TEXT 1

Passage 1
A Streetcar Named Desire is a classic of the American theater. Tennessee Williams‘ landmark work was a tour de
force in its original stage production in 1947 and continues to resonate with audiences and readers today despite—or
perhaps because of—its simplistic though layered story. A faded Southern belle, Blanche DuBois, arrives at her
sister‘s seedy New Orleans apartment where she is tortured by her brutish brother-in-law, Stanley Kowalski.
Blanche puts on airs of class and happiness throughout the play, though internally she is miserable and haunted by
her tragic and scandalous past. Stanley forces Blanche to face her dolorous reality with his vitriol and, finally, his act
of sexual aggression, and in doing so, he causes her to lose her tenuous grip on sanity. Most have argued (correctly)
that the play is about the ways the past haunts our present or (again correctly) that it is about the ways class and
sexuality impact our lives. However, few have seen the play for what it is: an allegory for the theater itself. Before
Williams wrote Streetcar, the theater had been dominated by melodrama. A brief interlude in the 1930s brought
political theater to center stage (pardon the pun), but by the 1940s, its principal playwright, Clifford Odets, had left
New York for Hollywood, and the sensationalized and maudlin form of melodrama once again flourished. The
theater was in limbo, and Williams had a desire to bring something new to the world. It would bring the realism of
the political theater of the 1930s but without the political (read: socialist) underpinnings. To that end, he created
lifelike characters who spoke in realistic dialect. But to make his point that melodrama was flawed, he added an
equally unrealistic character. Blanche, unlike the other characters, speaks theatrically, acts larger than life on stage,
and uses floral language and heightened mannerisms. Blanche is a character not to be trusted. She lies about
everything, and the only thing that finally exposes her lies is reality itself: Stanley. He finally forces her off the stage
and into the insane asylum by forcing himself on her sexually. And with that, realism forcibly removed melodrama
from the stage.

Passage 2
It is not possible to imagine A Streetcar Named Desire without the influence of Marlon Brando, the actor who rose
to fame playing Stanley Kowalski. On the page, the part is fairly simplistic. Stanley is a monster and a beast without
any redeeming qualities. But Brando and the play‘s original director, Elia Kazan, imagined the character as having a
soft underbelly, rooted in his own sorrow, insecurities, and soulful complexity. Brando‘s Stanley is a brute, yes, but
he is a brute who hates the fact that he is so awful. He is also unable to control himself and his passions, and this
lack of control is equally embarrassing to him, even as it is also threatening to Blanche and alluring to her sister
Stella. For instance, after he hits Stella, he comes back to her, famously begging for forgiveness by shouting ―Stella‖
outside their apartment. But in Brando‘s depiction on the stage and later on the screen, he is soaked from the rain
and looks completely desperate, as though he needs Stella to live. He looks and seems totally helpless and weak, the
exact opposite of the brute he appears later when he forces himself onto Blanche. The play is excellent and
memorable, even when read. But it is Brando‘s interpretation of the male lead role that makes the play indelible.
Without Brando, the play would still have a deep meaning, but with Brando‘s interpretation, the play becomes even
more profound.

01. Paragraph 1 of Passage 1 provides each of the following EXCEPT

(A) a critical interpretation of A Streetcar Named Desire

(B) an explanation of why modern audiences connect with A Streetcar Named Desire
(C) a brief plot synopsis of A Streetcar Named Desire
(D) background information on the times that produced A Streetcar Named Desire
(E) the author‘s main argument concerning A Streetcar Named Desire

02. It can be inferred from Passage 1 that A Streetcar Named Desire

(A) was Tennessee Williams‘ first play

(B) is better on stage than in print
(C) did not have socialist leanings
(D) was not melodramatic
(E) would not have been successful without Marlon Brando

03. According to Passage 1, the character of Blanche DuBois

 (A) is intentionally overdramatic and theatrical
(B) has never been to the city of New Orleans before
(C) is recently married to Stanley Kowalski
(D) is brutally honest and frank during the play
(E) is firmly rooted in realism and sanity

