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    General Physics2 Lesson 2 PDF

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    John Renzo Molinar
    1) Resistors can be connected in series or parallel in electric circuits. In series, the current is the same through each resistor but the voltage drops differ. In parallel, the voltage is the same across each resistor but the currents differ. 2) Kirchhoff's laws describe the behavior of electric circuits. Kirchhoff's junction rule states that the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analysis of circuits using loop and node equations.

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    General Physics2 Lesson 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    John Renzo Molinar
    618 views4 pages
    1) Resistors can be connected in series or parallel in electric circuits. In series, the current is the same through each resistor but the voltage drops differ. In parallel, the voltage is the same across each resistor but the currents differ. 2) Kirchhoff's laws describe the behavior of electric circuits. Kirchhoff's junction rule states that the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analysis of circuits using loop and node equations.

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    1) Resistors can be connected in series or parallel in electric circuits. In series, the current is the same through each resistor but the voltage drops differ. In parallel, the voltage is the same across each resistor but the currents differ. 2) Kirchhoff's laws describe the behavior of electric circuits. Kirchhoff's junction rule states that the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analysis of circuits using loop and node equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    618 views4 pages

    General Physics2 Lesson 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    John Renzo Molinar
    1) Resistors can be connected in series or parallel in electric circuits. In series, the current is the same through each resistor but the voltage drops differ. In parallel, the voltage is the same across each resistor but the currents differ. 2) Kirchhoff's laws describe the behavior of electric circuits. Kirchhoff's junction rule states that the sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum leaving. Kirchhoff's loop rule states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero. These rules allow analysis of circuits using loop and node equations.

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    KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY GENERAL PHYSICS 2: MODULE 2 Direct Current Circuits

    DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS RESISTORS IN PARALLEL


    When three resistors R , R and R are connected in
    1 2 3
    series shown:
    1. The voltage (V) in all the resistors is the
    same.
    2. The total current (I) in all the resistors is the
    sum of the current in each resistor.
    I = I1 + I2 + I3
    3. The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is
    the sum of the reciprocals of each resistance.
    Components, including resistors in a circuit may 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
    be connected together in two ways: = + +
    𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
    1. IN SERIES, so that the same current flows
    through all the components but a different potential
    difference (voltage) can exist across each one.
    2. IN PARALLEL, so that the same potential
    difference (voltage) exists across all the components
    but each component may carry a different current.

    SERIES CONNECTION PARALLEL CONNECTION

    RESISTORS IN SERIES
    When three resistors R , R and R are connected in
    1 2 3
    series shown: COMBINATION OF SERIES AND
    1. The current (I) in all the resistors is the same. PARALLEL RESISTORS
    2. The total voltage (VTOT) across the resistors
    is equal to the sum of the voltage across
    each resistor.
    VTOT = V + V + V
    1 2 3
    3. The equivalent resistance (Re) is the sum of
    the resistances of each resistor.
    R =R + R + R
    e 1 2 3

    Page 1 of 4 GR ADE-12 STEM


    KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY GENERAL PHYSICS 2: MODULE 2 Direct Current Circuits

    SAMPLE PROBLEM #1 SOLUTION:


    (A) Find the equivalent resistance Re. (SOL’N A):
    (B)What is the current I in the circuit? 1 1 1 1
    = + +
    (C) Find the voltage in each resistors and Show that Re R1 R2 R3
    the voltage drops across the three resistors totals the 1 1 1 1
    = + +
    27-V Re 2Ω 4Ω 4Ω
    1
    = 0.50 + 0.25 + 0.25
    Re
    1
    = 1
    Re
    1
    Re = =1Ω
    1

    GIVEN: Equivalent Re = 1 Ω
    Resistance: 2Ω, 2Ω, 5Ω (B) Assume a 12 Assume a 12-V emf is connected
    Voltage(total): 27 V to the circuit as shown. What is the total current
    REQUIRED: leaving the source of emf?
    (A) Equivalent Resistance, Re
    (B) Total Current, I
    (C) Voltage, V in each resistor
    SOLUTION:
    (SOL’N A):
    Re = R1 + R2 + R3
    Re = 2Ω + 2Ω + 5Ω = 9Ω (SOL’N B):
    V T = 12 V ; R e = 1 Ω
    Equivalent Re = 9 Ω
    Voltage is same: Since it is in parallel connection
    The current is found from Ohm’s law:
    V1 = V2 = V3 = 12 V
    I=V/R
    IT = I1 + I2 + I3
    (SOL’N B):
    V 27 V Ohm’s Law: I= V/R
    I= =
    Re 9Ω Vt 12 V
    Current I = 3 A I(total current) = = = 12 A
    Re 1Ω
    (SOL’N ):
    Current I = 3 A same in each R Total Current I = 12 A
    “Since it is in Series connection”
    ohm’s law equation SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
    V1= IR1 ; V2= IR2 ; V3= IR3
    V1= (3 A) (2Ω) = 6 V (A) Find the equivalent resistance Re. of the figure
    V2= (3 A) (2Ω) = 6 V shown below assume VT = 12 V.
    V3= (3 A) (5Ω) =15 V
    VT = V1 + V2 +V3
    VT = 6V + 6V +15 V
    VT = 27 V
    CHECK !!!

    SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
    (A) Find the equivalent resistance Re.

    (B) Find the total current, IT

    GIVEN:
    Resistance: 2Ω, 4Ω, 4Ω
    Voltage(total): 27 V
    REQUIRED:
    (A) Equivalent Resistance, Re

    Page 2 of 4 GR ADE-12 STEM


    KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY GENERAL PHYSICS 2: MODULE 2 Direct Current Circuits

    (C) Find the current and voltages across each Sign Conventions for Loop Rule:
    resistor Emf source (ε):
    positive (travel from –to +)

    negative (travel from + to -)

    KIRCHOFF’S LAWS FOR DC CIRCUITS

    Junction: point where three or more conductors


    meet (nodes, branch points).
    Loop: closed conducting path.
    KIRCHOFF’S LAW: LOOP I
    Kirchoff’s first law: JUNCTION RULE The sum 1. Assume possible consistent flow of currents.
    of the currents entering a junction is equal to the 2. Indicate positive output directions for directions
    sum of the currents leaving that junction. for emf
    3. Indicate consistent tracing direction. (clockwise)
    Junction Rule: ∑I (enter) = ∑I (leaving)
    Or

    ∑I = 0

    Kirchoff’s second law: VOLTAGE RULE the


    sum of the emf’s around any closed loop must
    equal the sum of the IR drops around that same

    Voltage Rule: ∑Ԑ = ∑IR

    Or
    ∑V= 0

    Page 3 of 4 GR ADE-12 STEM


    KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY GENERAL PHYSICS 2: MODULE 2 Direct Current Circuits

    KIRCHOFF’S LAW: LOOP II SAMPLE PROBLEM:


    4. Voltage rule for Loop II: Assume Use Kirchoff’s laws to find the currents in the circuit
    counterclockwise positive tracing direction. drawn.
    LOOP I: LOOP II:

    Would the same equation apply if traced clockwise


    clockwise?

    LOOP III

    SOLUTION:
    KIRCHOFF’S LAW: LOOP III
    5. Voltage rule for Loop III: Assume ***JUNCTION RULE: I2 + I3 = I1
    counterclockwise positive tracing direction. Consider Loop I tracing to obtain:
    Voltage Rule: ∑Ԑ = ∑ IR
    12 V = (5 Ω) I1 + (10 Ω) I2
    RECALLING THAT: V / Ω = A , gives
    Would the same equation apply if traced 5I1 +10 I2 = 12 A
    clockwise clockwise?
    *** Finding the currents
    Consider Loop II tracing clockwise to obtain:
    Voltage Rule: ∑Ԑ = ∑ IR
    6 V = (20 Ω) I3 - (10 Ω) I2
    Simplify: Divide by 2 and V / Ω = A , gives
    10I3 – 5I2 = 3A
    *** Three independent equations solved for I1, I2 and I3
    Eqn (1) I1 = I2 + I3
    Eqn (2) 5I1 + 10I2 = 12 A
    Eqn (3) 10I3 - 5I2 = 3 A
    Substitute Eqn (1) for I1 in (2): 5 ( I2 + I3 ) + 10 I3 = 12 A Simplifying
    gives
    Eqn 4: 5I2 + 15I3 + 12 A

    FOR INDEPENDENT EQUATIONS: Eliminate I2: By equating eqn 3 and 4 gives 25I3 = 15 A
    6. Thus, we now have four independent I3 = 0.600 A
    equations from Kirchoff’s laws: Putting I3 in eqn(3) gives 10 (0.60A) – 5I2 = 3A: I2= 0.600A
    Then from eqn 1:

    I1 = 1.20 A

     REFERENCES:
     DC%20Circuits.pdf A presentation by Paul E. Tippens
     Chap26_PHY2049.pdf

    Page 4 of 4 GR ADE-12 STEM

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