Drift Motions of a Floating

Barge in Random IVIuIti-

0. Nwogu
Research Officer, Directional Wawes
Hydraulics Laboratory,
National Research Council, This paper presents results of a numerical and laboratory investigation into the
Ottawa, Canada mooring line forces and slow drift oscillations of large floating structures in multi-
directional waves. A procedure for computing the spectral density of the second-
M. Isaacson order forces in random multi-directional waves based on the concept of a bidirec-
tional, bifrequency quadratic transfer function is presented. Laboratory tests were
Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
carried out with a floating barge model, restrained horizontally by soft linear springs.
University of British Columbia,
The barge was subjected to random multi-directional waves with different degrees
Vancouver, Canada of directional spreading. The influence of wave directionality on the mooring line
forces and low frequency motions is investigated by comparing results in unidirec-
tional and multi-directional sea states with an identical frequency spectrum. The
results indicate a significant reduction of the mean and standard deviation of the
surge response, and an increased sway and yaw response. The mooring line forces
were affected by wave directionality in a similar manner as the surge response.

1 Introduction
The design of mooring systems for structures such as float- elsen, 1974). Linear superposition can be used to extend the
ing production systems requires knowledge of the magnitude results to random short-crested waves (e.g., Isaacson and
of the slow drift oscillations of the structure. Drift forces are Sinha, 1986).
due to second-order effects and occur at frequencies much The steady drift force in regular waves can be computed
lower than the incident wave frequencies. The drift force from the first-order velocity potentials using either the far-
frequency may, however, be close to natural frequency of the field method of Maruo (1960) of the near-field method of
mooring system, resulting in large horizontal drift motions. Pinkster (1976). Due to the nonlinear nature of the drift
Current design practices often assume a unidirectional or forces, linear superposition of the contributions from different
long-crested incident wave field. Realistic sea states are, how- wave frequencies and directions can no longer be used to
ever, multi-directional or short-crested with wave components extend the results to random waves. The second-order drift
propagating in different directions. The directionality of the force in long-crested random seas can, however, be modeled
waves may in some cases have a significant effect on the forces as the second term of a functional power or Volterra series.
and motions experienced by an offshore structure. Model tests This approach has been used by a number of authors such as
carried out with a single-point moored (SPM) tanker by Neal (1974) and results in a quadratic transfer function de-
Houlie et al. (1983) showed a more than doubling of the force pendent on two frequency variables.
at the tanker/yoke hinge connection in multi-directional The quadratic transfer function can be determined from
waves, possibly due to increased bow motions. The use of a the solution of the complete second-order hydrodynamic
directional sea state in numerical or physical modeling might problem. This could prove to be rather cumbersome since the
also be the only way to estimate certain quantities such as transfer function has to be computed for all the different
torsional loads, excessive roll and yaw motions, and lateral frequency combinations in a given sea state. Newman (1974)
forces on structural members. presented a method that approximated the quadratic transfer
The computation of the first and second-order motions of function using the mean drift force in regular waves. The
floating structures in random multi-directional waves first approach is, however, valid for sea states with narrow-band
requires the determination of the forces in regular oblique wave spectra. Faltinsen and Loken (1979) avoided having to
waves. The first-order forces in regular waves can be deter- solve for the second-order potential by using Green's second
mined from well-established numerical procedures based on identity to relate the second-order diffraction potential to the
potential flow theory (see, for example, Faltinsen and Mich- first-order potentials. They found Newman's approximation
gave reasonable results. Marthinsen (1983a) presented an
alternate approximate method also valid for narrow-band
Contributed by the OMAE Division and presented at the 8th International seas. The method relates the slowly varying drift force to the
Symposium and Exhibit on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, The envelope of the wave train, obtained from a Hilbert transform
Hague, The Netherlands, March 19-23, 1989, of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Manuscript received by the OMAE Division, June of the wave surface elevation.
6, 1989; revised manuscript received October 2, 1989. There are, however, relatively few studies on the computa-

Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering FEBRUARY 1991, Vol. 1 1 3 / 3 7

Copyright © 1991 by ASME

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 tion and experimental measurement of drift forces in direc- for example, Dalzell, 1985)
tional seas. The functional power series representation of the
second-order force in unidirectional waves can be extended FW
to account for a spatial wave field. This results in a quadratic (0 = J J J J h2(x1,rl,X2,r2)
transfer function dependent on two direction and two fre- • ??(xi, t — TI)7?(X 2 , t — r 2 ) dxi dr, dx2 dr2 (5)
quency variables. Dalzell (1985), and Pinkster (1985) dis-
cussed the computation of drift forces in directional seas using where h2(xu TU X2, T2) is a second-order impulse response
a bi-directional, bi-frequency transfer function. Marthinsen function dependent on spatial and time variables. A quadratic
(1983b) extended his narrow-band approach to short-crested transfer function dependent on two frequency and two direc-
waves. Previous experimental studies of the behavior of struc- tion variables can be defined as
tures in directional waves include tests by Teigen (1983) with
a tension leg platform (TLP), and Maeda et al. (1986) with a
semi-submersible. H2(wt, co2, 0i, 02) = z J J J J h2(xh T,,X2, T2)
In this paper, expressions are presented for mean drift force
and spectral density of the low-frequency force in random • expj—;'(ki • Xi + OJIT! — k 2 • x 2 — O> 2 T 2 )|
multi-directional waves. Laboratory tests with a floating barge
in random short-crested waves are described. The effect of dx, dr, dx2 dr2 (6)
wave directionality on the drift motions and mooring line
forces is investigated by comparing results in long-crested The second-order impulse response function may be consid-
waves with short-crested waves. ered symmetric; that is,

h2{xu n , x 2 , T 2 ) = h2(x2, T2, X,, T, (7)

2 Theoretical Background This results in the following symmetry condition for the
quadratic transfer function:
2.1 Description of Directional Seas. Consider a random
multi-directional sea state with the water surface elevation i? H2(u,, co2, 92) = H2*(u2, a.,,02, 00 (8)
assumed to be a zero mean, stationary, ergodic, Gaussian
process. The wave field is also assumed to be spatially ho- The physical significance of the bidirectional quadratic trans-
mogeneous. The water surface elevation at location x = (x, fer function can be investigated by considering a short-crested
y), and time, t, can be modeled as a linear superposition of N wave field composed of two long-crested wave trains, propa-
regular long-crested waves with different frequencies propa- gating in different directions, given by
gating in different directions; that is,
v(x,y, t) = alcos(k1xcosdl + klysindl — o^+e,)
r)(x, t) = Re £ Ajexp{i(kj • x - ut)\ (1) + a2cos(k2x cos d2 + k2y sin 82-o>2t + e2) (9)

where ax, a2 and c,, e2 are, respectively, the amplitudes and

where k = (k cos 0, k sin 0), k is the wavenumber related to phases of the component wave trains. The second-order force
the wave frequency u> by the linear dispersion relationship, can be obtained by substituting equation (9) into equation
and 6 represents a direction of wave propagation relative to (5). The mean and low-frequency components of the second-
the positive x-axis. Aj are complex amplitudes with randomly order force can be expressed as
distributed phases. The wave field may be described in terms
of a directional wave spectrum Sn(w, 8), which is related to Fa\t) = ax2H2(uu o>i, 0i, 0,) + a22H2(w2, o)2, 02, 82)
the mean square value of the water surface elevation by
+ 2a,a2Re[-f/2(o)1, o>2, 0i, 02)exp
S„(w, 8) dd do (2) {/((«, - o)2)Z - ( f , - f 2 ))|] (10)

The force consists of the mean components due to the indi-

The directional wave spectrum can be expressed as the prod-
vidual wave trains and a slowly varying component due to
uct of a directional spreading function D(u, 8) and the con-
the nonlinear interaction of the two waves. The symmetry
ventional one-dimensional frequency spectrum; that is,
condition (8) ensures that the force is independent of how the
waves are specified. Equation (10) can be rewritten as
S„(u, 6) = 5,(«)D( W , 6) (3)
2 2
One of the most commonly used models for the directional Fm(t) = £ £ a„am[Pnmcos[(o>„ - uim)t + (e„ - em)]
spreading function is the frequency-independent cosine power n=l m—l
function defined as
+ Q„„,sin[(o)„ - wm)t + (e„ - em)]} (11)

flo) for| <- where P,„„ and Qnm are the real and imaginary parts of the
D{6) = - V ^ r ( s + '/2) (4) bidirectional quadratic transfer function; that is,

o otherwise H2((l3„, 0),„, 6„, 0,„) = P((0„, 0),„, 0„, 0,„)