04. Passage 2 argues that Marlon Brando‘s portrayal of Stanley Kowalski

I. earned the actor great fame

II. is more nuanced than the part that is written
III. is what really made A Streetcar Named Desire a classic

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

05. Both Passage 1 and Passage 2 argue that

(A) the New York theater scene was blown away by A Streetcar Named Desire
(B) Tennessee Williams wrote A Streetcar Named Desire to end melodrama
(C) A Streetcar Named Desire has more than one true meaning
(D) A Streetcar Named Desire only has power when performed on the stage
(E) the character of Stanley Kowalski is simply a brute monster

TEXT 2

―Love Train‖
When I was a little girl, I loved for my mom to tell me stories about herself. No matter how tired she was,
she never adumbrated them. She would fill the tales with the minutest details, and they were always fascinating.
Another thing she did was tell the stories with such grandiloquence! At different points she would stop and say,
―Now what do you think that word means?‖ I would try to piece together what was happening in the story and make
my best guess. To this day, when I want to bug my friends, I use the huge words that I first learned leaning on
Mom's shoulder as she recounted a snippet of her life. My favorite story was the one about how my mom met my
dad: ―I was 17 years old, but I already knew the kind of man I would marry. Take note: ―He would not be too
garrulous. I tell you, Rosa, it‘s important for a man to make interesting conversation, but he must also take time to
listen to what you have to say.
―And never impertinent. I‘ll never forget when I was 16; a boy from my church named Joe Turner came
and knocked on our door. He didn‘t look my momma in the eye, and didn‘t say, ‗Hello.‘ He just leaned against the
door jamb and said, ‗Rosa here?‘ ―My momma raised her brow and said, ‗She is, but not for boys such as yourself.‘
―But I digress. I‘m supposed to be telling you about the day I met your daddy, right? ―Okay, so I was riding the
Amtrak train between Providence and Philadelphia during my freshman year at Brown, and the door at the end of
my car rattled open. ―He was tall and swarthy. He wore a thick, ivory, cable knit sweater with a gray wool scarf
wrapped firmly around his neck. I couldn‘t tell what his heritage was and that intrigued me. What was he -- Indian,
Portuguese, Peruvian?‖ Mom would pause here and I would shout, ―Cape Verdean!‖ She‘d continue: ―Well, if I had
been shy, I might have just looked out the train window. But then where would I be now? You wouldn‘t even be
here! So I let my eyes lock with his as he wobbled down the moving train. ―He smiled a slight smile, not a big one.
His eyes raised just enough to let me know he had spotted me too.‖ I always loved this line and would smile at the
image of my dad stumbling down the train and then noticing my radiant mom.
―So Rosa, once we spotted each other, your dad found a number of reasons to walk past me to go to the
café car. "I was sitting by myself along the aisle. So finally, I just slid over to the window, leaving the seat next to
me empty. ―Your dad came back with two cups of hot cocoa and sat down with a smile. And we had the most
delightful conversation! ―I could tell right then that this was no ephemeral crush – this was the real deal. I was
going to end up loving this man forever.‖ And then the part I loved best about the story. ―We pull into the train
station in Philadelphia, and it‘s time for me to get off. He was heading on to Washington where he was going to
school. ―I prepared myself for some hackneyed expression as I got off the train. You know, ‗Great meeting you,‘ or
‗Good luck at school.‘ "I also worried he might try to sneak a smooch, which would have been a big turn off. We'd
just met! "Instead, he took my hand gently and gave it a little squeeze. He said, ‗If it‘s the thought that counts,
consider yourself kissed.‘ Mama said she just about died when he said that! Then she said to herself, ―That man will
be my husband.‖ And so he is.

06. As used at the beginning of the story, which is the best antonym for adumbrated?

(A) detailed
(B) lengthened
(C) invented
(D) simplified
(E) understated

07. As used in the beginning of the story, which is the best definition for grandiloquence?

(A) technical jargon

(B) archaic speech
(C) pithy expression
(D) overly ornate or pompous language
(E) foreign word or phrase

08. What is ironic about the title of this passage?

(A) Rosa's mother does not like clichés.

(B) The passage has nothing to do with a song.
(C) It is where Rosa's mother meets her husband-to-be.
(D) The train only went a short distance but their love continued forever.
(E) Rosa's mother could not have possibly loved her father after such a short train ride.

