Nutrition in Humans: Multiple-Choice Questions

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 6
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions
Chapter 6 Nutrition in humans
Multiple-choice questions
[10147281]
Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows the teeth on the lower jaw of an adult human.
6
5
4
3
2 1
Which of the following correctly identifies teeth 3 and 5?

Tooth 3 Tooth 5
A incisor canine
B canine premolar
C canine molar
D premolar molar
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147284]
Which teeth are absent in the teeth set of a 4-year-old child?
A teeth 3, 4 and 5
B teeth 4, 5 and 7
C teeth 4, 5 and 8
D teeth 6, 7 and 8
C
---------------------------------------------------
© Oxford University Press 6-1

[10147286]
* Directions: The following three questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows part of the human digestive system.
P
W
Q
R
X
At which locations are sphincters found?

A P, Q and R
B P, Q and T
C Q, R and S
D Q, R, S and T
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147306]
* In which organs are the proteins in food digested?
A W and Y only
B X and Y only
C W, X and Y only
D W, Y and Z only
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10147318]
* Which organ absorbs most of the water in the food?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147321]
* Which of the following combinations of the digestive juices in human digestive
system and their sites of production is not correct?
Digestive juice Site of production
A saliva salivary gland
B gastric juice gastric glands on the stomach wall
C bile gall bladder
D pancreatic juice pancreas
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147328]
Which of the following events does not occur in the stomach?
A Proteins are broken down into peptides.
B Bacteria in food are killed by hydrochloric acid.
C Food is digested by the churning action.
D Lipids are emulsified into small droplets.
D
---------------------------------------------------
[10147329]
Which of the following is the fate of the excess amino acids in the human body?
A stored in the body
B excreted directly in urine
C broken down through deamination
D egested in the faeces
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10147350]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows the transverse section of a villus in the human ileum.
Food substances are absorbed into structures P and Q and then transported to
other parts of the body. Which organs would the food substances absorbed into
structures P and Q be first transported to?
P Q
A heart liver
B heart heart
C liver heart
D large intestine liver
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147351]
* Cell X contains many mitochondria. Which of the following correctly describes
the function of the mitochondria in cell X?
A To produce digestive enzymes for digestion.
B To produce mucus for the protection of ileum.
C To release energy for the absorption of food molecules.
D To release energy for the recombination of fatty acids and glycerol.
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10147354]
* Which of the following digestive juices contain amylase?
(1) saliva
(2) pancreatic juice
(3) intestinal juice
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147379]
Which of the following comparisons between incisors and molars in humans is
not correct?
Incisors Molars
A have flat sharp edges have a broad top with cusps
B the number is different in the milk the number is the same in the milk
teeth set and the permanent teeth teeth set and the permanent teeth
set set
C have one root have two or three roots
D for biting and cutting food for crushing and grinding food
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147384]
Which of the following substances is/are present in pancreatic juice?
(1) bile salts
(2) proteases
(3) lipase
A (3) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10147389]
shows the transverse section of a villus in the human small intestine.
Which of the following shows the food substances absorbed into structures X
and Y respectively?
X Y
A fatty acids proteins
B calcium vitamin A
C lipids vitamin C
D vitamin B glucose
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147391]
* Which of the following are the adaptive features of the villus shown in the
diagram?
(1) The epithelium of the villus is one-cell thick.
(2) Microvilli are present on the cell membrane of the epithelial cells.
(3) The villus is a finger-like projection.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10147394]
* The diagram below shows the set-up of three test tubes.
X Y Z
whole milk + boiled whole milk + whole milk +
lipases + lipases + boiled lipases +
pH indicator pH indicator pH indicator
Fatty acids produced from the breakdown of lipids are acidic. How would the pH
in the three tubes change after 15 minutes?
A The pH in all test tubes would increase.
B The pH in all test tubes would decrease.
C The pH in tubes Y and Z would increase and that in tube X would remain
unchanged.
D The pH in tubes X and Y would decrease and that in tube Z would remain
unchanged.
D
---------------------------------------------------
[10147421]
The table below shows the pH of the digestive juices produced in three organs of
the human digestive system.
Organ pH of the digestive juice
Salivary gland 7
Stomach 2
Pancreas X
Which of the following is most probably the value of X?

A 2
B 4
C 7
D 8
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10147426]
shows the structure of a tooth.
P
Q
Which of the following parts of the tooth does not contain living cells?
A P
B Q
C R
D S
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147427]
* Which of the following combinations of the structures and their descriptions is
not correct?
Structure Description
A P It is the hardest part of the tooth.
B Q It supplies nutrients to the tooth.
C R It contains nerve fibres for sensations.
D S It fixes the tooth to the jawbone.
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10147436]
* Which of the following is not a kind of physical digestion?
A chewing
B churning
C emulsification of lipids into small droplets
D breakdown of polypeptides into amino acids
D
---------------------------------------------------
[10147465]
* The emulsification of lipids facilitates the breakdown of lipids. Which of the
following is the reason?
A Emulsification lowers the activation energy of the breakdown of lipids.
B Emulsification increases the surface area for the action of enzymes.
C Emulsification decreases the mass of the lipids.
D Emulsification increases the pH for the action of enzymes.
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147474]
Which of the following combinations of the types of teeth and their functions is
correct?
Type of tooth Function
A canine biting food
B incisor tearing flesh
C premolar cutting food
D molar grinding food
D
---------------------------------------------------
[10147476]
What is the purpose of chewing food into smaller pieces?
A To facilitate chemical digestion.
B To allow direct absorption.
C To speed up assimilation.
D To speed up egestion.
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10147494]
Which of the following is the hardest structure of a tooth?
A gum
B enamel
C dentine
D pulp cavity
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147499]
* In which of the following parts of the alimentary canal does the chemical
digestion of rice begin?
A mouth cavity
B stomach
C duodenum
D ileum
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147529]
* Which of the following is the function of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach?
A To secrete gastric juice.
B To shape food into a bolus.
C To control the entry of food into the stomach.
D To control the exit of food from the stomach.
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147553]
* Which of the following digestive juices contains a substance for the physical
digestion of food?
A saliva
B gastric juice
C pancreatic juice
D bile
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10147560]
Which of the following shows the correct sequence in which food passes through
different parts of the digestive system?
A mouth cavity → oesophagus → duodenum → stomach → ileum
B mouth cavity → oesophagus → stomach → ileum → duodenum
C mouth cavity → oesophagus → stomach → duodenum → ileum
D mouth cavity → stomach → oesophagus → ileum → duodenum
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147564]
* In which part of the digestive system is digestion of food completed?
A stomach
B duodenum
C ileum
D colon
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147594]
Which of the following is the significance of villi in the small intestine?
A The villi help push the food in the small intestine forward.
B The villi speed up blood circulation.
C The villi increase the surface area for absorption.
D The villi secrete bile which helps the digestion of lipids.
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147604]
Glucose absorbed in the small intestine is transported to the liver via
A the hepatic vein.
B the hepatic artery.
C the hepatic portal vein.
D the hepatic portal artery.
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10147609]
shows the upper part of the human alimentary canal.
P
R
Q
S
Which structure is responsible for the physical breakdown of food?

