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11

Business Mathematics & Logical Proposition

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Mathematics is a skills subject. By itself, it is all about quantities, shapes and figures, functions,
logic, and reasoning. Mathematics is also a tool of science and a language complete with its own
notations and symbols and “grammar” rules, with which concepts and ideas are effectively
expressed.

This course is designed to emphasize the study of variations and radical expressions. This is
designed for self-study. Each lesson features a topic for you to learn by reading online articles,
watching videos and PowerPoint presentations, and engaging in a learning activity, such as
taking a quiz and posting a short reflection in a discussion forum.

At the end of the second quarter, you should be able to demonstrate an understanding of
the key concepts of business mathematics & logical propositions.

MATH 11COURSE OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW
WHAT ARE THE SKILLS THAT I CAN DEVELOP?

GENERAL MATHEMATICS DESCRIPTION: At the end of the course, the students must solve
business-related problems; and to apply logic to real-life situations.

CONTENT STANDARD: The learner demonstrates understanding of:

1. key concepts of simple and compound interests, and simple and general annuities.
2. basic concepts of stocks and bonds.
3. basic concepts of business and consumer loans
4. key concepts of propositional logic; syllogisms and fallacies

PERFORMANCE STANDARD: The learner is able to:

1. investigate, analyze and solve problems involving simple and compound interests and
simple and general annuities using appropriate business and financial instruments.
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2. use appropriate financial instruments involving stocks and bonds in formulating

conclusions and making decisions.
3. decide wisely on the appropriateness of business or consumer loan and its proper
utilization.
4. judiciously apply logic in real-life arguments

DURATION MOST ESSENTIAL LESSON TITLE OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES TO BE

LEARNING COMPLETED
COMPETENCIES

Illustrates simple and • Learning Task 1.1: Important

compound interests Facts About Simple Interest
• Learning Task 1.2:
Calculations on Simple
Interest
Simple Interest
Distinguishes between simple • Learning Task 1.3: Problem
and compound interests Solving on Simple Interest
• Learning Task 1.4: What I have
Learned?

2 weeks Computes interest, maturity • Learning Task 2.1: Important

value, future value, and Facts About Compound
present value in simple and Interest
compound interest • Learning Task 2.2:
environment Calculations on Compound
Compound Interest
Interest • Learning Task 2.3: Problem
Solves problems Solving on Compound Interest
involving simple and • Learning Task 2.4: What I have
compound interest Learned?

Illustrates simple and general • Learning Task 3.1: Cash Flow

annuities Diagram
Distinguishes between simple • Learning Task 3.2:
and general annuities Calculations on Future Value
Finds the future value and and Present Value
present value of both simple Simple Annuity • Learning Task 3.3: Problem
and general annuities Solving on Ordinary Annuity
• Learning Task 3.4: What I have
2 weeks Learned?

Calculates the fair market • Learning Task 4.1: Important

value of a cash flow stream Facts About General Annuity
that includes annuity • Learning Task 4.2: Problem
General
Calculates the present value Solving on General Annuity
Annuity
and period of deferral of a • Learning Task 4.3: What I have
deferred annuity. Learned?

Illustrates stocks and bonds • Bonds Terminologies

Distinguishes stocks and • Learning Task 5.2: Problem
bonds Solving on Stocks & Bonds
Describes the different • Learning Task 5.3: Progress
1 week markets for stocks and bonds Stocks & Bonds Check on Market Indices for
Stocks & Bonds
Analyzes different market • Learning Task 5.4: What I
indices for stocks and bonds Have Learned?
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Illustrates business and • Learning Task 6.1: Identify:

consumer loans Business or Consumer Loan
Distinguishes between Learning Task 6.2: Problem
business and consumer Solving on Business & Consumer
1 week loans Loan
• Learning Task 6.3: Writing a
Solves problems involving
Story
business and consumer
loans (amortization, • Learning Task 6.4: What I Have
mortgage) Business & Learned?
Consumer Loans
Illustrates and symbolizes • Learning Task 7.1: Am I
propositions Proposition or Not proposition
Distinguishes between • Learning Task 7.2: Translate Me.
1 week simpler and compound • Learning Task 7.3: C2P-Connect
Logical Propositions
propositions Two Propositions
Performs the different types • Learning Task 7.4: What I Have
of operations on propositions learned?

Determines the truth values • Learning Task 8.1: Final

of propositions Judgement: Tautology,
Contradiction, or Contingent
Illustrates the different forms • Learning Task 8.2: Make Me True
Truth Table &
1 week of conditional propositions Conditional
Truth Value
• Learning Task 8.3: What If, then?
Proposition
Illustrates different types of Conditional Proposition
tautologies and fallacies • Learning Task 8.4: What I Have
Learned?

Determines the validity of • Learning Task 9.1: Am I Valid or

categorical syllogism Invalid Argument?
• Learning Task 9.2: Let Us
Establishes the validity and Validate
1 week falsity of real-life arguments Valid Arguments
• Learning Task 9.3: Mastery
& Fallacies
using logical propositions, Check
syllogisms, and fallacies. • Learning Task 9.4: What I Have
Learned?

SECOND QUARTERLY TEST

The following are the parts of the lesson that guides us in meeting our target expectations.

The lesson content and learning objectives is presented here. This part also provides
preliminary activity that introduces initial concepts on the learning targets.
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The actual lesson presentation is done in this part. This part also includes self-check
activity on learner’s background knowledge about the target concept.

This part enables the learners to be engaged in various tasks and opportunities which also
exposes them to additional real-life tasks that shall ignite their interest which will allow them
to meet the learning expectations and fully understand the skills and concepts.

This part will bring the learners to a process where they shall demonstrate ideas,
interpretation, mindset or values and create pieces of information that will form part of their
knowledge in reflecting, relating or using it effectively in any situation.

WHAT ARE THESE ICONS IN MOODLE?

Presented here are the icons that you will see as we go along our lessons. Scroll down to
view these icons along with their functions.
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LESSON 1

Learning Resource 1.1: What I need to know?

To pay for her tuition in College, Ian’s parents borrowed ₱30,000 from a loaning
business which credits 5% interest per year. At the end of one year, how much do
Ian’s parents pay to the loaning business?

Money invested or borrowed depicted in the situation above earns interest. The difference
between the amount you returned and the amount you borrowed is called interest. Similarly,
the difference between your savings and your initial deposit is interest. Thus, you may view
interest as “the amount paid to the lender for the use of his money”. Since this lesson
involves what can happen to your money, it should be of INTEREST to you! You shall learn
the following:

· illustrate simple and compound interests.

· distinguishes between simple and compound interests.
· computes interest, maturity value, future value, present value in simple and compound
interest environment.
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You are suggested to study the following terminologies that you may encounter in
studying simple interest. They are a big help to start with.

Learning Resource 1.2: Terminologies https://wordwall.net/resource/8384282

Learning Resource 1.3: Simple Interest

Scenario: Aling Yca, a public fruit vendor, borrowed an amount of 10,000 from Mr. Tan
for two years at a simple interest rate of 10% per annum. Aling Yca borrowed the
same amount at the same terms in loaning business, but interest compounded
annually. The amount borrowed together with the interest is due after two year. How
much will Aling Yca pay after two years in simple interest? in compounded annually?
What is the difference in earnings?
Simple Interest (I)

Definition. Simple Interest (I) is the interest calculated on the original principal for the entire
period that is borrowed or invested. It is the product of the principal P, the simple interest
rate r (per annum), and the length of time t (in years) over the which the money is borrowed
or invested, that is

Example 1: Aling Yca, a public fruit vendor invested an amount of ₱10,000 from Mr.
Tan for two years at a simple interest rate of 10% per annum. How much is the
interest earned?

Given: P = ₱10,000 r = 10% = 0.10 t = 2 years

Required: Simple Interest, I = Prt

Solution: Substitute values of principal, rate, and time to the required formula

Simple Interest formula:

. I = ₱10,000 (0.10)(2) = ₱2,0000, the total interest earned

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Learning Resource 1.4: Future Amount (F) and Present Value (P)
Maturity Value or Future Amount (F)

Definition: Let F be the future amount or the final amount resulting from the investment or
loan of P for t years at the rate r, and I be the interest at the end of t years. Thus, the final
amount is equal to the sum of the principal P and the interest I on the investment or loan. In
symbol,

F = P + I = P + Prt = P(1+ rt)

Example 2. How much will Aling Yca pay after two years in simple interest?

Aling Yca must pay the future amount (F) equal to the sum of the principal and interest.
Interest is ₱2,000 based on the computed interest in Example 1.

Thus, future amount, F = P + I = ₱10,000 + ₱2,000 = ₱12,000.00

Example 3. Suppose Aling Yca was not able to pay on the due date. Her payment of
the principal and interest was only made yearly after the due date. How much was
due?

Interest over the entire 3-year period is computed based on the original principal.

