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General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 3
Periodic Motion

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Periodic Motion
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High
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General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 3:
Periodic Motion

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About .................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module .............................................................................................................. ii
What I Know ......................................................................................................................... .iii

Lesson 1: Periodic Motion

What’s In ..................................................................................................................................... 1
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................. 1
What’s New: ................................................................................................................................ 1
What Is It..................................................................................................................................... 2
What’s More: Completing Crossword Puzzle ............................................................................. 3

Lesson 2: Simple Harmonic Motion

What’s In ..................................................................................................................................... 4
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................. 4
What’s New: ................................................................................................................................ 4
What Is It..................................................................................................................................... 5
What’s More:............................................................................................................................... 6
What I Have Learned: ................................................................................................................. 7
What I Can Do: ........................................................................................................................... 7

Lesson 3: Pendulum
What’s In ..................................................................................................................................... 8
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................. 8
What Is It..................................................................................................................................... 8
What’s More:............................................................................................................................... 11
What I Have Learned: ................................................................................................................. 11
What I Can Do: ........................................................................................................................... 11

Lesson 4: Mechanical Waves

What’s In ..................................................................................................................................... 12
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................. 12
What’s New: Making Waves ....................................................................................................... 12
What Is It..................................................................................................................................... 13
What’s More: Solving Sinusoidal Wave Function ........................................................................ 17
What I Have Learned: Fill the Waves.......................................................................................... 18
What I Can Do: Geology: Physics of Waves: .............................................................................. 18

Summary ............................................................................................................................. 19
Assessment: (Post-Test) .................................................................................................... 20
Key to Answers ................................................................................................................... 21
References .......................................................................................................................... 23
 Module 3
Periodic Motion
What This Module is About
This module provides you with explanation of many other phenomena in nature.
We begin this new part of the text by studying a special type of motion called periodic
motion or oscillation. This is a repeating motions of an object in which the object
continues to return to a given position after a fixed time interval. Many kind of motion
repeat themselves over and over: the vibration of a quartz crystal in a watch, the
swinging pendulum of a grandfather clock, the sound vibrations produced by a clarinet
or an organ pipes, and the back-and-forth motion of the pistons in a car engine.
The lessons in this module are necessary and essential in studying other
concepts in the next modules.
The following are the lessons contained in this module:
 Lesson 1- Periodic Motion
 Lesson 2- Simple Harmonic Motion
 Lesson 3- Pendulum
 Lesson 4- Mechanical Wave

What I Need to Know

In this module, you are expected to:
1. Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement, velocity
and acceleration of oscillating system (STEM_GP12PM-Ilc-24);
2. Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic
motion (STEM_GP12PM-Ilc-25);
3. Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum, and the
physical pendulum (STEM_GP12PM-Ilc-27);
4. Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and
sinusoidal wave (STEM_GP12PM-IId-31); and
5. From a given sinusoidal wave function infer the speed, wavelength, frequency,
period, direction, and wave number (STEM_GP12PMIId-32).

i
How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

ii
 What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICES. Directions: Read and understand each item and
choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. At which position is the speed of a particle executing SHM greatest?

a. It's extreme position
b. at its equilibrium position
c. at its maximum displacement
d. somewhere between amplitude and equilibrium position
2. At which position is the acceleration of a particle executing SHM equal to zero?
a. at its extreme position
b. at its equilibrium position
c. at its maximum displacement
d. somewhere between its amplitude and equilibrium position
1
3. The total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is equal to 𝑘𝑥 2 . What does x
2
represent?
a. any value
b. amplitude of the oscillator
c. equilibrium position of the oscillator
d. position between the maximum displacement and equilibrium position
4. Which type of harmonic motion refers to oscillatory motion with decreasing
amplitude?
a. critically damped c. simple
b. overdamped d. under dumped
5. What does a wave carry with it as it travels through a medium?
a. energy b. matter c. water d. wind
6. In which type of wave are the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction
of wave propagation?
a. Longitudinal b. mechanical c. seismic d. transvers
7. Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?
a. gamma ray b. Sound wave c. water wave d. x-ray
8. What is the highest part of the wave called?
a. amplitude b. crest c. trough d. wavelength
9. Which of these is not a characteristic of a wave?
a. amplitude c. period
b. mass d. velocity
10. If a wave has a period of 0.25 seconds, what is its frequency?
a.0.25 Hz c. 4.0 Hz.
b. 1.0 Hz d. 12 Hz

iii
 Lesson
Periodic Motion
1
What’s In

Many kinds of motion repeat themselves over and over – from the movement
of the hands of a clock, the swinging pendulum of a grandfather clock, a rocking chair,
heartbeat, the sound vibrations produced by a clarinet or an organ pipe, and the back-
and-forth motion of the pistons in a car engine, and even the movement of Earth about
its axis and about the sun. This kind of motion, called periodic motion or oscillations.