A P
B Q
C R
D S
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147616]
* Which of the following correctly shows the structure that secretes mucus and the
structure that carries out peristalsis?
Secretes mucus Carries out peristalsis
A Q T
B R Q
C R T
D S R
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10147632]
* Which of the following actions help(s) move food through the alimentary canal?
(1) contraction of cardiac sphincter
(2) movement of villi
(3) peristalsis
A (2) only
B (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147646]
Which of the following statements about the stomach and its contents is not
correct?
A Acid is present to change pepsin to protease.
B Mucus is present to protect the stomach wall from being damaged.
C Pepsin catalyses the breakdown of proteins.
D Food is churned by the movement of the stomach wall.
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147651]
* Which of the following statements about the enzymes in the human small
intestine is/are correct?
(1) The enzymes catalyse the emulsification of lipids.
(2) The enzymes catalyse the breakdown of large food molecules into soluble
products.
(3) The enzymes catalyse the absorption of food molecules into the capillaries.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10147652]
** Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows a model used to demonstrate a process that occurs in a part of the human
alimentary canal.
dialysis tubing
mixture of starch
distilled water and glucose
The distilled water outside the dialysis tubing represents

A the water in the saliva.
B the water surrounding the villi.
C the blood supplied to the small intestine.
D the blood supplied to the oesophagus.
C
---------------------------------------------------
[10147669]
** After 1 hour, the distilled water outside the dialysis tubing would contain
A glucose only.
B starch only.
C both glucose and starch.
D neither glucose nor starch.
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147672]
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
A regulation of blood glucose level
B storage of glycogen
C storage of calcium
D breakdown of excess amino acids
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10147683]
shows the longitudinal section of a structure in the human small intestine.
(1)
X
(2)
to venule
from arteriole
What is structure X?
A a villus
B a lacteal
C epithelium
D a capillary
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147684]
* Which of the following correctly describes the fate of the products from the
digestion of lipids?
A The products enter the circulatory system through route (1).
B The products enter the circulatory system through route (2).
C The products enter the lymphatic system through route (1).
D The products enter the lymphatic system through route (2).
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10147685]
shows the longitudinal section of a tooth.
P
Q
Which labelled part is richest in calcium salts?

A P
B Q
C R
D S
A
---------------------------------------------------
[10147709]
We would feel pain from tooth decay when
A a layer of plaque is formed on the surface of P.
B P is dissolved by acids.
C Q is damaged.
D the bacteria reach R.
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10147713]
shows the structure of human ileum. X is a structure present in the inner wall of
ileum.
What is X?
A hair
B villus
C cilium
D microvillus
B
---------------------------------------------------
[10147719]
Which of the following shows the function and structural adaptation of this
structure?
Function Structural adaptation
A for digestion It is a gland that secretes digestive juices.
B for digestion It has a lacteal to produce lymph to help digestion.
C for absorption It has a network of capillaries for efficient absorption.
D for absorption Its epithelium consists of several layers of cells to
increase the time for absorption.
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10147727]
The table below shows the sites of action and the actions of three digestive juices
(X, Y, and Z).
Digestive juice Site of action Action
X Mouth cavity Starch → maltose
Y Stomach Proteins → peptides
Z Duodenum Starch → maltose
What are X, Y and Z?

X Y Z
A gastric juice saliva pancreatic juice
B saliva bile gastric juice
C saliva gastric juice pancreatic juice
D saliva gastric juice intestinal juice
C
---------------------------------------------------

Question Bank Short questions
Short questions
[10147884]
** Richard noticed that his skin and sclera of the eyes turned yellow and his faeces
turned white. He then went to see a doctor.
Ultrasound scanning showed that some stones were formed at position X, as
shown in the diagram below. The doctor advised him to undergo a surgery to
remove organ P.
organ P
a Why did Richard’s skin and sclera turn yellow? (3 marks)

