PR1 - Handouts 678th

CHAPTER 6
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
DATA ANALYSIS
 A process of understading data or known facts or assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or conclusions you have
about something.
 The aim of this in to give asnwer to the research questions you raised prior to your acts of colleting them.
1. Coding – is your act of using symbols like letters or words to represent arbitrary or subjective data (emotions, opinions,
attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of the data.
2. Collating – is your way of bringing together the coded data.
“Giving the data an orderly apperance is putting them in graph, specifically a table of response”
DATA MATRIX
 It is used to name the table of responses that consists of table of cases and their associated variables.
1. Profile Matrix – it shows the measurements of variables or factors for a set of cases or respondents.
2. Proximity Matrix – it indicates measurements of similarities and differences between items.
a. Similarity Matrix – show how alike things are.
b. Dissimilarity Matrix – show how different they are.
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

 You analyze or study data that reflect the respondents thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or views about something. These are
subjective data that are expressed in words, and these words serve as the unit of analysis in a qualitative type of research.
 You examine these sbujective data to understand how related or relevant they are to your research problem or specific
research questions.
 It is a time consuming process. It makes you deal with data coming from wide sources of information
 It is a rigorous act of a thematic or theoritical organization of ideas or information into a certain format that is capable of
presenting groups of responses.
 Analyzing and synthesizing them based on one principal idea, theory, or pattern demand a lot of time and effort, let alone the
methodical ways you have adhere to in presenting the results as long written discussions containing verbal or graphical
explanations of your findings.
CHAPTER 7
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSION
 Is a type of inferential or intreperative thinking that derives it validity, thruthfulness, or reasonable from your sensory
experience.
 Using your senses you can create concusions from the things in the environment
DRAWING CONCLUSION
 After analyzing the data you have gathered is drawing conclusions. It makes you form conclusions that arise from the factual
data you collected factual data you encountered and analyzed.
 A conclusion drawn or reduced by you from facts or statements resulting from logical thinking rather than from another
assumption, prediction, or generalization are the only nes included in the conclusion section of your research.
 You will state all your discoveries in this section.
 Creating link between your discoveries and your review of related literature indicates the ability of your research to expand
or enchance any existing knowledge about your research.
POINTERS IN WRITING CONCLUSIONS

1. Explain your point in simple and clear sentnces.
2. Use ecpressions that center on the topic rather than on yourself, the researcher.
3. Include only necessary items; exclude any piece of information or picture not closely related to your report.
4. Have your conclusion contain only validly suppoted findings instead of falsified results.
5. Practice utmost honesty and objetivity in stating the results of your critical evaluation of outcomes that you expect to support
your conclusions.
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCING YOU RESEARCH
 It means directing your readers to the exact sources of data or information stated in your report, partuicularly those stated in
the review of related literature. There are several styles of referencing your research namely: Harvardian, Vancouver,
Turiban, APA, and MLA.
APA STYLE
- American Psychological Association it is also called Author-Date Style. This is often used by researchers in the field of
natural science and social sciences. It uses space and time. Nowadays, for economic reason, more and more researchers.
Regardless of their area of specialization, prefer to use this citation.
Examples of APA Referencing Style

1. Citation or In-text Citation
(Lizardom 2016) (Millares, 2017)
2. Bibliography/References
One Author
Fajardo, J.A. 2016. The Ebola Virus. Quezon City: GB Press.
Two Authors
Oropesa, N.C. and David, J. M. 2017. Academic freedom. Manila: Natinal Bookstore.
Three Authors
Revilla, C. A., Bautista, C. C., and Vinuya, G. F. 2017. Boy scout kamborees. Pasay City: ABC Press.
Three or more Authors (Used the name of the first author listed on the title page)
Sonora, E. N. et al. 2016 Regional trial courts. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore.
Anonymous Author
(If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the title page, the name is given in brackets)
[Valerio, E.]. The millennium condominium craze. 2016. Nowhere: Nonesuc Press.
Magazines
Salvador, M. March 2016. “The Chinese Dishes.” Panorama, pp. 23-26.
Newspapers
Abad, C. S. “Gated Subdivisions in Caloocan City,” 2016. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 7 May.
Manila Bulletin. 2017. Editorial, 2 December
3. Online Materials
http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.html/.
CHAPTER 9
REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS

 The findigs of your research are meant to be reported or to shared with others because your primary aim in researching is to
strengthen existing knowledge or discover new ones for the improvement of the world.
 You have bring your findings out to the readers in a way that you must communicate things you procedurally performed and
things you found out through your princiled data collecting and analysis methods.
 Your report findings of your research study must adhere to a standard structure or format that has the following elements:
Structure or Format of the Research Report
1. Title – the title give information and description of the subject matter of the research. Being the short cathcy part of your
paper that has the power to instatly attract a reader, it must contain keywords to predict the content and tone of thr research.
An attention getting kind of a tatle is short, informative, made up of only 15 to 20 words. The title is not a sentence; not all
capitalized; and not negative in tone. In addition, jargons and acronyms are a big no-no to research writing.
2. Abstract – concisely discussess the essential aspects of your paper sych as the background of the problem, objectives,
significance, research design, data collection technique, data analysis methods, discussions of the findings, scope,
conclusions, among others. Giving 100 – 150 word discussions of the salient parts of the research paper, your abstract
suffices as the summary of your research report.
3. Introdution – this part explains the background of the research problem, states a set of specific research questions, and of
optional hypotheses or assumptions. The purpose of this ection is to let the readers see the connection of the porposes of your
research questions not only with the current world condition, but also with other principles that underlie you topic and other
aspects of your research.
4. Method – this section explain the type and sources of data as well as the method you used in collectong and analyzing the
data you have gathered.
5. Findings - present findings of your study those that you have analyzed and commented on. There are several ways of oding
this: by means of graphical presentation, statistical method, or written discussion.
6. Discussion and Conclusion – findings resulting from themetically or theoretically gathered and analyzed data with the
capacity of leading you to a valid conclusion are explained in this section.
7. Reccomendations – to broaden the readers knowledge an understanding of the area covered by the research, recommend or
let the readers positively consider some activities they can possibly do to extend, modify, replicate, or calidate the findings of
your research work.
8. Reference – follow a standard documentary style. Aphabetize, identify, and list down in this section all sources of
knowledge you used in carrying out your study.
9. Appendix – this contains copies of table, questionnaires, interview rates, obsercation, checklist, and other materials that are
indispensable or necessary in completing your research study.

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CHAPTER 6

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

POINTERS IN WRITING CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCING YOU RESEARCH

Examples of APA Referencing Style

REPORTING AND SHARING THE FINDINGS

Structure or Format of the Research Report

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