Kelompok 1 - CH 3 & 4 Bisnis Internasional
Kelompok 1 - CH 3 & 4 Bisnis Internasional
Kelompok 1 - CH 3 & 4 Bisnis Internasional
DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE
CH 4
ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS
KELOMPOK 1
1. Andika Rizki
2. Farina Zidni Aulia
3. M. Ryan Taufiq Prakoso
4. Riris Azyani Hajar
5. Rika Siti Jakiatus Solihah
6. Sajidah Putri
7. Tito Muhammad Fauzi
CHAPTER 3
DIFFERENCES IN
CULTURE
01
04
What’s culture?
SOCIAL CULTURE IN
LEARNING WORKPLACE
OBJECTIVE 02 05
CH 3 SOCIAL CULTURE CULTURAL CHANGE
03
BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
OF DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE
WHAT IS
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
custom, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.”
-Edward Tylor
“culture as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group
of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.”
CULTURE?
-Hofstede and Namenwirth and Weber international business is different from
domestic business
→ cross-cultural literacy
❏ Values: abstract ideas about what a groupbelieves to be good,
right, and desirable (shared assumptions about how things ought
to be)
❏ Norms: the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate
behavior in particular situations
❏ Society: group of people who share a common set of values and
norms
INDIVIDUALS groups
The individual is the basic building block of social A group is an association of two or more individuals
organization. who have a shared sense of identity and who interact
❏ Western society: individual is the basic building with each other in structured ways on the basis of a
block of social organization common set of expectations about each other's behavior.
❏ U.S. society: individual performance finds expression
in an admiration of rugged individualism and Cooperation is driven by the need to improve the
entrepreneurship performance of the group
Benefit:
● High level of entrepreneurial activity The primacy of the value of group identification
● Finds expression in a high degree of managerial discourages managers and workers from moving from
mobility between companies (not always good) company to company
Difficulties
● Individuals compete on the basis of individual
performances.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
CHRISTIAN ISLAM
● Islam dates back to AD 610 when the
● Christianity is the most widely practiced
religion in the world (20% poeple in the world).
prophet Muhammad began spreading the ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF ISLAM
word by left Mecca for the oasis
● Monotheistic religion (monotheism is the belief
settlement of Yathrib, later known as
in one god).
Medina.
● A religious division in the eleventh century led ● Al Quran speaks approvingly of free
● Muslims constitute a majority in more
to the establishment of two major Christian enterprise and of earning legitimate profit
than 35 countries.and become Islam is the
organizations-the Roman Catholic Church and through trade and commerce.
second largest of the world's major
the Orthodox Church. ● Islam is critical of those who earn profit
religion.
● In the sixteenth century, the Reformation led to through the exploitation of others.
● The central principle of Islam is that there
a further split with Rome; the result was ● Muslim countries are likely to be receptive
is but the one true omnipotent God.
Protestantism. to international businesses as long as
● Muslim is not a totally free agent but is
circumscribed by religious principles-by a those businesses behave in a manner that
code of conduct for interpersonal is consistent with Islamic ethics
relations-in social and economic activities. ● Islam prohibits the payment or receipt of
interest.
ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF CHRISTIAN ● Islamic banks have experimented with two
UNSPOKEN LANGUAGE
Komunikasi non verbal:
Isyarat non verbal, ruang pribadi
Culture and the workplace
Dimension focused on how a society deals Dimension measured the extent to which
with the fact that people are unequal in different cultures socialized their members
physical and intellectual capabilities. into accepting ambiguous situations and
tolerating uncertainty
Ethical
Issues in ● Many of the ethical issues in international business
01 02 03
employment practices human rights Environmental pollution
When work conditions in a host Right that we take for granted in ● Ethical issues arise when
nation are clearly inferior to developed nations, such as environmental regulations in
those in a multinational home freedom of association, freedom host nations are inferior to
nation, what standards should be of speech, freedom of assembly, those in the home nation
applied-those of the home nation, freedom of movement, freedom ● Should a multinational feel free
those of the host nation, or from political repression, and so to pollute in a developing
something in between? on, are by no means universally nation?
accepted ● Garret Hardin- “tragedy of the
Examples: Nike in Vietnam, Levi commons”occurs when
Examples: South Africa until 1994;
Strauss and Tan Family China individuals overuse a resource
China’s human rights record; Myanmar;
held in common by all
Royal Durch Shell in Nigeria
04 05 Management focus
corruption moral obligations
Corruption is bad, and it may News Corporation in China: Rupert
The concept of social responsibility Murdoch abused his power to gain
harm a country’s economic
refers to the idea that businesspeople
development, but there are also preferential access to the chinese
should consider the social consequences
cases where payments to media market
of economic actions when making
government officials can remove
business decisions and that there
the bureaucratic barriers to
should be presumption in favor of
investments that create jobs Corporate Social Responsibility and
decisions that have both good economic
Examples: Bofors case; Enron; Lockheed and social consequences the Rise of New Multinationals:
case in US Researchers find that various
stakeholders often use corporate
social responsibility as a criterion
to judge companies, to the extent
● The Lockheed case was the impetus for the 1977 that this can be a way of building
passage of the foreign Corrupt Practices Act in US Some multinationals have abused their
In 1997, OECD followed US and adopted Convention and enhancing relationships with
● power for private gain, example: The
on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in British East India Company new stakeholders
International Business Transactions established in 1600
UTILITARIAN AND KANTIAN ETHICS
UTILITARIAN
● Berpendapat bahwa nilai dari tindakan atau praktik
ditentukan oleh konsekuensinya.
● Utilitarianisme berkomitmen untuk memaksimalkan
kebaikan dan meminimalkan kerugian.
● Banyak bisnis telah menggunakan tools seperti
cost-benefit analysis dan risk assessment chat yang
berakar kuat pada filosofi utilitarian.
Kantian ethics
● Berpegang bahwa orang harus diciptakan sebagai
tujuan dan tidak pernah murni sebagai sarana untuk
mencapai tujuan orang lain. Manusia bukanlah
instrumen, seperti mesin.
● Contoh pelanggaran etika menurut Kantian adalah
mempekerjakan orang di “pabrik keringat”, membuat
mereka bekerja berjam-jam untuk upah rendah dalam
kondisi kerja yang buruk
RIGHT THEORIES JUSTICE THEORIES
Exporting Used Walaupun secara hukum di meksiko praktik tersebut tidak melanggar
namun keterlibatan tersebut berdampak negatif terhadap masyarakat
lokal, hal ini terbukti dengan adanya temuan kondisi bahwa sampel
Batteries to
tanah di halaman sekolah di sebelah pabrik daur ulang timbal
menunjukkan tingkat timbal yang tinggi. Perbedaan ketentuan terkait
pengolahan timbal di AS yang lebih ketat dibandingkan meksiko akhirnya
menimbulkan masalah etika terkait pencemaran lingkungan.
Mexico Perusahaan memegang kewajiban etis dalam hal kondisi kerja, hak asasi
manusia, korupsi, dan pencemaran lingkungan terhadap negara dan
masyarakat tempat mereka beroperasi. Jadi meskipun negara tempat
mereka akan beroperasi memiliki standar yang lebih rendah, para
pemimpin perusahaan harus menerapkan peraturan perusahaan yang lebih
ketat. Perusahaan tidak hanya perlu berpedoman pada peraturan/hukum
yang berlaku tetapi juga etika. Jika semua perusahaan multinasional
fokus pada negara-negara dengan standar yang paling tidak ketat, maka
hal itu akan menyebabkan kejenuhan bisnis di negara-negara tersebut. Di
sisi lain, dapat terjadi peningkatan mulai dari level pencemaran
lingkungan, eksploitasi, dan korupsi.
CLOSING CASE-4
export used
selanjutnya menimbulkan bahaya yang mengancam hak asasi
manusia. Serta menerapkan juga prinsip doktrin Friedman yang
menjelaskan bahwa perusahaan tetap perlu menciptakan
batteries to Mexico
keuntungan dengan memperhatikan peraturan yang berlaku.
CLOSING CASE-4
Johnson Controls,
Meksiko tetapi hanya di bawah persyaratan ketat dari pabriknya
sendiri. Manakah dari dua perusahaan berikut (Johnson Controls
and Exide) yang bertindak dengan cara yang etis?