b State and explain the effect of removal of organ P on the digestion of food.
(3 marks)
-- answer --
a The stones blocked the bile duct. 1m
The bile stored in organ P (gall bladder) could not be released into the duodenum.
1m
The bile pigments in the bile were reabsorbed into the blood, causing the
yellowing of skin and sclera.
1m
b The efficiency of lipid digestion is reduced. 1m
Bile cannot be stored after the removal of organ P. Thus only a small volume of
bile can be released when fatty food reaches the duodenum.
1m
Most lipids in the food cannot be emulsified. The surface area for lipase to act on
is small. The lipids become more difficult to be digested.
1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10147887]
* The diagram below shows the liver of a person and the major blood vessels
connected to it.
X
liver
Y
blood from
small intestine
a The person has just eaten a bowl of rice. Compare the concentration of
glucose in the blood of blood vessels X and Y. Explain briefly. (5 marks)
b Explain why the liver can be regarded as a digestive gland. (1 mark)
-- answer --
a The concentration of glucose in the blood in Y is higher than that in X. 1m
Glucose from the breakdown of starch in the rice is absorbed into the capillaries in
the villi of the small intestine and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
(Y). 1m
Thus, the concentration of glucose in the blood in Y increases. 1m
The excess glucose in the blood is converted to glycogen in the liver. 1m
Therefore, the concentration of glucose in the blood in the hepatic vein (X) does
not change after the person ate the rice. 1m
b Liver produces bile, which is a digestive juice. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10147899]
Describe how food is digested in the mouth cavity. (3 marks)
-- answer --
Food is chewed into small pieces by teeth. 1m
Salivary glands produce saliva. 1m
Saliva contains salivary amylase, which catalyses the breakdown of starch into
maltose.
1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10147903]
The diagram below shows the arrangement of teeth on the lower jaw of a human.
P Q R S
a Using the letters in the diagram, state which labelled tooth is

i a canine. (1 mark)
ii a molar. (1 mark)
iii an incisor. (1 mark)
b What is the function of a molar? (1 mark)
c State how canines and incisors are adapted to their functions in humans.
(2 marks)
-- answer --
a i Q 1m
ii S 1m
iii P 1m
b It is for crushing and grinding food. 1m
c Canines are pointed and curved for tearing flesh. 1m
Incisors are chisel-shaped / with flat sharp edges for biting and cutting food.
1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10147915]
Ivy is having a meal. The dish is rich in proteins and lipids.
Complete the following paragraph with suitable words selected from the list
below. (5 marks)
amino acids stomach lipids peptides
mouth cavity duodenum glycerol ileum
When the food enters Ivy’s a , pepsin catalyses the breakdown of

proteins into b . In her c ,d in the food are
broken down into fatty acids and e .
-- answer --
a stomach 1m
b peptides 1m
c duodenum 1m
d lipids 1m
e glycerol 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10147921]
* a What is the purpose of mastication in the process of digestion? (2 marks)
b After masticating some rice for some time, a person found that the rice
tastes sweet. Explain why. (3 marks)
-- answer --
a Mastication breaks down food into smaller pieces. 1m
This increases the surface area of food in contact with the digestive juices. 1m

b Rice contains starch. 1m

During mastication, salivary amylase in the saliva catalyses the breakdown of
starch in the rice into maltose. 1m
The maltose gives the sweet taste. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10147925]
* The diagram below shows a section of a part of the intestinal wall of a cow.
capillary
X
muscles
a i Name structure X. (1 mark)

ii Describe the function of the layer of muscles. (1 mark)
b Describe and explain two features of the intestine shown in the diagram that
facilitate the absorption of food molecules. (4 marks)
-- answer --
a i Villus 1m
ii It contracts and relaxes alternatively to push the food along the intestine.
1m
b Many villi are present on the inner wall of the intestine. 1m
This increases the surface area for absorption of food molecules. 1m
A network of capillaries is present in the villi. 1m
This allows the absorbed food molecules to be carried away rapidly, thus keeping
a steep concentration gradient across the wall for rapid diffusion. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10147944]
The diagram below shows the human digestive system.
a Name parts X and Y. (2 marks)

b Indicate on the diagram by
i writing a letter ‘P’ where ingestion occurs. (1 mark)
ii writing a letter ‘Q’ where absorption of digested food occurs.
(1 mark)
The diagram below shows a bolus inside a section of the alimentary canal.
lumen
bolus
muscles
c Describe how the bolus is pushed along the alimentary canal. (3 marks)

-- answer --
a X: oesophagus 1m
Y: stomach 1m
b i P written in mouth cavity 1m
ii Q written in ileum 1m
c The circular muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal in front of the bolus relax,
while the longitudinal muscles contract. 1m
The circular muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal behind the bolus contract,
while the longitudinal muscles relax. 1m
The lumen of the alimentary canal behind the bolus becomes smaller. The bolus
is squeezed forward. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10147947]
a State, with one example, what physical digestion is. (3 marks)
b Using the digestion of lipids as an example, explain the difference of
physical digestion and chemical digestion. (4 marks)
-- answer --
a Physical digestion is the breaking down of food into smaller pieces by physical
actions. 1m
It increases the surface area of food. 1m
Example: chewing in the mouth cavity / mastication / churning in the stomach /
peristalsis along the alimentary canal / emulsification of lipids by bile salts 1m
b Emulsification of lipids is a kind of physical digestion. The bile salts in the bile
emulsify lipids into small droplets. 1m
It involves no enzymes and the chemical structure of lipids does not change.
1m
Breaking down of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine is a kind
of chemical digestion. 1m
It is a chemical reaction in which large, complex lipid molecules are broken down
into small, simpler forms. It is catalysed by the enzyme pancreatic lipase. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10147955]
* The diagram below shows the blood supply of a part of the digestive system.
blood from
heart
Z X
liver
Y
small intestine
Key:
blood flow direction
a Name blood vessel Y. (1 mark)

b After a meal, which labelled blood vessel contains blood with the highest
concentration of
i urea? (1 mark)
ii glucose? (1 mark)
c Describe two ways by which the liver assimilates glucose. (2 marks)
d Explain why urea is an excretory product. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a Hepatic portal vein 1m
b i Z 1m
ii Y 1m
c Liver cells use glucose for releasing energy by respiration. 1m
The liver converts excess glucose into glycogen or lipids. 1m
d Urea is harmful to the body. 1m
It is a by-product of metabolism. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10147967]
* The diagram below shows the structure of a villus in the human small intestine.
capillary
lacteal
a State two adaptive features of the villus for the absorption of soluble food
substances. (2 marks)
b Name two food substances that enter the capillaries in the villus. (1 mark)
c Name one food substance that enters the lacteal in the villus. (1 mark)
d After absorption, glucose is transported around the body. What will be the
fate of glucose? (2 marks)
e After absorption, some amino acids are used to make different types of
proteins for growth and repair. What will be the fate of the excess amino
acids? (1 mark)
-- answer --
a It is a finger-like projection. It increases the surface area for absorption. /
Its epithelium is only one-cell thick. This provides a short distance for diffusion of
food molecules into the blood or the lymph. /
The cell membrane of its epithelial cells has a large number of microvilli / brush
borders. This increases the surface area for absorption. /
It has a lacteal and a network of capillaries. This allows the absorbed food
molecules to be carried away rapidly, thus keeping a steep concentration gradient
across the wall for rapid diffusion. (any 2) 1m x 2
b Monosaccharides / glucose / fructose / galactose / amino acids / minerals / water-
soluble vitamins / vitamin B / vitamin C (any 2 or other correct answers)
1m

c Lipids / lipid-soluble vitamins / vitamin A / vitamin D (or other correct answers)

1m
d Some glucose is used by the body cells for releasing energy by respiration.
1m
Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or lipids in the liver. 1m
e Excess amino acids will be deaminated in the liver. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10147972]
* Kelvin was given three unknown digestive enzymes (X, Y and Z). He carried out
an experiment to find out what they are. He first added equal volume of the three
enzyme solutions to different food substances. After 24 hours, he carried out
food tests to check if the food substances were still present.
The table below shows the results of the food tests.

Enzyme solution added Proteins Starch Lipids
X + – +
Y + + –
Z – + +
(Key: ‘+’ represents the presence of the food substance, ‘–’ represents the absence of
the food substance)
a i What types of digestive enzymes were X, Y and Z? (3 marks)

ii Write the word equations for the actions of X, Y and Z respectively.
(3 marks)
b Where can X be found in our alimentary canal? (1 mark)
-- answer --
a i X: amylase 1m
Y: lipase 1m
Z: protease 1m
ii X: starch → maltose 1m
Y: lipids → fatty acids + glycerol 1m
Z: proteins → peptides 1m
b Mouth cavity and duodenum 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10147995]
* The diagram below shows the longitudinal section of a villus in the small
intestine.
epithelial
cell
Y
X
a Name structures X and Y. (2 marks)

b What kind(s) of food molecules is/are absorbed into structure X?
(1 mark)
c With reference to the diagram, state and explain two features of a villus that
facilitate the absorption of food molecules. (2 marks)
d What happens to the excess amino acids if too much of them are absorbed
into the body? (2 marks)
-- answer --
a X: lacteal 1m
Y: capillary 1m
b Lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins 1m
c It is a finger-like projection. It increases the surface area for absorption. /
Its epithelium is only one-cell thick. This provides a short distance for diffusion of
food molecules into the blood or the lymph. /
It has a lacteal and a network of capillaries. This allows the absorbed food
molecules to be carried away rapidly, thus keeping a steep concentration gradient
across the wall for rapid diffusion. (any 2) 1m x 2
d Excess amino acids are deaminated in the liver. / The amino groups of the excess
amino acids are removed and converted to urea. 1m
The remaining parts are converted to carbohydrates or lipids. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

Question Bank Structured questions
Structured questions
[10148121]
In the digestive system, the carbohydrate starch is broken down into sugar.
This begins in the mouth and uses the enzyme amylase.
a The graph shows how the rate of breakdown of starch by amylase changes
as the pH increases.
50
40
rate of
breakdown of 30
starch
(arbitrary unit)
20
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
Look at the graph.

i Describe how the rate of breakdown of starch changes as the pH
increases. (2 marks)
ii Write down the optimum pH of amylase. (1 mark)
iii Food passes from the mouth to the stomach and then to the small
intestine.
The table shows the pH at these different parts of the digestive system.
Part of the digestive system Typical pH
Mouth 7
Stomach 2
Small intestine 6
Some amylase is made in the mouth.

Amylase is also made in the pancreas and passed into the small
intestine.
Suggest why more amylase has to be made in the pancreas. (2 marks)

b Sugar is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood.

i Write down the name of this absorption process. What causes sugar to
be absorbed by this process? (2 marks)
ii Which part of the blood transports sugar? (1 mark)
OCR GCSE Additional Science B Higher Tier Unit 1 Jun 2010 Q1
-- answer --
a i The rate of breakdown of starch increases until pH reaches 7. 1m
At pH above 7, the rate decreases as pH increases. 1m
ii pH 7 1m
iii Amylase made in the mouth is denatured in the stomach by the low pH /
acid in the stomach.
1m
It cannot catalyse the digestion of starch in the small intestine. 1m
b i Diffusion 1m
The concentration of sugar in the small intestine is higher / in the blood is
lower. 1m
ii Plasma 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10148125]
* a The graph below shows the activity of two enzymes (P and Q) that digest
proteins and are found in the alimentary canal.
high
rate of P
reaction
low
0 2 4 6 8 10
pH
i From the graph, determine the optimum pH for the activity of enzyme
Q. (1 mark)
ii Name the end products of the digestion of proteins. (1 mark)

b The diagram below shows the alimentary canal.
duodenum
ileum
i On the diagram, use a label line and the letter Z to show where
enzyme P is found. (1 mark)
ii Enzyme Q is found in the duodenum.
State how its optimum pH is achieved in the duodenum. (2 marks)
c Villi are found in the ileum.
i State the function of these villi. (1 mark)
ii Describe how the structure of a villus makes it suitable for this
function. (3 marks)
d Explain how food is moved along the alimentary canal. (3 marks)
Edexcel GCE (O) Human Biology Paper 1 May 2010 Q3
-- answer --
a i pH 8.2 1m
ii Amino acids 1m
b i Correct labelling of stomach 1m
ii Bile is secreted from the liver and pancreatic juice is secreted from the
pancreas into the duodenum. 1m
Both of them are alkaline / contain sodium hydrogencarbonate. 1m
c i They absorb the products of digestion. 1m
ii It provides a large surface area for diffusion. /
It has a thin epithelium. /
It has a rich blood supply / a network of capillary. /
It has a lacteal. (any 3) 1m x 3

