefore, the ANSWER:
resultant is about 23.6 miles at a bearing of S47°E. 2
Drawings may not be to scale. 8.25 m/s at 23° to the horizontal
ANSWER: Use the set of vectors to draw a vector diagram

23.6 mi at a bearing of S47°E of each expression.
26. 15 meters per second squared at a 60° angle to the

horizontal and then 9.8 meters per second squared
downward
SOLUTION: 27. m − 2n
Let a = 15 meters per second squared at a 60° angle SOLUTION:
to the horizontal and b = 9.8 meters per second Rewrite the expression as the addition of two
squared
eSolutions downward.
Manual - Powered byDraw a diagram to represent a
Cognero Page 11
2
vectors: m − 2n = m + (−2n). Draw m.
and b using a scale of 1 cm : 5 m/s .
the horizontal.

ANSWER:
8-1 Introduction
2 to Vectors Drawing may not be to scale.
8.25 m/s at 23° to the horizontal
Use the set of vectors to draw a vector diagram

of each expression. 28.
SOLUTION:
Rewrite the expression as the addition of two
vectors: . Draw n.
27. m − 2n
SOLUTION:
To represent , draw a vector the length of
vectors: m − 2n = m + (−2n). Draw m.
m in the opposite direction from m.
To represent −2n, draw a vector 2 times as long as n Then use the triangle method to draw the resultant
in the opposite direction from n. vector.
Then use the triangle method to draw the resultant

vector.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
29. p + 3n
SOLUTION:
Drawing may not be to scale. The expression is the addition of two vectors: p+
3n. To represent p, draw a vector the length

28.
of p in the same direction as p.
SOLUTION:
vectors: . Draw n. To represent 3n, draw a vector 3 times as long as n
in the same direction as n.
To represent
eSolutions , draw
Manual - Powered by a vector
Cognero the length of Page 12

vector.
29. p + 3n 30. 4n + p
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The expression is the addition of two vectors: 4n +
The expression is the addition of two vectors: p+
p. To represent 4n, draw a vector 4 times as long
3n. To represent p, draw a vector the length as n in the same direction as n.
of p in the same direction as p.
To represent p, draw a vector the length of p
To represent 3n, draw a vector 3 times as long as n in the same direction as p.


vector. Then use the triangle method to draw the resultant
vector.
ANSWER: Drawings may not be to scale.
ANSWER:
30. 4n + p Drawing may not be to scale.
31. p + 2n – m
SOLUTION:
The expression is the addition of two vectors: 4n + SOLUTION:
Rewrite the expression as the addition of three
p. To represent 4n, draw a vector 4 times as long
vectors: p + 2n – m = p + 2n + (– m). Draw p.
as n in the same direction as n.

in the same direction as p. To represent 2n, draw a vector 2 times as long as n
To represent −m, draw a vector the same length as

31. p + 2n – m
32.
SOLUTION:
Rewrite the expression as the addition of three SOLUTION:
vectors: p + 2n – m = p + 2n + (– m). Draw p. Rewrite the expression as the addition of three
vectors: .

To represent 2n, draw a vector 2 times as long as n
Draw p.
To represent −m, draw a vector the same length as
To represent −2n, draw a vector 2 times as long as n

in the opposite direction from n.
Translate 2n so that its tail touches the tip of p.
Then, translate −m so that its tail touches the tip of
2n. Finally, draw the resultant vector p + 2n – m.
Translate p so that its tail touches the tip of .
Then, translate −2n so that its tail touches the tip of
p. Finally, draw the resultant vector .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
32.
SOLUTION:
33.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
vectors: . Page 14
SOLUTION:

33. Drawing may not be to scale.
SOLUTION: 34. m – 3n + p
vectors: . SOLUTION:
To represent 3n, draw a vector 3 times as long as n
in the same direction as n. vectors: m – 3n + p = m + (−3n) + p. Draw
m.

p in the opposite direction from p.
To represent −3n, draw a vector 3 times as long as n

in the opposite direction from n.
Draw m.

in the same direction as p.
Translate so that its tail touches the tip of 3n. Translate −3n so that its tail touches the tip of m.
Then, translate m so that its tail touches the tip of Then, translate p so that its tail touches the tip of
. Finally, draw the resultant vector −3n. Finally, draw the resultant vector m – 3n +
. p.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:

34. m – 3n + p Drawing may not be to scale.
35. RUNNING A runner’s resultant velocity is 8 miles

8-1 Drawings may notto
Introduction be Vectors
to scale. Draw the vector i, the runner’s speed and direction
without the effect of the wind. Using the Alternate
ANSWER: Interior Angles Theorem, we can label θ as shown.
Drawing may not be to scale. Drawings may not be to scale.

35. RUNNING A runner’s resultant velocity is 8 miles Use the Law of Cosines to find , the runner’s
per hour due west running with a wind of 3 miles per speed without the effect of the wind.
hour N28°W. What is the runner’s speed, to the
nearest mile per hour, without the effect of the
wind?
SOLUTION:
Draw a diagram to represent the runner’s resultant
velocity and the wind.
The runner’s speed, to the nearest mile per hour,

without the effect of the wind is 7 miles per hour.

ANSWER:
7 mi/h
36. GLIDING A glider is traveling at an air speed of
15 miles per hour due west. If the wind is blowing at
5 miles per hour in the direction N60°E, what is the
The compliment θ to the angle created by the wind resulting ground speed of the glider?
blowing at N28°W measures 90 − 28 or 62°.
SOLUTION:
The vector representing the runner’s resultant
velocity is the sum of the vector representing the Draw a diagram to represent the glider and the wind.
wind and a vector i, the runner’s speed and direction
without the effect of the wind. Translate the wind
vector as shown.

The compliment θ to the angle created by the wind
blowing at N60°E measures 90 − 60 or 30°.
Draw the vector i, the runner’s speed and direction Translate the wind vector as shown and draw the
without the effect of the wind. Using the Alternate resultant vector g representing the ground speed of
Interior Angles Theorem, we can label θ as shown. the glider.

without the effect of the wind is 7 miles per hour.
ANSWER:
about 11.0 mi/h
8-1 ANSWER:
Introduction to Vectors 37. CURRENT Kaya is swimming due west at a rate
7 mi/h
of 1.5 meters per second. A strong current is flowing
36. GLIDING A glider is traveling at an air speed of S20°E at a rate of 1 meter per second. Find Kaya’s
15 miles per hour due west. If the wind is blowing at resulting speed and direction.
5 miles per hour in the direction N60°E, what is the
SOLUTION:
resulting ground speed of the glider?
Draw a diagram to represent Kaya and the current.
SOLUTION:
Draw a diagram to represent the glider and the wind.

The compliment θ to the angle created by the current
at S20°E measures 90 − 20 or 70°.
Translate the vector representing the current as
The compliment θ to the angle created by the wind
shown and draw the resultant vector g representing
blowing at N60°E measures 90 − 60 or 30°.
Kaya’s resulting speed and direction.
Translate the wind vector as shown and draw the
resultant vector g representing the ground speed of
the glider.

Use the Law of Cosines to find , the ground
speed of the glider.

Use the Law of Cosines to find , the ground
speed of the glider.

Kaya’s resulting speed is about 1.49 meters per
second.
The heading of the resultant g is represented by
angle α, as shown. To find α, first calculate γ using
The ground speed of the glider is approximately 11.0 the Law of Sines.
mi/h.

ANSWER:
about 11.0 mi/h
37. CURRENT Kaya is swimming due west at a rate
of 1.5 meters per second. A strong current is flowing
S20°E at a rate of 1 meter per second. Find Kaya’s
Drawings may not be to scale. Page 17
resulting speed and direction.
SOLUTION:
The vector can be resolved into a horizontal
component x and a vertical component y as shown.

Remove the axes.
The measure of α is 90° − γ, which is about 50.94.

Therefore, the speed of Kaya is about 1.49 meters
per second at a bearing of S51°W.

ANSWER:
about 1.49 m/s at a bearing of S51°W
The horizontal and vertical components of the vector
Draw a diagram that shows the resolution of form a right triangle. The angle θ is 360° − 310° or
each vector into its rectangular components. 50°. Use the sine or cosine ratios to find the
Then find the magnitudes of the vector's magnitude of each component.
horizontal and vertical components.
38. 2 inches at 310° to the horizontal
SOLUTION:
Draw a vector to represent 2 inches at 310° to the
horizontal.