The total amount due at t = 3 years is

F = original principal + interest over the entire 3-year period

F = P(1+ rt) = ₱10,000 [1+ (0.10 x 3)] = ₱10,000(1.3) = ₱13,000

Example 4. Aling Yca has an option to pay cash at the end of 6 months. Mr Tan offers
to compute the loan on the assumption that money is worth 8.5% simple interest. Find
the interest of the borrowed capital at the end of 6 months.

Assumption: There are 30 days in a month and 360 days in a year. Time (t) given in months
is divided by 12, and time (t) given in days is divided by 360

Solution: Simple Interest, I = Prt

Given: P = ₱10,000; r = 8.5% = 0.085; t = 6 months = 6/12 = 0.5 year

Required: interest earned

Formula: I = Prt

I = ₱10,000(0.085)(0.5) = ₱425, the total interest earned

Present Value (P)

Definition. Present Value (P) refers to today’s value of a future amount. Instead of beginning with the
principal which is invested, you could start from what you want to accumulate in the future, and work
backward to see the amount that you must invest to reach the required amount. It is derived from
F = P(1+rt), thus
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Example 5. A vendor buys some goods from a dealer who ask ₱5,740 at the end of 60
days. The storekeeper prefers to pay cash and the dealer offers o compute the cash
price on the assumption that money is worth 15% simple interest. Find the cash price
of the goods.

Solution:

Given: F = 5,740; r = 15% = 0.15; t = 60 days = Required: P =?

Formula:

F 5740 5740
P = 1+ rt = 1 = 1.025 = ₱5,600.
1+[0.15 (6)]

Learning Resource 1.5: finding the Principal(P), Rate (r) and Time (t)

Finding the Principal (P), Rate r, and Time (t)

𝐈 𝐈 𝐈
Beginning with basic interest formula, I = Prt, it follows that P = ; t = 𝐏𝐫𝐭 ; r = 𝐏𝐭
𝐫𝐭

Example 6. The interest on a 12%, 60-day loan was 2,400. What was the borrowed
capital?

Solution: Given: I = ₱2,400, r =12% = 0.12; t = 60 days =

Required: P=?

Formula:

Example 7. What is the rate of interest on a 5-month loan for ₱4,000 if the interest on the loan is ₱60?

Solution: Given: P =₱4,000 I = ₱60 t = 5 months = Required: r =?

Formula:

Example 8. The interest on a 12%, ₱700 loan is ₱14. What is the time on the loan?

Solution: Given: P = ₱700 r = 12% I = ₱14 Required: t =?

Formula:
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Watch this video & learn more about Simple Interest- Finding Principal, Rate or Time

Learning Resource 1.5.1: Simple Interest: finding Principal, Rate or Time 141-27
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTzvzV-BgCw

Learning Task 1.1: important Facts About Simple Interest

This is 5- item multiple choice on important facts about simple interest.

Directions: (1) Read the questions carefully. (2) Choose the correct letter of your answer.
(3) Review your answers before submitting. (4) Try up to 2 attempts only.
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Learning Task 1.2: Calculation on Simple Interest

This is 10-item Calculation Test. Fill in the table of correct Interest (I), Principal (P), rate (r),
time(t), and Future Amount (FA). Calculator is allowed.

Directions: (1) Solve what is required based on the given data. (2) Write your answer in two
decimal places. (3) Review your answers before you submit (4) Try up to 3 attempts.
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Learning Task 1.3: Problem Solving on Simple Interest

This is 5-item on problem solving on simple interest. Calculator is allowed.

Directions: (1) Solve what is being asked in the problem which satisfy the given
information/given data. (2) Choose the letter of your answer. (3) Review your answers
before you submit. (4) Do you best in 2 attempts only.
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Learning Task 1.4: What I Have Learned?

Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE. If your answer is
FALSE, write the word or phrase in a separate paper that will make the statement correct.
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LESSON 2
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Learning Resource 2.1: What I need to know?

Scenario: Aling Yca, a public fruit vendor, borrowed an amount of ₱10,000 from
Mr. Tan for two years at a simple interest rate of 10% per annum. Aling Yca
borrowed the same amount at the same terms in loaning business, but interest
compounded annually. The amount borrowed together with the interest is due
after two year. How much will Aling Yca pay after two years in simple interest?
in compounded annually? What is the difference in earnings?

Simple interest is computed only once and interest is charged to principal only while
compound interest, which technically means” interest earned on top of interest.”

After one year, the interest is 10% of ₱10,000.00 is 1,000. Thus, the amount of loan after
one year is ₱11,000 (the principal plus the interest earned in the first year). On the second
year, the principal is ₱11,000, and the interest that the bank credited is 10% of the ₱ 11,000
is ₱1,100. The amount loan then, after two years, will be ₱ 11,000 + 0.10 (₱11,000), which
is equal to ₱ 12,100. Interest computed in this manner is called compound interest (Ic).

The following table shows the amount at the end of each year if principal

P = 1000.00 is invested at annual rate of 10% compounded annually.

Year Amount at the Amount at the end of the year Amount at the end of the
(t) end of the year
year F=P+ I
1 P(1+r) I = Prt = ₱10,000(0.10)(1) = ₱1,000 ₱10000 (1+0.1)=₱11,000

F= P+ I = ₱10,000 + 1,000 =₱ 11,000

2 P(1+r) (1+r) = I= Prt = 11,000(0.1)(1) = ₱1,100 ₱11,000(1+0.1) =₱12,100
P(1+r)2
F = P + I = ₱11,000 + ₱1,100=
₱12,100

Observe that the amount at the end of each year is just the amount from the previous year
multiplied by (1+r). in other words, 1+r is multiplied each time the year ends. The table
above shows the derivation of the compound amount (F) formula. In symbol is:

F = P(1+i)n

where: F = Future amount is called the compound amount or maturity value

P = Principal

i = interest rate per conversion period or compound interest

n = number of conversion period over the life of the investment

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Learning Resource 2.2: Compound Interest (Ic) and Future Amount (F)

Definition. A compound interest rate r per annum has m compounding periods or

conversion periods per year. One compounding period has a length of (1/m) year. Over the
first compounding period, interest is computed just like single interest. That is, the interest
over the first compounding period is Pr(1/m) or P(r/m).

Interest may be compounded annually, semi-`annually, quarterly, monthly, or daily basis.

The compound amount (F) and compound interest (Ic) can be computed according to the
following steps:

1. determine the number of interest or conversion period n, n = m* t.

2. determine the interest rate per conversion period i, i= r/m

Where r = nominal rate or annual rate

m= conversion period per year

Compound interest rate has m compounding periods per year.

(a) If m = 1, the interest rate is compounded annually.

(b) If m = 2, the interest rate is compounded semi-annually.

(c) If m = 4, the interest rate is compounded quarterly.

(d) If m = 6, the interest rate is compounded every two months.

(e) If m = 12, the interest rate is compounded monthly.

(f) If m = 360, the interest rate is compounded daily.

Example 1. Aling Yca borrowed the same amount at the same terms in loaning
business, but interest is compounded annually. How much will Aling Yca pay after
two years? What is the interest earned?

Solution:

Given: P = ₱10,000 r = i = 10% n = mt = (1)(2) = 2

Fund: F (Maturity Value) =? and Compound Interest (Ic) =?

Formula: F = P(1+i)n = 10,000( 1+ 0.10)2 = ₱ 12,100

Ic = F – P = ₱ 12,100 - ₱ 10,000 = ₱ 2,100

Example 2. What is the difference in earnings between the simple interest and
compound interest on the borrowed capital of Aling Yca?
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Recall. The interest earned in simple interest is ₱2,000 while in compounded annually
is ₱2,100. The difference in earnings is higher in compounded annually by ₱100 for two
years.

Example 3. Given: Principal = ₱10,000, r = 10% which of the following options below
will yield greater interest in 2 years?

A. simple interest C. interest compounded semi-annually

B. interest compounded quarterly D. interest compounded annually

Solution:

A. Simple interest, I = ₱2,000

B. Interest compounded annually, Ic = ₱2,100 (See Example 1)

C. Interest compounded semi-annually

Given: r = 10% = 0.1 m = 2. Find i.

Solution: i = r/m = 0.1/2 = 0.05 =5%, n = m*t = 2(2) = 4 periods

F = P(1+i)n = 10,000( 1+ 0.05) 4 = ₱10,000(1+ 0.05) 4 = ₱12,155.06

Ic = F – P = ₱12,155.06 - ₱10,000 = ₱2,155.06

D. Interest compounded quarterly

Given: r = 10% = 0.1 m = 4. Find i.

Solution: i = r/m = 0.1 /4= 0.025 = 2.5%, n = m*t = 4(2) = 8 periods

F = P(1+i)n = 10,000(1+ 0.025) 8 = ₱10,000(1+ 0.025) 8 = ₱12,184.03

Ic = F – P = ₱12,184.03 - ₱10,000 = ₱2,184.03

It is interest compounded quarterly yields greater interest, D.

Learning Resource 2.3: Finding the Present Value, Interest rate, and time at Compound
Interest

where: i = r/m, n = m*t

Example 4. What is the present value of ₱25,000 due in 2 years and 6 months if money
is worth 10% compounded quarterly?