What I Need to Know

After this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement,

velocity and acceleration of oscillating system (STEM_GP12PM-Ilc-24)

What’s New
Activity 3.1 Concepts in a Box

Directions:
1. Study Concepts in a Box for three minutes. There is no right or wrong answers
for now. Take note of your answers and validate basic concepts you mentioned.
2. List down five concepts that caught your attention and explain why these
concepts seem to be interesting. You may use a T-chart to organize your
answer.

Concepts that caught my attention are… Reason why I found it interesting…

1
 What Is It

Periodic motion is a motion of an object that regularly repeat—the object

returns to a given position after a fixed time interval. With little thought, we can identify
several types of periodic motion in everyday life. Your car returns to the driveway each
afternoon. You return to the dinner table every night to eat. A bumped chandelier swing
back and forth, returning to the same position at a regular rate. The Earth return to
same position in its orbit around the Sun each year, resulting in the variation among
the four seasons. The Moon return to the same relationship with the Earth and the
Sun, resulting in a full Moon approximately once a month.

Figure 3.1 The Motion of the swing is an example of periodic motion.

A body undergoing periodic motions

always has a stable equilibrium position.

The equilibrium position, otherwise

known as resting position, is the position
assumed by the body when it is not
vibrating. This equilibrium position is
represented by position B of the boy in the
swing and figure 3.1. When the boy is
displaced from its equilibrium position to
position A, a restoring force(gravity) acts
on it to pull it back toward position B.

A restoring force is the force that tends to restore a body from its displacement
to its equilibrium position. By the time the boy reaches position B, the body has gained
kinetic energy, overshoots this position, moves, and stops somewhere on the other
side (Position C). The body is again pulled back towards equilibrium. Vibrations about
this equilibrium position results only from the action of the restoring force.
2
 The amplitude (A) of vibration is the maximum displacement of a body from its
equilibrium position. This is represented by the displacement from position B to
position A or from position B to position C.

The period (T) of a body in periodic motion is the time required to make a
complete to-and-fro motion. One complete to-and-fro motion is called a
cycle. Referring to figure 3.1, the motion of the swing from position A to position C
and back to position A is one cycle. Period is usually in seconds.

Frequency (f) is the number of the cycle per unit time. It's SI unit is the hertz,
abbreviated as Hz. One (1) hertz equals one cycle per second. Frequency is the
reciprocal of period.

1
𝑓= Equation 3.1
𝑇

Sometimes, angular frequency (ω) is use instead of frequency. Angular

frequency is commonly express in radians per second. The relationship between
angular frequency and frequency is given by

2𝜋 Equation 3.2
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 or 𝜔=
𝑇

What’s More
Activity 3.2 Completing Crossword Puzzle

Direction: Complete the crossword puzzle below.

3 Down
1 8 1. It is the number of cycles per
unit of time from its equilibrium
2 4
position.
3. It refers to motion that is
repeated at regular intervals of
7
time.
4. It’s a force that causes body
5 to accelerate towards the earth.
8. It is the energy possessed by
a body in motion.

Across
2. It is a force that tends to restore a body.
5. It refers to the position assumed by the body when it is not vibrating
6. It refers to one complete to-and-from motion
7. It is the maximum displacement of body from its equilibrium position

3
 Lesson
Simple Harmonic Motion
2 (SHM)

What’s In
In the previous lesson, we learned that a body undergoes periodic motion
always has a stable equilibrium position. When it is moved away from this position and
released, a force comes into play to pull it back toward equilibrium. By the time it gets
there, it picked up some kinetic energy, so it overshoots, stopping somewhere on the
other side, and is again pulled back toward equilibrium. For this lesson, we will
recognize the necessary conditions for necessary condition for a periodic motion to be
classified as a simple harmonic motion.

What I Need to Know

After this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple
harmonic motion (STEM_GP12PM-Ilc-25)
2. Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum
and physical pendulum (STEM_GP12PM-Ilc-27)

What’s New
ACTIVITY 3.3 SHM Activity
Direction: Place a raisin or marshmallow on the end of a stick of
spaghetti. Shake your hands back and forth to make the
pasta/raisin system oscillate.

