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    Ultrasound in Ophthalmology

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    India Discover
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to image structures in the eye. Higher frequencies have better resolution but shallower penetration. Ultrasound evaluates eye anatomy through A-scans, which measure distances between reflections, and B-scans, which provide cross-sectional images. It is used to measure axial eye length and detect conditions like retinal detachment or tumors. Phacoemulsification uses ultrasonic vibrations to break up and remove cataractous lenses.

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    Ultrasound in Ophthalmology

    Uploaded by

    India Discover
    33 views24 pages
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to image structures in the eye. Higher frequencies have better resolution but shallower penetration. Ultrasound evaluates eye anatomy through A-scans, which measure distances between reflections, and B-scans, which provide cross-sectional images. It is used to measure axial eye length and detect conditions like retinal detachment or tumors. Phacoemulsification uses ultrasonic vibrations to break up and remove cataractous lenses.

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    Ultrasound

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    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to image structures in the eye. Higher frequencies have better resolution but shallower penetration. Ultrasound evaluates eye anatomy through A-scans, which measure distances between reflections, and B-scans, which provide cross-sectional images. It is used to measure axial eye length and detect conditions like retinal detachment or tumors. Phacoemulsification uses ultrasonic vibrations to break up and remove cataractous lenses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views24 pages

    Ultrasound in Ophthalmology

    Uploaded by

    India Discover
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to image structures in the eye. Higher frequencies have better resolution but shallower penetration. Ultrasound evaluates eye anatomy through A-scans, which measure distances between reflections, and B-scans, which provide cross-sectional images. It is used to measure axial eye length and detect conditions like retinal detachment or tumors. Phacoemulsification uses ultrasonic vibrations to break up and remove cataractous lenses.

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    ULTRASOUND IN

    OPHTHALMOLOGY
    ULTRASOUND:

    Sound waves above the audible hearing range.


    Over 20 kHz or 20,000 cycles per second.
    FREQUENCY: Number of cycles per
    second. The depth of penetration is
    inversely proportional to the frequency of
    the ultrasonic wave.

    FREQUENCY

    DEPTH OF PENETRATION

    High frequency, shallow ophthalmic 8 to 20 MHz

    Low frequency, deep body scanners 2.5 to 5 MHz


    VELOCITY: The speed at which sound travels
    through a medium.

    Water 1480 m/s


    Air 330 m/s

    Cornea 1550 m/s


    Aqueous/Vitreous 1532 m/s
    Clear lens 1640 m/s
    Cataract lens 1590-1670 m/s
    Soft tissue 1550 m/s

    DISTANCE (millimeters)=TIME (second) x


    VELOCITY (m/s)
    TRANSDUCER: A device that converts energy from
    one form to another. For ultrasound it converts
    electrical energy (voltage) into mechanical energy
    (ultrasonic waves).

    Conversely the ultrasonic transducer also converts


    reflected sound waves into electrical signals that are
    processed and displayed. transducer

    Voltage IN
    (from pulser) Generated sound
    energy to tissues

    transducer

    Voltage OUT
    (to receiver)

    Reflected sound energy


    from tissues
    ULTRASONIC BEAM
    CHARACTERISTICS
    Shape:

    Focused
    Accomplished by an Acoustic Lens
    Best resolution around here

    Unfocused

    Parallel
    ANATOMY OF AN ECHO:

    Leading or Rising
    Edge Peak Trailing or Falling Edge

    Baseline
    FACTORS THAT AFFECT AMPLITUDE
    AND BRIGHTNESS:

    1) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

    transducer
    Largest Echo

    transducer

    transducer
    Smallest Echo
    FACTORS THAT AFFECT AMPLITUDE AND
    BRIGHTNESS:
    (Continued)
    2) Acoustic Impedance Differences
    Vitreous Blood
    transducer

    Small Echo

    Vitreous Detached Retina

    transducer

    Biggest Echo

    The larger the difference between the tissue types at


    an interface, the greater the reflected energy
    FACTORS THAT AFFECT AMPLITUDE AND
    BRIGHTNESS:
    (Continued)
    3) Texture and shape of surface

    Smooth surface

    Coarse surface

    Small Interface
    BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ULTRASOUND
    DEVICE Transducer

    Pulser Receiver

    Amplifier

    Signal Processing

    Display
    A-SCAN (amplitude mode)

    • height of the echoes: determined by perpendicularity


    and acoustic impedance.

    • distance between echoes: determined by the time it


    takes the sound to travel through the various
    structures in the eye.
    A-SCAN

    Anterior Chamber

    Anterior and Posterior


    surface of Cornea Sclera
    Vitreous
    Anterior surface of lens Retina
    Posterior surface of lens
    • A-Scans are used to measure the axial length of the
    eye for determining the proper power of the
    intraocular lens to be implanted. Typical axial
    length measurements are from 21-26 mm.
    To get the best A-Scan results:

    1) No air bubbles in probe


    2) Perpendicularity
    3) Do not indent cornea
    4) Input eye type (phakic, aphakic, pseudophakic)
    5) Corneal gate should be to the left of Corneal
    spike
    6) Retinal spike should be well defined and
    perpendicular
    6) Repeat results
    SCAN EXAMPLES

    Normal Scan

    90°

    Inaccurate Scan ( Measured > actual)

    Retinal spike is not well identified


    • Inaccurate Scan (< actual)

    Corneal spike is placed outside the corresponding gate

    • Inaccurate Scan (> actual)

    Air bubble

    Air bubble present in probe


    Possible tumor or
    • Tumors
    underlying blood

    • Retinal Detachment
    Wide Space
    Retina
    • Nuclear cataract
    Lens Nucleus
    B-SCAN (brightness mode)

    Two dimensional brightness evaluation.

    • Each reflected wave is translated into a spot


    on the screen.

    • Each spot corresponds positionally to the


    location of the point in the eye from which the
    wave is being reflected.

    • The brightness of the spot is proportional to


    the amplitude of the reflected wave.
    B-SCAN

    The transducer sweeps back and forth.

    The ultrasonic beam is equivalent to a knife blade,


    exposing a cross section of the cut object.
    B-SCAN EXAMPLE

    Lens
    Retina
    PHACOEMULSIFICATION

    • Used to remove cataracteous lenses from the eye.

    • A probe is vibrated at the ultrasonic frequency of about


    40 KHz breaking up the lens into small particles.

    • The small particles are drawn out of the eye by a suction


    system through the probe’s hollow center, aided by an
    irrigation solution.
    Cataract

    Vibrating Tip

    Aspiration

    Irrigation

    Small incision

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