Solution:

Given: F = ₱25,000; t = 2.5 years; r = 10%; i = 0.1/4 = 0.025; m = 4, n = 4(2.5) = 10

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Find: P=?

Formula:

Finding the Interest Rate and Time in Compound Interest

F = P(1+i) n

Take the log of both sides: log F = log P(1+i) n

Apply the property of logarithm log F = nlog P(1+i)

Solve for n

Example 5: How long will it take ₱1,000 to earn ₱300 if the interest is 12%
compounded semi-annually?

Solution: Given: P = ₱1,000; F = ₱1,300; r = 12% i = 0.12/2 = 0.06; m=2

Find: n and t

F = P(1+i)n

1,300 = 1,000(1+0.06) n

1.3 = (1.06) n

log 1.3 = n log(1.06)

n = log 1.3/log 1.06

n = 4.503 = 5 periods = 5 six-month period; n = m*t, but m=2

t = 5/ 2 = 2.5 years

Finding the rate, i

F = P(1+i) n
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Example 6. At what interest rate compounded semi-annually will money double itself
in 10 years?

Solution:

Given: F = 2P t = 10 years; n = mt = 2(10) = 20

Find: r=?

F = P(1+i)n

2P = P(1+i)n , cancel P

2 = (1+i)20

I = (2) 1/20 - 1

i = 0.035 = r/m, m =2

r = 0.07 = 7% (always expressed rate (r) in percent)

Watch this video & learn more!.

Learning Resource 2.3.1: Compound Interest Solve for N and Solve for Rate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHhAEGCZr-8

Learning Task 2.1: Important Facts About Compound Interest

This is 5-item in solving compound interest.

Directions: (1) Choose the letter of your answer (2) Review your answers before you
submit. (3) Do your best in two (2) attempts only.
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Learning Task 2.2: Calculations on Compound Interest

This is 10 -item quiz on Calculation on Compound Interest. Calculator is allowed. Passing score
is 7.
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Directions: (1) Fill in the table by finding the value of unknown variable. (2) Review your
answers before submitting. (3) Try up to three attempts only.
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Learning Task 2.3: Problem Solving on Compound Interest

This is 5-item on problem solving on compound interest. Calculator is allowed.

Directions: (1) Solve what is being asked in the problem which satisfy the given
information/given data. (2) Choose the letter of your answer (3) Review your answers before
you submit. (4) Do your best in 2 attempts only.
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Learning Task 2.4: What I Have learned?

This is 5-item True or False on Compound Interest.

Directions: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE. Try up
to 2 attempts only.
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LESSON 3

Learning Resource 3.1: What I need to know?

Have your parents tried to rent a house? Is there any

difference between a payment made at the end of each
period and a payment made at the beginning of each
period? In this lesson you will able to illustrate simple
annuities and find present and future values of simple
annuities.
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Let us recall how to find the maturity value of the present value at a certain rate with compound
interest,

we use the formula;

F = P (1 + i )n

where: i = r ÷ n

n = m* t

If the payment for each period is fixed and the compound interest rate is fixed over a specified
time the payment is called an annuity payment.

Accounts associated with streams of annuity payments are called annuities..

Learning Resource 3.2: Introduction to Simple Annuity

An annuity is a contract to guarantee a series of structured annuity payments over time. It
starts at a predetermined date and lasts for a predetermined time. The following are
examples of annuities:

o Rental payment

o Monthly pensions

o Monthly payment for car loan

o Educational plan

There are two main forms of annuity:

(1) ordinary annuity the payments are made at the end of each regular payment interval
such as weekly, monthly, annual.

(2) annuity due the payments are made at the beginning of each period.
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Simple annuity is an annuity where payment interval is the same as interest period.

Periodic payment (R) is each payment in an annuity.

Payment interval is the time between the successive payments dates of an annuity.

Term of the annuity (t) is the time between the first payment interval and last payment
interval.

Time diagram of a payment ordinary annuity

To further your understanding, watch the video discussion below:

Learning Resource 3.2.1 Introduction to Present Value | Interest and debt | Finance &
Capital Markets. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ks33lMoxst0

Learning Resource 3.2.2 Introduction to Annuities.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5n_JBf-9ohA

Learning Resource 33: Calculating the Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity, F

Calculating the Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity

Future value or the amount of an annuity, denoted by F, is the sum of the future values
of all the payments to be made during the entire term of the annuity. If you are making
regular payments on a loan, given a specified interest rate, then the future value is useful in
determining the total cost of the loan.

Example 1.
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Supposed that you would like to save ₱3,000 every month in a fund. How much is
the future value after 6 months if it is compounded monthly by 9%?

Time diagram illustrated on a cash flow

Since the fund is compounded monthly by 9%

j = 0.09 ÷ 12 (months)

= 0.007

Time diagram illustrated on a cash flow of ₱3000 compounded by 9% in 6 months.

Rather than calculating each payment individually and then adding them all up, however,
you can use the following formula below, which will tell you how much money you'd have in
the end.

Calculating the Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity, F

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Example 2

In order to save for her high school graduation, Ana decided to save ₱200 at the end of each
month. If the bank pays 0.25% compounded monthly, how much will be her money at the end of
6 years?

Learning Resource 34: Calculating the Present value of an Ordinary Annuity, P

In contrast to the future value calculation, a present value of ordinary annuity, denoted
by P, is the sum of the present values of all payments to be made during the entire term of
the annuity. This calculation tells you how much money would be required now to produce
a series of payments in the future, again assuming a set interest rate.

Present value of ordinary annuity,

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Example #3 Mr. Martin paid ₱200,000 as down payment for the car. He needs to pay
₱50,000 quarterly for 5 years. 10% interest is compounded quarterly in settling payment,
what is the cash price of his car?

To further your understanding, watch the video discussion below:

Learning Resource 3.4.1. Introduction to Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity. Retrieved

from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scIn5r10pic

Learning Task 3.1: Cash Flow Diagram

This 5-item multiple choice quiz. Calculator is allowed.

Directions: (1) Answer the following Cash Flow Diagram. (2) Choose the letter of your
answer (3) Review your answers before submitting. (4) Try up two attempts only.
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Learning Task 3.2: Calculations on Future Value and Present Value

Directions: Complete the following table by calculating the sum of all the payments of the
given annuity payments in each row.
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Learning Task 3.3: Problem Solving on Simple Annuity

Directions: (1) Solve the following problems on annuity. (2) Chose the letter of your answer.
(3) Review your answers before submitting (4) Try up to 2 attempts only.
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Learning Task 3.4: What I Have Learned?

This is 5-item on what i have learned.

Directions (1). fill in the blank with the correct answer. (2) Review your answers before
submitting. (3) Try up to 2 attempts.
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LESSON 4
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Learning Resource 4.1: What I need to know?

4 Pics 1 Word's. Work out what the word is, from a set of letters given below the pictures.

Have your parents loaned for a house which will be paid monthly but in different
compounding interval? Did they try to compare which compounding interval is the best for
the house loan? We need to calculate before deciding.
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In this lesson you will able to illustrate the general annuities from simple annuities, find
present and future values of general annuities and compute the payment of a general
annuity.

Learning Resource 4.2: General Annuity

A simple annuity is an annuity where payment interval is the same as interest period.

Example: A house was paid monthly with an interest rate compounded monthly

A general annuity is an annuity where payment interval is not the same as interest period.

Example: A house was paid monthly with an interest rate compounded yearly

General Ordinary Annuity is a general annuity in which periodic payment is made at the
end of the payment interval

The formula for future and present value of general ordinary annuity is given by:
 Math 9 Page 39

Learning Resource 4.3: Calculating the Future Value & Present Value of a General
Ordinary Annuity

Example #1
Chris deposit ₱1000 monthly in a fund that pays 6% compounded
quarterly. How much will be in the fund after 15 years?

Given:
R = ₱1,000
t = 15 years
m1 = 12 (deposit monthly)
m2 = 4 (compounded quarterly)
iq = 6% = 0.06
n = tm1 = 15(12) = 180 payments
j1 = i/m2 = 0.06/4 = 0.015 (interest rate compounded quarterly)

Find :
j2 (equivalent interest rate on a monthly payment interval)
F = Future value

Solution:
1: Finding j2 (equivalent interest rate on a monthly payment interval)
How to convert the 6% compounded quarterly to equivalent monthly
interest rate?
In getting a compound interest we use the formula:

𝑖𝑚 (𝑚)𝑡
𝑃 (1 + )
𝑚
𝐹1 = 𝐹2
𝑖𝑚 (12)𝑡 𝑖𝑞 (4)𝑡
𝑃 (1 + 12
) = 𝑃 (1 + 4
)
𝑖𝑚 (12) 𝑖𝑞 (4)
(1 + ) = (1 + )
12 4
(1 + 𝑗2 )(12) = (1 + 𝑗1 )(4)
0.06 (4)
(1 + 𝑗2 )(12) = (1 + )
4
(1 + 𝑗2 )(12) = (1.015)(4)
1
[(1 + 𝑗2 )(12) = (1.015)(4) ]12
1
( )
(1 + 𝑗2 ) = (1.015)(4) 12
4
(1 + 𝑗2 ) = 1.015(12)
4
( )
𝑗2 = 1.015 12 − 1
𝒋𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟓
 Math 9 Page 40

Note: When solving for an equivalent rate, leave your answer in six decimal
places.