Materials: Pasta and Raisins/Marshmallows

A. Does the period depend on the mass?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
B. Does the period depend on the length?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Answer the following questions on a separate paper.

a) Do you think this system motion would fall under the classification of simple
harmonic motion? Provide as much evidences as you can for your answer.
b) Do your answers to A and B above matches a spring/mass system or a
pendulum? How so?
c) Do you think this system can be modeled as pendulum, spring, or neither?
What are your reasons for each?
4
 What Is It

A very common type of periodic motion is what we called simple harmonic

motion (SHM). It is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional
to the displacement of the body from its equilibrium position. This restoring force act
in a direction opposite that of the displacement.

In equation, 𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥 Equation 3.3

where, 𝐹𝑠 is the restoring force or spring force

x is the displacement from the equilibrium position
k is a proportionality constant
The negative sign simply means that the restoring force and displacement are
oppositely directed. We call this restoring force because it is always directed toward
the equilibrium position and therefore opposite the displacement from equilibrium.
A system that oscillate with SHM is called simple harmonic oscillator. The
simplest form of a simple harmonic oscillator is a body of mass m oscillating on one
end of an elastic spring also known as the mass-spring system.
In the model for simple harmonic motion, consider a block of mass m attached
to the end of a spring, with the block free to move on a horizontal, frictionless surface
Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2. A block attached to a spring moving on a

frictionless surface.
(a) Stretched spring. When the block is displaced to
the right of equilibrium (x > 0), the force exerted by the
spring acts to the left.
(b) When the block is at its equilibrium position (x = 0),
the force exerted by the spring is zero.
(c) Compressed spring. When the block is displaced
to the left of equilibrium (x < 0), the force exerted by
the spring acts to the right.

Note that the amount of the spring is negligible to the amount of stretching for
compressing force.
An external force can cause object, like spring, to stretch or compressed by a
certain displacement x (figure 3.2). This force is numerically equal to the restoring
force but opposite in direction. Thus,
F = kx Equation
3.4
The proportionality constant (k) is what we called the force constant of the
spring. It is the force needed to produce a unit of elongation or compression of the
spring and has the unit of N/m.
5
 The force constant k is measure of the stiffness of the spring. A small value of
k indicates that the spring can be easily stretched or compressed. In other words,
springs with lesser spring constants will have greater displacements than those with
larger spring constants for the same amount of force applied.

Sample Problem 3.1

1. An oscillating body takes 0.8 seconds to complete four cycles. What is the
(a)period, (b)frequency, and (c)angular frequency of the body?
Solution:
a. We are asked to determine the time taken to complete one cycle.
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 0.8𝑠
𝑇= = = 0.2𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 4
b. Substituting the value of T in Equation (3.1),
1 1
𝑓= = = 5. 0𝑠 −1 or 5.0Hz
𝑇 0.2𝑠

ω = 2πf = 2(3.14radians)(5. 0𝑠 −1 ) = 31.4 radians /s

Sample Problem 3.2

2. A force of 3.0N elongates a spring by 6.0 cm. (a) What is the force constant of
spring? (b) How much force is needed to elongate spring an additional 6.0 cm?
Solution:
Using Equation 3.4 and substituting values,
𝐹 3.0𝑁 50𝑁
a. 𝑘 = = =
𝑥 0.06𝑚 𝑚
50𝑁
b. 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 = ( ) (0.12𝑚) = 6.0𝑁
𝑚

What’s More

Activity 3.4: Simple Harmonic Motion Problems

Direction: Solve the following problems. Show your complete solutions legibly
and concisely in a separate sheet of paper.
1. It takes 365.25 days for the Earth to complete one revolution around the sun.
Calculate the (a) period, (b) frequency, and (c)angular frequency of Earth as it
revolves around the sun.

2. A vertical spring has a force constant of 125N/m. By how much will the spring be
compressed if a mass of 0.525kg is placed on top of it?

6
 What I Have Learned
Activity 3.5: Self-check Questions

1. What is the necessary condition for a periodic motion to be classified as a

simple harmonic motion?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. What is the physical meaning of the force constant of a spring?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. When are maximum acceleration and maximum velocity achieved in a simple

harmonic oscillator?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Activity 3.6: Create Your Own Problem

Make your own word problem. One problem calculating the period and the
frequency of spring mass. Show your complete solutions to the problems. Be sure that
the problems are not taken from the internet and that they are realistic.

7
 Lesson
Pendulum
3
What’s In

In the previous lesson, we recognized the necessary conditions for a periodic

motion to be classified as a simple harmonic motion. In this lesson, will learn the
concept of simple pendulum and physical pendulum as well as how to calculate the
period and the frequency of simple and physical pendulum.
A pendulum is any object which can swing freely from a pivot point under the
influence of gravity.

What I Need to Know

After this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum
and physical pendulum (STEM_GP12PM-Ilc-27)

What Is It
The simple pendulum is another mechanical system that exhibit
periodic motion. It consists of a particle-like bob of mass m suspended by a light string
of length L that is fixed at the upper end, as shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 When ϴ is small, a simple pendulum oscillates

in simple harmonic motion about the equilibrium position.
ϴ = 0. The restoring force is –mg sinϴ, the component of
the gravitational force tangent to the arc

The motion occurs in the vertical plane and it is

driven by the gravitational force. We shall show that,
provided the angle. is small (less than about 10°), the
motion is very close to that of simple harmonic oscillator.
The forces acting on the bob are the force T exerted by the string and the
gravitational force mg. The tangential component mg sin ϴ. of the gravitational force
always acts toward ϴ=0, opposite the displacement of the bob from the lowest
position. Therefore, the tangential component is a restoring force, and we can apply
Newton’s second law for motion in the tangential direction:
8
 𝑑2𝑠
𝐹𝑡 = −𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 = 𝑚 2
𝑑𝑡
where s is the bob’s position measured along the arc and the negative sign indicates
that the tangential force acts toward the equilibrium (vertical) position.

𝐿 Equation 3.5
The period of the motion is 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔

In other words, the period and frequency of a simple pendulum depends only on
the length of the string and the acceleration due to gravity. The simple pendulum can
be used as timekeeper because its period depends only on its length and the local
value of g. It is also a convenient device for making precise measurements of the
freefall acceleration. Such measurements are important because variation in local
values of g can provide information on the location of oil and of other valuable
underground resources.

Based on the equation, the period of a simple pendulum is governed by the

following laws.
1. The period of simple pendulum is directly proportional to square root of its
length.
2. The period is inversely proportional to square root of the acceleration due to
gravity.
3. The period is not dependent of the mass of the bob.
4. The period is independent of the angular amplitude if angular displacement is
small, say less than or equal to 100 .

Sample Problem 3.3

A simple pendulum of length 50.0 cm takes 5s to make 10 complete back-and-

forth motion. (a) Find its period. (b) What will be its period when its length is increased
to 200cm?

Solution:

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 5𝑠
a. 𝑇 = = = 0.5𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 10
𝑇1 √𝐿1
b. Based on the laws governing the period of simple pendulum, = .
𝑇2 √𝐿2
Using this equation and substituting values,

𝑇1 √𝐿1 0.5𝑠 √50.0𝑐𝑚

= = 𝑇2 = 1.0s
𝑇2 √𝐿2 𝑇2 √200𝑐𝑚

9
Physical Pendulum
Suppose you balance a wire coat hanger so that the hook is supported by your
extended index finger. When you give the hanger a small angular displacement (with
your other hand) and then release it, it oscillates. If a hanging objects oscillates about
a fixed axis that does not pass through its center of mass and the object cannot be
approximated as a point mass, we cannot treat the system as a simple pendulum. In
this case the system is called a physical pendulum.

Consider a rigid object pivoted at a point O that is a distance d from the center
of mass (Figure 3.4).

The gravitational force provides a force about an

axis through O, and the magnitude of that torque is mgd
sinϴ., where ϴ is as shown in Figure3.4. Using the
rotational form of Newton’s second law ∑ 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼, where
I is the moment of inertia about the axis through O, we
obtain

𝑑2𝜃
−𝑚𝑔𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 2

The negative sign indicates that the torque

Figure 3.4 A physical pendulum about O tends to decrease 𝜃 .. That is, the
pivoted at O gravitational force produces a restoring torque.

𝐼
The period of the motion is 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑚𝑔𝐿 Equation 3.6

One can use this result to measure the moment of inertia of a flat rigid object. If
the location of the center of mass—and hence the value of d—is known, the moment
of inertia can be obtained by measuring the period. Finally, note that Equation 3.6
reduces to the period of a simple pendulum (Equation 3.5) when 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑑 2 – that is,
when all the mass is concentrated at the center of mass.

Sample Problem 3.4

A 1.5kg uniform meter stick pivoted at one end oscillates as a physical
pendulum with a period of 1.25s. Find its moment of inertia with respect to the pivot
point.
Solution:

Manipulating equation 3.5 to solve for I and substituting values,

𝑇 2𝑚𝑔𝐿 (1.252 )(1.5𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠2)(0.5𝑚)
𝐼= = = 0.29𝑘𝑔. 𝑚2
4𝜋2 4(3.14)2

10
 What’s More
Activity 3.7

Activity 3.7: Problems involving Simple and Physical Pendulum

Direction: Solve the following problems. Show your complete solutions
legibly and concisely in a separate sheet of paper.
1. A simple pendulum is found to vibrate 50 times within 200s. When 1.5m of its
length is reduced to a certain length, it vibrates 50 times in 175s. Find the original
length of the pendulum.