09. Why might the author have chosen Rosa as the narrator even though it is her mother who is telling the main
story?

(A) to make the story harder to follow

(B) to make the story seem more straightforward
(C) to make it clear that Rosa‘s mother has passed away
(D) to make it clear that the story happened a long time ago
(E) to allow the reader to hear the story from Rosa's perspective

10. As used in the beginning of the story, which is the best definition for garrulous?

(A) conceited
(B) talkative
(C) narrow-minded
(D) fawning
(E) patronizing

11. Which situation best describes someone who has been impertinent, as used in the beginning of the story?

(A) A man crashes into the car in front of him.

(B) A student gestures rudely to his teacher.
(C) A child rushes out the door, forgetting to say good-bye to his mom.
 (D) A woman refuses to let her son play video games before school.
(E) A dog chases all the cats in the neighborhood.

12. As used in the story, which is the best antonym for digress?

(A) stop
(B) stray
(C) shorten
(D) remember
(E) stay on course

13. What may Rosa‘s mother intend to convey to her child by telling this story?

(A) advice about what to look for in a partner

(B) regret that she met her husband on a train
(C) the suggestion that Rosa might find her husband on a train
(D) a yearning to go back to that time and place
(E) the idea that education should come before marriage

14. Judging from the passage, what does Rosa's mother find most important in a husband?

I. humor
II. respectfulness
III. originality

(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II
(D) II and III
(E) I, II, and III

15. What is implied in the following paragraph from the middle of the story? "Well, if I had been shy, I might have
just looked out the train window. Where would I be now? You wouldn‘t even be here! But I let my eyes lock with
his as he wobbled down the moving train."

(A) Rosa‘s mother really wanted to simply look out the window.
(B) It is best to be outspoken in nearly all circumstances.
(C) As soon as their eyes locked they fell in love.
(D) A slight change in circumstances could have greatly altered Rosa‘s mother‘s life.
(E) Life was hard before technology allowed trains to offer a smooth ride.

16. As used at the end of the story, which is the best definition for ephemeral?

(A) fleeting
(B) permanent
(C) ridiculous
(D) serious
(E) young

17. As used at the end of the story, which is the best antonym for hackneyed?

(A) happy
(B) humorous
(C) original
(D) overused
(E) turbulent
TEXT 3

Passage A
The roots of writing seem to lay in the human need to store information in order to communicate, to store
information for longer periods of time, and to spread it over broader areas.
Writing started with the production of art, simple cave drawings of the environment, a buffalo created with
its horns and paws, a human with two hands and two legs and women with their distinctive body organs. These
works of art over time became more popular in certain tribes and societies and symbolized overtime.
The first fully written language is the Sumerian cuneiform script. The Sumerians in Uruk were in search of
a way to simplify their complex administration that led them eventually to create a standardized system of cuneiform
symbols to store and pass this information. The cuneiform script was a revolution and soon after we find an
explosion of thousands upon thousands of Sumerian clay tablets.

Passage A
The earliest dated printed book known is the ―Diamond Sutra‖, printed in China in 868 CE. However, it is
suspected book printing may have occurred long before this date. In 1041, movable clay type was first invented in
China.
Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman from southern Germany, borrowed money to invent a
technology that changed the world of printing. Gutenberg invented the printing press with replaceable wooden or
metal letters in 1436. This printing method can be credited not only for a revolution in storing information in books,
but also for fostering rapid development in the sciences, arts and religion through the transmission of texts.
The Gutenberg press with its wooden and later metal movable type printing brought down the price of
printed materials and made such materials available for the masses. It remained the standard until the 20th century.

18. Both reading passages are similar in terms of dealing with humans‘ attempt to ….

(A) communicate using graphic and verbal symbols

(B) advance cultures through writing and printing
(C) sustain technology to transmit cultural values
(D) keep information for a later and broader scope
(E) record important events in printed materials

19. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about events of verbal communication in both passages?

(A) Simple drawings of animals on cave walls.

(B) Dissemination information through books.
(C) Making use of Sumerian clay tablets.
(D) Utilization of the cuneiform scripts.
(E) Publication in manuscripts.

20. According to both passages, what would most likely have happened to the sciences if storage systems of printed
materials had not been invented?

(A) Sciences would not have progressed.

(B) Important knowledge would have lost.
(C) Communication would have been hard.
(D) Technology would have been stagnant.
(E) Their spread would have been hampered.

21. What is the topic discussed in both passages?

(A) Printing and writing methods to store information.