The magnitude of the horizontal component is about

eSolutions 1.37 inches and the magnitude of the vertical Page 18
Remove the axes. component is about 1.63 inches.

8-1 Introduction to Vectors form a right triangle. The angle θ is 90° − 49° or 41°.
Use the sine or cosine ratios to find the magnitude of
each component.
1.37 inches and the magnitude of the vertical
component is about 1.63 inches.

ANSWER:
about 1.37 in.; about 1.63 in. Drawings may not be to scale.


1.13 centimeters and the magnitude of the vertical
component is about 0.98 centimeter.
39. 1.5 centimeters at a bearing of N49°E ANSWER:
about 1.13 cm; about 0.98 cm
SOLUTION:
Draw a vector to represent 1.5 centimeters at a
bearing of N49°E.
40. 3.2 centimeters per hour at a bearing of S78°W
SOLUTION:
Draw a vector to represent 3.2 centimeters per hour
The vector can be resolved into a horizontal at a bearing of S78°W.

Remove the axes.

The horizontal and vertical components of the vector Remove the axes.
form a right triangle. The angle θ is 90° − 49° or 41°.
each component.


Remove the axes.


form a right triangle. The angle θ is 90° − 78° or 12°.
each component.
Remove the axes.

form a right triangle. The angle θ is 270° − 255° or
15°. Use the sine or cosine ratios to find the
The magnitude of the horizontal component is about magnitude of each component.
3.13 centimeters per hour and the magnitude of the
vertical component is about 0.67 centimeter per
hour.

ANSWER: Drawings may not be to scale.
about 3.13 cm/h; about 0.67 cm/h

41. inch per minute at a bearing of 255° The magnitude of the horizontal component is about

0.72 inch per minute and the magnitude of the
SOLUTION: vertical component is about 0.19 inch per minute.

Draw a vector to represent inch per minute at a
ANSWER:
bearing of 255°.
about 0.72 in./min; about 0.19 in./min

eSolutions Page 20
The vector can be resolved into a horizontal Drawing may not be to scale.
0.72 inch per minute and the magnitude of the
vertical component is about 0.19 inch per minute.

8-1 ANSWER:
Introduction to Vectors
about 0.72 in./min; about 0.19 in./min Remove the axes.

42. CLEANING Aiko is pushing the handle of a push b. The horizontal and vertical components of the
broom with a force of 190 newtons at an angle of vector form a right triangle. Use the sine or cosine
33° with the ground. ratios to find the magnitude of each component.

a. Draw a diagram that shows the resolution of this
force into its rectangular components.
b. Find the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical
components.
SOLUTION:
a. Aiko is pushing the handle of the push broom
down with a force of 190 newtons at an angle of 33° The magnitude of the horizontal component is about
with the ground. Draw a vector to represent the 159.3 newtons and the magnitude of the vertical
push broom. component is about 103.5 newtons.

ANSWER:
a.


b. about 159.3 N; about 103.5 N
43. FOOTBALL For a field goal attempt, a football is
kicked with the velocity shown in the diagram below.
Remove the axes.

a. Draw a diagram that shows the resolution ofPage
this21
Drawings may not be to scale. b. Find the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical
b. about 159.3 N; about 103.5 N
8-1 Introduction to Vectors b. The horizontal and vertical components of the
43. FOOTBALL For a field goal attempt, a football is vector form a right triangle. Use the sine or cosine
kicked with the velocity shown in the diagram below. ratios to find the magnitude of each component.

a. Draw a diagram that shows the resolution of this
b. Find the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical
components.
SOLUTION:
a. The football is kicked 90 feet per second at 30° to
the horizontal. Draw a vector to represent the
football.
The magnitude of the horizontal component is 45

or about 77.9 feet per second and the magnitude of
the vertical component is 45 feet per second.

ANSWER:
a.

b. 45 ft/s or about 77.9 ft/s; 45 ft/s
Remove the axes. 44. GARDENING Carla and Oscar are pulling a wago

pulls on the wagon with equal force at an angle of 30
wagon. The resultant force is 120 newtons.

b. The horizontal and vertical components of the a. How much force is each person exerting?
vector form a right triangle. Use the sine or cosine b. If each person exerts a force of 75 newtons, wha
ratios to find the magnitude of each component. c. How will the resultant force be affected if Carla
together?
SOLUTION:
a. Draw vectors to represent Carla and Oscar pullin

b. If each person exerts a force of 75 newtons, wha

c. How will the resultant force be affected if Carla
Translate the vector representing Oscar so that its ta
together?
vector representing Carla. Then draw the resultant v
8-1 SOLUTION:
Introduction to Vectors formed by the axis of the wagon and the forces exer
both 30°. The angle that joins Carla’s and Oscar’s fo
a. Draw vectors to represent Carla and Oscar pullin


Use the Law of Cosines to find the magnitude of the
vector representing Carla. Then draw the resultant v
has a force of 120 N. The two angles formed by the
forces exerted by Carla and Oscar are both 30°. The
and Oscar’s forces is 120°.

The resultant force is about 130 newtons.

c. Let a be the angles created by the axis of the wag
Drawings may not be to scale. and Oscar.

Use the Law of Sines to find the magnitude of Oscar
Since Carla and Oscar are pulling on the wagon with

pulling with a force of about 69 newtons.

b. Draw vectors to represent Carla and Oscar pullin vector representing Carla. Then draw the resultant v
force of 75 newtons. formed by the axis of the wagon and the forces exer
both a. The angle that joins Carla’s and Oscar’s forc


As Oscar and Carla move closer together, a decreas
third angle of the triangle, 180° − 2a, increases. Due
Translate the vector representing Oscar so that its ta in triangles, as one angle in a triangle increases, the s
vector representing Carla. Then draw the resultant v also increase. Thus, if Carla and Oscar move closer
formed by the axis of the wagon and the forces exer would be greater.
both 30°. The angle that joins Carla’s and Oscar’s fo

ANSWER: Page 23
a. about 69 N
b. about 130 N
As Oscar and Carla move closer together, a decreas
ANSWER:
third angle of the triangle, 180° − 2a, increases. Due
in triangles, as one angle in a triangle increases, the s a. about 69 N
8-1 Introduction
also increase. Thus,toifVectors
Carla and Oscar move closer b. about 130 N
would be greater. c. It would be greater.
ANSWER: The magnitude and true bearings of three

a. about 69 N forces acting on an object are given. Find the
b. about 130 N magnitude and direction of the resultant of
these forces.
c. It would be greater.
45. 50 lb at 30°, 80 lb at 125°, and 100 lb at 220°
The magnitude and true bearings of three SOLUTION:
forces acting on an object are given. Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant of Let a = 50 lb at 30°, b = 80 lb at 125°, and c = 100 lb
these forces. at 220°. Draw a diagram to represent a, b, and c
45. 50 lb at 30°, 80 lb at 125°, and 100 lb at 220° using a scale of 1 cm : 20 lb.
SOLUTION:
Let a = 50 lb at 30°, b = 80 lb at 125°, and c = 100 lb
at 220°. Draw a diagram to represent a, b, and c
using a scale of 1 cm : 20 lb.

Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then,
translate c so that its tail touches the tip of b. Finally,
draw the resultant vector a + b + c.


Measure the length of a + b + c and then measure
the angle this vector makes from north.

Drawings may not be to scale. The length of the vector is approximately 4.2
centimeters, which is 4.2 × 20 or 84 pounds.
Measure the length of a + b + c and then measure Therefore, the resultant is about 84 pounds at a
the angle this vector makes from north. bearing of 162°.

The length of the vector is approximately 4.2
ANSWER:
centimeters, which is 4.2 × 20 or 84 pounds.
Therefore, the resultant is about 84 pounds at a 84 lb at 162°
bearing of 162°.
46. 8 newtons at 300°, 12 newtons at 45°, and 6 newtons
at 120°
ANSWER:
84 lb at 162° SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Let a = 8 N at 300°, b = 12 N at 45°, and c = 6Page
N at24
46. 8 newtons at 300°, 12 newtons at 45°, and 6 newtons 120°. Draw a diagram to represent a, b, and c using
at 120° a scale of 1 cm : 4 N.

bearing of 35°.