2: Finding future value

(1 + 𝑗2 )𝑛 − 1
𝐹=𝑅
𝑗2
(1 + 0.004975)180 − 1
𝐹 = 1000
0.004975
𝑭 = ₱𝟐𝟗𝟎, 𝟎𝟕𝟔. 𝟐𝟖

Example 2.
Miss Sarah borrowed money with an agreement of paying principal plus
interest amounting to ₱38,973.76 each year for 3 years. How much money did
she borrow if interest rate is 8% compounded quarterly?

Given:
R = 38,973.76
t = 3 years
m1 = 1 (deposit annually)
m2 = 4 (compounded quarterly)
iq = 8% = 0.08
n = tm1 = 3(1) = 3 payments
j1 = i/m2 = 0.08/4 = 0.02 (interest rate compounded quarterly)

Find:
j2 (equivalent interest rate on aa annual payment interval)
P = Present value

Solution:
1: Finding j2 (equivalent interest rate on an annual payment interval)

𝑖𝑎 (1)𝑡 𝑖𝑞 (4)𝑡
𝑃 (1 + ) = 𝑃 (1 + )
1 4
𝑖𝑎 (1) 𝑖𝑞 (4)
(1 + ) = (1 + )
1 4
(1 + 𝑗2 )(1) = (1 + 𝑗1 )(4)
0.08 (4)
(1 + 𝑗2 )(1) = (1 + )
4
(1 + 𝑗2 )(1) = (1.02) (4)

𝑗2 = 1.02(4) − 1
𝒋𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟐

Note: When solving for an equivalent rate, leave your answer in six decimal
places.
 Math 9 Page 41

2: Finding present value

(1 + 𝑗2 )−𝑛 − 1
𝑃=𝑅
𝑗2
1 − (1 + 0.082432)−3
𝑃 = 38973.76
0.082432

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

Watch this video & Learn more!

Learning Resource 4.3.1: General Annuity- Future Value.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j02VxPhPAmw

Learning Task 4.1: Important facts About General Annuity

This is 5-item multiple choice about the important facts about general annuity

Directions: (1) Choose the letter of your answer. (2) Review your answers before submitting
(3) Try up to two attempts only.
 Math 9 Page 42

Learning Task 4.2: Problem Solving on General Annuity

This is 5-item multiple choice about the important facts about general annuity

Directions: (1) Choose the letter of your answer. (2) Review your answers before submitting
(3) Try up to two attempts only.
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Math 9 Page 44
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Learning Task 4.3: Reflection on What I have learned

DIRECTIONS:

1. Share your reflections with your classmates about the lesson.

2. Reflect and answer HONESTLY the questions given below.

3. Write/encode your answer on the space provided.

4. There are NO documents or files to be submitted.

REFLECTION QUESTIONS:

1. What is the most important thing that I learned in annuities?

2. What concept has been difficult/confusing to me in this lesson?

3. How the gained knowledge on annuities help me in solving real – life problems?
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LESSON 5

Learning Resource 5.1: What I need to know?

You learned in the previous lessons how a certain amount earns interest when invested or
borrowed. Most of the investors do not invest in saving account in banks or other lending
institutions. Instead they participate in trading securities in a financial market like stocks and
bonds. If a company requires a large amount of money for several years- probably 10 years
or more -for long term projects like setting-up branch stores for their expansion or buying
expensive equipment, then it raises money by issuing stocks or bonds. Stocks are shares in
the ownership of the company, while bonds -firms or individuals who buy bonds are creditors
of the company.

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

· Illustrate stocks & bonds

· Distinguish between stocks and bonds

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· Describe the different market indices for stocks and bonds

· Analyze the different market indices for stocks and bonds

What are Stocks? What are Bonds?

Watch this video to know the difference between Stocks & Bonds. Enjoy watching!

Learning Resource 5.1.1: TD Ameritrade (2020 Jul 15). What’s the difference Between
Bonds & Stocks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI2vhCitTBw

Learning Resource 5.2: Am I Stock or Bond?

https://wordwall.net/resource/8510679/am-i-stock-or-bond
Stocks vs Bonds. This is 10 -item identification. Identify whether stocks or bonds.
 Math 9 Page 48

Learning Resource 5.3: https://wordwall.net/resource/8573308/terminologies-

stocks-bondsWhat is it?

Definition of terms in Relation to Stocks

(1) Dividend-share in the company’s profit

(2) Dividend per share- ratio of the dividends to the number of shares

(3) Stock Market – a place where stocks can be bought or sold. The stock market in the
Philippines is governed by the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE)

(4) Market Value- the current price of a stock at which it can be sold.

(5) Stock Yield ratio-ratio of the annual dividend per share and the market value per share.
Also called current stock yield.

(6) Par value- the per share amount as stated on the company certificate. Unlike market
value, it is determined by the company and remains stable over time.

After learning the Stocks & Bonds Terminologies, you are ready to solve problems involving
Stocks & Bonds.

Learning Resource 5.4: Solving Problems Involving Stocks & Bonds

Example 1.A certain land developer declared a dividend of ₱23,000,000 for its common
stock. Suppose there are 500,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per
share?

Solution: Given: Total Dividend= 23,000,000 Total Shares =

700,000

Example 2. Stockholder A got 4500 shares of stocks from XYZ Corporation. The par value
is ₱150. How much is the dividend if the percentage is 3%?

Solution: Given: Dividend Percentage = 3% = 0.03

Par Value = ₱150

Number of Shares = 4500

Find: Dividend

Dividend = Dividend Percentage x Par value x No. of Shares

= 0.03(150)(4500)
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= ₱20,250

Example 3 A resort company gave out ₱11 dividend per share for its common stock. The
market value of the stock is ₱17. Determine the stock yield ratio.

Solution: Given: Dividend per share = 11

Market value = 17

Find: stock yield ratio

stock yield ratio = dividend per share ÷ market value

= 11 ÷ 17

= 0.6471 = 64.71%

Definition of Terms in Relation to Bonds

(1) Bond- interest-bearing security which promises to pay (1) a stated amount of money on
the maturity date, and (2) regular interest payments called coupons.

(2) Coupon-periodic interest payment that the bondholder receives during the time between
purchase date and maturity date; usually received in semi-annually.

(3) Coupon rate- the rate per coupon payment period; denoted by r

(4) Price of Bond -the price of the bond at purchase time; denoted by P.

(5) Par Value or Face value – the amount payable on maturity date; denoted by F.

If P=F, the bond is purchased at par.

If P<F, the bond is purchased at a discount.

If P>F, the bond purchased at premium.

(6) Term of a Bond- fixed period of time (in years) at which the bond is redeemable as
stated in the bond certificate; number of years from time of purchase to maturity date.

(7) Fair price of Bond-present value of all cash inflows to the bondholder.

(8) Zero-coupon- bonds that do not provide coupons and that only pay the face at maturity
date are called zero-coupon bonds or pure discount bonds.

Example 4. A) Find the amount of the semi-annual coupon for a ₱250,000 bond which pays
2.5% convertible semi-annually for its coupons which matures in 4 years.

Solution:

A) Given: face value, F = 250,000, Coupon rate = 2.5% =0.025

Find: amount of semi-annual coupon

Solution: Annual coupon amount = Fr = 250,000(0.025) = ₱6250

Semi-annual coupon amount= 6250/2 = ₱3125

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B) How many coupons are paid?

Given: time to maturity (t) = 4 years, n= number of periods = 2(4) = 8

Solution: In 4 years, there are 2(4) = 8 payments, thus, each semi-annual coupon is ₱3125,
paid for 8 times every six months.

C) Find coupon during the life of the bond. ₱3,125 (8) = ₱25,000

The price P of a bond with face value V, coupon per period equal to C, maturity of t years,
and YTM per period r is calculated as

Where m is the number of periods in a year.

Definition. The yield-to-maturity (YTM) of a bond is the rate r such that the present value of
all the coupons and the face value of the bond at r compounded per period is equal to the
price of the bond.

Example 5. A housing firm is selling a zero-coupon at ₱20,000. If the face value of the bond
is ₱25,000 and the maturity is 3 years, find the yield-to-maturity of the bond.

Solution:

Let: r be YTM of the bond

P, Price of the bond = ₱25,000

Solution: Since the bond has no coupon payment, find the present value of the Face value at
annual rate r, and then equate the present value to ₱25,000

So,
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Example 6. A) Find the price of the bond which has a face value of ₱5,000.00, has an
annual YTM of 3.5 %, pays coupon at a rate of 3% paid at the end of every year, and will
mature in 10 years.

