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    Ultra Sound IN Medical Imaging: Mohammad Amir Final Year MBBS

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    Arif Rahman Wardhani
    Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves and the piezoelectric effect to create images of the internal structures of the body. It provides real-time visualization of internal organs, soft tissues, and blood flow. Ultrasound has many medical applications as it is non-invasive, widely available, and less expensive than other imaging modalities. It produces images by emitting sound pulses into the body and detecting echoes reflected from tissues to determine their location and acoustic properties. The document discusses the technical aspects and principles of ultrasound imaging including transducers, attenuation, resolution, and display modes.

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    Ultra Sound IN Medical Imaging: Mohammad Amir Final Year MBBS

    Uploaded by

    Arif Rahman Wardhani
    29 views46 pages
    Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves and the piezoelectric effect to create images of the internal structures of the body. It provides real-time visualization of internal organs, soft tissues, and blood flow. Ultrasound has many medical applications as it is non-invasive, widely available, and less expensive than other imaging modalities. It produces images by emitting sound pulses into the body and detecting echoes reflected from tissues to determine their location and acoustic properties. The document discusses the technical aspects and principles of ultrasound imaging including transducers, attenuation, resolution, and display modes.

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    understandingultrasound

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    Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves and the piezoelectric effect to create images of the internal structures of the body. It provides real-time visualization of internal organs, soft tissues, and blood flow. Ultrasound has many medical applications as it is non-invasive, widely available, and less expensive than other imaging modalities. It produces images by emitting sound pulses into the body and detecting echoes reflected from tissues to determine their location and acoustic properties. The document discusses the technical aspects and principles of ultrasound imaging including transducers, attenuation, resolution, and display modes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views46 pages

    Ultra Sound IN Medical Imaging: Mohammad Amir Final Year MBBS

    Uploaded by

    Arif Rahman Wardhani
    Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves and the piezoelectric effect to create images of the internal structures of the body. It provides real-time visualization of internal organs, soft tissues, and blood flow. Ultrasound has many medical applications as it is non-invasive, widely available, and less expensive than other imaging modalities. It produces images by emitting sound pulses into the body and detecting echoes reflected from tissues to determine their location and acoustic properties. The document discusses the technical aspects and principles of ultrasound imaging including transducers, attenuation, resolution, and display modes.

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    ULTRA SOUND

    IN
    MEDICAL
    IMAGING

    Mohammad Amir
    Final Year MBBS
    JJMMC
    WHAT IS MEDICAL
    IMAGING

    ?
    MEDICAL IMAGING: The techniques
    and processes used to create image of
    the internal as well as external human
    body parts for clinical purpose .
    Why medical imaging is required?
    Medical imaging provides a pictorial status of
    particular organ which is to be treated

    It makes a surgical targets more clear and precise

    It provides a pictorial status of fetus development


    right from 4th weak to 36th- 38th week

    It make therapeutic targets easy to detect and


    treat
    TYPES OF MEDICAL IMAGING WIDELY
    USED

    X-RAY
    MAMOGRAPHY
    CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY
    ULTRA SOUND
    CT SCAN
    MRI
    SPECT(SINGLE PHOTON EMMISION
    TOMOGRAPHY)
    PET(POSITRON EMISSION
    TOMOGRAPHY)
    PIZOELECTRIC IS DEVELOPED BY
    THE CURIES IN 1880 USING
    NATURAL QUARTZ

    SONAR was first time used in war


    time 1940

    Diagnosis medical application in use


    since late 1950‟s
    WHAT IS
    ULTRA SOUND

    ?
    ULTRA SOUND : MEDICAL
    DEFINATION!!!
    DIGNOSTIC MEDICAL
    ULTRASOUND IS THE USE OF HIGH
    FREQUENCY SOUND TO AID IN
    DIGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF
    PATIENT.

    FREQUENCY RANGES USED IN


    MEDICAL ULTRASOUND ARE 2-
    15 MHZ
    Piezoelectric Effect

     Definition: The principle of converting


    energy by applying pressure to a crystal.

    The reverse of the piezoelectric effect


    converts the energy back to its original form
    piezoelectric effect Ultrasound
    Transducers
    •A transducer converts one type
    of energy into another
    • Based upon:pulse-echo principle
    occurring with ultrasound
    the
    crystals, ultrasound transducers
    piezoelectric
    convert:
    – Electricity into sound = pulse
    – Sound into electricity = echo
     Transducer contains piezoelectric
    elements/crystals which produce the
    ultrasound pulses (transmit 1% of the
    time)
     These elements convert electrical
    energy into a mechanical ultrasound
    wave
    PULSE
    • Pulse of sounds is send to soft
    tissues
    •Sound interaction with soft tissues=
    bio effect
    •Pulsing is determined by transducer
    or probe crystal and ins not operated
    or control
    ECHO
    ECHO IS PRODUCED BY SOFT TISSUES
    TISSUE INTRACTION WITH SOUND =
    ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION PROPERTIES
    ECHOES ARE RECEIVED BY THE
    TRANSDUCER CRYSTAL
    ECHOES ARE INTRPRETED AND PROCESSED
    BY ULTRA SOUND MACHINE
    reflective

    refraction

    Scattered
    echoes

    Incident

    Angle of incidence = angle of reflection


     Reflected echoes return to the
    scan head where the piezoelectric
    elements convert the ultrasound
    wave back into an electrical signal
     The electrical signal is then
    processed by the ultrasound
    system
    FACTORS AFFECTING
    ULTRASOUND
    FREQUENCY
    WAVELENGTH
    BANDWIDTH
    ATTENUATION
    TIME GAIN COMPENSATION
     The thickness of the crystal
    determines the frequency of the scan
    head

    Low High
    Frequency Frequency
    3 MHz 10 MHz
    FREQUENCY AND
    RESOLUTION
    HIGH FREQUENCY = HIGH RESOLUTION
    3.5 MHz(sector) 7.5 MHz(linear)
    DYNAMIC RANGE
    Decreased DR Increased DR
    B-MODE M-MODE
    Color Doppler Power Doppler
    MACHINE COMPONENT
    Transducer probe
    CPU(central processing
    unit)Transducer pulse
    control
    Display
    Keyboard /cursor
    Disk storage device
    Printer
    Size, design and
    frequency
    depend upon the
    examination
    Electrical signal produces ‘dots’ on the
    screen

    Brightness of the dots is proportional to


    the strength of the returning echoes
    Location of the dots is determined by
    travel time. The velocity in tissue is assumed
    constant at 1540m/sec
     Distance = Velocity
    Time
    „B‟ mode
    Interactions of Ultrasound with
    Tissue
    • Acoustic impedance (AI) is dependent on the
    density of the material in which sound is
    propagated
    - the greater the impedance the denser the
    material.
    • Reflections comes from the interface of
    different AI‟s
    • greater  of the AI = more signal reflected
    • works both ways (send and receive directions)
    Sound is attenuated by tissue
    More tissue to penetrate = more
    attenuation of signal
    Compensate by adjusting gain based on
    depth
    near field / far field
    AKA: TGC
    Gain controls
    receiver gain only
    does NOT change power
    output
    think: stereo volume
    Increase gain = brighter
    Decrease gain = darker
    Gain settings are important to
    obtaining adequate images.
    bad far
    bad near field
    field

    balanced
    Strong Reflections = White dots
    Diaphragm, tendons, bone
    „Hyperechoic‟
    Weaker Reflections =
    Grey dots

    Most solid organs,


    thick fluid – „isoechoic‟
    No Reflections = Black dots
    Fluid within a cyst, urine, blood
    „Hypoechoic‟ or echofree
    Beam comes out as a slice
    Beam Profile
    Approx. 1 mm thick
    Depth displayed – user controlled
    Image produced is “ 2D ”
    tomographic slice
    assumes no thickness
    You control the aim

    1mm
    The ultimate goal of any ultrasound
    system is to make like tissues look the
    same and unlike tissues look different
    Resolving capability of the system
    axial/lateral resolution
    spatial resolution
    contrast resolution
    temporal resolution
    Processing Power
    ability to capture, preserve and display the
    information
    Ultrasound Applications

    Visualisation Tool:
    Nerves, soft tissue masses
    Vessels - assessment of position, size,
    patency
    Ultrasound Guided Procedures in real
    time – dynamic imaging; central venous
    access, nerve blocks
    Imaging

    Know your anatomy – Skin, muscle,


    tendons, nerves and vessels
    Recognise normal appearances –
    compare sides!
    Skin, subcutaneous
    tissue Epidermis

    Loose connective tissue and subcutaneous


    fat is hypoechoic

    Muscle interface

    Muscle fibres interface

    Bone
    Summary
    • Resolution determines image clarity
    • Electronic Arrays may be sector or linear

    • Frequency & wavelength are inversely proportional

    • Attenuation & frequency are inversely related

    • Display mode chosen determines how image is


    registered
    • Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound is safe!
    conclusion
    •Imaging tool – Must have the knowledge to
    understand how the image is formed

    •Dynamic technique

    •Acquisition and interpretation dependant


    upon the skills of the operator.

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