Chapter-3-Ohm's Law, Energy, and Power

electronics fundamentals
circuits, devices, and applications
THOMAS L. FLOYD
DAVID M. BUCHLA
chapter 3
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

© 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
Floyd/Buchla
River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 3
Summary
Review of V, I, and R
Voltage is the amount of energy per charge available to
move electrons from one point to another in a circuit
and is measured in volts.
Current is the rate of charge flow and is measured in
amperes.
Resistance is the opposition to current and is measured

in ohms.

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Ohm’s law
The most important fundamental law in electronics is
Ohm’s law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance.
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) formulated the equation
that bears his name:
V
I
R
What is the current in a circuit with a 12 V source if

the resistance is 10 W? 1.2 A

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Ohm’s law

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Ohm’s law
Using the Ohm’s law formula, verify that the current

through a 10Ω resistor increases when the voltage is
increased from 5V to 20V.
It’s verify that current through a resistor increases when the voltage is increased.

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Ohm’s law
If you need to solve for voltage, Ohm’s law is:
V IR
What is the voltage across a 680 W resistor if the

current is 26.5 mA? 18 V

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Ohm’s law
V
If you need to solve for resistance, Ohm’s law is: R 
I
What is the (hot)

resistance of the bulb? 132 W O FF V
Hz
115 V V
m V
A Ra ng e
A u t o ra n g e 1 s
To u c h / H o ld 1 s
10 A
V
40 m A C O M
Fu se d

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
A student takes data for a resistor and fits the
straight line shown to the data. What is the
conductance and the resistance of the resistor?
16
The slope represents the 14

conductance.
14.8 mA - 0 mA 12
G 1.48 mS
I (m A )
10.0 V - 0 V
The reciprocal of the 8
conductance is the
4
resistance:
1 1 0
R   676 Ω 0 2 4 6 8 10
G 1.48 mS
V (V )

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Graph of Current versus Voltage
Notice that the plot of current versus 10
voltage for a fixed resistor is a line with 8 .0

a positive slope.
C u rren t (m A )
6 .0
Conductance: The reciprocal of
resistance is conductance, symbolized by 4 .0
G. The unit is siemens (S) or mho.

2 .0
0
Q. What is the resistance indicated by the 0 10 20 30
V o lta g e (V )
graph?
2.7 kW
Q. What is its conductance?
0.37 mS

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Graph of Current versus Resistance
10
If resistance is varied
for a constant voltage, 8.0
the current versus
Current (mA)
6.0
resistance curve plots a
hyperbola. 4.0
2.0
What is the curve for 0

a 3 V source? 0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Resistance (kW )

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Application of Ohm’s law 26.8 mA
The resistor is green-blue

brown-gold. What should the
m e te r -
D C A m
ammeter read? +
P o w e r S u p p ly
V A
+1 5 V
G nd 5 V 2A - + - +

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3 Summary
Energy:
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be
transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the
object. Energy is the ability to do work. When a constant force is
applied to move an object over a distance, the work is the force
times the distance.
The force must be measured in the same direction as the
distance. The unit for work is the newton-meter (N-m) or joule
(J). The joule is the SI unit of energy.
Distance
Force

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3 Summary
1n
Energy
One joule is the work done when a force of

one newton is applied through a distance of
one meter. A joule is a small amount of work
approximately equal to the work done in
raising an apple over a distance of 1 m. 1m
The symbol for energy, W, represents
work.

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Energy
Energy is closely related to work. Energy is the ability

to do work. As such, it is measured in the same units as
work, namely the newton-meter (N-m) or joule (J).
What amount of energy is converted to heat in

sliding a box along a floor for 5 meters if the
force to move it is 400 n?
Energy (W) = Fd = (400 N)(5 m) = 2000 N-m = 2000 J

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Power
Power is the rate of doing work. Because it is a rate, a time unit is
required. The unit is the joule per second (J/s), which defines a watt
(W). but should not be confused with the unit for power, the watt, W. In
the electrical utilities field, KW and MW are common units. Electric
motors are commonly rated in horsepower(hp) where 1 hp = 746W.
W
P
t
What power is developed if the box in the previous
example is moved in 10 s?
W 2000 J
P   200 W
t 10 s
Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3 Summary
Energy (kWh)
Energy can be expressed in another way. Since power is in Watt and time
in hours, a unit of energy can be kilowatt-hour(kWh).The kilowatt-hour
(kWh) is a much larger unit of energy than the joule. There are 3.6 x 10 6 J in
a kWh. The kWh is convenient for electrical appliances. The electrical bill,
charged on the basis of the amount energy used by the user.
What is the energy used in operating a

1200 W heater for 20 minutes?
1200 W = 1.2 kW
20 min = 1/3 h
1.2 kW X 1/3 h = 0.4 kWh

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
Power in Electric Circuit
In electrical work, the rate energy is dissipated

can be determined from any of three forms of
the power formula.
V2
P I 2 R P VI P
R
Together, the three forms are called Watt’s law.