Solution:

Given: V = ₱5,000.00, r = 0.035, t = 10 years

The coupon rate is 3.0%. Thus, the coupon paid at the end of every year is C =
₱5,000(0.03) = ₱150.

The coupon payments are in the form of an annuity-immediate. Thus, the present value of
coupon payments at 3.5% annual rate is

Also, the present value of the face value of the bond is

Thus, the price of the bond is ₱1334.17 + ₱3,720.47 = ₱5,054.64

Example 7. Find the price of the bond which has a face value of ₱5,000.00, has an annual
YTM of 3.5 % semi-annually, pays coupon at a rate of 3% semi-annually, and will mature in
10 years.

if YTM of 3.5 % semi-annually pays coupon at a rate of 3% paid semiannually

C = ₱5,000(0.03) = ₱ 150, m = 2, t = 10 years, n = mt = 2(10) = 20, r = 0.035

Solution:

Watch this video to understand how to solve problems involving stocks & Bonds.

Learning Resource 5.4.1: Stocks & Bonds 2-3.1-2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjOzWXrBGnw
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Learning Resource 5.5: Market Indices for Stocks & Bonds

Definition: A stock market index is a measure of a portion of the stock market.

One example is the PSE Composite Index or PSEi. It is composed of 30 companies carefully
selected to represent the general movement of market prices. The up and down movement
in percent change over time can indicate how the index is performing. A financial institution
may want to compare its performance with those of other indices. (Values are hypothetical)

Stock Index Tables

Stock indices are reported in the business section of different media.

Index Val Chg %Chg

PSEi 7523.93 -14.20 -0.19
Financials 4,037.83 6.58 0.16
Services 1,622.64 -16.27 -1.00
Mining & Oil 11,914.73 28.91 0.24

Val- value of index

Chg-change of the index value from the previous trading day (i.e., value today minus value
yesterday)

%Chg-ratio of Chg to Val(i.e., Chg divided by V94al)

Stock Tables

52-WK
HI LOW STOCK HI LO DIV YLD% VOL(100s) CLOSE NETCHG
94 44 AAA 60 35.5 0.70 2.8 2050 57.29 0.10
88 25 BBB 45 32.7 0.28 1.75 10700 45.70 -0.2

52-WK HI/LO-highest/lowest selling price of the stock in the past 52 weeks

HI/LO-highest /lowest selling price of the stock in the last trading day.

STOCK-three-letter symbol the company is using for trading

DIV-dividend per share last year

VOL(100s)- number of shares(in hundreds) traded in the last trading day. In this case, stock
AAA sold 2,050 shares of 100 which is equal to 20,500 shares.

CLOSE-closing price on the last trading day.

NETCHG-net change between the two last trading days. In the case of AAA, the net change
is 0.10.

The closing price the day before the last trading day is ₱57.29-₱0.10 =₱57.19
 Math 9 Page 53

Use the Stock Tables above AAA BBB

1. What was the lowest price of the stocks for the last 52 ₱44 ₱25
weeks?
2. What was the dividend per share last year? ₱0.70 ₱ 0.28
3. What was the annual percentage yield last year? 0.70 0.28
4. What was the closing price in the last trading day? ₱57.29 ₱45.70
5. What was the closing price the day before the last ₱57.29-0.10 = 45.70-(-0.2) =
trading day? ₱57.19 ₱45.90

Buying or Selling Stocks

To buy or sell stocks, one may to the PSEi personally or making a phone call to a registered
broker or by logging on to a reputable online trading platform. You may often encounter a
table such as the following.

Bid Ask/Offer
Size Price Price Size
122 354,100 21.6000 21.8000 20,500 1
9 81,700 21.5500 21.9000 183,500 4
42 456,500 21.5000 22.1500 5,100 1

In the table, the term mean the following:

· Bid size-the number of individuals buy orders and the total number of shares they wish
to buy

· Bid Price-the price these buyers are willing to pay for the stocks

· Ask price-the price the sellers of the stocks are willing to pay for the stocks

· Ask size-how many individual sell orders have been placed in the online platform and
the total number of shares these sellers wish to sell.

For example, the first row under Bid means that there are a total of 122 traders who wish to
buy a total of 354,000 shares at ₱21.60 per share. On the other hand, the first row under
Ask means that just one trader is willing too sell his/her 20,000 shares at a price of ₱21.80
per share.

Bond Market Indices

Definition: A bond market Index is a measure of a portion of the bond market.

The main platform for bonds or fixed income securities in the Philippines is the Philippine
Dealing and Exchange Corporation (or PDEx). The market rates produced from the bond
market are interest rates may be used as benchmarks for other financial instruments.

Learning Task 5.1: Stocks & Bonds Terminologies

This is 10-item matching type.
Directions: (1) Match the terminologies in column B to its definition or statement in column A.
(2) Review your answers before submitting (3) Try up to three attempts only.
 Math 9 Page 54

Learning Task 5.2: Problem Solving on Stocks & Bonds

This is 10- item Problem Solving of Stocks & Bonds.

Directions: (1) Solve the quantity that is being asked in the problem which satisfy the given
conditions. (2) Choose the letter of your answer. (3) Review your answers before
submitting. (4) Try up to three attempts.
Math 9 Page 55
 Math 9 Page 56

Learning Task 5.3: Market Indices for Stocks and Bonds

This is 10-item short answer quiz on market indices for stocks and bonds.

Directions: (1) Write your answer. (2) Review your answers before submitting. (3) Try up to 3
attempts
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 Math 9 Page 58

Learning Task 5.4: What I have learned?

This is 5-item on Facts on Stocks and Bonds.

Directions: (1) Read the following statements carefully. (2) Choose the letter of your answer
(3) Review your answers before you submit. (4) Do your best in two attempts only.
Math 9 Page 59
 Math 9 Page 60

LESSON 6

Learning Resource 6.1: What I need to know?

The basic concepts of loans are very familiar to every individual. Loans is not
limited to borrowing money, but also covers the use of credit card, amortizing appliances,
and many more. Loan proceeds can be used in variety of purposes like finance business
expansion, buy a new car, of for house improvement. Through loans from different lending
corporations help people, businessmen, and entrepreneurs in addressing financial needs.

Mr. Cruz and Mr. Ruiz are neighbors who lost their jobs abroad as a result of the pandemic
COVID-19. Both of them is planning to apply for a loan to purchase a car. They were
offered by lending corporation the following loan options regarding the amount the amount
they will be borrowing and the purpose of loan.

Consumer Loan: The car best for family use with a monthly payment
of ₱23,500 for three years.
Business Loan: The car for Grab car business. A monthly payment
 Math 9 Page 61

₱14,600 for five years.

If you are going to choose which of the two loan options will you take? Why?

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

• illustrate business and consumer loans
• distinguish between business and consumer loans
• solve problems on business and consumer loans (amortization
and mortgage)

Learning Resource 6.2: Business & Consumer Loans

Basic Concepts of Business and Consumer Loans

Definition of Terms:

• Collateral- assets used to secure the loan. It may be real-estate or other investments
• Term of the loan – time to pay the entire loan. The term for business loans are
commonly shorter with higher interest rate than consumer loans.
• Amortization is a gradual extinction of a debt, principal, and interest, by sequence of
equal intervals of time.

Definition:

Identify whether the following is a consumer or business loan. Refer to the definition of the
business loan and consumer loan above.

1. Mr. Agustin plans to have a barbershop. He wants to borrow some money from the
bank in order for him to buy the equipment and furniture for the
barbershop. Business loan
2. Mr. and Mrs. Craig want to borrow money from the bank to finance the college
education of their son. Consumer Loan
3. Mr. Alonzo wants to have some improvements on their 10-year old house. He wants
to build a new room for their 13 years old daughter. He will borrow some money from
the bank to finance this plan. Consumer loan
4. Mr. Samson owns a siomai food cart business. He wants to put another food cart on
a new mall in the other city. He decided to have a loan to establish the new
business. Business loan
5. Roan has a computer shop. She owns 6 computers. She decided to borrow some
money from the bank to buy 10 more computers. Business loan

Definition of Terms:
 Math 9 Page 62

1. Amortization Method – method of paying a loan (principal and interest) on installment

basis, usually of equal amounts at regular intervals
2. Mortgage- a loan, secured by a collateral, that the borrower is obliged to pay at
specified terms.
3. Chattel Mortgage- a mortgage on a movable property.
4. Collateral- assets used to secure the loan. It may be a real-estate or other investments.

Example 1: Mr. Garcia borrowed ₱1,000,000 for the expansion of his business. The
effective rate of interest is 7%. The loan is to be repaid in full after one year. How
much is to be paid after one year?

Solution: Given: P = ₱ 1,000,000, i = 7% = 0.07, n = 1

Find: F =?

F = P(1+ i)n = 1,000,000(1+ 0.07)

= ₱1,070,000 an amount must be paid after a year

Example 2. (Chattel mortgage). A person borrowed ₱1,200,000 for the purchase of a

car. If his monthly payment is ₱31,000 on a 5-year mortgage, find the total amount of
interest.