2. A Christmas ball in a shape of a hollow sphere is hung from the tree by a

piece of thread attached to the surface of the ball. The mass and radius of
the ball are 0.105kg and 0.12m, respectively. What will be its period of
oscillation when slightly displaced from its equilibrium position?
5
(Hint: I =3 𝑚𝑟 2 )

What I Have Learned

Activity 3.8: Self-check Questions

1. What are the things to be considered in describing the motion of a physical

pendulum? The mass of the object, gravity and axis of rotation.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What are the examples of a physical pendulum? Possible answers: Chandelier,
ceiling fan, lantern
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What are the laws of simple pendulum?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Activity 3.9: Create Your Own Problem

Make your own word problem. One problem calculating the period and the
frequency of simple pendulum and one in physical pendulum. Show your complete
solutions to the problems. Be sure that the problems are not taken from the internet
and that they are realistic.

11
 Lesson
Mechanical Waves
4
What’s In

We learned from Lesson 1 of this module that there are many kinds of motion
that repeat themselves over and over. We call this motion as periodic motion or
oscillation. As you read through the concepts of Lesson 1, you realized that periodic
motion is used to model a wide range of physical phenomena. It is also important
because it generates waves, which is the focus of this lesson. Many of the terms and
equations we used in Lesson 1 to 2 will be applied in this lesson as we study wave
motion especially that of the mechanical waves.

What I Need to Know

After this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and
sinusoidal wave (STEM_GP12PM-IId-31);and
2. From a given sinusoidal wave function infer the speed, wavelength, frequency,
period, direction, and wave number (STEM_GP12PMIId-32).

What’s New
Direction: Perform Activity 3.10 and answer the questions. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answer.
Activity 3.10: Making Waves
Learning Target: To generate and describe transverse and longitudinal waves
Materials: string or elastic band, coil or “slinky”
Procedure:
Activity 1: Tape one end of a string to a desk.Then pull the string so it is tight, but lays flat against
the desk. Then generate travelling transverse waves by wiggling the free end of the string up and
down briskly.
Activity 2: Consider a coil or spring that is lying on a tabletop. Jerk one end horizontally to and fro
to produce longitudinal wave.
Questions:
1. A medium is a matter to which a wave travels. In Activity 1, what is the medium? In activity
2, what is the medium?
2. Describe the motion of the medium and compare this with the movement of the travelling
wave.

12
 What Is It
In your lower years, you came across the term “waves”. You are aware
that the ripples on a pond, sound, light, wiggles of the slinky, radio and
television transmissions are all wave phenomena.
Wave is a periodic disturbance that travels through matter or space and
transfers energy, not matter, from one location to another. The repetitive motion called
vibration, causes the formation of waves. Therefore, wave is also considered as a
simple harmonic motion.
Waves come in different types and forms such as the mechanical waves and
the electromagnetic waves. In this lesson, we will focus on mechanical waves.

Mechanical waves
Mechanical waves are disturbances that transfers energy through a medium.
Mechanical waves cannot propagate through a vacuum.
Medium is the matter through which the mechanical waves travel. The medium
can be any state of matter (solid, liquid or gas).
There are two main types of mechanical waves based on the direction of the
displacement of the particles of the medium through which the waves travel. These
are longitudinal waves and transverse waves.

Transverse wave
If we wiggle the free end of the spring as in
Figure 3.4, a transverse wave is formed. The
particles of the medium are displaced
perpendicular to the direction in which a wave
travels. This means that the medium’s particles
oscillate up and down about their individual
equilibrium positions at right angle to the direction
of the wave propagation. Examples: ripples on
the surface of the water, vibrations in a guitar
string, seismic S-waves. Source: physicsclassroom.com
Fig.3.4 A Transverse Wave
Longitudinal wave
If we give the spring a back-and-forth
motion as in Figure 3.5, a longitudinal wave is
formed. The particles of the medium are
displaced parallel to the direction in which a
wave travels. This means that the medium’s
particles oscillate back and forth about their
individual equilibrium positions along the same
direction of wave propagation. Examples:
sound waves, seismic P-waves, ultrasound
Source: physicsclassroom.com
waves.
Fig. 3.5 A Longitudinal Wave

13
 .
Consider a spring whose free end is given a repetitive
motion as shown in the right. It can be noticed that a
series of wave pulses is produced. It is also observed
that each particle in the spring will also experience
periodic motion as the wave travels through it. In this
case, we have a periodic wave. Sinusoidal waves
is produced when a periodic wave is in simple
harmonic motion.
Source: pinterest.com
Fig. 3.6. A Perioidic Wave
Figure 3.7 shows the anatomy of a periodic wave, particularly a sinusoidal wave. The
horizontal dashed line of the diagram represents the equilibrium or rest position of
the transverse wave. This is the position that the transverse wave would assume if there
were no disturbance moving through it.