d Food is moved by peristalsis. /

Circular muscles in front of the food / bolus relax. /
Circular muscles behind the food / bolus contract. /
Wave-like movement of the wall of alimentary canal is produced. /
Food / bolus is pushed forward. (any 3) 1m x 3
---------------------------------------------------
[10148143]
* The diagram below shows the change in pH of the food as it passes along the
human alimentary canal.
mouth cavity X Y ileum

pH 7 pH 2 pH 6.5 pH 7.5
a Name parts X and Y. (2 marks)

b Explain how the changes in pH are brought about in the following parts of
the alimentary canal.
i X (2 marks)
ii Y (2 marks)
c What is the significance of the variation of pH along the alimentary canal?
(1 mark)
d Ileum is the main site for the absorption of food molecules. Explain how the
structure of ileum is adapted for absorption. (4 marks)
-- answer --
a X: stomach 1m
Y: duodenum 1m
b i Gastric juice produced by the gastric glands on the stomach wall 1m
contains hydrochloric acid, making the food acidic. 1m
ii Bile produced by the liver and pancreatic juice produced by the pancreas
1m
contain sodium hydrogencarbonate, thus the pH of the food increases.
1m
c Such variation provides suitable pH for the enzymes in different parts of the
alimentary canal to act on. 1m

d Ileum is very long. This allows sufficient time for complete absorption. /
The inner wall of the ileum is highly folded / has many finger-like projections / villi.
This increases the surface area for absorption. /
The epithelium of villi is very thin / only one-cell thick. This provides a short
distance for diffusion of food molecules into the blood and lymph. /
The cell membrane of the epithelial cells of the villi has a large number of
microvilli / brush borders. This increases the surface area for absorption. /
Villi have lacteals and capillaries. They allow the absorbed food molecules to be
carried away rapidly, thus keeping a steep concentration gradient to increase the
rate of diffusion. /
Peristalsis brings food molecules into close contact with the villi. This helps keep
a steep concentration gradient to increase the rate of diffusion.
(any 2) 2m x 2
---------------------------------------------------
[10148153]
** An experiment was carried out to study the action of bile salts in the digestion of
lipids. Milk, which contains lipids, was used as the substrate in the experiment.
Two test tubes (P and Q) were set up according to the table below.
Volume of solution added (cm3)

P Q
Milk 5 5
Lipase solution 1 1
Bile salts solution 1 0
Sodium hydrogencarbonate 1 1
solution
Phenol red solution 0.2 0.2
Distilled water 2 3
Fatty acids produced by the breakdown of lipids are acidic. The phenol red
solution was used to detect the change of pH in each tube. The colour changes of
phenol red are shown below.
below pH 6.8 pH 6.8–8.2 above pH 8.2

yellow pink red


The tubes were kept at 35 °C for 30 minutes. The colour of the contents in each
tube at the beginning and at the end of the experiment was recorded. The results
are shown in the table below.
Colour of the contents
Test tube
At the beginning At the end
P Red Yellow
Q Red Pink
a Explain why sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was added to each tube.
(1 mark)
b Explain why different volumes of distilled water were added to tubes P and
Q. (2 marks)
c Explain the results of
i tube P. (3 marks)
ii tube Q. (3 marks)
d If another tube similar to tube P is set up but boiled lipase solution is used
instead of fresh lipase solution, what would be the colour of the contents at
the end of the experiment? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
-- answer --
a To make the solutions alkaline for the detection of acidic products. 1m
b To keep the total volume in each tube the same 1m
so that the concentration of lipase / milk / substrate in each tube was the same.
1m
c i The lipase catalysed the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
1m
The bile salts emulsified lipids into small droplets to increase the surface
area for the lipase to act on.
1m
Large amounts of acidic fatty acids were produced and thus the pH of the
contents in tube P was lowered to a value below 6.8. 1m
ii Without bile salts, lipids were not emulsified into small droplets. 1m
The surface area for lipase to act on was small. 1m
Therefore, the enzymatic action was slow. Only a small amount of fatty acids
was produced. 1m
d The colour of the contents of this tube would be red at the end of the experiment.
1m
Lipase is denatured after boiling. 1m
It loses its function in catalysing the breakdown of lipids and thus no colour

change would be observed.

1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10148156]
The photomicrograph below shows the transverse section of the mammalian
small intestine.
muscle
layer
(×40)
a Complete the following paragraph with suitable words. (4 marks)

Digested food substances including monosaccharides, i ,
minerals and vitamins are absorbed into the ii in X by iii
and active transport. These food substances are then carried by the blood to
the liver through the iv .
b With reference to the photomicrograph, state and explain two features of the
mammalian small intestine that facilitates the absorption of food molecules.
(4 marks)
-- answer --
a i amino acids 1m
ii capillaries 1m
iii diffusion 1m
iv hepatic portal vein 1m
b The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like projections / villi. 1m
This increases the surface area for absorption. 1m
Muscles in the wall of the small intestine contract and relax alternatively to
produce wave-like movement.
1m
This movement brings food molecules into close contact with the villi. This helps
keep a steep concentration gradient to increase the rate of diffusion. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10148179]
* Read the following article and answer the questions.
Tooth discomfort triggered by hot, cold, sweet or sour foods and drinks in
one or more teeth is called sensitive teeth.
Dentine is the middle region of the tooth which is covered by enamel. It
has fine dental tubules which extend to the pulp cavity. The pulp cavity contains
nerve fibres which can detect temperature and pressure.
If enamel is damaged and the dentine is exposed, changes in temperature,
pH or pressure brought by the consumption of different foods will stimulate the
nerve fibres in the pulp cavity through the dental tubules, resulting in tooth
discomfort.
a Draw a diagram of the longitudinal section of a molar. Label the structures

enamel, dentine and pulp cavity. (3 marks)
b Give two bad habits that can cause damage to the enamel. (2 marks)
c Suggest two ways to reduce the chance of having sensitive teeth.
(2 marks)
-- answer --
a Correct drawing 1m
Correct title 1m
Correct labels 1m
b Brushing the teeth too hard. /
Brushing the teeth with a toothbrush which has hard bristles. /
Teeth grinding.
(or other reasonable answers) 1m x 2
c Brush the teeth gently. /
Use a toothbrush with soft bristles. /
Have sufficient sleep and do exercise to relieve stress to avoid grinding teeth. /
Eat less sugary foods to reduce the risk of tooth decay.
(or other reasonable answers) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

[10148196]
** The diagram below shows the human digestive system.
Q R
S
a The table shows the percentage of undigested food substances in three

different parts (X, Y, and Z) of the alimentary canal.
Proteins Starch Lipids
X 100 85 100
Y 0 0 0
Z 60 85 100
Which parts correspond to structures P and R respectively? Explain your

answer. (4 marks)
b What will happen if the digestive juice produced by structure Q is mixed
with oil? (1 mark)
c The duct connecting structure S to duodenum is blocked in a patient.
Explain why the faeces of this patient contains large amounts of lipids.
(2 marks)
d With reference to the diagram, state and explain one feature that facilitates
the absorption of food molecules in structure T. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a Structure P: X 1m
Structure R: Z 1m
It is because saliva present in structure P (mouth cavity) contains salivary
amylase, which catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose. Saliva does not
contain enzymes for the breakdown of proteins and lipids. 1m
Gastric juice present in structure R (stomach) contains pepsin, which catalyses
the breakdown of proteins into peptides. Gastric juice does not contain enzymes
for the breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids.
1m
b The oil will be emulsified into small droplets. 1m
c Due to the blockage of the pancreatic duct, pancreatic lipase cannot reach the
duodenum. 1m
Lipids cannot be completely digested. Some of them cannot be absorbed and
thus appear in the faeces.
1m
d Structure T is very long. 1m
This allows sufficient time for complete absorption. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10148205]
** a The diagram below shows the route through which glucose in the lumen of
the ileum is absorbed into the blood.
lumen of ileum glucose

X
epithelial
cell
Y
blood
i Name structures X and Y. (2 marks)

ii Explain how their structure facilitates the absorption of glucose into

the blood. (2
marks)

b A piece of the ileum wall was placed in a glucose solution. The

concentration of glucose in the solution was lower than that inside the
epithelial cells. The graph below shows the concentration of glucose in the
epithelial cells over 40 minutes.
12
10
concentration of
glucose in the 8
epithelial cells 6
(arbitrary unit)
4
2
0 10 20 30 40
time (minute)
With reference to the graph, explain how glucose was absorbed into the
epithelial cells. (4 marks)
-- answer --
a i X: microvillus 1m
Y: capillary 1m
ii X increases the surface area for absorption of glucose. 1m
The wall of Y is one-cell thick. This provides a short distance for diffusion of
glucose. 1m
b From the graph, we can see that the concentration of glucose inside the cells
increased with time. 1m
The rate of uptake was constant. 1m
These indicated that glucose was absorbed against the concentration gradient
1m
by active transport. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10148233]
** To study the effects of digestive enzymes on food substances, a student extracted
digestive juices (X, Y and Z) from three different organs in the digestive system
of a mammal. Each digestive juice was incubated with a mixture of starch,
proteins and lipids in a test tube. The changes in the contents of the test tubes
were examined after 1 hour.

The results are summarized in the table below.

Digestive juice Result
X Peptides and amino acids are formed.
Reducing sugars, peptides, amino acids and fatty acids are
Y
formed.
Z Reducing sugars are formed.
a From the results, deduce the organ from which each digestive juice was
extracted. Explain your answer. (9 marks)
b Biological washing powders can remove food stains from clothes more
effectively than ordinary washing powders. They usually contain proteases
and lipases.
i What are the functions of the proteases and lipases in the biological
washing powders? (1 mark)
ii When using biological washing powders, we should use water of
suitable temperature. Explain why. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a X was extracted from the stomach. 1m
Experiment results show that X caused the breakdown of proteins but not starch
and lipids. 1m
This indicates that X contains proteases but no amylase and lipases. It is gastric
juice. 1m
Y was extracted from the pancreas. 1m
Experiment results show that Y caused the breakdown of starch, lipids and
proteins. 1m
This indicates that Y contains amylase, lipases and proteases. It is pancreatic
juice. 1m
Z was extracted from salivary glands. 1m
Experiment results show that Z caused the breakdown of starch, but not lipids and
proteins. 1m
This indicates that Z contains amylase but no lipases and proteases. It is saliva.
1m
b i They catalyse the breakdown of insoluble proteins and lipids in stains into
soluble products, which can be removed by water easily. 1m
ii The water we use should not be too hot or too cold. 1m
Enzymes may become denatured if the temperature is too high, and they
may become inactive if the temperature is too low. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10148243]
The diagram below shows some structures in the head and neck of humans.
P
S
Q
R T
a How is structure P involved in digestion? (2 marks)

b Using the letters in the diagram, state the part which produces digestive
juice for chemical digestion of food. Name the enzyme that is present in this
digestive juice and state its function. (3 marks)
c Using the letters in the diagram, state the part which leads to the stomach.
Name the process which moves the food along this part. (2 marks)
d Choking would result if food enters the trachea accidentally during
swallowing.
i Explain why food can enter the trachea during swallowing. (1 mark)
ii Explain how the epiglottis helps prevent the food from entering the
trachea. (1 mark)
-- answer --
a Solid food is chewed into small pieces by P. 1m
This increases the surface area of food for the action of enzymes. 1m
b Q 1m
Salivary amylase 1m
It catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose. 1m
c T 1m
Peristalsis 1m
d i The pharynx leads to both the oesophagus and trachea. 1m
ii During swallowing, the opening to the trachea is covered by the epiglottis.
1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10148248]
* The diagram below shows the longitudinal section of a human tooth.
P
Q
S
R
T
U
a Name the type of tooth shown in the diagram. What is the function of this
type of tooth in humans? (2 marks)
b Using the letters in the diagram, state the hardest part of the tooth. What is
the major composition of this part? (2 marks)
c Using the letters in the diagram, state the parts that attach the tooth to the
jawbone. (2 marks)
d Using the letters in the diagram, state the part that causes pain when
stimulated in tooth decay. (1 mark)
e Why leaving the decayed tooth untreated can be detrimental to health?
(2 marks)
f Give one practice that helps prevent tooth decay. (1 mark)
-- answer --
a Premolar / molar 1m
It crushes and grinds food. 1m
b P 1m
It is mainly made of calcium salts. 1m
c T and V 1m x 2
d U 1m

e Bacteria may enter the blood through the blood vessels in the teeth. 1m
They may attack important organs such as the brain. 1m
f Brush the teeth at least twice a day. /
Brush the teeth in the correct way. /
Improve brushing style with the help of dental disclosing agents. /
Use toothpaste that contains fluoride. /
Use dental floss. /
Do not eat too much sugary foods. /
Have a balanced diet with adequate calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. /
Do not bite very hard materials. /
Have a dental check-up at least twice a year. (or other reasonable answers)
1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10148256]
* The table below shows the time taken for the complete breakdown of the starch
in a sample of starch suspension in the presence of an enzyme at different pH.
pH Time (minute)
5 6
5.5 4.5
6 3
6.5 2
7 1.25
7.5 1.25
8 3
8.5 5
a What can be done to prevent the results from being affected by any change
in the temperature of the reaction mixtures during the experiment?
(1 mark)
b How do we know when the starch in the sample is completely broken
down? (2 marks)
c Plot the results on a graph. (4 marks)
d State the range of pH within which this enzyme works best. (1 mark)
e The enzyme used in this experiment can be found in the mouth cavity.
Name the enzyme. (1 mark)

f Where in the alimentary canal can an enzyme with function similar to this
enzyme be found? (1 mark)
g The action of this enzyme stops when this enzyme reaches the stomach.
Explain why. (1 mark)
-- answer --
a Place all the reaction mixtures in a water bath of constant temperature. 1m
b Transfer a drop of reaction mixture to an iodine drop at fixed time intervals. 1m
When the iodine solution remains brown, the starch in the sample is completely
broken down. 1m
c
Time taken for the complete breakdown of starch at different pH
5
time (minute)
0
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5
pH
Correct title 1m
Choice of axes 1m
With labels and units 1m
Correct plotting and joining of line 1m
d pH 7–7.5 1m
e Salivary amylase 1m
f Duodenum 1m
g The enzyme is denatured by the low pH in the stomach. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10148277]
* The diagram below shows the changes in the amounts of different food
substances as they pass along the human alimentary canal. The width of each
band represents the amount of the food substance.
Mouth cavity Organ X Small intestine

Lipids
Starch
Proteins
Dietary fibre
a Identify organ X. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

b Describe what happens to the lipids, starch and proteins in the small
intestine. (4 marks)
c i Which food substance remains undigested as it passes along the
alimentary canal? (1 mark)
ii Suggest one food that is rich in the food substance stated in c i.
(1 mark)
d What happens to vitamins and minerals in our alimentary canal after they
are ingested? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a Stomach 1m
Only proteins are digested in organ X. 1m
b Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. The reaction is catalysed by
pancreatic lipase in the pancreatic juice. 1m
Starch is broken down into maltose. The reaction is catalysed by pancreatic
amylase in the pancreatic juice. 1m
Maltose is then broken down into glucose. The reaction is catalysed by
carbohydrases on the cell membranes of the specialized cells in the epithelium.
1m
Proteins are broken down into peptides and then into amino acids. The reactions
are catalysed by proteases in pancreatic juice and proteases on the cell
membranes of the specialized cells in the epithelium. 1m
c i Dietary fibre 1m
ii Vegetables / fruits / cereals (or other correct answers) 1m

d Vitamins and minerals remain unchanged in the alimentary canal. 1m

They are small enough to be absorbed directly into the blood. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10148285]
* The diagram below shows a set-up which is used to demonstrate the need of
digestion for absorption in the mammalian alimentary canal. The tubing allows
only monosaccharides but not disaccharides to pass through. After 1 hour, the
distilled water was tested for reducing sugars. The result was positive.
distilled water
dialysis tubing
sucrose +
invertase
a What does distilled water represent in the process of food absorption?

(1 mark)
b How does the set-up explain the need of digestion? (2 marks)
c i Name the part of the alimentary canal where most food molecules are
absorbed. (1 mark)
ii State and explain two features of the part stated in c i which facilitate
absorption. (4 marks)
d A person is eating a cheese sandwich. Name two food molecules other than
monosaccharides which can pass through the wall of the alimentary canal
after the food is completely digested. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a Blood 1m
b Only small food molecules can pass through the wall of alimentary canal and
being absorbed. 1m
Large food molecules have to be broken down into small molecules. 1m

c i Ileum 1m
ii Ileum is very long. This allows sufficient time for complete absorption. /
The inner wall of the ileum is highly folded / has many finger-like
projections / villi. This increases the surface area for absorption. /
The epithelium of villi is very thin / only one-cell thick. This provides a short
distance for diffusion of food molecules into the blood and lymph. /
The cell membrane of the epithelial cells of the villi has a large number of
microvilli / brush borders. This increases the surface area for absorption. /
Villi have lacteals and capillaries. They allow the absorbed food molecules to
be carried away rapidly, thus keeping a steep concentration gradient to
increase the rate of diffusion. /
Peristalsis brings food molecules into close contact with the villi. This helps
keep a steep concentration gradient to increase the rate of diffusion.
(any 2) 2m x 2
d Amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins and minerals (any 2) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