ANSWER:
8-1 84 lb at 162°
11.6 N at 35°
46. 8 newtons at 300°, 12 newtons at 45°, and 6 newtons 47. 18 lb at 190°, 3 lb at 20°, and 7 lb at 320°
at 120°
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: Let a = 18 lb at 190°, b = 3 lb at 20°, and c = 7 lb at
Let a = 8 N at 300°, b = 12 N at 45°, and c = 6 N at 320°. Draw a diagram to represent a, b, and c using
120°. Draw a diagram to represent a, b, and c using a scale of 1 cm : 3 lb.
a scale of 1 cm : 4 N.

draw the resultant vector a + b + c. Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then,

the angle this vector makes from north.
The length of the vector is approximately 2.9
centimeters, which is 2.9 × 4 or 11.6 newtons.
Therefore, the resultant is about 11.6 newtons at a
bearing of 35°. Drawings may not be to scale.

ANSWER: the angle this vector makes from north.
11.6 N at 35° The length of the vector is approximately 3.9
centimeters, which is 3.9 × 3 or 11.7 pounds.
47. 18 lb at 190°, 3 lb at 20°, and 7 lb at 320° Therefore, the resultant is about 11. 7 pounds at a
bearing of 215°.
SOLUTION:
Let a = 18 lb at 190°, b = 3 lb at 20°, and c = 7 lb at
320°. Draw a diagram to represent a, b, and c using ANSWER:
a scale of 1 cm : 3 lb. 11.7 lb at 215°
48. DRIVING Carrie’s school is on a direct path three

miles from her house. She drives on two different
streets on her way to school. She travels at an angle
of 20.9° with the path on the first street and then
turns 45.4° onto the second street.
Carrie drives about 1.5 miles on the second street.
48. DRIVING Carrie’s school is on a direct path three
miles from her house. She drives on two different c. On the first street, Carrie drives about 1.75 miles
8-1 streets on her way to
Introduction to school.
Vectors She travels at an angle at an average rate of 25 miles per hour. Use d = rt
of 20.9° with the path on the first street and then to find the time t that Carrie took to drive on the first
turns 45.4° onto the second street. street.

Carrie traveled on the first street for about 0.07

a. How far does Carrie drive on the first street? hour. This means that Carrie traveled 0.07 × 60 or
b. How far does she drive on the second street? 4.2 minutes on the first street. It also means that
c. If it takes her 10 minutes to get to school, and she Carrie traveled 10 − 4.2 or 5.8 minutes on the
averages 25 miles per hour on the first street, what second street. Since the rate that is desired is miles
speed does Carrie average after she turns onto the per hour, convert 5.8 minutes to hours by using t =
second street? . Substitute t = and d = 1.5 into d = rt and
SOLUTION: solve for r.
a. The direct path and the streets that Carrie uses to
arrive at school form a triangle.
The remaining angle θ is 24.5°. Use the Law of Carrie averages a speed of about 15.5 miles per hour
Sines to find the magnitude of a. on the second street.
ANSWER:
a. about 1.75 mi
b. about 1.5 mi
c. about 15.5 mi/h
49. SLEDDING Irwin is pulling his sister on a sled.
The direction of his resultant force is 31°, and the
Carrie drives about 1.75 miles on the first street. horizontal component of the force is 86 newtons.
a. What is the vertical component of the force?

b. What is the magnitude of the resultant force?
b. Use the Law of Sines to find the magnitude of b.
SOLUTION:
a. Let v represent the vertical component of the
force and r represent the magnitude of the resultant
force.
Carrie drives about 1.5 miles on the second street.

Use the tangent ratio to find v .
c. On the first street, Carrie drives about 1.75 miles
at an average rate of 25 miles per hour. Use d = rt
to find the time t that Carrie took to drive on the first
street.
The vertical component of the force is about 52

newtons.
Page 26
Carrie traveled on the first street
for about 0.07
b. Use the cosine ratio to find r.
hour. This means that Carrie traveled 0.07 × 60 or
4.2 minutes on the first street. It also means that
a. GRAPHICAL On a coordinate plane, draw a
ANSWER: vector a so that the tail is located at the origin.
a. about 1.75 mi Choose a value for a scalar k. Then draw the vector
b. about 1.5 mi to that results if you multiply the original vector by k on
8-1 Introduction Vectors the same coordinate plane. Repeat the process for
c. about 15.5 mi/h
four additional vectors b, c, d, and e . Use the same
49. SLEDDING Irwin is pulling his sister on a sled. value for k each time.
The direction of his resultant force is 31°, and the b. TABULAR Copy and complete the table below
horizontal component of the force is 86 newtons. for each vector you drew in part a.
a. What is the vertical component of the force?
b. What is the magnitude of the resultant force?
SOLUTION:
a. Let v represent the vertical component of the
force and r represent the magnitude of the resultant
force.
c. ANALYTICAL If the terminal point of a vector
a is located at the point (a, b), what is the location of
the terminal point of the vector k a?
SOLUTION:
Use the tangent ratio to find v .
a. Sample answer: Draw vector a so that its tail is
located at the origin and its terminal point is located
at (2, 4).
The vertical component of the force is about 52

newtons.

b. Use the cosine ratio to find r.

Let k = 2. Multiply a by k. To represent 2a, draw a
vector 2 times as long as a in the same direction as
a. Graph 2a on the same coordinate plane as a.
The magnitude of the resultant force is about 100

newtons.
ANSWER:
Draw vector b so that its tail is located at the origin
a. about 52 N
and its terminal point is located at (0, 3).
b. about 100 N
50. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this
problem, you will investigate multiplication of a
vector by a scalar.
a. GRAPHICAL On a coordinate plane, draw a
vector a so that the tail is located at the origin.
Choose a value for a scalar k. Then draw the vector
that results if you multiply the original vector by k on
the same coordinate plane. Repeat the process for Let k = 2. Multiply b by k. To represent 2b, draw a
four additional vectors b, c, d, and e . Use the same vector 2 times as long as b in the same direction as
value for k each time. b. Graph 2b on the same coordinate plane as b.
b. TABULAR Copy and complete the table below
for each vector you drew in part a.

Let k = 2. Multiply b by k. To represent 2b, draw a
vector 2 times as long as b in the same direction as
b. Graph 2b on the same coordinate plane as b. Draw vector e so that its tail is located at the origin
and its terminal point is located at (3, −1).

Draw vector c so that its tail is located at the origin
and its terminal point is located at (−1, 2). Let k = 2. Multiply e by k. To represent 2e , draw a
vector 2 times as long as e in the same direction as
e . Graph 2e on the same coordinate plane as e .

Let k = 2. Multiply c by k. To represent 2c, draw a
vector 2 times as long as c in the same direction as
c. Graph 2c on the same coordinate plane as c.
b. Sample answers: Analyze the graphs to find the
terminal points of the vectors. The terminal point of a
is (2, 4) and the terminal point of 2a is (4, 8).

The terminal point of b is (0, 3) and the terminal
point of 2b is (0, 6).
The terminal point of c is (−1, 2) and the terminal
point of 2c is (−2, 4).
Draw vector d so that its tail is located at the origin The terminal point of d is (−2, −2) and the terminal
and its terminal point is located at (−2, −2). point of 2d is (−4, −4).
The terminal point of e is (3, −1) and the terminal
point of 2e is (6, −2).

Let k = 2. Multiply d by k. To represent 2d, draw a
vector 2 times as long as d in the same direction as
d. Graph 2d on the same coordinate plane as d.
c. The terminal point of 2a is (4, 8) or (2 · 2, 2 · 4).
The terminal point of 2b is (0, 6) or (2 · 0, 2 · 3). The
terminal point of 2c is (−2, 4) or (2 · −1, 2 · 2). The
terminal point of 2d is (−4, −4) or (2 · −2, 2 · −2).
The terminal point of 2e is (6, −2) or (2 · 3, 2 · −1).
To find the terminal point of the new vector, we can
multiply the coordinates of the terminal point of the
original vector by 2 or k. Thus, if the terminal point
Draw vector e so that its tail is located at the origin of vector a is located at the point (a, b), the location
and its terminal point is located at (3, −1). of the terminal point of the vector k a is (k a, k b).
ANSWER:
a. Sample answers: k = 2
terminal point of 2d is (−4, −4) or (2 · −2, 2 · −2).
The terminal point of 2e is (6, −2) or (2 · 3, 2 · −1).
To find the terminal point of the new vector, we can
multiply the coordinates of the terminal point of the c. (k a, k b)
original vector by 2 or k. Thus, if the terminal point
of vector a is located at the point (a, b), the location An equilibrant vector is the opposite of a
of the terminal point of the vector k a is (k a, k b). resultant vector. It balances a combination of
vectors such that the sum of the vectors and
ANSWER: the equilibrant is the zero vector. The
a. Sample answers: k = 2 equilibrant vector of a + b is −(a + b).
Find the magnitude and direction of the

equilibrant vector for each set of vectors.
51. a = 15 miles per hour at a bearing of 125°
b = 12 miles per hour at a bearing of 045°
SOLUTION:
Draw a diagram to represent a and b using a scale
of 1 cm : 4 mi/h.

