c
c 


   
  
Blood urea nitrogen 7-18 mg/dL Increased in renal disease and dehydration;
(BUN) decreased in liver damage and malnutrition
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 23-30 mmol/L Useful to evaluate acid-base balance by
(includes bicarbonate) measuring total carbon dioxide in the blood:
Elevated in vomiting and pulmonary disease;
decreased in diabetic acidosis, acute renal
failure, and hyperventilation
Chloride (Cl) 98-106 mEq/L Increased in dehydration, hyperventilation, and
congestive heart failure; decreased in
vomiting,diarrhea, and fever
Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Produced at a constant rate and excreted by
the kidney; increased in kidney disease
Glucose Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL Increased in diabetes and severe illness;
Random: 85-125 mg/dL decreased in insulin overdose or hypoglycemia
Potassium (K) 3.5-5 mEq/L Increased in renal failure, extensive cell
damage, and acidosis; decreased in vomiting,
diarrhea, and excess administration of diuretics
or IV fluids
Sodium (Na) 101-111 mEq/L or 135-148 Increased in dehydration and diabetes
mEq/L (depending on test) insipidus; decreased in overload of IV fluids,
burns,diarrhea, or vomiting
Alanine 10-40 U/L Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of
aminotransferase liver disease and to monitor the effects of
(ALT) drugs on the liver; increased in myocardial
infarction
Albumin 3.8-5.0 g/dL Albumin holds water in blood; decreased in
liver disease and kidney disease
Albumin-globulin ratio Greater than 1 Low A/G ratio signifies a tendency for edema
(A/G ratio) because globulin is less effective than albumin
at holding water in the blood
Alkaline phosphatase 20-70 U/L (varies by method) Enzyme of bone metabolism; increased in liver
(ALP) disease and metastatic bone disease
Amylase 21-160 U/L Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of
acute pancreatitis and to detect inflammation
of the salivary glands
Aspartate 0-41 U/L (varies) Enzyme present in tissues with high metabolic
aminotransferase activity; increased in myocardial infarction and
(AST) liver disease
Bilirubin, total 0.2-1.0 mg/dL Breakdown product of hemoglobin from red
blood cells; increased when excessive red
blood cells are being destroyed or in liver
disease
Calcium (Ca) 8.8-10.0 mg/dL Increased in excess parathyroid hormone
production and in cancer; decreased in
alkalosis, elevated phosphate in renal failure,
and excess IV fluids
Cholesterol 120-220 mg/dL desirable Screening test used to evaluate risk of heart
range disease; levels of 200 mg/dL or above indicate
increased risk of heart disease and warrant
further investigation
Creatine Men: 38-174 U/L Women: 96- Elevated enzyme level indicates myocardial
phosphokinase (CPK or 140 U/L infarction or damage to skeletal muscle. When
CK) elevated,specific fractions (isoenzymes) are
tested for
Gamma-glutamyl Men: 6-26 U/L Women: 4-18 Used to diagnose liver disease and to test for
transferase (GGT) U/L chronic alcoholism
Globulins 2.3-3.5 g/dL Proteins active in immunity; help albumin keep
water in blood
Iron, serum (Fe) Men: 75-175 g/dL Decreased in iron deficiency and anemia;
Women:65-165 /dL increased in hemolytic conditions
High-density Men: 30-70 mg/dL Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease
lipoproteins (HDLs) Women:30-85 mg/dL
Lactic 95-200 U/L (Normal ranges Enzyme released in many kinds of tissue
dehydrogenase(LDH or vary greatly) damage, including myocardial infarction,
LD) pulmonary infarction, and liver disease
Lipase 4-24 U/L (varies with test) Enzyme used to diagnose pancreatitis
Low-density 80-140 mg/dL Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease
lipoproteins (LDLs)
Magnesium (Mg) 1.3-2.1 mEq/L Vital in neuromuscular function; decreased
levels may occur in malnutrition, alcoholism,
pancreatitis, diarrhea
Phosphorus ((Page*)) 2.7-4.5 mg/dL Evaluated in response to calcium; main store is
(inorganic) in bone: elevated in kidney disease; decreased
in excess parathyroid hormone
Protein, total 6-8 g/dL Increased in dehydration, multiple
myeloma;decreased in kidney disease, liver
disease, poor nutrition, severe burns, excessive
bleeding
Serum glutamic > See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
oxalacetic
transaminase (SGOT)
Serum glutamic > See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
pyruvic transaminase
(SGPT)
Thyroxin (T4) 5-12.5 g/dL (varies) Screening test of thyroid function; increased in
hyperthyroidism; decreased in myxedema and
hypothyroidism
Thyroid- 0.5-6 mlU/L Produced by pituitary to promote thyroid gland
stimulatinghormone function; elevated when thyroid gland is not
(TSH) functioning
Triiodothyronine (T3) 120-195 mg/dL Elevated in specific types of hyperthyroidism
Triglycerides Men: 40-160 mg/dL Women: An indication of ability to metabolize fats;
35-135 mg/dL increased triglycerides and cholesterol indicate
high risk of atherosclerosis
Uric acid Men: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL Produced by breakdown of ingested purines in
Women:2.6-6.0 mg/dL food and nucleic acids; elevated in kidney
disease, gout, and leukemia


Š


HEMATOCRIT (HCT)

c

 

 








  







 



 







 
 











 


 







 



 

 







 





HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)






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#


 



MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)



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MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)


 
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MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)



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PLATELET COUNT

1

      


 




 
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SODIUM




  



 


 
 



 




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POTASSIUM

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3








 
 


CHLORIDE

 

4 






 






  
 


 




 
 

3



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CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

c
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! 
 
