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Lesson Notes About Sounds

This document provides information about sound, including how it is produced through vibration, how it propagates through different mediums, and how humans hear sound. It discusses key characteristics of sound waves like amplitude, frequency, wavelength, pitch, loudness and discusses the difference between audible and inaudible sound. It also covers topics like noise pollution and its effects.

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mark joseph cometa
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134 views6 pages

Lesson Notes About Sounds

This document provides information about sound, including how it is produced through vibration, how it propagates through different mediums, and how humans hear sound. It discusses key characteristics of sound waves like amplitude, frequency, wavelength, pitch, loudness and discusses the difference between audible and inaudible sound. It also covers topics like noise pollution and its effects.

Uploaded by

mark joseph cometa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON NOTES ABOUT SOUNDS

Sound:
(i) Sound is a form of energy like heat energy, light energy, potential energy and kinetic
energy. It causes a sensation of hearing in our ears.
(ii) Sound helps us communicate with each other. 

Production of Sound:
(i) Sound is produced due to the vibration of object.
(ii) The motion of materials or objects causes vibration.
(iii) Vibration is a kind of rapid to and fro motion of an object a central position. It is also
referred to as oscillation.
Examples:
(a) A stretched rubber band when plucked vibrates and produces sound.
(b) In the music room of your school you hear the sounds made by musical instruments
like flute, tabla, harmonium, guitar etc. because of vibration.
(c) When a spoon is beaten on the plate, it starts vibrating and produces sound.

 Sound Produced by Humans:


(i) In humans sound is produced because of vibration of his voice box or larynx.
(ii) It is situated at the upper end of windpipe. There are two stretched membranes
called vocal cords attached in larynx with a narrow slit between them for passes air.

Voice Box in Humans


(iii) Muscles attached to the vocal cords can make the cords tight or loose. When the
vocal cords are tight and thin, produce different type or quality of voice.

Propagation of Sound:
(i) The travelling of sound is called propagation of sound.
(ii) Sound is propagated by the to and fro motion of particles of the medium.

Sound needs a medium to propagate:


(i) A medium is necessary for the propagation of sound waves.
(ii) The matter or substance through which sound is transmitted is called a medium. The
medium can be solid, liquid or gas.
(iii) Sound cannot travel in vacuum. A true vacuum refers to the complete absence of
matter. Sound wave can travel only through matter. So, sound needs a physical
medium in order to propagate anywhere.
(iv) We hear sound which comes to us through air medium particles.
(v)Aquatic animals communicate as sound travels through water.

 We hear Sound through Our Ears:


(i) The funnel shaped outer ear collects the sound. The sound wave passes through the
ear canal to thin and stretched membrane called eardrum or tympanum. The ear drum
vibrates and produces vibrations.
(ii) The vibrations are amplified by the three bones of the middle ear called hammer,
anvil and stirrup. The middle ear then transmits the sound wave to the inner ear.
(iii) In the inner ear the sound wave converted into electrical signals by cochlea and
send to the brain through the auditory nerves. The brain interprets the signals as sound.
That is how we hear.

Structure of Ear
 

Amplitude, Time Period and Frequency of a Sound:


(i) Sound is produced by to and fro motion of an object is known as vibration. This
motion is also called oscillatory motion.
(ii) Sound propagates from one place to another in the form of waves, i.e. because of
the disturbance of particles of the medium.
(iii) Wave is a phenomenon or disturbance in which energy is transferred from one point
to another without any direct contact between the points. So, sound is considered as a
wave.
1. Amplitude:
(i) In a sound wave, the maximum displacement associated with the particle constituting
a wave is called its amplitude.
(ii) It is represented by ‘A’. SI unit is metre.

                                 

2. Frequency:
(i) The number of vibrations and osscillations completed by an object in one second is
the frequency of the sound.
(ii) Frequency = Number of Oscillation/ Total time

                              ⱱ = 1/T
(iii) Frequency is expressed in hertz. It is represented by Hz.
(iv) A frequency of 20 Hz is twenty oscillation per second.
(v) If an object oscillates or vibrates 80 times in 1 second, then its frequency will be
equal to 80 hertz.

From above figure waves have same amplitude but number of vibrations in one second 
are different. So their frequencies are different. 
3. Time period:
(i) The time taken by object or the particle of the medium for completing one oscillation
or vibration is called the time period.
(ii) It is represented by ‘T’. SI unit is Second.
(iii) Time period = Time/ Numbers of oscillation or vibration.

Loudness and Pitch:


1. Loudness:
(i) Loudness of sound is the measure of sound energy reaching the ear per second.
(ii) Loudness or softness of a sound depends upon its amplitude.
(iii) Loudness of sound is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the vibration
producing the sound.

                               Loudness  α  (Amplitude)2


If the amplitude becomes twice, the loudness increases by a factor of 4.

(iv) Loudness of sound is measured in


decibel (dB).
The following table gives different types loudness of sound coming from various
sources.

Normal breathing 10 dB

Soft whisper (at 5m) 30dB

Normal conversation 60dB

Busy traffic 70dB

Average factory 80dB

2. Pitch or Shrillness:
(i) Pitch is the sensation (Brain interpretation) of the frequency of an emitted sound.
(ii) The pitch of sound (Shrillness or flatness) depends on the frequency of vibration.
(iii) Sound with greater frequency is shriller and has higher pitch. Sound with lower

frequency is less shrill and of lower pitch.

Examples:
(i) Children and women produce high frequency sound so their sound is shriller or
higher pitch. On the other hand, an adult male produces lower frequency sound so his
sound is less shrill or lower pitch.
(ii) A drum produces lower frequency sound which is less shrill or lower pitch, while a
whistle produces higher frequency sound which is shriller or higher pitch.
 Audible and Inaudible Sound:
(i) Sounds of frequency range between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz are called audible sound.
The human beings can hear the sound range between 20 hertz to 20,000 hertz.
(ii) Sound of frequency below 20 hertz and above 20,000 hertz is called sound of
inaudible range. Humans cannot hear the sound of inaudible range.
(iii) Many animals, such as dogs, cats, etc. can hear the sound with frequency above
20,000 hertz.

Noise and Music:


1. Noise: It is the sound that is unpleasant to hear. (E.g., Sound produced by vehicles)
2. Music: It is the sound that is pleasant to hear. (E.g., Sound coming out of musical
instruments)

Noise Pollution:
(i) Presence of excessive, loud, unwanted or unbearable sound to our ears sounds in
the environment is called noise pollution.
(ii) Examples: sounds of vehicles, explosions including bursting of crackers, machines,
loudspeakers, television with high volume, loudspeakers etc

Problems due to Noise Pollution:


(i) Due to noise pollution many types of health related problems occurs, such as lack of
sleep (insomnia), hypertension (High blood pressure), loss of hearing, anxiety, etc.
Sound above 80 dB is very painful to hear.
(ii) A person who is exposed to loud sound continuously may get permanent or
temporary impairment of hearing or loss of hearing.

Measures to Limit Noise Pollution:


Noise can be limited or controlled by controlling the noise source. Noise pollution can be
controlled by taking following steps:
(i) TV, radio or loudspeakers should be played at low volume.
(ii) By installing high quality silencing devices in vehicles, air craft engines, industrial
machines and home appliances.
(iii) We should not use loud vehicle horns.
(iv) Noise producing industries should be set up away from residential areas.
(v) Trees absorb sound. So plantation of trees should be done along the road sides and
around buildings
(vi) Awareness campaign and noisy operations should be done to make people aware
about the harmful effects of noise pollution and measures to control noise pollution

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