Fig. 3.7 A Sinusoidal Wave

Crest: It is the highest point or the peak of a transverse wave.

Trough: It is the lowest point on a transverse wave.
Characteristics of a Periodic Wave
Amplitude(A): The maximum displacement of a particle on the medium from the
equilibrium position.
Wavelength (𝝀): The distance between two successive crests or throughs.
Frequency (𝒇): The number of waves that pass a particular point for every one
second
Period (T): The time required for one complete wave to pass a particular point.

These characteristics of the wave can be determined using the sinusoidal wave
function.
Wave Function for a Sinusoidal Wave
Recall that periodic waves that oscillates in simple harmonic motion generates
sinusoidal waves. When sinusoidal waves travel through a medium, every particle in the
medium undergoes simple harmonic motion with the same frequency and is displaced from
its equilibrium as a function of both position (x) and time (t). This is express in the general
form of a sinusoidal wave below.

14
 𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 ± 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) sinusoidal wave function Equation 3.7
Where:
𝒚 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎 𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 (Unit: m) 𝑨 = 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 (𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡: 𝑚)
𝒌 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ( 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡: rad/m) 𝝎 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 (Unit: rad/s)
𝜙= phase constant

Consider a transverse harmonic wave traveling in the

positive x-direction as shown in Figure 3.8. The
displacement (y) of a particle in the medium is given
as a function of x and t as shown in this equation:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 + 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) Equation 3.8
(sinusoidal wave moving in +x-direction)
Fig. 3.8. A Sinusoidal Wave Travelling in the +x-
direction
If the displacement (y) of the wave is zero at t=0 and x=0, then 𝜙 = 0. Equation 3.8 is
reduced to:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 + 𝝎𝒕) (sinusoidal wave moving in +x-direction) Equation 3.9

When a transverse harmonic wave travels in the negative x-direction, the equation will
become:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕) (sinusoidal wave moving in -x-direction) Equation 3.10

We can use these sinusoidal wave functions to determine the characteristics of the
sinusoidal wave.
Steps in Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Wave
1. To get the sinusoidal wave’s amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, speed,
direction and wave number, write down the wave function in the form:

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙).

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝑘𝑥 + 𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

2. The amplitude can be taken directly from the equation and is equal to 𝐴.
3. Derive the period of the wave from the angular frequency, thus, you will get,
2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔
1
4. Use 𝑓 = 𝑇
to get the frequency of the wave.
2𝜋
5. The wave number can be found using the equation: 𝑘 = .
𝜆
6. The wavelength can be derived from the wave number
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝑘
𝑤
7. The speed of the wave is: 𝑣 =
𝑘

15
Sample Problems:
1. A transverse wave on a string is described by the wave function:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝒔−𝟏 𝒕)
Find the:
a) amplitude e) period
b) wave number f) speed of the wave
c) angular frequency g) direction of the wave
d) wavelength h) frequency of the wave
Solution: The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡).Therefore,
a. Amplitude 𝐴 = 0.2 𝑚
b. The wave number can be read directly from the wave equation:
𝑘 = 6.28 rad/m
c. The angular frequency is: 𝜔 = 1.57𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
d. The wavelength can be found using the equation: 𝜆 = = =1.0 m
𝑘 6.28𝑚−1
2𝜋 2𝜋
e. To get the period: 𝑇 = = 1.57𝑠−1 = 4𝑠
𝜔
𝜔 1.57𝑠 −1
f. Speed of the wave, 𝑣 = = 6.28𝑚−1 = 0.25 𝒎/𝒔
𝑘
g. The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡).Therefore, the
wave is moving in the positive direction as denoted by the negative sign
between 𝑘𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑡.
1 1
h. The frequency is 𝑓 = 𝑇 = 4𝑠 = 0.25 𝐻𝑧

2. A wave travelling along a string is denoted by:

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟖𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒔−𝟏 𝒕).
Solve for:
a) Amplitude e) period
b) wave number f) speed
c) angular frequency g) direction of the wave
d) wavelength h) frequency

Solution:
2𝜋 2𝜋
a) 𝐴 = 0.005 𝑚 e) 𝑇 = = = 2.09 𝑠
𝜔 3.00 𝑠 −1
𝜔 3.00 𝑠 −1
b) 𝑘 = 80.0 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 f) 𝑣 = = = 0.0375 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘 80.0 𝑚−1
c) 𝜔 = 3.00 rad/s g) + x- direction
2𝜋 2𝜋 1 1
d)𝜆 = = −1
= 0.0785 𝑚 h) 𝑓 = = = 0.48 𝐻𝑧
𝑘 80.0𝑚 𝑇 2.09 𝑠

3. A sinusoidal wave travelling on a rope has a period of 0.025 s , speed of 30

m/s and an amplitude of 0.021525 m. At t=0, the element of the string has
zero displacement and is moving in the +x-direction. Find the following wave
characteristics:
a) frequency, 𝑓 d) wavelength,𝜆
b) angular frequency,𝜔 e) Write the wave function
c) wave number, 𝑘

16
Solution
1 1
a) 𝑓 = = = 40 𝐻𝑧
𝑇 0.025𝑠
2𝜋
b) 𝜔 = = 251.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑇
𝜔 251.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
c) 𝑘 = = = 8.37 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑣 30 𝑚/𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋
d) 𝜆 = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.75 𝑚
𝑘 8.37
𝑚
e) 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡 ) = 0.021525𝑚 sin (8.37 𝑚−1 𝑥 − 251.2 𝑠 −1 𝑡)

What’s More
Activity 3.11: Solving Sinusoidal Wave Function

Direction: Solve the following problems. Show your complete solutions legibly and
concisely in a separate sheet of paper.
1. A travelling wave is represented by the function:

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟓. 𝟎𝒔−𝟏 𝒕)

Find the following:

a) Amplitude b) wave number c. wavelength
d) angular frequency e) frequency f) wave speed

2. A travelling sinusoidal wave has this equation:

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟑𝟕. 𝟔𝟖𝒔−𝟏 𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑)

Find the following:

b) Amplitude b) wave number c. wavelength
d) angular frequency e) frequency f) phase angle

3. The transverse waves has the following characteristics:

𝑚
𝑣 = 8.00 , 𝐴 = 0.0700𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆 = 0.320𝑚. The waves travel in the –x-direction, and at t=0 the
𝑠
x=0 end of the string has zero displacement and is moving in the +y- direction.

a) Calculate the frequency, period and wave number and angular frequency of these waves;
b) Write a wave function describing the wave.

4. Your cousin is playing with the clothesline. He unties one end, holds it tight, and wiggles the
end up and down sinusoidally with 𝑓 = 2.00 𝐻𝑧 , 𝐴 = 0.075𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 12.0 𝑚/𝑠 at time t=0, the
end has zero displacement and is moving in the +y- direction. Assume that no wave bounces
back from the far end to muddle up the pattern.
a) Find the amplitude, angular frequency, period, wavelength, and wave number of the wave.
b) Write its corresponding wave function.

17
 What I Have Learned
Activity 3.12: Fill the Wave
Directions: Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct
answer. Choose your answer from the word bank provided below. Each word can only
be used once. Use separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. A ______ is a vibration that moves through space.
2. The source of a wave is a ___________ or _____________________.
3. The material through which a wave travel is called the _______________.
4. Waves carry _____ and can be described as a ___________ which travels
uniformly from its source.
5. Amplitude of a wave is measured from a wave’s crest to its______.
6. Wave ______ = frequency x wavelength
7. A________wave requires a medium to propagate
8. In a longitudinal wave, the motion of the particle is________ the wave’s
direction of propagation.
9. In a transverse wave, the motion of the particles is _____ the wave’s direction
of propagation.
10. A sinusoidal wave is a periodic wave in ___________.
Word Box