The angle created by a and the x-axis is 35°. Draw a
horizontal where the tip of a and the tail of b meet,
as shown. b makes a 45° angle and a makes a 35°
angle with the horizontal. Thus, the angle created by
a and b is 100°.

Draw the resultant a + b. The three vectors form a
triangle.
b. Sample answers are given.
Drawings may not be to scale

Use the Law of Cosines to find the magnitude of a +
b.
c. (k a, k b)
An equilibrant vector is the opposite of a

resultant
eSolutions Manual -vector.
Powered It
by balances
a combination of
Cognero Page 29
vectors such that the sum of the vectors and Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite of b.
the equilibrant is the zero vector. The
52. a = 4 meters at a bearing of N30W°
b = 6 meters at a bearing of N20E°
Drawings may not be to scale
SOLUTION:
8-1 Use
the Law of Cosines to find the magnitude of a + Draw a diagram to represent a and b using a scale
b. of 1 cm : 2 m.
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite of b.

The angle created by a and the y-axis is 30°. Draw a
vertical line where the tip of a and the tail of b meet,
as shown. b makes a 20° angle and a makes a 30°
angle with the vertical line. Thus, the angle created
by a and b is 130°.

triangle.

The angle opposite b is about 35°. (Note that is is not
exactly 35°, so a + b is actually slightly below the x-
axis.)

To find the bearing of a + b, subtract 35° from 125°.
Thus, the direction of a + b is a bearing of 90°. Since
the equilibrant vector is the opposite of the resultant
vector, it will have a magnitude of about 20.77 mi/h
at a bearing of about 270°. Drawings may not be to scale.

b.
.

ANSWER:
about 20.77 mi/h at a bearing of 270°
52. a = 4 meters at a bearing of N30W° Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite of b.
b = 6 meters at a bearing of N20E°
SOLUTION:
Draw a diagram to represent a and b using a scale
of 1 cm : 2 m.

The angle opposite b is about 30°. To find the
bearing of a + b, subtract 30° from 30°. Thus, the
direction of a + b is a bearing of 0° or due north.
Since the equilibrant vector is the opposite of the
The angle created by a and the y-axis is 30°. Draw a resultant vector, it will have a magnitude of about 9.1

The angle created by a and the y-axis is 205° − 180°
or 25°. Draw a horizontal where the tip of a and the
tail of b meet, as shown. Since a forms a right
8-1 Introduction to Vectors triangle with the horizontal and the y-axis, the angle
The angle opposite b is about 30°. To find the created by a and the horizontal is 180° − 90° − 25°
bearing of a + b, subtract 30° from 30°. Thus, the or 65°. b is at a bearing of 345°, so the angle created
direction of a + b is a bearing of 0° or due north. by b and the horizontal is 345° − 270° or 75°. Thus,
Since the equilibrant vector is the opposite of the the angle created by a and b is 180° − 75° − 65° or
resultant vector, it will have a magnitude of about 9.1 40°.
m at a bearing of about 180°.
triangle.

b.
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite of b.

ANSWER:
about 9.1 m at a bearing of 180°
53. a = 23 feet per second at a bearing of 205°
b = 16 feet per second at a bearing of 345°
SOLUTION:
Draw a diagram to represent a and b using a scale The angle opposite b is about 44°. To find the
of 1 cm : 5 ft/s. bearing of a + b, add 44° to 205°. Thus, the direction
of a + b is a bearing of 249°. Since the equilibrant
vector is the opposite of the resultant vector, it will
have a magnitude of about 14.87 ft/s at a bearing of
about 249° − 180° or 69°.

The angle created by a and the y-axis is 205° − 180°
or 25°. Draw a horizontal where the tip of a and the
tail of b meet, as shown. Since a forms a right
triangle with the horizontal and the y-axis, the angle
created by a and the horizontal is 180° − 90° − 25°
or 65°. b is at a bearing of 345°, so the angle created
by b and the horizontal is 345° − 270° or 75°. Thus,
the angle created by a and b is 180° − 75° − 65° or
40°. ANSWER:
bearing of a + b, add 44° to 205°. Thus, the direction
of a + b is a bearing of 249°. Since the equilibrant
vector is the opposite of the resultant vector, it will The wires are exerting an equal force away from the
have a magnitude of about 14.87 ft/s at a bearing of disco ball at 15° angles with the horizontal, as shown.
about 249° − 180° or 69°. The disco ball is exerting a force of 12 pounds
downward.
b. Translate T2 so that its tail touches the tip of T1.

Then draw the resultant vector T1 + T2, as shown.

ANSWER:
about 14.87 ft/s at a bearing of 69°
54. PARTY PLANNING A disco ball is suspended
above a dance floor by two wires of equal length as c. The three vectors, T1, T2, and T1 + T2, form a
shown. triangle. Draw a horizontal that touches the tail of
T1.
a. Draw a vector diagram of the situation that
indicates that two tension vectors T1 and T2 with
Since the equilibrant of T1 + T2 and the vector
equal magnitude are keeping the disco ball stationary
or at equilibrium. representing the weight of the disco ball are
b. Redraw the diagram using the triangle method to equivalent vectors, T1 + T2 is exerting a force of 12
find T1 + T2. lb upward. The angle created by T1 and the
c. Use your diagram from part b and the fact that horizontal is 15°. Since the direction of T1 + T2 is
the equilibrant of the resultant T1 + T2 and the upward, T1 + T2 creates a right angle with the
vector representing the weight of the disco ball are horizontal. Thus, the angle created by T1 and T1 +
equivalent vectors to calculate the magnitudes of T1
T2 is 90° − 15° or 75°. Since T1 = T2, the triangle is
and T2.
isosceles and the angle created by T2 and T1 + T2 is
SOLUTION: also 75°. The remaining angle of the triangle is 180°
a. Draw a diagram to represent T1, T2, and the − 75° − 75° or 30°.
disco ball. Use the Law of Sines to find the magnitude of T1.
The wires are exerting an equal force away from the

disco ball at 15° angles with the horizontal, as shown.
The disco ball is exerting a force of 12 pounds
downward. Since T1 and T2 are equal in length, they both have
the same magnitude. Thus, T1 ≈ 23.2 lb and T2 ≈
23.2 lb.
ANSWER:
of T1 and T2 to the nearest tenth of a pound.
SOLUTION:
a. Sample answers: Diagram each cable with its
vertical and horizontal components. Label the
Since T1 and T2 are equal in length, they both have components and the angles as shown.
the same magnitude. Thus, T1 ≈ 23.2 lb and T2 ≈
23.2 lb.
ANSWER:
a.
Use the sine or cosine ratios to find expressions to
represent the vertical and horizontal components of
T1.

b.

T2.
c. T1 ≈ 23.2 lb, T2 ≈ 23.2 lb
55. CABLE SUPPORT Two cables with tensions T1

and T2 are tied together to support a 2500-pound T1x = T1 cos 65°; T1y = T1 sin 65°; T2x = T2 cos
load at equilibrium.
35°; T2y = T2 sin 35°

b. Since the equilibrant of T1 + T2 and the vector
representing the weight of the load are equivalent
vectors, T1 + T2 is exerting a force of 2500 lb
upward. Draw the resultant T1 + T2 by translating
a. Write expressions to represent the horizontal and
T2 so that its tail touches the tip of T1. Label the
vertical components of T1 and T2.
angles as shown.
b. Given that the equilibrant of the resultant T1 + T2

and the vector representing the weight of the load
are equivalent vectors, calculate the magnitudes of
T1 and T2 to the nearest tenth of a pound.
c. Use your answers from parts a and b to find the
magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components
of T1 and T2 to the nearest tenth of a pound.
SOLUTION: Use the Law of Sines to find the magnitude of T1

a. Sample answers: Diagram each cable with its
and T2.
vertical and horizontal components. Label the
components and the angles as shown.