Solution: Given: P = ₱1,200,000 monthly payment, R = ₱31,000

The total amount paid is given by = ₱31,000(12 months)(5years)

= ₱1,860,000

The total interest = total amount paid – amount of the mortgage

= 1,860,000 – 1,200,000

= ₱660,000

Example 3. If a house is sold for ₱3,000,000 and the bank requires 20% down
payment, find the amount of the mortgage.

Solution: Down payment = down payment rate x cash price

= 0.20(3,000,000)

= ₱600,000

Amount of the loan = cash price – down payment

= 3,000,000 – 600,000

= ₱2,400,000, the mortgage amount

Example 4. Ms. Rosal bought a car. After paying the down payment, the amount of the
loan is ₱400.000 with an interest rate of 9% compounded monthly. The term of the
loan is 3 years. How much is the monthly payment?

Solution: Given: P = ₱400,000, i = r/m = 0.09/12 = 0.0075, n = 12 months *(3 yrs) = 36 mos.

Find: the regular payment, R

 Math 9 Page 63

Example 5. Mrs. Se borrowed some money from a bank that offers an interest rate of
12% compounded monthly. His monthly amortization for 5 years is ₱11,122.22. How
much is the outstanding balance after the 12th payment?

Given: R = ₱1,122.22, i (interest for each conversion period) = r/m = 0.12/12= 0.01

k = 12 number of payments paid

n-k = 48 since only 48 payments remain
Find: present value of 48 future payments (since there are 48 payments left)

Solution:

Bk denotes the outstanding balance after k payments.

the outstanding balance.

Watch this video to learn more about this lesson

Learning Resource 6.2.1: Solving Problems Involving Business Loan and Consumer Loan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dDFR8n8bCk

Learning Task 6.1: Identify: business Loan or Consumer Loan

This is 5-item identification.

Directions: (1) Identify whether business loan or consumer loan (2) Review your answers
before submitting (3) Try up to two attempts only.
 Math 9 Page 64

Learning Task 6.2 Problem Solving on Business & Consumer Loans

This 5-item problems on business loan and consumer loan.

Directions: (1) Read and comprehend the following problems (2) Solve what is being asked
which satisfy the given information (3) Review your answers before submitting. (4) Try up to
2 attempts only.
 Math 9 Page 65

Learning Task 6.3: Writing a Short Story

This is a Performance Task. Below is the rubric for scoring. Highest score is 20.

Directions: (1) Write a short story of a family who applied for either a business loan or a
consumer loan showing how they struggle but, in the end, become successful because of
the loan they got.

Category Very Good Fair Needs

Good (11- (6- Improvement
(16- 15) 10) (1-5)
20)
Content:
Originality of
ideas;
 Math 9 Page 66

Appropriateness
of the ideas of
business and
consumer
loans;
Development of
characters and
plot
Other points of
interest, e.g. use
of
dialogue, point
of view, irony,
symbolism,
theme.
Organization:
Plot structure,
e.g. orientation,
complication,
climax,
resolution;
Coherence and
cohesion
of ideas;
Paragraphing;
Other points
of interest, e.g.
flashback, story
within a story,
transitions, twist
Language and
style: Range and
Appropriateness
of vocabulary;
Range and
accuracy of
grammar
structures;
Accuracy of
spelling,
capitalization,
punctuation;
Appropriateness
of tone and
register;
Use of narrative
writing
techniques,
e.g. varying
short and long
sentences,
appealing to the
five
senses,
withholding
details to create
suspense; Use
of literary
devices,
e.g. alliteration,
onomatopoeia,
simile,
metaphor,
personification
 Math 9 Page 67

Learning Task 6.4: What I Have Learned?

This is 5-item True or False.

Directions: (1) Identify whether the following represents business loan or consumer loan. (2)
Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise false. (3) Try up two attempts.
 Math 9 Page 68

LESSON 7

Learning Resource 7.1: Logical Proposition

Logic and mathematical reasoning have numerous applications in computer science.

Rules in logic are used in the design of computer circuits, the development of computer
programs, the verification of correctness of programs, and many other ways.

The area of logic that deals with propositions is called propositional logic. The bases for
propositional logic are the three laws of Aristotelian logic. These are:

1. Law of Identity. “A thing itself.”

2. Law of Excluded Middle. “A statement is either true or false but not both.”

3. Law of Non-Contradiction. “No statement is both true and false.”

 Math 9 Page 69

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

· Illustrates and symbolizes propositions.

· Distinguishes between simple and compound propositions.

· Performs the different types of operations on propositions.

· Determines the truth values of propositions.

Learning Resource 7.2: Simple & Compound Proposition

Simple Proposition

A proposition is simple it contains only one idea. Proposition is the basic building blocks of
logic. A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true that is either true or false,
but not both. An acceptable proposition is given the decision value true T (or 1), while an
unacceptable statement is assigned a decision value false F (or 0) and not both.

Propositions are usually denoted by small letters. For example, the proposition

p: Everybody should study logic.

may be read as p is the proposition” Everybody should study logic.”

Example 1: Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition or not. If it

is a proposition, give its truth value of either true or false, but not both true and false at the
same time.

Proposition Explanation
1. p: Today is Friday. This is declarative statement that requires either
true or false proposition.

2. q: 3 Divides both 9 and 15. This is declarative statement. Hence is a true

proposition.
3. r: If you are a G11 student, then This is a declarative sentence, but it is not true.
you are a Filipino. There are also of other nationalities.

4. u: Welcome to the Philippines! This statement is exclamatory, and hence it is not

a proposition.

5. t: Answer this learning task on This is imperative sentence, and so not a

proposition. proposition.

Compound Proposition

A proposition is compound if it is composed of at least two simple propositions joined by

together by logical connectives.
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The compound propositions can be expressed as follows:

p1: not r

p2: f and i or b

p3: if h, then g

p4: (if a then s) and (if s then a)

Example 2. The following are compound proposition. Determine the simple composition the
make up the compound proposition.

Compound proposition Simple Components

p1: It is not the case that √2 is a rational r: √2 is a rational number
number.

p2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or is f: Logic is fun

boring.
i: Logic is interesting

b: Logic is boring
p3: if you study hard, then you will get good h: You study hard
grades.
g: you get good grades
p4: If you are more than 60 years old, then a: You are more than 60 years old
you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card,
and if you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s s: You are entitled to Senior Citizen’s card
card, then you are more than 60 years old.

Learning Resource 7.3: Logical Operators

Many mathematical statements are constructed by combining one or more propositions.

These new propositions are formed from existing propositions using logical operators. These
logical operators that are used to form new propositions from two or more existing
propositions are called connectives.

These are basic logical connectives with their corresponding symbols:

1. Negation (-, ¬, ~)

2. Conjunction (∧ )

3. Disjunction (v)

4. Exclusive or (⊕)

5. Implication (à)

6. Bi-conditional (↔)
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1. Negation of p is read as not p

Definition: Let p be a proposition. The statement “It is not the case that p” is called the
negation of p, denoted by – p; ¬ p; or ~ p

Illustration: State the negation of the following proposition.

p: 5 is positive

q: The tinikling is the most difficult dance.

r: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.

Solution:

– p: “It is not the case that 5 is positive.” Or “5 is not positive.”

¬ q: “The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.”

~ r: “Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.”

2. Conjunction

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The proposition “p and q” denoted by p ∧ q, is the

proposition that is true when both p and q are true and false otherwise. The proposition
p ∧ q, is called the conjunction of p and q.

Illustration:

Consider the following statements:

1. p: 2 is an even integer.

q: 3 is an odd integer.

The conjunction of these propositions, p ∧ q, is the proposition

“2 is an even integer and 3 is an odd integer.”

2. p: 3 divides 9

q: 3 divides 15

p ∧ q, is the proposition “3 divides both 9 and 15.”

Other Terms: even, though, but, in spite of, although, however, nevertheless,
whereas, yet, still, on the other hand, on the contrary

3. Disjunction

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The proposition “p or q” denoted by p v q, is the

proposition that is false when both p and q are false and true otherwise. The proposition pvq,
is called the disjunction of p and q.

Illustration:
 Math 9 Page 72

Let p: “Victor has a date with Liza.

q: Lara is studying.

r: JM is eating.

(p ∨ q) ∨ r, is “Either Victor has a date with Liza or Lara is studying, or JM is eating.”

q ∨ (– r), is “Either Lara is studying or JM is not sleeping.”

p ∨ (q^ r), “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Lara is studying and JM is eating.”

Other Terms: Or, Inclusive or, unless, and/or

4. Exclusive Or (Exclusive Disjunction)

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The exclusive or of p or q denoted by

p ⊕ q, is the proposition that is true when exactly one of p and q is true and false otherwise.

Illustration: Consider the following statements:

p: Students who have taken Statistics & Probability can take Practical Research 2.

q: Students who have taken Practical Research 1 can take Practical Research 2.

The exclusive or of these propositions, p ⊕ q, is the proposition

“Students who have taken Statistics & Probability or Practical research 1, but not both, can
take Practical Research 2”.

