INDIVIDUAL AND DUAL SPORTS

Sports - is an activity that requires physical actions and skills where individuals or teams compete under a set of rules.

Types of Sports

Sport is classified into:

 Individual sports : Individual sports are played by one participant on each competing side
 Dual sports : Dual Sports are played by two competing pairs
 Team sports : Team Sports are played by three or more players

What is the difference of individual/dual sports vs. team sports?

• Individual sports foster a higher amount of discipline, self-confidence, focus, and passion

• Team sports many variables are considered to determine the success or failure of the team. It depends on the collective effort of all
its players

Athletics History dating back to the Ancient Greeks, athletics was the only competition to be held in the first Olympic Games
which took place in Athens in 776 BC. At that time, the single athletic event was known as the ‘stade,’ a foot race which covered the
length of the Athenian Olympic stadium.

The Olympic Games continued to take place in Athens every four years, with all wars suspended for the duration of the games. Over
time, more events were added to the ancient games including longer running distances, the discus, and javelin, jumping and wrestling.
The Roman Games also incorporated a form of athletics although the events favored by the Romans were chariot racing, wrestling and
most importantly gladiatorial combat and similarly the Celts, Teutons and Goths also took part in forms of athletic combat.

Athletics became more diverse during the Middle Ages when the sons of noblemen were trained in running, jumping and wrestling
and there were often athletics contests between rival nobility. In the nineteenth century, the modern events that are familiar in athletics
today began to emerge, initially as part of an official physical education programmed in schools.

Schools began to organize competitive meets, the earliest of which took place in Exeter College, Oxford in 1850. The first modern
Olympic Games took place in 1896 and athletics were the key element of the games, with the competition being divided into track and
field events. In 1928 further progressions were made when women were allowed to partake in athletics competitions for the first time.

An international governing body of athletics, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), was established in 1912
which developed a number of international standards, rules and competitions and which has regulated the sport ever since. Today
there are numerous events which combine to make up the sport of athletics. In competition, most of these events are carried out on a
400 m track or inside the track on a grass field. These tracks are situated in an indoor or outdoor stadium depending on the season.

Track Events Running events up to 10000m in distance are conducted on a 400 m track which is outdoors during summer competition
and indoors during the winter. The track is made with a rubber surface to improve grip and lessen the risk of slipping in poor weather
conditions. The track is an elongated oval shape, consisting of a semi-circle at either end and two straight segments joining the semi-
circles together.

The track is split into six to ten lanes which circle around an inner field used for throwing and jumping events. Each runner is
allocated a lane at the beginning of the race, with starting blocks marking the beginning of the race, although whether athletes are
required to stay in lane for the duration of the race, depends on the distance being run.

The winner of all races conducted on the track is the first person whose torso crosses the finishing line. If hands, legs, head or feet
cross the line before another contestant’s torso a win is not counted. A runner is disqualified from a race if they make two false starts,
which are counted if they leave the starting blocks before the starting gun is fired. Running events on the track are split into different
categories, distinguished by the distance being run. The categories are: short distance races, middle distance races and long distance
races.
Short Distance Races

For the shortest running races, contestants must stay in lane at all times and will be disqualified if they change lanes. The short
distance races consist of:

100 m - The shortest running event in athletics, the 100 m sprint requires the athlete to start well, leaving the blocks with immense
power and speed.
200 m - As with the 100 m, the 200 m requires instant acceleration but it also needs stamina to maintain the speed for the duration of
the race.
400 m - The distance of one circuit around the track, the 400 m requires the athlete to have a good powerful start whilst maintaining
enough stamina and energy to make a sprinting finish at the end of the race.
600 m (this is only included in Indoor Athletics competitions) - Sometimes considered a middle distance race, this is often raced by
400 m athletes to improve endurance or by 800 m athletes to improve speed.
Middle Distance Races

The middle distance races consist of:

800 m - This consists of two circuits around the track, requiring the athlete to demonstrate good speed combined with endurance. In
the 800 m the runner is required to stay in their allocated lane until `the first curve of the track, when they are then allowed to change
lanes, although if a runner deliberately obstructs another contestant they risk being disqualified from the competition.
1500 m - Also known as the metric mile, the 1500m race requires athletes to run 3.75 times around the track. It requires endurance in
order that contestants maintain speed and have enough energy to make a final push to the finish line. Unlike the 800 m, runners can
change lanes as soon as the race has started, although like all races, a contestant will be disqualified if they deliberately obstruct
another runner.
1600 m - The Dream Mile. In the modern era this is the only distance that is recognised by the IAAF for record purposes. Made
famous for the battle to break the four-minute barrier - the Mile is still run at a few events each year most notably at Oslo.
 

Long Distance Races

The long distance races consist of:

3000 m - A distance that is often run by runners who are comfortable at both 1500m and 5000m. Many see it as a hybrid event
between middle and long distances and is characterised by fast finishes.
3000 m Steeplechase - Originating from a British event where runners raced between towns, from one church steeple to the next, the
Steeplechase is a 3000 m race in which contestants run around the track encountering various obstacles over the course of the race.
The obstacles consist of twenty eight different barriers and seven water jumps which are situated at different points on the track.
5000 m - Requiring extreme endurance and aerobic training the 5000 m requires athletes to run 12.5 times around the track. Unlike the
short distance races, stamina is much more important than speed and athletes begin the race steadily in order to conserve energy for
the duration of the race.
10000 m - The longest track event in athletics competition, the 10000 m requires intense training sessions in order that the athlete can
build up the stamina and mental determination necessary to run the required 25 times around the track.
Relay The relay most commonly consists of 4 x 100 m sprint with four runners each completing one leg of the race. Contestants are
allowed to change lanes in relay events, with the exception of the first runner who will be disqualified if they do not stay in lane.
Athletic rules stipulate that contestants must pass a baton to the next runner on completion of their own leg within a marked
changeover zone.

Once the baton is passed, the runner who passed the baton must stay in lane until all other runners pass, to avoid obstructing another
contestant. If the baton is dropped, the runner may pick it up but should not obstruct other runners when doing so. As well as the 4 x
100 m relay, other relay events that are commonly included in Athletics competitions are:

4 x 200 m
4 x 400 m
4 x 800 m
There are also medley relays although these usually only take place at specific relay events. There are two types of medley
relays:
Distance Medley Relay: this consists of a 1200 m leg, a 400 m leg, an 800 m leg and a 1600 m leg to finish.
Sprint Medley Relay: this consists of a 400 m leg, two 200 m legs and an 800 m leg to finish.
Hurdles
 The hurdles race consists of a track with ten hurdles in each lane, spaced evenly over the course of the track. Contestants
are required to jump over each hurdle with both feet clearing the height of the hurdle bar. The hurdles are positioned in such a way
that they will fall over if the runner touches them and although contestants will not be disqualified for knocking hurdles down
accidentally, they will be penalized for knocking them down deliberately. Contestants must stay in lane throughout the race and will
be disqualified for changing lanes or obstructing another athlete. There are three types of hurdle races which commonly take place at
athletics competitions:

110 m hurdles - Designed for male competitors, the 110 m hurdle event consists of ten hurdles at 1.067 m high, with the first hurdle
being placed 13.72 m from the starting block and the following nine hurdles placed at a distance of 9.14 m from each other.
100 m hurdles - Designed for female competitors, the 100 m hurdle event consists of ten hurdles at 84 cm high, with the first hurdle
being placed 13 m from the starting block and the following nine hurdles placed at a distance of 8.50 m from each other.
400 m hurdles - this race is commonly run by both male and female athletes. It consists of ten hurdles.
Road Events

Whilst most athletic events take place on the track or field within an indoor or outdoor stadium, the races which cover longer
distances take place on the road.

Marathon

The marathon is a race covering the distance of 42.195 km, which was first run by a Greek messenger in 490 BC. Whilst marathons
usually take place independently from other athletics events, the marathon is included as an athletics event in the summer Olympic
Games. The marathon is the ultimate challenge in endurance and strength, requiring the athlete to pace themselves from the beginning
to avoid running out of energy and postponing the ‘wall’ stage, where athletes suffer extreme fatigue as glycogen levels run low.

Racewalking

Racewalking is a popular event world wide but it is usually only included in the major competitions, including the Olympics, the
Commonwealth Games and the IAAF Athletics World Championships. Racewalking requires the athlete to cover a set distance as
quickly as possible but unlike the running technique, the toe of the back foot is not permitted to leave the ground until the heel of the
front foot makes contact with the ground, thus distinguishing the movement as a walk, despite the speed racewalkers use.

The athlete is also required to keep their supporting leg straight until the body passes over it, a rule that if violated is known as
‘lifting.’ In order to walk as quickly as possible, athletes move the pelvis as far forward as possible in order to propel the body along
the ground at maximum speed. Racewalking events take place over 20 km for both male and female athletes and 50 km for male
athletes only.

Field Events

Jumping Events

There are four jumping events in field athletics: high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. There are four main principles
which are applied to all jumping events:

Starting run - this is the period of time where the athlete gathers speed for the take-off. The faster the athlete runs, the more force
there is to be converted into the jump.
Take off - this is the transition between the run and the jump with the athlete propelling their body into the air. In the case of the triple
jump the propulsion of the body is delayed with a hop, step and jump preceding the take off.
Flight - this is the period of time when the body is airborne, sending them horizontally away from the starting point in the long jump
or triple jump and vertically over the bar in the high jump.
Landing - this is the point at which the athlete finishes the jump marking the distance (in the case of the long jump and triple jump)
that they have travelled through the air. The landing area is a sand pit for the long jump and triple jump and a mattress for the high
jump and pole vault.

High Jump

In the high jump event, athletes sprint down a runway towards a four metre long horizontal bar and jump vertically over the bar on to a
cushioned mattress. The crossbar is increased in height as the competition progresses and more competitors are knocked out. There are
various methods of jumping over the bar but the most common is known as the ‘Fosbury Flop,’ where the athlete curves the direction
of the run during their last four strides, twisting over the bar and landing on to their back. Whatever their chosen method of jumping
over the bar, all contestants are required to make the take off from one foot. Athletes are allowed to touch the crossbar as they jump
over but if the bar falls off the vertical supports, the jump is classified as a failure. After three failed jumps a contestant is eliminated
from the competition.

Long Jump

The long jump requires athletes to sprint down a runway and jump off a raised platform into a stretch of sand or other marked area,
with the aim of landing as far from the starting point as possible. The distance travelled is measured by the first mark made by the
athlete’s body in the sand on landing. The jump is classified as a fail if any part of the contestant’s body touches the ground between
take-off and landing. The jump is also a fail if the athlete leaves the runway after the take-off line at the end of the take-off board.

Triple Jump

Also known as ‘the hop, step and jump’ the triple jump requires the athlete to begin with speed but to maintain energy for the take-off.
The triple jump begins with a sprint down the runway and is followed by a hop, a step and a jump before the athlete propels their body
into the air, with the aim of landing as far from the starting point as possible, in the same manner as the long jump. When the athlete
hops, they must land on the same foot as they began sprinting on and the step should land on the opposite foot. As with the long jump,
no part of the body must touch the ground between jumping and landing and the jump is classified as a fail if the athlete begins
jumping after the take-off line.

Pole Vault

The pole vault requires the athlete to clear the height of a horizontal bar with the assistance of a vertical pole, with the bar increasing
in height as more athletes are eliminated from the competition. The athlete begins the jump by sprinting down a runway and then
plants the pole into a box in front of the bar, using the pole to power over the bar. As with the high jump, a pole vault is classified as a
fail if the contestant knocks the bar down during the vault and after three failed attempts the athlete is then eliminated from the
competition.