(B) Origins of writing traditions and printing technology.
(C) Development of written works in the printed forms.
(D) History of writing and printing in ethnic groups.
 (E) Advances in the technology of writing and printing.

TEXT 4

(1) The mirror test is a test to determine whether an animal can recognize its own reflection in a mirror as an image
of itself. (2) Gordon Gallup Jr. accomplished a way to determine whether an animal can recognize its own reflection
or not by surreptitiously marking the animal with two odorless dye spots. (3) The test spot is on a part of the animal
that is visible in front of a mirror and the other control spot is in an accessible but hidden part of the animal‘s body.
(4) The test was developed based on observations made by Charles Darwin to animal reactions to its reflection on
the mirror. (5) Scientists then observe whether the animal reacts in a manner consistent with being aware that the
test dye is located on its own body while ignoring the control dye not visible in front of the mirror. (6) The animals
which pass the mirror test as being self-aware will exhibit behavior including turning and adjusting its body in order
to get a better view of the marking in the mirror, or poking at the marking on its own body with a limb while
observing it from the mirror.

22. Which of the following sentences is irrelevant?

(A) Sentence (1)

(B) Sentence (3)
(C) Sentence (4)
(D) Sentence (5)
(E) Sentence (6)

23. The paragraph that follows this text most likely discusses ....

(A) animal reaction to its reflection on the mirror

(B) who Gordon Gallup Jr. is
(C) animals‘ behavior toward the dye spots
(D) animals‘ behavior toward the control dye
(E) examples of animals that pass the mirror test

TEXT 5

(1) Komodo dragons were first documented by Europeans in 1910, when rumors of a ―land crocodile‖ reached
Lieutenant van Steyn van Hensbroek of the Dutch colonial administration. (2) Widespread notoriety came after
1912, when Peter Ouwens, the director of the Zoological Museum at Bogor, Java, published a paper on the topic
after receiving a photo and a skin from the lieutenant, as well as two other specimens from a collector. (3) Because
of their large size, these lizards dominate the ecosystems in which they live. (4) The first two live Komodo dragons
to arrive in Europe were exhibited in the Reptile House at London Zoo when it opened in 1927. (5) Joan Beauchamp
Procter made some of the earliest observations of these animals in captivity and she demonstrated the behavior of
one of these animals at a Scientific Meeting of the Zoological Society of London in 1928. (6) The Komodo dragon
was the driving factor for an expedition to Komodo Island by W. Douglas Burden in 1926. (7) After returning with
12 preserved specimens and 2 live ones, this expedition provided the inspiration for the 1933 movie King Kong. (8)
It was also Burden who coined the common name ―Komodo dragon.‖ (9) Three of his specimens were stuffed and
are still on display in the American Museum of Natural History.

24. Which of the following sentences is irrelevant?

(A) Sentence 2
(B) Sentence 3
(C) Sentence 5
(D) Sentence 6
(E) Sentence 9
25. The following paragraph most likely discusses ....

(A) the popularity of Komodo dragon display

(B) other museums exhibiting exotic animals
(C) examples of films about Komodo dragons
(D) details of the expedition to Komodo Island
(E) Komodo dragons in other parts of the world

TEXT 6

(1) The high-heeled shoes that are so much in fashion right now are actually terribly unhealthy for women‘s feet. (2)
They lift feet out of their natural position and shorten the Achilles‘ tendons. (3) They put damaging pressure on
nerves and remove the feet‘s ability to stabilize the body and absorb the impact of heel strikes while walking. (4)
Therefore, women who regularly wear high heels often suffer from sprained ankles, arthritis, shin splints, bunions,
toe deformities, and back pain. (5) They have to consult their doctors to overcome these problems. (6) But the exact
opposite type of shoe, the popular flip-flop or thong sandal, is also bad for feet. (7) Because flip-flops are flat and
soft, they offer no support or protection. (8) They can also easily catch on things and cause the wearer to trip and
fall. (9) Even athletic shoes can sometimes be unhealthy for feet. (10) According to foot specialists, some of them
don‘t provide enough cushioning for people with high arches. (11) Others don‘t provide enough arch support for
people with flatter feet. (12) They can cause tearing of body tissues, bruises, and sprained ankles.