5. Implication or Conditional

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The implication (or conditional) of p à q is the

proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and true otherwise. In this implication p
is called the premise or the hypothesis, and q is called the consequence or conclusion.

Illustration:

p: It is cloudy.

q: It is going to rain.

r: I should take my umbrella

p àq, is the proposition “If it is cloudy, then it is going to rain”.

q àr, is the proposition, “It is going to rain therefore I should take my umbrella”

Other Terms:

“if p, then q” “p implies q” “p entails q” “p hence q”;

“if p, q” “p entails q” “p only if q” “p therefore q”
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6. Bi-conditional

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The biconditional of p ↔ q is the

proposition that is true when p and q have the same truth values (both false or both true)
and is false otherwise.

Illustration:

1. The curve is a circle if and only if the curve is equidistant to a point.

2. The polygon is a triangle if and only if it has 3 sides.

Other Terms: p iff q, q iff p, or p implies q and q implies p

Example 3: Write the following sentences as notations of mathematical logic

( ∧, ∨, ↔ ,and ~).

Let p, q be the propositions

p: He is tall.

q: He is handsome.

a) He is tall and handsome. p ∧ q

b) He is tall but not handsome. p ∧ ( ~ q)

c) It is false that he is short or handsome. ~ ( ~ p ∨ q )

d) He is neither tall nor handsome. ~ p ∧ ~ q or ~ ( p ∨ q )

e) He is tall or he is short and handsome. p v (~ p ∧ q)

f) It is not true that he is short or not handsome. ~ (~ p ∨ ~ q )

g) He is handsome just when he is tall. p ↔ q

h) Either he is tall or he is handsome. p ∨ q

Watch & learn from this lecture video. Enjoy watching!

Learning Resource 7.2.1: General Mathematics- Propositions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdNLnfPidpE
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Learning Task 7.1: Am I Proposition or Not?

This is 10-item true or false quiz on Which of the following is propositions?

Directions: (1) Write P if proposition and Np for not proposition. (2) What are the truth values
of those that are propositions? Write T or F. (3) Review your answers before submitting. (4)
Try up to three attempts.
 Math 9 Page 75

Learning Task 7.2: Translate Me

This is 5-item quiz.

Directions: Translate the following into logical notations, using r, s, c and logical connectives.

Let, r: It is raining.

s: the sun is shining.

c: there are clouds in the sky

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Learning Task 7.3: C2P-Connect Two Propositions

This is 5-item Multiple Choice.

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Directions: (1) Choose the suitable connectors or logical operators of the given proposition/s
(2) Choose the letter of your answer 93) Review your answers before submitting (4) Try up
to 2 attempts.
 Math 9 Page 78

Learning Task 7.4: What I Have Learned?

This is 5-item of what i have learned.

Directions: (1) Read carefully each statement or question below. (2) Fill in the blank with the
correct word to complete the thought of the sentence.
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LESSON 8

Learning Resource 8.1: Truth Value & Truth Table

Every proposition (be it simple or compound proposition) has two possible truth values, is
either true or false. The TRUTH VALUE, therefore, refers to the truthfulness of a
proposition that may either be true or false. The TRUTH TABLE displays the relationship
between all possible truth values of the component propositions and the compound
propositions formed by the former. These can be represented in tabular form. For brevity
of notation, you will use T for true and F for false.
 Math 9 Page 80

A Given two propositions p and q.

proposition p Since there are four possible
has the combinations of truth values (TT,
following truth TF, FT, FF), then their truth table
table. It has is:
two possible
combinations

How many possible combinations of truth values do we have if there are three propositions?
Can you name them?

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

· determine the truth values of propositions.

· illustrate different types of tautologies and fallacies.

· illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions.

Learning Task 8.1: Truth Values (True or False) Optional

Do this activity to learn more about truth tables.

True or False. Write True or False to complete the statement of the truth values of
compound proposition for all combinations.
 Math 9 Page 81

Learning Resource 8.2: Truth Table of Logical Operators

There are six logical operators namely:

(1) negation of p (4) exclusive or

(2) conjunction of p and q (5) implication of p and q

(3) disjunctions of p and q (6) biconditional of p and q

Truth Table of Logical Operations

1. Negation of p is read as not p

Definition: Let p be a proposition. The statement “It is not the case that p” is called the
negation of p, denoted by – p; ¬ p; or ~ p. The truth table or truth matrix displays the
relationships between the truth values of propositions.

2. Conjunction

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The proposition “p and q” denoted by p^q, is the
proposition that is true when both p and q are true and false otherwise. The proposition p^q,
is called the conjunction of p and q.
 Math 9 Page 82

The Truth Table for the Conjunction of Two Propositions

3. Disjunction

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The proposition “p or q” denoted by p v q, is the

proposition that is false when both p and q are false and true otherwise. The proposition pvq,
is called the disjunction of p and q.

The truth table for the Disjunction of two propositions

4. Exclusive Or (Exclusive Disjunction)

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The exclusive or of p or q denoted by p ⊕ q, is

the proposition that is true when exactly one of p and q is true and false otherwise.

The truth table for the Exclusive Or of two propositions

5. Implication or Conditional

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The implication (or conditional) of p → q is the

proposition that is false when p is true and q is false, and true otherwise. In this implication p
is called the premise or the hypothesis, and q is called the consequence or conclusion.

The truth table for the Implication of two propositions

 Math 9 Page 83

6. Bi-conditional

Definition: Let p and q be propositions. The biconditional of p ↔ q is the

proposition that is true when p and q have the same truth values (both false or both true)
and is false otherwise.

The truth table for the Bi-conditional of two propositions

Example 1. Construct the truth table for the following:

a. ~ (p v q) ↔ (~ p ∧ ~q)

Since there are 2 component propositions (p and q), there are 4 possible combinations of
truth values. Note also, columns are labeled from left to right according to the order of
connectives and parenthesis used in the given.

Hence, ~ (p v q) ↔ (~ p ∧ ~q) is a tautology

Compound propositions of those that are always true for all possible combinations of p and q
(p, q, and r) is called tautology.

b. – [p → (~p → q)]

There 4 possible combinations. This compound proposition is contradiction.

– [p → (~p → q)] is a contradiction.

A compound proposition that is always false is called contradiction.

 Math 9 Page 84

c. p → [ ~p ↔ (p → q)]

p → [ ~p ↔ (p → q)] is a contingent proposition.

A compound proposition is a contingent if it is not tautology or contradiction.

Watch & learn more from this video.

Learning Resource 8.2.1: General Mathematics – Tautologies and Fallacy.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAvvSUwKw4o

Learning Resource 8.3: Different Forms of Conditional Propositions

Different Forms of Conditional Propositions namely: Converse, Contra-positive, and

Inverse

There are some related implications that can be formed from p → q.

The proposition q → p is called the converse of p → q.

The proposition ~q → ~p is called the contra-positive of p → q.

The proposition ~p → ~q is called the inverse of p → q.

Examples: What are the Converse, Contra-positive, and Inverse of the implication,

“The price of crude oil goes up whenever the US goes to war”?

This proposition can be expressed in the if-then form

“If the US goes to war, then the price of crude oil goes up”

The converse is

“If the price of crude oil goes up, then the US goes to war.”

The contra-positive of the implication is

“If the price of crude oil does not go up, then the US does not go to war.”

The inverse is

“If the US does not go to war, then the price of crude oil does not go up”
 Math 9 Page 85

Watch this lecture video on the Different Forms of Conditional Proposition.

Learning Resource 8.3.1: Converse, Inverse, & Contrapositive - Conditional &

Biconditional Statements, Logic, Geometry.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCBu8PD4Lls

Learning Task 8.1: Final Judgement: Tautology, Contradiction, and Contingent

Directions: (1) Construct the truth table for the following propositions and determine whether
the following are tautology, contradiction, or contingent. (2) Submit in doc file, image file,
presentation file, or image file. (3) Use the format filename (Surname, First name _Truth
Table).

a. [p ∧ (p → q)] → q

b. p ∧ [(q v p) ∧ (q)]

c. (p → q) ↔ [(~ q → ~ p)]

Learning Task 8.2: Make Me True Truth Value

This is 5-item on determining the truth values of the following propositions p and q that
will make the following statements true.

Directions: (1) Substitute the given truth value (True or False) in the given propositions. (2)
Simplify the logical operations
 Math 9 Page 86

Learning Task 8.3: What If, then? Conditional Proposition

This is 5-item on different forms of conditional proposition.

Directions: Determine if the constructed statement is converse, contrapositive, and inverse

of the given conditional proposition.
 Math 9 Page 87

Learning Task 8.4: What I have Learned?

This is 5 – item. True or False Truth Value of the proposition.

Math 9 Page 88
 Math 9 Page 89

LESSON 9

Learning Resource 9.1: What I Need to Know?

Which of these sequences of statements do you believe? If you say it is true, then determine
whether each claim is correct or incorrect.