Throwing events

There are four different throwing events included in athletics competition which require athletes to demonstrate power, strength and
accuracy. The four events are: the hammer, the discus, the javelin and the shot put.

Hammer

The ‘hammer’ is an extremely heavy metal ball weighing 7.2kg which is attached to a handle by a steel wire. The hammer event
requires the contestant to have extreme strength and excellent technique, in order to throw the metal ball across the field. When
making the throw the contestant must stand within a designated area, marked by a circle. If the athlete steps out of the circle during the
throw or before the hammer lands, the throw is classified as a fail.
Discus

Making use of a spinning technique to bring about speed and strength, the discus requires the athlete to throw a disc shaped object
across the field as far as possible. The athlete must begin the throw from a stationary position but there are no specified requirements
for the method used to throw the discus. To make the throw the athlete stands within a circle marked on the ground and is forbidden to
leave the circle before the discus has landed. If the contestant steps on or outside the circle, the throw is classified as a fail.

Javelin

The Javelin combines speed with great strength, requiring the athlete to throw a long spiked pole as far as possible across the field.
The javelin has a grip, part way along the pole, which the athlete must hold on to when throwing. The javelin is thrown by an arm
extended backwards, being thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the arm. For the throw to count, the javelin must land with the
tip (front part of the javelin) hitting the ground before the tail (back part of the javelin) If the athlete turns their back to the throwing
line during the throw or crosses the line during or after the throw, the throw is classified as a fail.

Shot Put

Requiring perhaps more strength than any other athletic event, the shot put requires the athlete to throw an extremely heavy ball across
a specified distance by transferring leg strength up through the arms. The athlete is required to begin the throw from a stationary
position within a marked circle and must throw the shot using one hand only. The contestant is disqualified if they leave the marked
circle before the shot has touched the ground.

Mixed Events

Heptathlon

Combining seven different track and field events the heptathlon is an all-female event which tests the endurance, strength and all-
round ability of the athlete, awarding contestants points in each event for their best performance. The heptathlon consists of the 100 m
hurdles, the high jump, the shot put and the 200 m run on the first day of competition and the long jump, the javelin and the 800 m run
on the second day.

Although on the whole most of the normal rules apply to each individual event included in the heptathlon there are some small
variations. In the running events, athletes are permitted to make three false starts before being disqualified from the event. There are
only three attempts allowed in each field event and should an athlete choose not to compete in one event, they are disqualified from
the entire competition.

Decathlon

Like the heptathlon for female athletes, the decathlon tests the stamina and strength of male athletes through ten different track and
field events spread over two days of competition, with points being awarded for the contestant’s best performance in each event. The
decathlon consists of the 100m run, the long jump, the shot put, the high jump and the 400 m run on the first day and the 110 m
hurdles, the discus, the pole vault, the javelin and the 1500 m run on the second day of the competition. The same rule variations apply
to the decathlon as to the heptathlon.
 ACTIVITY SHEET FOR Physical Education 11 – 2nd Semester
Preliminary Term
A.Y 2020-2021
NAME:________________________________________________________________Section :__________________

1. What does one need to know in playing sports?

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2. Differentiate the individual and Dual Sports?
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3. What is the difference of Short, Middle and Long Distance races?
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4. What are the throwing events and discuss it briefly in your own understanding.
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5. Did you ever try to join Athletics games? Or you’re one of the athletes of your school before? If yes, what sports? If
not, why?
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6. If you have any chance to join an organization or clubs in our school. What organization do want to join? And Why?
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Performance Task – Preliminary

1. Draw the four main principles which are applied to all jumping events
a. Starting Run
b. Take off
c. Flight
d. Landing

2. Video yourself while performing the High, Long and Triple Jump in your house.

3. Make a Group Chat for our Subject Physical Education 11 – 2nd Semester. This GC will serves as our aide in passing your
requirements.

4. Deadline for our Video is on March 5, 2021.

God Bless!

Ma. Kristina B. Pablo, Lpt

Subject Teacher