26. Which of the following sentences is irrelevant?

(A) Sentence 3
(B) Sentence 5
(C) Sentence 6
(D) Sentence 7
(E) Sentence 9

27. The best concluding sentence for the paragraph is ....

(A) Therefore, people need to choose the right shoe for their foot type and their activity.
(B) If pain coincides with a new pair of shoes, it is probably the fault of the shoes.
(C) Thus, it is no surprise that the pampering and repairing of feet has become a booming industry.
(D) Hence, it is worth seeking the advice of a medical professional before selecting a pair.
(E) Thus, having toes shortened, straightened or even removed becomes a common practice.

TEXT 7

(1)................................................................................. (2) The first requirement is to complete a course in a certified

climbing school, where you learn about mountain conditions and safe climbing. (3) Another requirement is to wear
special clothing: a helmet and climbing boots to complete your outfit. (4) You must also carry special equipment:
iron spikes to hammer into cracks for support and safety and special climbing ropes. (5) In addition, there are also
strict climbing rules for mountaineers. (6) Mountaineers sometimes bring their mountain bikes. (7) You can climb
alone or in teams of two or more. (8) When you climb in a team, each person is tied around the waist to the same
rope to protect a climber who slips from falling. (9) At all times, you must be aware of falling rocks and when you
are tired, you need to find a ledge to rest on. (10) Most mountain climbers would agree that mountain climbing has
many rewards. (11) The higher you climb; the more beautiful the view is of the valley floor. (12) You can see
treetops, lakes, and distant mountains. (13) …………………………………………………………………………….

28. The sentence, which is irrelevant to the topic of the paragraph, is ....
 (A) sentence 4
(B) sentence 6
(C) sentence 9
(D) sentence 11
(E) sentence 13

29. The paragraph should begin with ....

(A) Mountain climbing is a dangerous sport with special needs and strict climbing rules
(B) Mountain climbing requires not only special clothing but also expensive equipment
(C) There are some requirements that you have to meet before you go climbing
(D) Mountain climbing is risky; yet, many people do it because of the rewards afterwards
(E) Mountain climbing is not a popular sport as it needs rigorous preparation

30. The best sentence to complete (13) is

(A) In 2013, the year most recently surveyed, Accidents in North American Mountaineering reported 143
climbing accidents in the United States and 11 in Canada among an estimated 300,000 active climbers in
both countries.
(B) Above you, the sky and moving clouds are a spectacular sight.
(C) There are plenty of mountain peaks to climb ranging from low altitude trekking peaks to the highest
mountain peak.
(D) Indoor climbing, sport climbing and bouldering are also considered mountaineering by some.
(E) Please remove any wrist loops, as these are not necessary in high altitude mountaineering and are a
hindrance to swapping hands when zigzagging uphill.

TEXT 8

This passage is adapted from Vitali Sintchenko’s “Salmonella Kentucky: stopping the spread of a new superbug,”
first published in 2011.

Recent outbreaks of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (e-coli) in Germany and reports about the
emergence of ―new superbug‖ Salmonella Kentucky have refocused public attention on foodborne diseases.
However, both pathogens aren‘t new and have been recognized as bio-threats for decades. Salmonella, for instance,
is a well-known bacterial cause of foodborne disease with a significant impact on the population and health-care
systems. But improvements in sanitation have drastically reduced the frequency of people in the industrialized world
getting ill from bacteria. It has essentially been reduced to a condition travelers contract in countries where it occurs
naturally.
In the last century, microbiologists have discovered hundreds of other types of Salmonella that can infect
humans and some warm-blooded animals. They are especially widespread in areas with sub-standard farming
practices and supplies of drinking water. These types of Salmonella have been responsible for acute gastroenteritis
following the ingestion of contaminated water and undercooked meat or other animal products.
Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky represents one of the non-typhoidal types of Salmonella that
microbiologists and public health professionals encounter from time to time. In Australia, more than 12,000 cases of
Salmonella infection were reported in 2010, but only five of them were related to Salmonella Kentucky. What
makes Salmonella Kentucky stand out and explains its rather hyperbolic label of ―new superbug‖ is that this
pathogen has managed to develop resistance to some antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat. Of particular
concern is the fact that many strains of this serotype circulating in countries in the Middle East and Africa display
high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, which is one of the drugs used for treatment of Salmonella disease.
The development and dissemination of its antimicrobial resistance is thought to be caused by the antibiotics
used in animals farmed for food. Multinational surveillance has noted a recent increase in the frequency of the
detection of drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky and its potential for global spread. A recently
published report suggested this drug-resistant type spread from Africa and the Middle East to Western Europe and
Asia.
 The global human health impact of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection could be as high as one hundred
million illnesses and 155,000 deaths each year. Many cases of salmonellosis would be prevented if common
outbreak sources could be rapidly identified to allow for earlier public health interventions. But changes in
foodborne disease epidemiology have complicated recognition and investigation of outbreaks. The most important
contributors to the evolution of disease epidemiology are many. Socioeconomic changes because of booming
Southeast Asian economies have affected food production, food supply, and food consumption habits, resulting in
an increase in the number of foodborne diseases like Salmonella. Increased mobility of people and complex food
production, processing, and distribution systems, as well as the plethora of retail fast-food outlets, mean we need
more efficient and effective ways to identify sources of foodborne outbreaks.
Salmonella-related outbreaks are increasingly linked to a diverse range of food sources, but the
mechanisms of contamination often remain poorly understood. Health, food, and agriculture authorities need to
coordinate their efforts to monitor and limit the spread of the drug-resistant strains like Salmonella Kentucky.
Increasing the timeliness of case follow-up and linking laboratory results to public health actions are critical for
reducing delays in the investigation of outbreaks.