1. If I am guilty, then I must be punished. I am guilty. Thus, I must be punished.

2. If you play and you study, you will pass the exams, while if you play and do not study, you
will not pass. Thus, if you play, either you study and you will pass the exams, or you do not study
and you will not pass.

To show which these sequences of statements is correct, study this lesson to equip you with the
power of proving correct reasoning and proving the validity of arguments. At the end of the
lesson, you will be able to:

· illustrate different types of tautologies and fallacies

· determine the validity of categorical syllogisms.

 Math 9 Page 90

· establish the validity and falsity of real-life arguments using logical propositions, syllogisms,
and fallacies.

Learning Resource 9.2: An Argument

Definition. An argument is a compound proposition of the form

(p1 ∧ p2 ∧ . . . ∧ pn) → q .

The propositions p1, p2, . . ., pn are the premises of the argument, and q is the
conclusion. An argument can be written in propositional form, as in above, or in
column or standard form

Example 1. Explain why the following set of propositions is an argument.

If General Antonio Luna is a national hero, then he died at the hands of the Americans in 1899.

General Luna is a national hero.

Therefore, General Luna died at the hands of the Americans in 1899.

Solution. The set of propositions is an argument. The first two propositions are the premises of
the argument, while the last proposition, marked the word “therefore”, is the conclusion of the
argument.

Example 2. Write the following argument in propositional form and in standard form:

If there is a limited freshwater supply, then we should conserve water.

Therefore, we should conserve water.

Solution: The premises of the argument are

p1: If there is a limited freshwater supply, then we should conserve water.

p2: There is a limited freshwater supply.

The conclusion is

q: We should conserve water.

 Math 9 Page 91

In symbols, we can write the whole argument in propositional form (p1 ∧ p2 ) → q and in standard
form.

Definition. A
valid argument satisfies the validity condition, that is the premises are all true, and the
conclusion is also true. Alternately, the argument is valid if the conditional (p1 ∧ p2 ∧ . . . ∧ pn) → q
is a tautology. If an argument is not valid, we say that it is invalid or it is fallacy.

Is it logically impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false?

If the answer is affirmative, we say that the argument satisfies the validity condition. And is
hence valid.

Consider the arguments A and B given below.

In argument A, ask: can p → q and p be both true and q be false? To answer this, look at the
truth table for p → q.

The table shows that both p and p → q are true if and only if q is true. Based on the truth table, it
is not possible for p and p → q to be true and q to be false. Hence, argument A is valid.

An argument B, ask: can p → q and q be both true and p be false? Looking at the truth
table above. It is possible. Hence, argument B does not satisfy the validity condition, thus it
is not valid argument.

Example 3. Assigning Truth Values

Consider the argument below.

Alternative approach of showing the invalidity by examining the possibility that all premises are
true but the conclusion is not.
 Math 9 Page 92

The third premise gives you clue, B is False, then it follows that A is also false. Otherwise,
premise 1 is not true. Premise 2 to be true, C is necessarily true. Consequently, A∨~C is false.
Since it is possible to assign truth values to the component propositions such that all premises
are true but the conclusion is false, then the given argument is invalid.

Example 4. Consider the arguments in previous examples.

Note they are all of the form [(p → q) ∧ p] → q, or in standard form

Hence, by Modus Ponens, all three arguments are valid. Asserting that an argument is valid
simply means that the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

Theorems (Rules of Inference). Let p, q, and r be propositions.

Example 5. Determine whether the argument is valid. If it is valid, then the identify the rule of
inference which justify its validity.

If Antonio and Jeff are friends, then they are Facebook friends.

Antonio and Jeff are not Facebook friends.

Therefore, they are not friends.

Solution:

Step 1. Represent the given argument symbolically.

 Math 9 Page 93

Let p: Antonio and Jeff are friends.

q: Antonio and Jeff are Facebook friends.

Step 2. Then write the given argument in the standard form

Step 3. Identify the rule of inference which justify its validity.

This valid by Modus Tollens

Watch the following videos about What is a Valid Argument?

Learning Resource 9.2.1: Logical Reasoning (Sound, Valid & Invalid arguments -
Deductive, Inductive, Abductive Logic)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWhjFoC3PME

Learning Resource 9.2.2: Wireless Philosophy (2014, Oct 31). Critical Thinking-
Fundamentals: Validity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdJ6aGToDlo

Learning Resource: 9.3: Invalid Argument or Fallacy

Definition. An argument (p1 ∧ p2 ∧ . . . ∧ pn) → q which is not valid is called fallacy. Ina fallacy, it
is possible for the premises p1, p2, . . ., pn to be true, while the conclusion q is false. In this case,
the conditional (p1 ∧ p2 ∧ . . . ∧ pn) → q is not tautology.

The following table lists some of the common fallacies in logic.

Example 6. Show the given argument below is fallacy.

If my alarm sounds, then I will wake up.

I woke up.

Therefore, my alarm sounded.

 Math 9 Page 94

Solution:

Step 1. Represent the given argument symbolically.

p: My alarm sounds.

q: I will wake up

Step 2. Then write the given argument in the standard form

Step 3. Identify the type of fallacy. This invalid by fallacy of converse.

Learning Task 9.1: Am I Valid or Invalid Arguments?

This is 12 -item short answer quiz.

Directions: (1) Determine whether or not the following arguments are valid or invalid. (2) Assign
truth values to the propositions that lead to true premises but false conclusion. (3) Review your
answers before submitting. (4) Try 3 attempts.
Math 9 Page 95
 Math 9 Page 96

Learning Task 9.2: Let Us Validate

This is 10-item multiple choice quiz. Three attempts. Passing score is 7.

Directions: Determine whether the following arguments are valid or fallacy. If it is valid, then
the identify the rule of inference which justify its validity. If it is fallacy, identify the type of
fallacy.
Math 9 Page 97
 Math 9 Page 98

Learning Task 9.3: Mastery Check

This is five -item multiple choice.

Directions: (1) Choose the letter of your answer. (2) Review your answers before submitting.
(3) Try up to two attempts.
 Math 9 Page 99

Learning Task 9.4: What I Have Learned?

DIRECTIONS:

1. Share your reflections with your classmates about the lesson.

2. Reflect and answer HONESTLY the questions given below.

3. Write/encode your answer on the space provided.

4. There are NO documents or files to be submitted.

REFLECTION QUESTIONS:

1. What is the most important thing that I learned in this lesson?

2. What concept has been difficult/confusing to me in this lesson?
3. ow can the knowledge of radical equations help me in solving real – life problems?
 Math 9 Page 100

Books

Agcaoli, Z, et. Al. (2001). Business Operations Mathematics of Investment. Annuity.

Barcelona, A. et.al (2016). Conceptual Math and Beyond. General Mathematics.

Understanding Logic

Cabral, E., Sarmiento, J. (2018). General Mathematics. Simple & Compound Interest.

Crisologo, L. A., Miro, E. D., & Palomo, E. G. (2016). General Mathematics Learner’s
Material. First Edition. 2016. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources
(DepEd-BLR).

Dimasuay,L., Alcala J., Placio, J. (2016). General Mathematics. Determining Validity of

Arguments Using Truth Tables; Stocks & Bonds.

Module

DepEd Region IV- A. General Mathematics Alternative Delivery Mode. Quarter 2, First
Edition, 2020.

Cabero, J. B; Lopez, R.L. L. Discrete Mathematics 1

Videos

HCCMathHelp.com (2104 Aug 1). Simple Interest: finding Principal, Rate or Time.
Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTzvzV-BgCw&lc=UgjL3JNQm8j8H3gCoAEC

TuProfeYouTube (2016 Sep 23). Compound Interest Solve for N and Solve for Rate. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHhAEGCZr-8

Khan Academy. Introduction to present value | Interest and debt | Finance & Capital
Markets. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ks33lMoxst0

Introduction to Annuities. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5n_JBf-9ohA

Introduction to Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scIn5r10pic

MATHStorya (2020 Dec1). General Annuity- Future Value. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j02VxPhPAmw
 Math 9 Page 101

TD Ameritrade (2020 Jul 15). What’s the difference Between Bonds & Stocks Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI2vhCitTBw

Percdc Learnhub (2020 Aug 17). Stocks & Bonds 2-3.1-2 Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjOzWXrBGnw

Mateo, E. (2020 Nov 23). Solving Problems Involving Business Loan and Consumer Loan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dDFR8n8bCk

Percdc Learnhub (2020 Aug 27). General Mathematics- Propositions. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdNLnfPidpE

Percdc Learnhub (2020 Aug 31). General Mathematics – Tautologies and Fallacy. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAvvSUwKw4o

The organic Chemistry Tutor (2017 Aug 25). Converse, Inverse, & Contrapositive - Conditional
& Biconditional Statements, Logic, Geometry. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCBu8PD4Lls

Philosophy Vibe (2018 Apr 16). Logical Reasoning (Sound, Valid & Invalid arguments -
Deductive, Inductive, Abductive Logic) Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWhjFoC3PME

Wireless Philosophy (2014, Oct 31). Critical Thinking- Fundamentals: Validity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdJ6aGToDlo