T.
65°; 2x = 2 cos 35°; 2y = 2 sin 35°
b. T1 ≈ 2079.5 lb; T2 ≈ 1072.8 lb
c. T1x ≈ 878.8 lb ; T1y ≈ 1884.7 lb; T2x ≈ 878.8 lb;
8-1 Introduction
Use to find the magnitude of T1
to Vectors
the Law of Sines
T2y ≈ 615.3 lb
and T2.
Find the magnitude and direction of each vector
given its vertical and horizontal components
and the range of values for the angle of
direction θ to the horizontal.
56. horizontal: 0.32 in., vertical: 2.28 in., 90° < θ < 180°
SOLUTION:
Since 90° < θ < 180°, the vector r will be in the
second quadrant. Thus, the horizontal component
T1 is about 2079.5 pounds and T2 is about 1072.8 must go left and the vertical component must go up.
pounds. Diagram the components and the vector r.

c. Substitute T1 = 2079.5 and T2 = 1072.8 into the
equations found in part a.


To find the magnitude of r, use the Pythagorean
Theorem.
T1x is about 878.8 pounds, T1y is about 1884.7
pounds, T2x is about 878.8 pounds, and T2y is about
615.3 pounds.
ANSWER:
a. Sample answers: T1x = T1 cos 65°; T1y = T1 sin
65°; T2x = T2 cos 35°; T2y = T2 sin 35°
Use the tangent ratio to find θ.
b. T1 ≈ 2079.5 lb; T2 ≈ 1072.8 lb
c. T1x ≈ 878.8 lb ; T1y ≈ 1884.7 lb; T2x ≈ 878.8 lb;
T2y ≈ 615.3 lb
Find the magnitude and direction of each vector

given its vertical and horizontal components
and the range of values for the angle of
direction θ to the horizontal. θ is about 82°. Thus, the vector is about 2.3 inches at
56. horizontal: 0.32 in., vertical: 2.28 in., 90° < θ < 180° 180° − 82° or 98° to the horizontal.
SOLUTION:
Since 90° < θ < 180°, the vector r will be in the ANSWER:
second quadrant. Thus, the horizontal component about 2.3 in. at 98°
must go left and the vertical component must go up.
Diagram the components and the vector r.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero 57. horizontal: 3.1 ft, vertical: 4.2 ft, 0° < θ < 90° Page 34
SOLUTION:
54° to the horizontal.

ANSWER:
8-1 about 2.3 in. at 98°
about 5.2 ft at 54°
57. horizontal: 3.1 ft, vertical: 4.2 ft, 0° < θ < 90° 58. horizontal: 2.6 cm, vertical: 9.7 cm, 270° < θ < 360°

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Since 0° < θ < 90°, the vector r will be in the first Since 270° < θ < 360°, the vector r will be in the
quadrant. Thus, the horizontal component must go fourth quadrant. Thus, the horizontal component
right and the vertical component must go up. must go right and the vertical component must go
Diagram the components and the vector r. down. Diagram the components and the vector r.

Theorem.

Theorem.

θ is about 54°. Thus, the vector is about 5.2 feet at
54° to the horizontal.

ANSWER:
θ is about 75°. Thus, the vector is about 10
about 5.2 ft at 54°
centimeters at 360° − 75° or 285° to the horizontal.
58. horizontal: 2.6 cm, vertical: 9.7 cm, 270° < θ < 360°
SOLUTION: ANSWER:
Since 270° < θ < 360°, the vector r will be in the about 10 cm at 285°
fourth quadrant. Thus, the horizontal component
must go right and the vertical component must go 59. horizontal: 2.9 yd, vertical: 1.8 yd, 180° < θ < 270°
down. Diagram the components and the vector r. SOLUTION:
Since 180° < θ < 270°, the vector r will be in the
third quadrant. Thus, the horizontal component must
go left and the vertical component must go down.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Diagram the components and the vector r. Page 35
centimeters at 360° − 75° or 285° to the horizontal. 180° + 32° or 212° to the horizontal.

8-1 ANSWER:
about 10 cm at 285° about 3.4 yd at 212°
59. horizontal: 2.9 yd, vertical: 1.8 yd, 180° < θ < 270° Draw any three vectors a, b, and c. Show

geometrically that each of the following vector
SOLUTION: properties holds using these vectors.
Since 180° < θ < 270°, the vector r will be in the 60. Commutative Property: a + b = b + a
third quadrant. Thus, the horizontal component must
go left and the vertical component must go down. SOLUTION:
Diagram the components and the vector r. Sample answer: Draw two vectors, a and b.
For (a + b), translate b so that its tail touches the tip

of a. Then draw the resultant vector (a + b). For (b
Drawing may not be to scale. + a), translate a so that its tail touches the tip of b.

Then draw the resultant vector (b + a).
Theorem.
The resultants are equivalent vectors. Thus, the

Commutative Property holds.
ANSWER:
Use the tangent ratio to find θ. Sample answer:
61. Associative Property: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
θ is about 32°. Thus, the vector is about 3.4 yards at
180° + 32° or 212° to the horizontal. SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Draw three vectors, a, b, and c.
ANSWER:
about 3.4 yd at 212°
Draw any three vectors a, b, and c. Show

For (a + b) + c, translate b so that its tail touches the
geometrically that each of the following vector
properties holds using these vectors. tip of a. Then translate c so that its tail touches the
60. Commutative Property: a + b = b + a tip of b. Finally, draw the resultant vector (a + b) +
c. For a + (b + c), translate c so that its tail touches
SOLUTION: the tip of b. Then translate a so that its tail touches
Sample answer: Draw two vectors, a and b. the tip of c. Finally, draw the resultant vector a + (b
+ c).
For (a + b), translate b so that its tail touches the tip

of a. Then draw the resultant vector (a + b). For (b
+ a), translate a so that its tail touches the tip of b.
eSolutions
Then Manual
draw- Powered by Cognero
the resultant vector (b + a). Page 36
Associative Property holds.
For 2(a + b), start by finding a + b by translating b
so that its tail touches the tip of a. Draw the resultant
vector (a + b). Repeat the process starting by
translating a so that its tail touches the tip of (a + b).
Then translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a.
Finally, draw the resultant vector 2(a + b).
61. Associative Property: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Draw three vectors, a, b, and c.
For 2a + 2b, start with two a vectors and two b
vectors. Translate one a so that its tail touches the
tip of the other a. Then take one b and translate it so
its tail touches the tip of the second a. Take the
For (a + b) + c, translate b so that its tail touches the second b and translate it so its tail touches the tip of
tip of a. Then translate c so that its tail touches the the first b. Finally, draw the resultant vector 2a + 2b.
tip of b. Finally, draw the resultant vector (a + b) +
c. For a + (b + c), translate c so that its tail touches
the tip of b. Then translate a so that its tail touches
the tip of c. Finally, draw the resultant vector a + (b
+ c).
Let k =0.5. Show that 0.5(a + b) = 0.5a + 0.5b.

For 0.5(a + b), start by finding a + b by translating b
vector (a + b). Then, draw a vector 0.5 the length of
(a + b) in the same direction as (a + b).
Associative Property holds.
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
For 0.5a + 0.5b, draw a vector 0.5 the length of a in
the same direction as a. Repeat the process for b.
Then, translate the new b so that its tail touches the
tip of the new a. Finally, draw the resultant vector
0.5a + 0.5b.
62. Distributive Property: k(a + b) = k a + k b, for k = 2,

0.5, and −2 Let k = −2. Show that −2(a + b) = −2a + (−2)b.
For −2(a + b), start by finding a + b by translating b
SOLUTION: so that its tail touches the tip of a. Draw the resultant
Sample answers: Draw two vectors, a and b. vector (a + b). Then, draw a vector 2 times as long
as (a + b) in the opposite direction from (a + b).
Let k = 2. Show that 2(a + b) = 2a + 2b.

For 2(a + b), start by finding a + b by translating b
vector (a + b). Repeat the process starting by For −2a + (−2)b or −2a − 2b, start with two a
translating a so that its tail touches the tip of (a + b). vectors that are drawn in the opposite direction from
a and two b vectors that are drawn in the opposite
Then translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a.
Finally, draw the resultant vector 2(a + b). direction from b. Translate one a so that its tail
touches the tip of the other a. Then take one b and
translate it so its tail touches the tip of the second a.
Take the second b and translate it so its tail touches
the tip of the first b. Finally, draw the resultant
vector −2a − 2b.
For −2a + (−2)b or −2a − 2b, start with two a
vectors that are drawn in the opposite direction from
a and two b vectors that are drawn in the opposite
direction from b. Translate one a so that its tail
touches the tip of the other a. Then take one b and
translate it so its tail touches the tip of the second a. 63. OPEN ENDED Consider a vector of 5 units
Take the second b and translate it so its tail touches directed along the positive x-axis. Resolve the vector
the tip of the first b. Finally, draw the resultant into two perpendicular components in which no
vector −2a − 2b. component is horizontal or vertical.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Start by drawing a vector of 5 units
along the positive x-axis. Sketch two components of
the vector that are neither horizontal nor vertical and
are joined by a right angle.
Distributive Property holds.
ANSWER:
Sample answers:
k =2

The triangle formed by the three vectors is a right
triangle with a hypotenuse of length 5 units.
Sketching the components so that the blue
k = 0.5 component is of length 3 units allows for the length
of the green component to be found using the
Pythagorean Theorem.

k = –2

Since the component cannot have a negative length,
the length of the green component is 4 units. Sketch
the vector with its two perpendicular components
without the axes.
63. OPEN ENDED Consider a vector of 5 units Drawing may not be to scale.

directed along the positive x-axis. Resolve the vector
into two perpendicular components in which no ANSWER:
component is horizontal or vertical. Sample answer:
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Start by drawing a vector of 5 units
along the positive x-axis. Sketch two components of
the vector that are neither horizontal nor vertical and
are joined by a right angle.
64. REASONING Is it sometimes, always, or never
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero possible to find the sum of two parallel vectors Page
using38
the parallelogram method? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
then they share the same direction. If you place the
two vectors so that their initial points coincide, they
would be superimposed and there would be no angle
8-1 Introduction to Vectors between them. Thus, it would be impossible to
complete the parallelogram.
64. REASONING Is it sometimes, always, or never 65. REASONING Why is it important to establish a

possible to find the sum of two parallel vectors using common reference for measuring the direction of a
the parallelogram method? Explain your reasoning. vector, for example, from the positive x-axis?
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Start by drawing two parallel vectors a and b. Sample answer: In order for the direction to have a
consistent meaning, it must be measured using a
common reference. Lack of a common reference
would cause ambiguity in the reporting of the
direction of the vector. For example, the direction of
Translate b so that its tail touches the tail of a. vector a can be measured as N30°E or 60° to the
horizontal depending on the reference established for
measurement.
Never; sample answer: If two vectors are parallel,
two vectors so that their initial points coincide, they
would be superimposed and there would be no angle
between them. Thus, it would be impossible to
ANSWER:
Never; sample answer: If two vectors are parallel, ANSWER:
two vectors so that their initial points coincide, they Sample answer: In order for the direction to have a
would be superimposed and there would be no angle consistent meaning, it must be measured using a
between them. Thus, it would be impossible to common reference. Lack of a common reference
complete the parallelogram. would cause ambiguity in the reporting of the
direction of the vector.
65. REASONING Why is it important to establish a
66. CHALLENGE The resultant of a + b is equal to
common reference for measuring the direction of a
vector, for example, from the positive x-axis? the resultant of a – b. If the magnitude of a is 4x,
what is the magnitude of b?
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: In order for the direction to have a
consistent meaning, it must be measured using a Draw vector a with a magnitude of 4x and vector b
common reference. Lack of a common reference with a magnitude of y.
direction of the vector. For example, the direction of
vector a can be measured as N30°E or 60° to the
horizontal depending on the reference established for
measurement.
Draw a + b by translating b so that its tail touches
the tip of a. Then draw the resultant vector a + b.
Draw a − b. To represent −b, draw a vector the

ANSWER: same length as b in the opposite direction from b.
Sample answer: In order for the direction to have a Then translate −b so that its tail touches the tip of a.
consistent meaning, it must be measured using a Finally, draw the resultant vector a − b.
common
eSolutions Manualreference.
- Powered byLack of a common reference
Cognero Page 39
a. The magnitude of a added to the magnitude of b is
Sample answer: In order for the direction to have a
consistent meaning, it must be measured using a greater than or equal to the magnitude of the vector
common reference. Lack of a common reference created by a + b.
8-1 Introduction to Vectors b. True; sample answer: The vector created by a +
b has to account for the direction of both vectors.
66. CHALLENGE The resultant of a + b is equal to This can result in a very small magnitude, | a + b |, if
the resultant of a – b. If the magnitude of a is 4x, a and b have opposite directions. Calculating the sum
what is the magnitude of b? of the magnitudes, | a | + | b |, will result in the
greatest possible value because direction is not being
SOLUTION: considered. This value can only be achieved by | a +
Draw vector a with a magnitude of 4x and vector b b | if a and b are parallel vectors with the same
with a magnitude of y. direction.
For example, draw two vectors a and b that have
different directions and find | a + b |.
Draw a + b by translating b so that its tail touches

the tip of a. Then draw the resultant vector a + b.
| a + b | = 1.8 cm. However, | a | + | b | is 2.4 + 3.2
or 5.6. So, | a | + | b | ≥ | a + b | holds true. To
further test the inequality, draw a and b so that they
have the same direction and find | a + b |.
Draw a − b. To represent −b, draw a vector the

same length as b in the opposite direction from b.
Then translate −b so that its tail touches the tip of a.
Drawings may not be drawn to scale.
Finally, draw the resultant vector a − b.
Here, | a + b | = 5.6 cm. The inequality | a | + | b | ≥ |
a + b | still holds true.

ANSWER:
a. The magnitude of a added to the magnitude of b is
In order for a + b to equal a − b, b would have to be greater than or equal to the magnitude of the vector
equal to −b. This only occurs when b is the zero created by a + b.
vector. Therefore, the magnitude of b is 0. b. True; sample answer: The vector created by a +
ANSWER:
This can result in a very small magnitude, | a + b |, if
0 a and b have opposite directions. Calculating the sum
of the magnitudes, | a | + | b |, will result in the
67. REASONING Consider the statement | a | + | b | ≥
greatest possible value because direction is not being
| a + b |. considered. This value can only be achieved by | a +
a. Express this statement using words. b | if a and b are parallel vectors with the same
b. Is this statement true or false? Justify your direction.
answer.
68. ERROR ANALYSIS Darin and Cris are finding
SOLUTION:
the resultant of vectors a and b. Is either of them
a. The magnitude of a added to the magnitude of b is correct? Explain your reasoning.
greater than or equal to the magnitude of the vector
created by a + b.

b. True; sample answer: The vector created by a +
This can result in a very small magnitude, | a + b |, if
eSolutions
a andManual - Powered
b have by Cognero
opposite directions. Calculating the sum Page 40
of the magnitudes, | + | b |, will result in the

| a
greatest possible value because direction is not being SOLUTION:
of the magnitudes, | a | + | b |, will result in the second vector, which is the correct way to use the
greatest possible value because direction is not being triangle method. Darin placed the initial points of the
considered. This value can only be achieved by | a + two vectors together, which is the first step in using
8-1 b | if a and b are parallel
Introduction vectors with the same
to Vectors the parallelogram method, but then he did not
direction. complete the parallelogram.
68. ERROR ANALYSIS Darin and Cris are finding 69. REASONING Is it possible for the sum of two
the resultant of vectors a and b. Is either of them vectors to equal one of the vectors? Explain.
correct? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
Yes; sample answer: It is possible for the sum of
two vectors to be equal to one of the components
only when one of the vectors is the zero vector. For
example, draw two vectors a and b, where neither
vector is the zero vector and a and b have the same
direction. Find a + b.
SOLUTION:
Cris is correct. Cris placed the initial point of the
second vector on the terminal point of the first vector In this instance, (a) + (b) = (a + b). However, if we
and then drew the resultant from the initial point of let b equal to the zero vector, then (a) + (b) = (a +
the first vector to the terminal point of the second b) = (a), as shown.
vector, which is the correct way to use the triangle
method. Darin placed the initial points of the two
vectors together, which is the first step in using the
parallelogram method, but then he did not complete
the parallelogram. For Darin to also be correct, he
would have to complete the parallelogram and then ANSWER:
draw the resultant vector, which is the diagonal of Yes; sample answer: It is possible for the sum of
the parallelogram. two vectors to be equal to one of the components
only when one of the vectors is the zero vector.
70. Writing in Math Compare and contrast the

parallelogram and triangle methods of finding the
resultant of two or more vectors.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Using the triangle method, you place
the initial point of subsequent vectors at the terminal
ANSWER:
point of previous vectors and then draw the resultant
Cris; sample answer: Cris placed the initial point of from the initial point of the first vector to the terminal
the second vector on the terminal point of the first point of the last vector.
vector and then drew the resultant from the initial
point of the first vector to the terminal point of the
second vector, which is the correct way to use the
triangle method. Darin placed the initial points of the
two vectors together, which is the first step in using
the parallelogram method, but then he did not
69. REASONING Is it possible for the sum of two

vectors to equal one of the vectors? Explain.
SOLUTION:
Using the parallelogram method, you place the initial
Yes; sample answer: It is possible for the sum of
points of the two vectors at the same point, then
two vectors to be equal to one of the components
complete the parallelogram and draw the resultant
only when one of the vectors is the zero vector. For
from the initial points of the two vectors to the
example, draw two vectors a and b, where neither opposite vertex of the parallelogram.
vector is the zero vector and a and b have the same
direction.
eSolutions ManualFind
a + bby. Cognero
- Powered Page 41
and draw the resultant from the initial points of the
Using the parallelogram method, you place the initial two vectors to the opposite vertex of the
points of the two vectors at the same point, then parallelogram. Both the triangle and parallelogram
8-1 complete the parallelogram
Introduction to Vectorsand draw the resultant methods can be used to find the resultant of two or
from the initial points of the two vectors to the more vectors.
opposite vertex of the parallelogram.
71. KICKBALL Suppose a kickball player kicks a ball
at a 32º angle to the horizontal with an initial speed of
20 meters per second. How far away will the ball
land?
SOLUTION:
To determine the distance the ball travels, you need
the horizontal distance that the ball has traveled
when the ball hits the ground or when the height of
the ball is 0. First, write a parametric equation for the
vertical position of the ball.
Both the triangle and parallelogram methods can be Graph the equation for the vertical position. Use the
used to find the resultant of two or more vectors. CALC menu to find the time t for when the ball will
hit the ground. The value is about 2.163 seconds.
ANSWER:
Sample answer: Using the triangle method, you place
the initial point of subsequent vectors at the terminal
point of previous vectors and then draw the resultant
from the initial point of the first vector to the terminal
point of the last vector. Using the parallelogram
method, you place the initial points of the two vectors
at the same point, then complete the parallelogram Determine the horizontal position of the ball at 2.163
and draw the resultant from the initial points of the seconds.
two vectors to the opposite vertex of the
parallelogram. Both the triangle and parallelogram
methods can be used to find the resultant of two or
more vectors.
The ball will travel a distance of about 36.7 meters.
71. KICKBALL Suppose a kickball player kicks a ball
at a 32º angle to the horizontal with an initial speed of ANSWER:
20 meters per second. How far away will the ball 36.7 m
land?
72. Graph (x′)2 + y' – 5 = 1 if it has been rotated 45°
SOLUTION: from its position in the xy-plane.
To determine the distance the ball travels, you need
the horizontal distance that the ball has traveled SOLUTION:
when the ball hits the ground or when the height of Use the rotation formulas for x′ and y′ to find the
the ball is 0. First, write a parametric equation for the equation of the rotated conic in the xy–plane.
vertical position of the ball.
x′ = x cos θ + y sin θ
x′ = x cos 45° + y sin 45°
x′ = x+ y
Graph the equation for the vertical position. Use the
CALC menu to find the time t for when the ball will
y′ = y cos θ − x sin θ
hit the ground. The value is about 2.163 seconds.
y′ = y cos 45° − x sin 45°
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero y′ = y− x Page 42

Substitute these values into the original equation.
x′ = x+ y

8-1 y′ = y
cos θ − x sin θ
y′ = y cos 45° − x sin 45°
Write an equation for a circle that satisfies each
y′ = y− x set of conditions. Then graph the circle.
73. center at (4, 5), radius 4

Substitute these values into the original equation. SOLUTION:
The center is located at (4, 5), so h = 4 and k = 5.
2
The radius is 4, so r = 16.

Use the values of h, k, and r to write the equation of
the circle.

Graph a circle that has a center at (4, 5) and a radius

of 4.
Graph the equation by solving for y.
2 2
y +(2x + )y + x − x − 12 = 0

Use the quadratic formula.
ANSWER:
2 2
Use a graphing calculator to assist in graphing the (x – 4) + (y – 5) = 16
conic.
ANSWER: 74. center at (1, –4), diameter 7

SOLUTION:
The center is located at (1, −4), so h = 1 and k = −4.
2
The diameter is 7, so r = 3.5, and r = 12.25.

Use the values of h, k, and r to write the equation of
the circle.
Write an equation for a circle that satisfies each

set of conditions. Then graph the circle.
Graph a circle that has a center at (1, −4) and a
73. center at (4, 5), radius 4 radius of 3.5.
SOLUTION:
The center is located at (4, 5), so h = 4 and k = 5.
2
74. center at (1, –4), diameter 7 Determine the equation of and graph a parabola
with the given focus F and vertex V.
SOLUTION: 75. F(2, 4), V(2, 3)
The center is located at (1, −4), so h = 1 and k = −4.
2 SOLUTION:
The diameter is 7, so r = 3.5, and r = 12.25.
Because the focus and vertex share the same x–
Use the values of h, k, and r to write the equation of coordinate, the graph is vertical. The focus is (h, k +
the circle. p), so the value of p is 4 − 3 or 1. Because p is
positive, the graph opens up.

Write the equation for the parabola in standard form
using the values of h, p , and k.
Graph a circle that has a center at (1, −4) and a
radius of 3.5.

2
The standard form of the equation is (x – 2) = 4(y –
3). Graph the vertex and focus. Then make a table
of values to graph the parabola.
ANSWER:
2 2
(x – 1) + (y + 4) = 12.25
ANSWER:
2
(x – 2) = 4(y – 3)
Determine the equation of and graph a parabola

with the given focus F and vertex V.
75. F(2, 4), V(2, 3)
SOLUTION:
Because the focus and vertex share the same x–
coordinate, the graph is vertical. The focus is (h, k +
p), so the value of p is 4 − 3 or 1. Because p is
positive, the graph opens up. 76. F(1, 5), V(-7, 5)

Write the equation for the parabola in standard form SOLUTION:
using the values of h, p , and k. Because the focus and vertex share the same y–
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero coordinate, the graph is horizontal. The focus isPage
(h +44
p, k), so the value of p is 1 – (−7) or 8. Because p is
positive, the graph opens to the right.

76. F(1, 5), V(-7, 5) 77. CRAFTS Sanjay is selling wood carvings. He sells

large statues for $60, clocks for $40, dollhouse
SOLUTION: furniture for $25, and chess pieces for $5. He takes
Because the focus and vertex share the same y– the following number of items to the fair: 12 large
coordinate, the graph is horizontal. The focus is (h + statues, 25 clocks, 45 pieces of dollhouse furniture,
p, k), so the value of p is 1 – (−7) or 8. Because p is and 50 chess pieces.
positive, the graph opens to the right. a. Write an inventory matrix for the number of each
item and a cost matrix for the price of each item.
Write the equation for the parabola in standard form b. Find Sanjay’s total income if he sells all of the
using the values of h, p , and k. items.
SOLUTION:
a. Sample answer: The number of each item can be
written in a 1 × 4 inventory matrix.

2
The standard form of the equation (y – 5) = 32(x + The price of each item can be written in a 4 × 1 cost
7). Graph the vertex and focus. Then make a table matrix.
of values to graph the parabola.

b. Find the product of the inventory and cost matrix
found in part a.
ANSWER:
22
(y – 5) = 32(x + 7)

If Stanley sells all of the items, his total income will
be $3095.
ANSWER:
a. Sample answer: ,
77. CRAFTS Sanjay is selling wood carvings. He sells b. $3095

large statues for $60, clocks for $40, dollhouse
Solve each equation for all values of x.
furniture for $25, and chess pieces for $5. He takes
the following number of items to the fair: 12 large 78. 4 sin x cos x− 2 sin x = 0
statues, 25 clocks, 45 pieces of dollhouse furniture, SOLUTION:
and 50 chess pieces.
a. Write an inventory matrix for the number of each
item and a cost matrix for the price of each item.
b. Find Sanjay’s total income if he sells all of the
items.
SOLUTION:
a. Sample answer: The number of each item can be
written in a 1 × 4 inventory matrix.
a. Sample answer: , ANSWER:

b. $3095
Solve each equation for all values of x. 79. sin x – 2 cos2 x = −1

78. 4 sin x cos x− 2 sin x = 0
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

The period of sine and cosine is 2π, so you only need
to find solutions on the interval [0, 2π). The solutions
on this interval are 0, π, , and . The solutions on
the interval (−∞,∞) are then found by adding integer
multiples of 2π. The solutions x = 0 + 2nπ and x = π The period of sine is 2π, so you only need to find
+ 2nπ can be combined to x = nπ. Therefore, the solutions on the interval [0, 2π). The solutions on this
general form of the solutions is x = nπ, x = + 2nπ, interval are , , and . The solutions on the
and x = + 2nπ, where n is an integer. interval (−∞,∞) are then found by adding integer

multiples of 2π. Therefore, the general form of the
ANSWER: solutions is x = + 2nπ, x = + 2nπ, and x =
+ 2nπ, where n is an integer.
ANSWER:
2
79. sin x – 2 cos x = −1
SOLUTION:
80. SAT/ACT If town A is 12 miles from town B and
town C is 18 miles from town A, then which of the
following cannot be the distance from town B to
town C?
A 5 miles
B 7 miles
C 10 miles
D 12 miles
E 18 miles
SOLUTION:
Sketch the possible locations of the towns. The
possible locations can be represented by two
concentric circles, one with a radius of 12 miles and
the other with a radius of 18 miles, with town A at
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero the center. Page 46

+ 2nπ, where n is an integer. A
ANSWER: 81. A remote control airplane flew along an initial path

8-1 Introduction to Vectors of 32° to the horizontal at a velocity of 48 feet per
second as shown. Which of the following represent
the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical
80. SAT/ACT If town A is 12 miles from town B and components of the velocity?
town C is 18 miles from town A, then which of the
following cannot be the distance from town B to
town C?
A 5 miles
B 7 miles
C 10 miles
D 12 miles
E 18 miles F 25.4 ft/s, 40.7 ft/s
G 40.7 ft/s, 25.4 ft/s
SOLUTION: H 56.6 ft/s, 90.6 ft/s
Sketch the possible locations of the towns. The J 90.6 ft/s, 56.6 ft/s
possible locations can be represented by two
concentric circles, one with a radius of 12 miles and SOLUTION:
the other with a radius of 18 miles, with town A at The remote control airplane flew along an initial path
the center. of 32° to the horizontal at a velocity of 48 feet per
second. Draw a vector to represent the airplane.
Also include the horizontal component x and a
vertical component y.

Town B and town C will be at their closest distance
to each other when they are on the same side of The horizontal and vertical components of the vector
town A. As shown in the drawing, town B and town form a right triangle. Use the sine or cosine ratios to
C can achieve a minimal distance of 6 miles from find the magnitude of each component.
each other. Town B and town C will be at their
farthest from each other when they are on exact
opposite sides of town A. As also shown in the
drawing, town B and town C can achieve a
maximum distance of 30 miles from each other.
Thus, the distance d that town B and town C can be
from each other is 6 ≤ d ≤ 30. The towns cannot be Drawings may not be to scale.
5 miles apart.
The correct answer is A. The magnitude of the horizontal component is about
40.7 feet per second and the magnitude of the
ANSWER: vertical component is about 25.4 feet per second.
A The correct answer is G.

81. A remote control airplane flew along an initial path
of 32° to the horizontal at a velocity of 48 feet per ANSWER:
second as shown. Which of the following represent G
the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical
components of the velocity? 82. REVIEW Triangle ABC has vertices A(−4, 2), B
(−4, −3), and C(3, −3). After a dilation, triangle A′B′
C' has vertices A′(−12, 6), B′(−12, −9), and C′(9, −9).
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero How many times as great is the area of ΔA′B′C′ Page 47
than the area of ΔABC?
A
G

82. REVIEW Triangle ABC has vertices A(−4, 2), B The area of ΔA′B′C′ is 157.5 units. To find how
8-1 (−4,
−3), and C(3, −3). After a dilation, triangle A′B′ many times greater the area of ΔA′B′C′ is than the
C' has vertices A′(−12, 6), B′(−12, −9), and C′(9, −9). area of ΔABC, divide 157.5 by 17.5. So, the area of
How many times as great is the area of ΔA′B′C′ ΔA′B′C′ is 9 times greater than the area of ΔABC.
than the area of ΔABC?
The correct answer is D.
A
ANSWER:
B D
C 3 83. REVIEW Holly is drawing a map of her

D 9 neighborhood. Her house is represented by
quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(2, 2), B(6, 2), C
SOLUTION: (6, 6), and D(2, 6). She wants to use the same
Graph ΔABC and ΔA′B′C′. coordinate system to make another map that is one
half the size of the original map. What could be the
new vertices of Holly’s house?
F A′(0, 0), B′(2, 1), C′(3, 3), D′(0, 3)
G A′(0, 0), B′(3, 1), C′(2, 3), D′(0, 2)
H A′(1, 1), B′(3, 1), C′(3, 3), D′(1, 3)
J A′(1, 2), B′(3, 0), C′(2, 2), D′(2, 3)
SOLUTION:
To make another map that is one half the size of the
To find the area of ΔABC, find the height and the original map, Holly can perform a dilation on the
length of the base. The length of the base is the
original map using a scale factor of . To find the
length of , which is 7. The height of ΔABC is the
length of , which is 5. Substitute these values into new coordinates, she can multiply the original
the formula for the area of a triangle. coordinates by the scale factor.
A= (2, 2) or (1, 1)
B= (6, 2) or (3, 1)
C= (6, 6) or (3, 3)
The area of ΔABC is 17.5 units.
D= (2, 6) or (1, 3)
To find the area of ΔA′B′C′, find the height and the
length of the base. The length of the base is the The correct answer is H.
length of , which is 21. The height of ΔA′B′C′ is ANSWER:
the length of , which is 15. Substitute these H
values into the formula for the area of a triangle.

The area of ΔA′B′C′ is 157.5 units. To find how
many times greater the area of ΔA′B′C′ is than the
area of ΔABC, divide 157.5 by 17.5. So, the area of
ΔA′B′C′
eSolutions is-9Powered
Manual times greater than the area of ΔABC.
by Cognero Page 48

The correct answer is D.

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the mass of the tire and the downward pull due to

8-1 Introduction to Vectors ANSWER:

Use a ruler and a protractor to draw an arrow

4. a baseball thrown with a speed of 85 miles per hour

5. a 15-pound tire hanging from a rope

6. a rock thrown straight up at a velocity of 50 feet per

and a direction of straight up. This is a vector 8. g = 6 kilometers per hour at a bearing of N70°W

Use a ruler and a protractor to draw an arrow 8. g = 6 kilometers per hour at a bearing of N70°W

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

9. j = 5 feet per minute at 300° to the horizontal 10. k = 28 kilometers at 35° to the horizontal

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

11. m = 40 meters at a bearing of S55°E 12. n = 32 yards per second at a bearing of 030°

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4

Find the resultant of each pair of vectors using

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then

Drawings may not be to scale.

21. HIKING Nick and Lauren hiked 3.75 kilometers to Determine the magnitude and direction of the

Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then

Drawings may not be to scale.

Drawings may not be to scale.

ANSWER: 25. 17 miles east and then 16 miles south

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

Translate b so that its tail touches the tip of a. Then

Drawings may not be to scale.

ANSWER: Use the set of vectors to draw a vector diagram

26. 15 meters per second squared at a 60° angle to the

Use the set of vectors to draw a vector diagram

Then use the triangle method to draw the resultant

Drawings may not be to scale.

3n. To represent p, draw a vector the length

Then use the triangle method to draw the resultant

To represent p, draw a vector the length of p

To represent 3n, draw a vector 3 times as long as n in the same direction as p.

Then use the triangle method to draw the resultant

Drawings may not be to scale.

ANSWER: Drawings may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

30. 4n + p Drawing may not be to scale.

To represent p, draw a vector the length of p

To represent −m, draw a vector the same length as

To represent , draw a vector the length of

To represent −2n, draw a vector 2 times as long as n

Drawings may not be to scale.

Drawings may not be to scale.

Drawing may not be to scale.

8-1 Introduction to Vectors

To represent , draw a vector the length of

To represent −3n, draw a vector 3 times as long as n