Question Bank Essays
Essays
[10148379]
* Describe the structural adaptations of villi for the absorption of food molecules.
Explain why people with a breakdown of villi sometimes suffer from deficiency
diseases. (10 marks)
-- answer --
Structural adaptations of villi:
Villi are finger-like projections. They increase the surface area for absorption. 1m
The epithelium of villi is very thin / only one-cell thick. This provides a short distance for
diffusion of food molecules into the blood and lymph. 1m
The cell membrane of the epithelial cells of the villi has a large number of microvilli /
brush borders. This increases the surface area for absorption. 1m
Villi have lacteals and capillaries. They allow the absorbed food molecules to be carried
away rapidly, thus keeping a steep concentration gradient to increase the rate of
diffusion. 1m
Effect of breakdown of villi:
Breakdown of villi reduces the surface area for absorption of different food molecules.
1m
Some food molecules cannot be absorbed and are lost. 1m
Without adequate amounts of nutrients, deficiency diseases may develop. 1m
Communication 3m
---------------------------------------------------
[10148381]
* Describe how lipids are digested and absorbed and describe the fate of the
absorbed lipids in our body. (10 marks)
-- answer --
The process of digestion and absorption:
Mechanical actions such as chewing in the mouth cavity, churning in the stomach and
peristalsis along the alimentary canal break down the food into smaller pieces. /
In the duodenum, bile salts in the bile emulsify lipids into small droplets. /
This facilitates chemical digestion of the lipids by increasing the surface area for lipases
to act on. /
Pancreatic lipase in the pancreatic juice catalyses the breakdown of emulsified lipids
into fatty acids and glycerol. /
Fatty acids and glycerol enter the epithelial cells of the villi in the ileum by diffusion. /

They recombine into fine lipids droplets in the epithelial cells. /

Lipids enter the lymph in the lacteals. /
Lipids are transported to the main lymph vessels and then to bloodstream near the
neck region. They are then carried to all parts of the body. (any 5) 1m x
5
The fate of absorbed lipids:
The absorbed lipids act as energy reserves in the body. /
They are stored in adipose tissues in our body. /
They can be used by cells to make cell membranes. /
They can be used to make hormones. (any 2) 1m x 2
Communication 3m
---------------------------------------------------
[10148385]
* Explain how the structure of the walls of the stomach and ileum is related to their
functions. (11 marks)
-- answer --
Stomach:
Muscles are present in the stomach wall. /
The muscles contract to churn the food. /
This increases the surface area of food for chemical digestion. /
Gastric glands are present on the stomach wall. /
Gastric glands produce gastric juice for chemical digestion. /
Gastric juice contains mucus, which protects the stomach wall from being digested and
damaged. (any 4) 1m x 4
Ileum:
The inner wall of the ileum is highly folded. /
Many finger-like projections / villi are present on the inner wall. /
The cell membrane of the epithelial cells of the villi has a large number of microvilli /
brush borders. /
These features increase the surface area for absorption. /
The epithelium of villi is very thin / only one-cell thick. /
This provides a short distance for diffusion of food molecules into the blood and
lymph. /
Villi have lacteals and capillaries. /
They allow the absorbed food molecules to be carried away rapidly, thus keeping a
steep concentration gradient to increase the rate of diffusion. /

Muscles in the wall of the ileum contract and relax alternatively to produce wave-like
movement. This movement brings food molecules into close contact with the villi. /
This helps keep a steep concentration gradient to increase the rate of diffusion.
(any 4) 1m x 4
Communication 3m
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 6

Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

Chapter 6 Nutrition in humans

Which of the following correctly identifies teeth 3 and 5?

© Oxford University Press 6-1

At which locations are sphincters found?

© Oxford University Press 6-2

© Oxford University Press 6-3

© Oxford University Press 6-4

© Oxford University Press 6-5

© Oxford University Press 6-6

Which of the following is most probably the value of X?

© Oxford University Press 6-7

© Oxford University Press 6-8

© Oxford University Press 6-9

© Oxford University Press 6-10

© Oxford University Press 6-11

Which structure is responsible for the physical breakdown of food?

© Oxford University Press 6-12

© Oxford University Press 6-13

The distilled water outside the dialysis tubing represents

© Oxford University Press 6-14

© Oxford University Press 6-15

Which labelled part is richest in calcium salts?

© Oxford University Press 6-16

© Oxford University Press 6-17

What are X, Y and Z?

© Oxford University Press 6-18

a Why did Richard’s skin and sclera turn yellow? (3 marks)

© Oxford University Press 6-19

© Oxford University Press 6-20

a Using the letters in the diagram, state which labelled tooth is

© Oxford University Press 6-21

When the food enters Ivy’s a , pepsin catalyses the breakdown of

© Oxford University Press 6-22

b Rice contains starch. 1m

a i Name structure X. (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 6-23

a Name parts X and Y. (2 marks)

© Oxford University Press 6-24

© Oxford University Press 6-25

a Name blood vessel Y. (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 6-26

© Oxford University Press 6-27

c Lipids / lipid-soluble vitamins / vitamin A / vitamin D (or other correct answers)

The table below shows the results of the food tests.

a i What types of digestive enzymes were X, Y and Z? (3 marks)

© Oxford University Press 6-28

a Name structures X and Y. (2 marks)

© Oxford University Press 6-29

Look at the graph.

Some amylase is made in the mouth.

© Oxford University Press 6-30

b Sugar is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood.

© Oxford University Press 6-31

b The diagram below shows the alimentary canal.

© Oxford University Press 6-32

d Food is moved by peristalsis. /

mouth cavity X Y ileum