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CALCIUM

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PHOSPHORUS

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m
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sGOT (serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase - AST)


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ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

1



 




  
 










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BILIRUBIN, TOTAL

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4  
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B.U.N. (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

c


 

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CREATININE







 
  


 






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PROTEIN, TOTAL

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ALBUMIN

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GLOBULIN

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A/G RATIO (Albumin/Globulin Ratio)

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m  


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TRIGLYCERIDES

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NEUTROPHILS and NEUTROPHIL COUNT

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LYMPHOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTE COUNT

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MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE COUNT

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Alanine (ALT, Alanine aminotransferase--formerly known as SGPT",c


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ALT Too Hig (Liver enzymes elevated)-








    





 
 

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Albumin/Globulin Too Low:




 






 
 
 


 






 
 



 
 
 



 




 
 


 

 

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Alkaline P osp atase Too Hig :
 

 
 


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Bilirubin is also measured in t e urine




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c
 







  


 












 


 


 





 

 


  

 

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Bilirubin Too Low: ,

 


 


  


 
 










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BUN Too Hig (Uremia, Azotemia or Uremic Acidosis):










 
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BUN Too Low: 











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BUN/Creatinine Ratio: c




















 






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BUN/Creatinine Ratio Too Hig :







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BUN/Creatinine Ratio Too Low-




















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C-Peptide (see under Glucose)

Calcium
 



 
 


 

 





 



 



 

 


Calcium Too Hig (Hypercalcemia)-








    
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3










  
 




 

  

  
 



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Calcium Too Low (Hypocalcemia):



 

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C olesterol. c



 

 







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c


 

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T e rule outs for too ig and too low creatinine levels are t e same as for BUN7
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C-peptide :c


 



 
 
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Lactate De ydrogenase Too Hig :

 
 







 





 




 


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Lactate De ydrogenase Too Low:. 






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P osp orus Too Low (Hypop osp atemia)-



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Potassium Too Low (Hypokalemia): 


 




 

 












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Sodium: Sodium










 
 








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Sodium Too Low (Hyponatremia)-
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Protein Too Hig (Hyperproteinemia):



 




 





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Triglycerides (also called Neutral Fat):c





   

 


















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Triglycerides Too Hig :
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Uric Acid Too Hig -
 





 


  




 

  










 










 





Uric Acid Too Low:


 
   
 









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Bile Acids:


 




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Bile Acids Too Low-. 







T e Complete Blood Count (CBC):


 
 


  

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Neutrop ils: Neutrop ils





 
 

 

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1 &






 

 

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Neutrop ils Too Hig -
 




 




 
 






  
     

 
 
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Lymp ocytes: Lymp ocytes 












 
 


   
 


 



 





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T-cells 














 



  


 

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Monocytes:Monocytes 



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Eosinop ils:Eosinop ils



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Basop ils:Basop ils


 
 




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Basop ils Too Hig (Basop ilia)-



 








 







 




 

 





 
 
 









 





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Platelet Count Too Hig (T rombosis)-







 

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Platelet Count Too Low (T rombocytopenia):



 

 
   

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RBC (Red Blood Count)

Hemoglobin (Hgb): Hemoglobin


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Hemoglobin Too Hig :






 


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Hemoglobin Too Low:












 
 

 










Hematocrit (Hct, Packed Cell Volume or PCV-c

 








 




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Hematocrit Too Hig :
 


  
!


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MCHMean Corpuscular HemoglobinMean Corpuscular Volume(MCV)3c



 








MCH Too Hig :
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MCH Too Low-






 

MCHC Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Content or concentration



  






  








MCHC Too Hig :
 
 



 




 









MCHC Too Low-



 


 




 
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RD and MCV bot Too Hig :










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RD Too Hig , but MCV Too Low-






 

 
















 

RD Too Hig , but MCV Normal:
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RD Too Low: 
   





 


 




  



 

 

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Note:5








 






 




 




 




&





B#<
 


 
 










URINE

pH :pH

 
 ydrogen ion concentration

 




+
 




 








 








 
!





 





 





 

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Too Hig (Alkaline):


 
 




 


 
 

 





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0 23B D

Too Low (Acid): 


 
 





  

!
 


Specific Gravity (SG):c


 
 










 


 






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$%%%&  


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Glucose:.



 





Detectable Glucose (Glucosuria):













 
 








 









!



 
 


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3

 


 


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Protein (Proteinuria)-










 





 



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Detectable Protein:





 








 
 





   



   
!







 
 




  

 
 

    



   

>






 
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:



 








!





 

microalbumin test"






 







 




False Positive causes:



 



Blood (Hematuria)-.









Detectable Blood-






 






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False Positive causes:
 


0  







  










Bilirubin (Bilirubinuria):.













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Detectable Bilirubin:







  



 






 0







False positives:7

 




 






Nitrate:.









 



 


 





 


 
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Leukocytes (Leukocyte esterase):.



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Detectable Leukocytes:


 




Sediment:


 



 

 



   


 




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