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Formula Wheel
Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor is the

current is 0.135 A?
Given that you know the resistance and current,

substitute the values into P =I 2R.
P I 2 R
(0.135 A) 2  27  
0.49 W

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A

of current from a 120 V supply?
The most direct solution is to substitute into P = IV.

P IV
 12 A   120 V 
1440 W

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Summary
What power is dissipated in a 100 W resistor with 5 V

across it?
V2
The most direct solution is to substitute into P = .
2 R
V
P
R It is useful to keep in mind that
2 small resistors operating in low
 5 V voltage systems need to be sized
 0.25 W
100  for the anticipated power.

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Selected Key Terms
Ohm’s law A law stating that current is directly
proportional to voltage and inversely
proportional to current.
Linear Characterized by a straight-line relationship.
Energy The ability to do work. The unit is the joule (J).
Power The rate of energy usage.
Joule The SI unit of energy.

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Selected Key Terms
Watt The unit of power. One watt is the power
when 1 J of energy is used in 1 s.
Kilowatt-hour A common unit of energy used mainly by

utility companies.

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
1. Holding the voltage constant, and plotting the current

against the resistance as resistance is varied will form a
a. straight line with a positive slope
b. straight line with a negative slope
c. parabola
d. hyperbola

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
2. When the current is plotted against the voltage for a

fixed resistor, the plot is a
a. straight line with a positive slope
b. straight line with a negative slope
c. parabola
d. hyperbola

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
3. For constant voltage in a circuit, doubling the

resistance means
a. doubling the current
b. halving the current
c. there is no change in the current
d. depends on the amount of voltage

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
4. A four-color resistor has the color-code red-violet-
orange-gold. If it is placed across a 12 V source, the
expected current is
a. 0.12 mA
b. 0.44 mA
c. 1.25 mA
d. 4.44 mA

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
5. If the current in a 330 W resistor is 15 mA, the voltage

across it is approximately
a. 5.0 V
b. 22 V
c. 46 V
d. 60 V

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
6. A unit of power is the

a. joule
b. kilowatt-hour
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
7. The SI unit of energy is the

a. volt
b. watt
c. joule
d. kilowatt-hour

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
8. If the voltage in a resistive circuit is doubled, the power

will be
a. halved
b. unchanged
c. doubled
d. quadrupled

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
9. The approximate power dissipated by a 330 W resistor

with 9 V across it is
a. ¼ W
b. ½ W
c. 1 W
d. 2 W

Floyd/Buchla
Chapter 3
Quiz
10. If you wish to increase the amount of current in a

resistor from 100 mA to 150 mA by changing the 20 V
source, by how many volts should you change the source?

Floyd/Buchla

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electronics fundamentals

circuits, devices, and applications

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Resistance is the opposition to current and is measured

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

What is the current in a circuit with a 12 V source if

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Using the Ohm’s law formula, verify that the current

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

What is the voltage across a 680 W resistor if the

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

What is the (hot)

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

The slope represents the 14

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

voltage for a fixed resistor is a line with 8 .0

G. The unit is siemens (S) or mho.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

the current versus

What is the curve for 0

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Application of Ohm’s law 26.8 mA

The resistor is green-blue

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

One joule is the work done when a force of

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Energy is closely related to work. Energy is the ability

What amount of energy is converted to heat in

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

What is the energy used in operating a

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Power in Electric Circuit

In electrical work, the rate energy is dissipated

Together, the three forms are called Watt’s law.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor is the

Given that you know the resistance and current,

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A

The most direct solution is to substitute into P = IV.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

What power is dissipated in a 100 W resistor with 5 V

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Linear Characterized by a straight-line relationship.

Energy The ability to do work. The unit is the joule (J).

Power The rate of energy usage.

Joule The SI unit of energy.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Kilowatt-hour A common unit of energy used mainly by

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

1. Holding the voltage constant, and plotting the current

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

2. When the current is plotted against the voltage for a

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

3. For constant voltage in a circuit, doubling the

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition