CRIM 3

ETHICS & VALUES

Speaker:
Rodito U. Pantaleon Ph.d Crim., MSCJ, CSP, SO, RC
PART ONE - GENERAL and SPECIAL ETHICS
Ethics
 is branch of philosophy which studies the
principles of right or wrong in human conduct.
It comes from the Latin word “ethos” means
customary, behavior, moral. The two words
Latin – ethicus and Greek ethikos have the
same meaning which is customary.
 Science of the morality of human acts

 Study of human motivation, and ultimately of

human rational behavior.
 outlines theories of right or wrong,
morality translate these theories into
action. Therefore, morality is nothing
else but it is a doing of ethics.
 is a personal commitment to uphold
what is true and good. Ethics aims to
develop “right disposition and inner
spirit” for accepting what is lawful.
MORALITY
 the quality which makes an act good or bad,
good or evil, right or wrong.
 is the foundation of every human society.
Without civic morality, communities perish;
without personal morality their survival has no
value. Every culture admits the importance of
morality as a standard of behavior.

Moral Integrity is the only true measure of what

man ought to be. The most successful
professional, is nothing unless he too is moral
upright. Thus, the philosophers speak of Ethics as
the “only necessary knowledge”.
Moral Integrity is the only true measure of what
man ought to be. The most successful
professional, is nothing unless he too is moral
upright. Thus, the philosophers speak of Ethics
as the “only necessary knowledge”.

MORAL DISTINCTIONS
1) moral - good, right
2) immoral - bad, wrong
3) amoral - neither good nor bad
HUMAN ACTS
- acts that are done knowingly, deliberately
and freely

Kinds of Human Acts

1. Elicited Acts

2. Commanded acts
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
1. Knowingly
2. Deliberately
3. Freely
Elicited Acts are those performed by will and
are not bodily externalized.
a. Wish - is the tendency of will toward something,
whether this is realizable or not.
b. Intention is the tendency of the will towards
something attainable but without necessarily
committing oneself to attain it.
c. Consent is the acceptable of the will of those needed
to carry out the intention.
d. Election is the selection of the will of those effective
enough to carry out the intention.
e. Use is the command of the will to make use of those
means elected to carry out the intention.
f. Fruition is the enjoyment of the will derived from
the attainment of the thing he had desired earlier.
2. Commanded Acts are those done
either by man’s mental or bodily
powers under the command of the
will.
a. Internal Actions
Examples: conscious reasoning,
recalling something, encouraging
oneself, and controlling aroused
emotions.
b. External Action
Examples: walking, eating, dancing,
laughing, listening, and reading.

c. Combinations of internal and

external movements
Examples: studying, driving a car,
writing a letter, and playing chess.
Moral Distinctions
“Dictates of Reason” stands for the norm of
morality which is the standard by which
actions are judged as to their merits or
demerits.

Classification of Actions According to the

Norms of Morality

1. Moral (Good) actions are those actions

which are in conformity with the norms of
morality.
2. Immoral (Bad) actions are those
actions which are not in conformity
with the norms of morality.

3. Amoral (Indifferent) actions are those

actions which stand neutral in relation
to the norms of morality. They are
neither good nor bad in themselves. But
certain amoral actions may become
good or bad because of the
circumstances attendant to them.
Voluntariness
Voluntariness comes from the Latin
word “voluntas”, referring to the Will.
Voluntariness is essential to an act.
Without it, an act a mere act of man.
Classification of voluntariness
1. Perfect voluntariness is present in a
person who fully knows and fully
intends an act.
2. Imperfect voluntariness is present in a
person who acts without fully realizing what
he means to do, or without fully intending
the act.
3.Conditional voluntariness is present in a
person who is forced by circumstances
beyond his control to perform an act which
he would not do under normal conditions.
4. Simple voluntariness is present in a person
doing an act willfully, regardless of whether
he likes to do it or not. It is either positive or
negative.
Types of Voluntariness

1. Direct Voluntariness accompanies

an act which is primarily intended
by the doer, either as an end in it or
as a means to achieve something.