0o is the principal direction of wave propagation, T is the

gamma function, and s is a spreading index describing the
degree of directional spreading with s —> oo representing a = P,„n + iQnm (12)
long-crested wave. P„„ is the steady drift force coefficient of a regular oblique
wave train, while Q„„ has to be identically zero in order to
2.2 Second-Order Forces in Short-Crested Seas. The satisfy equation (8). Consider the special case of a regular
second-order force in random multi-directional waves can be short-crested wave train where the component wave frequen-
modeled as the second term of a functional power series (see, cies are the same. The mean drift force on the body is obtained

38 / Vol. 113, FEBRUARY 1991 Transactions of the ASME

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 from equation (10) as where
\H2{a', co + c o ' ) |
Fm(t) = a,2P(co, co, 0,, 0,) + a22P(u, co, 02, 02)
+ 2a,a2[P(oo, co, 0,, 02)cos(ei - c2)
+ Q(C0, CO, 0,, 02)8^(6, - e 2 )] (13) -[££ \H2(w', co + co', 0,, 0 2 ) |

The mean drift force in regular short-crested waves is not just •£>(co', 0,)Z)(co + co', 02) ddi d62 (20)
a direct summation of the mean drift forces of the component
long-crested waves, but contains an additional term due to The directionally averaged quadratic transfer function and
the interaction of the two waves. The interaction term is drift force coefficient can be used to numerically evaluate the
dependent on the relative phase between the two waves. effect of wave directionality on the mean and standard devia-
The mean and slowly varying drift force in random short- tion of the second-order forces.
crested seas is due to the interaction of all the wave compo- The computation of the drift forces in random seas requires
nents with different frequencies and directions in the sea state,
the computation of the quadratic transfer function for all the
and can be generalized from equation (10) different two frequency, two direction combinations. This
requires the solution of the second-order problem, including
N N
determination of second-order diffraction potential for all the
Fm(t)= I X a„a,„{i>„mCOS[(co„ - um)t + («„-£,„)]
n= 1 m= 1 combinations. In a typical sea state which is simulated with
about 256 frequency bands and 32 directions per frequency
+ G„,„sin[(co„ - wm)t + (£„ - «,„)]) (14) band, this would require an excessively large computational
effort.
The foregoing equation is consistent with the single summa- Newman (1974) presented an approximate method for the
tion model (equation (1)) used to represent the directional sea case of long-crested waves which has found widespread use.
state and is similar to the expression for the drift force in The approach is based on the assumption that the contribu-
unidirectional waves. The coefficients P„,„ and Q„„, are, how- tion to the slowly varying force associated with the off-
ever, dependent on the direction of propagation of the waves. diagonal coefficients are very close to the diagonal coefficients
Pinkster's (1985) expression for the drift force in directional for small differences in frequency. The approximation sim-
seas involves a quadruple summation, consistent with a dou- plifies the problem considerably in that the drift force in
ble summation representation of the sea state. random seas can now be determined from the regular drift
The mean drift force can be obtained from equation (14) force coefficients in regular waves, which is obtained from the
as solution of the first-order problem. It is, however, valid for
narrow-band wave spectra.
m
F (t) = S a„ Pm 2
(15) For directional seas, the following intuitive approximation
is proposed for the quadratic transfer function:

The mean force depends on the drift force coefficients for H2(OJ„, co,„, 0,„ 0,„)
regular oblique waves, and can be writte in continuous form = '/2[P(C0„, CO„, 0,„ 0„) + P(u>„ u u )] (21)
Wj f/Hs m
as
The foregoing equation neglects the additional interaction
term due to the presence of two waves with the same fre-
Fm(t) = Pa, oi, 9, 6)S„(o}, 9) d9 dw quency, but different directions of propagation. It should,
JO *-'-ir
however, be noted that the single summation model used to
represent a random multi-directional sea state (equation (1))
P(u)S,(w) dco (16) assumes a unique direction of wave propagation for each
Jo frequency component, and is thus not valid for such crossing
wave fields.
where .P(co) is a frequency-dependent, directionally averaged
drift force coefficient given by
3 Experiments

P(u) =
X P(a>, co, 0, 6)D(a>, 8) d9 (17)
The experiments were carried out in the multi-directional
wave basin of the Hydraulics Laboratory, National Research
Council of Canada. The basin is 30 m wide, 19.2 m long and
The spectral density of the low frequency component of 3 m deep. A water depth of 2 m was used for the tests. A 60-
the second-order force in short-crested seas can be expressed segment wave generator occupies one side of the basin, while
as(seeNwogu, 1989) wave energy absorption beaches are placed along the remain-
ing sides of the basin. The segmented wave generator can
produce regular and random unidirectional and multi-direc-
&«(«) = 8 I I I \H2(u', co, tional waves.
The rectangular barge model has dimensions of 1.5 m x
+ co' 0,, 0 2 )| 2 S„(co', 01)S„(co + co', 02) ddi dd2 dco' (18) 1 m x 0.2 m draft. The center of gravity of the barge is
at (0.0, 0.0, 0.04 m), and the radii of gyration are 0.345 m,
The foregoing equation can be rewritten in terms of a direc- 0.503 m, and 0.513 m for roll, pitch, and yaw, respectively.
tionally averaged quadratic transfer function \H2(w', The natural period s obtained from free oscillation tests were
co + co') 12 as 11.8 s, 12.1 s, 1.51 s, and 1.68 s for surge, sway, pitch, and
roll, respectively.
The barge was restrained horizontally by a symmetric, four-
SFm(u) | / / 2 ( c o ' , co + c o ' ) | 2 point mooring system as shown in Fig. 1. The mooring lines
Jo
consisted of linear extension springs with a constant stiffness
•5,(co')^,(co + co') dco' (19) of 90 N/m. The model was set up 11 m away from the wave

Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering FEBRUARY 1991, Vol. 113 / 39

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 SEGMENTED WAVE GENERATOR
|[| I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I T T ' T-T-l I I I I 1

. REMOVABLE
SIDE WALL

O
REMOVABLE
SIDE WALL "

SELSPOT

CAMERAS

<y

Fig. 1 Sketch showing experimental arrangement

Target

Measured

en 0.003

o.o
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 2 Target and measured water surface elevation spectra (f„ = 0.67 Hz, Hm0 = 0.175 m)

generator along the centerline of the basin and was oriented 4 Results and Discussion
for head seas for all the tests. The mooring line forces were
measured with load cells attached after the springs. The random waves were described by JONSWAP spectra
The six rigid body motions of the barge were measured with peak frequencies^, of 0.5 and 0.67 Hz, significant wave
with an optical spotting system (SELSPOT) with two cameras heights Hm0 of 0.191 m and 0.174 m, respectively, and peak
that track the displacement of eight infrared light-emitting enhancement factor y of 3.3. For each spectrum, one unidi-
diodes (LEDs) mounted on the model. Appropriate software rectional and three multi-directional sea states were generated.
is used to convert the LED positions to six degrees of freedom The multi-directional sea states had target cosine power
motions. A nine-probe array with a Marsh-McBirney current spreading indices s of 1, 3, and 6 with a principal direction 80
meter attached directly underneath one of the wave probes = 0 deg.
was used to provide measurements of the water surface ele- Figure 2 shows a comparison of the measured and target
vations and velocities before the barge was installed in the water surface elevation for the multi-directional sea state with
basin. fp = 0.67 Hz, Hm0 = 0.174 m, and s « 1. The measured
The barge model was tested in random unidirectional and spectrum is seen to match the target spectrum reasonably
multi-directional waves. Data were sampled at the rate of 10 well. The corresponding spectral densities of the six degree of
Hz for 819.2 s with the GEDAP data acquisition system and freedom barge motions are shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen
stored on an online HP 1000 microcomputer. that the surge, sway, and yaw motions are dominated by the