31. According to the passage, which of the following persons would be MOST likely to contract Salmonella?

(A) A man traveling to a foreign country where Salmonella outbreaks are rare
(B) A woman oftenly drinking pasteurized milk from a local farmer
(C) A man visiting a family member contracting Salmonella
(D) A woman who lives in a village where a visitor recently contracted Salmonella
(E) A man consuming a medium rare steak in a fancy restaurant frequently

32. Which lines in the passage best support the answer to the previous question?

(A) Paragraph 1, Sentence 1 (―Recent outbreaks . . . diseases‖)

(B) Paragraph 1, Sentence 5 (―It has . . . naturally‖)
(C) Paragraph 2, Sentence 3 (―These types … products‖)
(D) Paragraph 2, Sentence 1 (―In the . . . animals‖)
(E) Paragraph 3, Sentence 2 (―In Australia . . . Kentucky‖)

33. According to the passage, Salmonella can cause

(A) pneumonia.
(B) antibiotic resistance.
(C) typhoid.
(D) acute gastroenteritis.
(E) meningitis.

34. In Paragraph 3, Sentence 3, the word ―hyperbolic‖ most closely means

(A) false.
(B) spectacular.
(C) pretentious.
(D) tenacious.
(E) exaggerated.

35. Based on the final paragraph, the author likely views current efforts to cope with Salmonella outbreaks as

(A) insufficient.
(B) misguided.
(C) overcautious.
(D) unprofessional.
(E) admirable.

36. In relation to the third paragraph of the passage, the fourth paragraph
 (A) presents a counterargument to a claim made in the third paragraph.
(B) explains in detail another case similar to that of the third paragraph.
(C) provides an additional example of a phenomenon discussed in the third paragraph.
(D) offers a potential explanation for a phenomenon discussed in the third paragraph.
(E) discusses a new theory that would contradict the conclusion drawn in the third paragraph.

37. The primary purpose of the passage is most likely to

(A) assure the public that Salmonella contamination is unlikely and overblown.
(B) detail the risks of Salmonella exposure and the best ways to respond to outbreaks.
(C) lay out a plan to reduce Salmonella outbreaks by a third in the next few decades.
(D) suggest that researchers must turn their attention to superbugs instead of local Salmonella outbreaks.
(E) state that there is no better way to stop the Salmonella Kentucky outbreak other than cooking the food
properly

38. As used in the first and fifth paragraph, a ―foodborne‖ disease seems to be caused by the following, except

(A) bacteria in the food

(B) viral contamination of food
(C) mushroom growing in the food
(D) the doneness level of the food
(E) the low nutritive value of the food

39. Salmonella Kentucky : superbug ::

(A) tree : flower

(B) pathogen : resistance
(C) e-coli : salmonella
(D) flood : natural disaster
(E) mushroom : intestinal problem

40. ciprofloxacin : Salmonella ::

(A) finches : beak size

(B) flowering plants : bumblebees
(C) serotypes : disease
(D) fish : ocean
(E) pesticide spray : mosquitos