2. Indirect voluntariness accompanies

an act or situation which is the mere
result of a directly willed act.
The Modifiers of Human Acts
1. Ignorance – absence of knowledge
which a person ought to process

Classification of Ignorance
a. Vincible ignorance can easily be
reminded through ordinary
diligence and reasonable efforts
b. Invincible is the type which a person
possesses without being aware of it, or,
having awareness of it, lacks the means
to rectify it.
“Ignorance of the law excuses no one”
– implies that no one should not act in
the state of ignorance and that no one
who has done wrong may not claim
ignorance as a defense.
2. Passions – either tendencies towards desirable
objects, or tendencies away from undesirable
or harmful things

Classification of Passion

a. Positive emotions – love, desire, delight,

hope, and bravery
b. Negative emotions – hatred, horror, sadness,
despair, fear, and anger
Passions are physic responses. As such, they are
neither moral or immoral, however, man is
bound to regulate this emotions and submit
them to the control of reason.
3. Fear – disturbance of the mind of a person
who is confronted by an impending danger or
harm to himself or loved ones.
Fear is an instinct for self – preservation.
We even fear new experiences or situations
such as, embarking, on a long journey, being
left alone in strange place, or being asked to
speak before a group of people.
4 .Violence – refers to any physical force exerted
on a person by another free agent for the
purpose of compelling said person to act
against his will.

5. Habits – is a lasting readiness and facility,

born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in
a certain manner. They are acquired
inclinations towards something to be done.
They assume the role of a second nature,
moving one who has them to perform certain
acts with relative ease.
Rights and Duties
Man is born with rights and duties and having
rights is an attribute of a person. That is why
we have Commission on Human Rights that
address violations of such rights.

We must insist on our rights but ignore our

duties. Duties however are more fundamental
than rights.
“The duty to do good and to avoid evil is
above all rights”
Definition of Rights
Objectively – it is anything which is owned or
due.

Subjectively – that is, as residing in a person,

right is a moral power, bound to be
respected by others, of doing, possessing, or
requiring something.

Kinds of Rights
1. Natural rights – are those based on the
natural law, that is, on human nature.
2. Human rights – are those based on human
positive laws, either those enacted the State or
religious sect.
a. Civil rights – are those dependent upon the
laws of the state.
b. Ecclesiastical or religious rights – are those
dependent upon the laws of a church or
religious sect.
3. Alienable and inalienable Rights – are those
civil or religious rights, which can be
surrendered, renounced, or removed, such as
the right to decent livelihood.
4. Right of jurisdiction – is the power of lawful
authority to govern his subjects and to make
laws for them.
5. Right of property – is the power to own, to
sell, to barter, to lend, to change, or give
away one’s personal possessions.
6. Juridical right – refers to all rights insofar as
they are based on laws. These rights must be
respected, allowed, fulfilled, as matter of
strict justice. Non-juridical rights – are those
which are formed on laws, either natural or
human, but on virtue. Thus, these are also
called moral rights.
Definition of Duty

Objectively – it is anything we are obliged to do or to

omit.
Subjectively – it is moral obligation incumbent upon a
person of doing, omitting, or avoiding something.

Duty is a moral obligation because it depends upon

freewill.
Kinds of Duties
1. Natural Duties – are those imposed by natural law such
as, the duty to care for our health.
2. Positive Duties – are those imposed by a human positive
law such as the duty to pay taxes and to observe traffic
rules.
3. Affirmative Duties – are those which require the
performance of a certain act, such as casting a ballot
during election; applying for a business license.
4. Negative Duties – are those which require the omission
of a certain act such as not carrying illegal firearms, or
not destroying the property of other.
 Police Ethics