40/Vol. 113, FEBRUARY 1991 Transactions of the ASME

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 sea states, the first-order surge and pitch motions are reduced
by 15 to 20 percent, while thefirst-ordersway and roll motions
are about 4 to 7 times the long-crested motions.
The low-frequency motions were more affected by wave
directionality. The mean values of the surge motion were
reduced by as much as 46 percent for the cos20 sea states,
while the standard deviations were about 70 percent of cor-
responding values in long-crested waves. The low-frequency
sway motions were about 38 percent of the long-crested surge
motions. Even if the resultant of the surge and sway motions
HEAVE are compared "with the long-crested surge motions, the ratio

1.25
£ .005 • 31
^-1
s

''•t\
1.0 •1 \
•'> \
* \
• .

0.75
\ \
?
i \ V.

% 0.5 -
ffl
0) \ '^
I Theoretical \ '\
\ 'A
0.25 Measured (fp = 0 C7Ha)

M e a s u r e d (fp = 0 3 H i )
1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hi) ® M e a s u r e d ( R e s Waves)
0.0 I i l l 1 1
Fig. 3 Spectral densities of six degrees of freedom barge motions 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0
0 0.8
Frequency (Hz)
1.8 Fig. 5 Measured and computed heave response amplitude operator
Theoretical

M e a s u r e d (fp K 0 , 3 7 B S )
2.0
M e a s u r e d (tp * 0.9Bi) Tboon tlcal

# Measured (Reg Waves) — rJeaiured

1.6 - ^4 v\
(fp
Measured
(fp
= 0.S7BZ)

= O.SHi)

1/ I) \
\ ® ..etiured
(Reg Witv«a)
1.2 f I \\-
* / IV.
'•' /
'•'
/•' /
/
\\\
" 0.8 -

# * s
0.4
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Frequency (Hz)
0.0 1 I i
Fig. 4 Measured and computed surge response amplitude operator 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Frequency (Hz)
low-frequency component, while the heave, pitch and roll Fig. 6 Measured and computed pitch response amplitude operator
motions are dominated by the high-frequency component.
The first-order surge, heave, and pitch response amplitude
operators obtained from the two irregular long-crested sea Table 1 Standard deviations of measured barge motions (1P = 0.5 Hz)
states are compared with regular wave test results, as well as
linear diffraction theory predictions in Figs. 4 to 6. Relatively s m1 S Ri3 s ~ 6 s —» oo
good agreement is obtained between the measured and com-
puted response amplitude operators. mean surge (m) 0.069 0.084 0.094 0.118
The standard deviations of the barge motions for all 8 tests std dev surge (m) 0.115 0.135 0.143 0.165
are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The superscripts (1) and (2)
are used to denote the first and second-order components of sway (m) 0.064 0.055 0.052 0.031
the response, respectively. The tables clearly show that the heave (m) 0.048 0.046 0.044 0.045
directionality of the waves had very little effect on the heave roll (deg) 3.5 2.77 2.25 0.52
motions for the range of frequencies used in the tests. The pitch (deg) 4.44 4.79 4.93 5.33
first-order surge, sway, pitch, and roll motions were, however,
affected by wave directionality. For the cos2 6 multi-directional yaw (deg) 4.38 4.15 3.74 2.22

Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering FEBRUARY 1991, Vol. 113 / 41

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 Table 2 Standard deviations of measured barge motions (fp = 0.67 Hz) sea state, while the standard deviations were reduced by up
to 30 percent.
s as 1 s «3 s«6 S —> CO The mooring line forces were affected in a similar manner
as the low frequency surge motions. The mean, standard
mean surge (m) 0.124 0.155 0.172 0.230 deviation, and maxima of the mooring line forces were re-
std dev surge (m) 0.176 0.205 0.219 0.245 duced by as much as 37, 25, and 21 percent, respectively.
These reductions are quite significant and show the need to
sway (m) 0.095 0.080 0.066 0.038 incorporate wave directionality into the design process.
heave (m) 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.035 A procedure to compute the spectral density of the second-
roll (deg) 2.4 1.85 1.53 0.6 order forces in random multi-directional waves was also pre-
pitch (deg) 4.68 . 5.17 5.41 5.85 sented. The approach is based on an extension of the quadratic
transfer function approach to directional wave fields. A prac-
yaw (deg) 4.98 4.07 3.48 1.99 tical approximation for the quadratic transfer function in
narrow-band directional seas was presented. Expressions were
Table 3 Mean, standard deviations, and maximum values of the mooring also presented for the directionally averaged quadratic transfer
line forces function and mean drift force coefficient.

/P(HZ) S PS 1 s«3 s« 6 S —> CO References

Mean (N) 6.5 7.7 8.4 10.0 Dalzell, J. F., 1985, "Effect of Short-Crested Seas on Quadratic Response,"
David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center Report No. 85/
0.50 Std. Dev. (N) 8.1 8.8 9.1 10.6 102.
Maximum (N) 43.3 41.1 46.2 54.9 Faltinsen, O. M., and Loken, A. E., 1979, "Slow Drift Oscillations of a Ship
in Irregular Waves," Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-31.
Mean 10.7 12.6 13.8 17.0 Faltinsen, O. M , and Michelsen, F. C , 1974, "Motions of Large Structures
0.67 Std. Dev. (N) 12.3 13.6 14.4 16.3 in Waves at Zero Froude Number," Proceedings of the International Sympo-
sium on Dynamics of Marine Vehicles and Structures in Waves, London, pp.
Maximum (N) 66.2 64.0 72.1 77.9 91-106.
Houlie, M„ Stansberg, C. T., and Werenskiold, P., 1983, "Model Tests With
a Single-Point Mooring System in Short-Crested Waves," Proceedings of the
increases only to about 80 percent. The reduction of the low- Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Paper No. OTC 4644, pp. 545-547.
frequency motions is thus quite significant in multi-direc- Isaacson, M., and Sinha, S., 1986, "Directional Wave Effects on Large
tional waves. Offshore Structures," Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engi-
neering, ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 482-497.
The mean, standard deviation, and maximum values of the Maeda, H., Morooka, C. K., and Kasahara, A., 1986, "Motion of Floating
force in the heaviest loaded mooring line are presented in Type Offshore Structures in Directional Waves," Proceedings of the 6th Inter-
Table 3. The results indicate that the mooring line forces are national Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Conference, Tokyo, pp.
also significantly reduced in multi-directional waves. For the 94-101.
cos20 sea state, the mean and standard deviation of the Marthinsen, T., 1983a, "Calculation of Slowly Varying Drift Forces," Ap-
plied Ocean Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 141-144.
mooring line forces are about 65 and 75 percent of the Marthinsen, T., 1983b, "The Effect of Short-Crested Sea on Second Order
corresponding values for long-crested waves. The maximum Forces and Motion," International Workshop on Ship and Platform Motions,
values of the mooring line force were reduced by as much as Berkeley, pp. 404-414.
21 percent. Maruo, H, 1960, "The Drift of a Body Floating on Waves," Journal of Ship
Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1-10.
Neal, E., 1974, "Second Order Hydrodynamic Forces Due to Stochastic
Excitation," Proceedings of the 10th ONR Symposium, Cambridge, Mass.
5 Concluding Remarks Newman, J. N., 1974, "Second Order, Slowly Varying Forces on Vessels in
Irregular Waves," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dynamics of
Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect Marine Vehicles and Structures in Waves, London, pp. 182-186.
of wave directionality on the mooring line forces and motions Nwogu, O., 1989, "Analysis of Fixed and Floating Structures in Random
of large floating structures. The tests showed an increase Multi-Directional Waves," Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
of the roll, sway, and yaw motions of the barge in multi- Pinkster, J. A., 1976, "Low Frequency Second Order Forces on Vessels
directional waves and a slight reduction of the first-order Moored at Sea," Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics,
surge and pitch motions. The heave motions were essentially London, pp. 603-615.
unaffected by wave directionality for the range of wave fre- Pinkster, J. A., 1985, "Drift Forces in Directional Seas," Proceedings of the
quencies used in the tests. The low-frequency surge motions MARINTEC Conference, Shanghai, China, pp. 1-63.
Teigen, P. S., 1983, "The Response of a TLP in Short-Crested Waves,"
were significantly reduced in short-crested seas. The mean Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Paper No. OTC
values were reduced by as much as 50 percent for a cos20 4642, pp. 525-528.

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