Simple harmonic motion wave parallel oscillation mechanical

Equilibrium position perpendicular vibration medium speed
energy

What I Can Do
Activity 3.13 : Geology: Physics of Seismic Waves
Geologists rely heavily on physics to study earthquakes since earthquakes involve several types of wave
disturbances, including disturbance of Earth’s surface and pressure disturbances under the surface.
Surface earthquake waves are similar to surface waves on water. The waves under Earth’s surface
have both longitudinal and transverse components. The longitudinal waves in an earthquake are called
pressure waves (P-waves) and the transverse waves are called shear waves (S-waves). These two
types of waves propagate at different speeds, and the speed at which they travel depends on the rigidity
of the medium through which they are traveling. During earthquakes, the speed of P-waves in granite is
significantly higher than the speed of S-waves. Both components of earthquakes travel more slowly in
less rigid materials, such as sediments. P-waves have speeds of 4 to 7 km/s, and S-waves have speeds
of 2 to 5 km/s, but both are faster in more rigid materials. The P-wave gets progressively farther ahead
of the S-wave as they travel through Earth’s crust. For that reason, the time difference between the P-
and S-waves is used to determine the distance to their source, the epicenter of the earthquake.
We know from seismic waves produced by earthquakes that parts of the interior of Earth are liquid.
Shear or transverse waves cannot travel through a liquid and are not transmitted through Earth’s core.
In contrast, compression or longitudinal waves can pass through a liquid and they do go through the
core.
All waves carry energy, and the energy of earthquake waves is easy to observe based on the amount
of damage left behind after the ground has stopped moving. Earthquakes can shake whole cities to the
ground, performing the work of thousands of wrecking balls. The amount of energy in a wave is related
to its amplitude. Large-amplitude earthquakes produce large ground displacements and greater
damage. As earthquake waves spread out, their amplitude decreases, so there is less damage the
farther they get from the source.

Excerpt from openstax.com

18
Questions:
1. Which among the three earthquake waves is a longitudinal wave?
2. Which among the three earthquake waves is a transverse wave?
3. Can s-waves travel through the interior of the Earth? Why or why not?
4. How does the earthquake waves provide evidence that waves carry energy?

Summary
 Periodic motion is motion of an object that regularly repeats—the object returns
to a given position after a fixed time interval.
 Simple harmonic motion is a periodic, vibratory motion where the restoring force
is proportional to but opposite in direction to the displacement of the particle
from its equilibrium position.
 Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle from its
equilibrium position
 Period is the time taken to complete one cycle of oscillation. Frequency is the
number of cycles per second. Its SI unit is hertz (Hz). Frequency is the
reciprocal of period.
 A simple harmonic pendulum consists of a concentrated mass suspended by a
light thread and attached to a fixed support, while a physical pendulum is one
where the hanging object is a rigid body.
 A wave is a disturbance that travels from its source and carries energy.
 Mechanical wave needs a medium to propagate.
 A transverse wave is a wave in which the disturbance is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.
 A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the disturbance is parallel to the direction
of propagation.
 A periodic wave consists of a series of pulses.
 The wave function’s general form is: 𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒌𝒙 ± 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓

19
 Assessment:
MULTIPLE CHOICES. Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the
letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. At which position is the speed of a particle executing SHM greatest?
a) It's extreme position
b) at its equilibrium position
c) at its maximum displacement
d) somewhere between amplitude and equilibrium position
2. At which position is the acceleration of a particle executing SHM equal to zero?
a) at its extreme position
b) at its equilibrium position
c) at its maximum displacement
d) somewhere between its amplitude and equilibrium position
1
3. The total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator is equal to 2 𝑘𝑥 2 . What does x
represent?
a) any value
b) amplitude of the oscillator
c) equilibrium position of the oscillator
d) position between the maximum displacement and equilibrium position
4. Which type of harmonic motion refers to oscillatory motion with decreasing
amplitude?
a) critically damped c) simple
b) overdamped d) under dumped
5. For a given frequency of a longitudinal
14 wave, which characteristic is directly
related to the energy of the wave?

a. amplitude b. speed of wave c. period d. wavelength

6. Which diagram below does not represent a periodic wave?

7. The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave divided by the speed of propagation refers to

what quantity?

a. angular frequency b. frequency c. period d. wave number

Refer to the wave function below to answer Questions 8 to 10.

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒎−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝒔−𝟏 𝒕)

8. What is the amplitude of the wave?

a. 0.15 𝑚 b. 0.157 𝑚 c. 50.3 𝑚 d. 0.955 𝑚
9. What is the direction of the wave?
a. +x-direction b. –x-direction c. +y-direction d.-x-direction
10. What is the wave number of the wave?
𝑎. 0.15 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 b. 0.157 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 c. 50.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 d. 0.955 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

20
REFERENCES:
 Young, H., Freedman, R., Ford, A., & Young, H. (2012). Sears and Zemansky's University
physics. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions.
 Baltazar and Tolentino. Exploring Life Through Science General Physics 1. Teachers
Wraparound Edition. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2017
 Serway / Jewett. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics. Cengage 2014.
 Hewitt, Paul. Conceptual Physics. 9th ed. Reprint, Singapore: Pearson Education, 2002
 Navaza, Delia, and Bienvenido Valdes. You And The Natural World Physics. 3rd ed. Reprint,
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2010
 Zitzewitz, Haase, and Harper. Physics Principles & Problems. Reprint, United States of
America: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 213.

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