Law Enforcement Code of Ethics

As a Law Enforcement Officer, my

fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to
safeguard life and property, to protect the
innocent against deception, weak against
oppression or intimidation and the peaceful
against violence or disorder; and to respect the
constitutional rights of all men, liberty-
equality and justice.
 I will keep my private life unsullied as an
example to all maintain courageous calm in
the face of danger, scorn or ridicule; develop
self restrain and be constantly mindful of the
welfare of the others. Honest in thought and
deed in both my personal and official life. I
will exemplary obeying the laws of the land
and regulation of may organization. Whatever
I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is
confided to me in my official capacity will
kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary
in the performance of my duty.
I will never act officiously or permit personal
feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendship
to influence my decision: with no compromise
for crime and with relentless prosecution of
criminals, I will enforce the law courteously
and appropriately without fear or favor,
malice or ill – will, never employing
unnecessary force or violence and never
accepting gratuities in return.
 I recognize the badge of my offices as a
symbol of public faith and I accept it as a
public trust to be held so long as I am true
to the ethics of police service. I will never
engage in acts of corruption or bribery, not
will condone such act by other police
officers. I will cooperate with all legally
authorized agencies and their
representatives in the pursuit of justice.
I know what I alone an responsible for my
own standard of professional performance
and will take every reasonable opportunity
to enhance and improve my level of
knowledge and competence. I will constantly
strive to achieve these objectives and ideals,
dedicating myself before God and to my
chosen profession… Law Enforcement.
Canons of Police Ethics
1.) Primordial police responsibility
2.) Limitation of police authority
3.) Knowledge of the law and other responsibilities
4.) Use of power means to obtain proper ends
5.) Cooperation with public officials
6.) Proper conduct and behavior
7.) Conduct toward the community
8.) Conduct in arresting law violation
9.) Firmness in refusing gifts or favor
10.) Impartial presentation of evidence
11.) Attitude toward police profession
Police Principle
1.) Prevention of crime and disorder
2.) Cooperation of the community
3.) Unreasonable force reduces community
cooperation
4.) Use of reasonable force when persuasion is not
sufficient
5.) Impartial enforcement of laws
6.) The community are the police
7.) Police should not usurp judicial powers
8.) Rules of engagement impartially observed
9.) Reduction of crime and dishonor
10.) Police discretion
 The Philippine National Police
Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards
(PNP Code of Conduct)

All PNP members shall abide and adhere to the

provisions of this Code of Professional Conduct
and Ethical Standards. Towards this end, a truly
professionalized and dedicated law enforcer shall
be developed in promoting peace and order,
ensuring public safety and enhancing community
participation guided by the principle that a public
office is a public trust and that all public servants
must at all times be accountable to the people.
 They shall serve with the outmost
responsibility, integrity, morality, loyalty,
and efficiency with due respect to human
rights and dignity as hallmark of a
democratic society. They shall at all times
bear faithful allegiance to the legitimate
government, support and uphold the
Constitution, respect the duly constituted
authority and be loyal to the police service.
Definition of Terms:
1. Neglect of Duty or Nonfeasance – is the omission
or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an
act duty.
2. Irregularities in the Performance of Duty – is the
improper of some act which might lawfully done.
3. Misconduct or Malfeasance – is the doing, either
through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that
which the officer had no legal right to do all, as he
act without any authority.
Misfeasance on the other hand is the performance of
a duty or act that one is obligated or permitted to
do so in a manner which improper, sloppy, or
negligent.
5. Incompetency – is the manifest lack of
adequate ability and fitness for the
satisfactory performance of police duties.

6. Oppression – it imports an act of cruelty,

severity, unlawful execution, domination, or
excessive use of authority.

7. Dishonesty – is the concealment or distortion

of truth in a matter of fact relevant of one’s
office or connected with the performance of
his duties.
7. Disloyalty to the Government – Consist
of abandonment or renunciation of one’s
loyalty to the Government of the
Philippines, or advocating the overthrow
of the government.

8. Violation of Law – it presupposes

conviction in court of any crime of
offense penalized under Revised Penal
Code or any special law or ordinances.
Basic Issue

 PNP Image
 Career Management, the key to professionalism
 Police Management Leadership
 Equality in the Service
 Dedicadeza
 Police Lifestyle
 Political Patronage
 Human Rights
 Setting Example
Police Professional Conduct

Commitment Democracy
Commitment to Public Interest
Non – Partisanship
Physical Fitness and Health
Secrecy Discipline
Social Awareness
Non – Solicitation of Patronage
Proper Care and Use of Public Property
Respect of Human Rights
Devotion to Duty
Conservation of Natural Resources
Discipline
Loyalty
Obedience to Superiors
Command Responsibility
The Ethical Standards

Morality
Judicious Use of Authority
Integrity
Justice
Humility
Orderliness
Perseverance
Customs and Traditions

Definition of Terms:

Customs – Established usage or social practices

carried on by traditions that have obtained
the force of law.

Traditions – Bodies of beliefs, stories, customs

and usages handed down from generation to
generation with the effect of an unwritten
law.
Courtesy – A manifestation or expression
of consideration and respect for others.

Ceremony – A formal act or set of formal

acts established by customs or authority
as proper to special occasion.

Social Decorum – A set of norms and

standards practiced by members during
social and other functions.
Police Customs on Courtesy

Salute
Salute National Color and Standard
Address/Title
Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/
Appointed Member
Christmas Call
New Year’s Call
Promotion Call
Exit Call
Courtesy of the Post
Rank Has – Its – Own Privilege
(RHIP)
Police Customs on Ceremonies

Flag Raising Ceremony

Flag Lowering Ceremony
Half-Mast
Funeral Service and Honors
Ceremony Tendered to Retires
Honor Ceremony
Turn-Over Ceremony
Wedding Ceremony
Anniversary
Police Customs on Social Decorum

Proper Attire
Table Manners
Social Graces
Uniform/Appearance
Wearing of prescribed uniform
Wearing as part of the uniform, award and
decorations
Manner of Walking
Other Police Customs

Visiting the Sick

Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased
Members
Visiting the Religious Leaders
Athletics
Happy Hours
Police Tradition

Spiritual Beliefs
Valor
Patriotism
Discipline
Gentlemanliness
Word of Honor
Duty
Loyalty
Camaraderie
 Police Officer’s Pledge

I will love and serve God,

my country and my people;

I will uphold the Constitution

and obey legal orders of the duly constituted authorities;

I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard

of morality and professionalism;

I will respect the customs

and traditions of the police service; and

I will live a decent and virtuous life

to serve as an example to others.
Number of the other Terms:

Deviance – Behavior inconsistent

with the police culture’s norms
or values
Corruption – immoral, habitual
behavior involving misuse of
office for self – interest.
Favoritism – unfair or unjust acts
(“breaks”) usually given to friends
or relatives.

Misconduct – wrongful violations of a

police department’s rules, policies,
and procedures.
Types of Police Deviance

1. Police Gratuity – is the receipt of free meals,

services, or discounts.

2. Police Perjury – is committed by decent cops

who honestly believe a guilty defendant will
go free unless they lie about something.

3. Police Brutality – has been defined as

excessive force, name calling, sarcasm,
ridicule, and disrespect.
3. Police Profanity – using obscene and
profane language.
4. Sex On Duty or Duty-Related

Other situations involve:

a. Traffic stops – to get a closer look at the

female or information about her.
b. Fox hunting – stopping college girls to
get the I’ll do anything routine.
c. Voyeurism – window peeping or
interrupting lovers lane couples

d. Victim re-contacts – consoling victims

who have psychological needs.

e. Opposite sex strip searches – touching

and/or sex with jail inmates
f. Sexual shakedowns – letting prostitutes
go if they perform sex acts.
Sleeping On Duty

Drinking & Abusing Drugs On or

Off Duty

Misuse of Confidential Information

Police Personal Appearance and the
Community
Police Personal Appearance
Police Satisfactory Uniform
Police Personal Cleanliness
Must Have Periodic Inspections
Policemen Mental Attitude
Policemen Habits and Conversation
Policemen Personal Habits
Policemen Must Avoid the Appearance of Evil
Police Station/Headquarters and the
Community
Appearance of Police
Station/Headquarters
Policemen at Station/Headquarters
Police Telephone and the Citizen
THANK YOU