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Cytotaxonomical observations on flowering plants from the Balearic Islands

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Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 409–415 ISSN 0003-3847 (print)  ISSN 1797-2442 (online)
Helsinki 20 December 2007 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2007

Cytotaxonomical observations on flowering plants from

the Balearic Islands

Mercedes Castro1, Pere Fraga2, Néstor Torres3 & Josep A. Rosselló4,*

1)
Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 4579, 2101 Maracay,
Venezuela
2)
Verge del Toro 14, ESP-07750 Ferreries, Minorca, Balearic Islands
3)
Apartat 64, ESP-07800 Eivissa, Balearic Islands
4)
Jardí Botànic, Universidad de Valencia, c/Quart 80, ESP-46008 Valencia, Spain (*corresponding
author’s e-mail: rossello@uv.es)

Received 25 Sep. 2006, revised version received 27 Nov. 2006, accepted 29 Nov. 2007

Castro, M., Fraga, P., Torres, N. & Rosselló, J. A. 2007: Cytotaxonomical observations on flower-
ing plants from the Balearic Islands. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 409–415.

The mitotic chromosome numbers of 40 accessions of 33 species of vascular plants

collected in the Balearic Islands are presented. The triploid cytotype of Allium commu-
tatum (2n = 24), the tetraploid cytotype of Scilla autumnalis (2n = 28), and the hexa-
ploid (2n = 36) and octoploid (2n = 48) cytotypes of Tuberaria guttata are reported
here for the first time in the Balearic archipelago. The tetraploid cytotype of Dactylis
glomerata subsp. hispanica was not previously known from the Western Balearics,
where it grows sympatrically with the diploid endemic D. glomerata subsp. ibizensis.
The divergent chromosome number 2n = 26 is confirmed for Micromeria inodora. A
new chromosome number (2n = 44) was determined for the restricted endemic Rubia
balearica subsp. caespitosa. The existence of several infraspecific cytotypes bear phy-
togeographical significance.

Key words: continental islands, cytotaxonomy, Mediterranean flora, polyploidy

Introduction Favarager et al. 1979, Galland & Küpfer 1984,

Galland 1988), and to analyze the patterns of plant
The Balearic archipelago shows a diverse insular evolution on islands in particular (e.g. Dalgaard
flora as compared with that of other territories of 1994, Carr 1998, Stuessy & Crawford 1998).
the Mediterranean basin, both in terms of rich- However, few publications have been devoted to
ness (about 1500 native species in 4992 km2) and the karyological study of the Balearic flora. The
originality (nearly 100 non-apomictic endemic chromosome numbers of many taxa need to be
taxa, and up to 30 apomictic microspecies; J. studied, given the paucity of the analyzed taxa
A. Rosselló unpubl. data). Karyological data has (less than 20% of the whole vascular flora) and
been used for a long time to assess the origin and the few accessions studied from different islands,
the relationships of any given flora in general (e.g. before a comprehensive synthesis of the karyolog-
Löve & Löve 1956, Küpfer 1974, Favarger 1975, ical evolution of the Balearic flora can be made.
410 Castro et al.  •  Ann. BOT. Fennici  Vol. 44

acid and permanent preparations were made by

mounting in Canada balsam. Photomicrographs
of well-spread metaphases were taken with a
digital camera and processed with a compu-
ter programme. Chromosome counts were made
from 1–5 individuals per population, by direct
observation and from the photomicrographs of at
least five well-spread metaphases per individual.

Fig. 1. Mitotic metaphase plates of plant vascular spe- Results and discussion
cies from the Balearic Islands. — A: Allium commu-
tatum (Minorca, Es Mercadal), 2n = 24. — B: Dactylis The sporophytic chromosome number of 40
glomerata subsp. hispanica (Eivissa, Cala Albarca), 2n
= 28. — C: Micromeria inodora (Eivissa, Port des Tor-
accessions belonging to 33 flowering plants from
rent), 2n = 26. — D: Rubia balearica subsp. caespitosa the Balearic Islands is reported here. The enu-
(Cabrera, L’Anciola), 2n = 44. — E: Scilla autumnalis meration of the analysed species and studied
(Minorca, Son Mestre), 2n = 28. — F: Tuberaria guttata accessions, the report of their chromosome num-
var. eriocaulon (Minorca, Marina de Ruma), 2n = 36. bers, and the indication of previous chromosome
— G: Tuberaria guttata (Minorca, Marina de Ruma), 2n
= 48. Scale bars = 10 µm.
counts are shown in Table 1. The chromosome
number of 11 species was not previously deter-
mined from Balearic accessions (Table 1). Most
In this paper we report the mitotic chromo- of the determined chromosome numbers agree
some numbers of 33 native species collected with other cytogenetic records reported from
from four islands of the archipelago. non-Balearic accessions. Our results confirm a
low level of karyological change in the endemic
flora of the Balearic Islands (Castro & Ros-
Material and methods selló 2006), when compared with that of other
archipelagos. However, some of the recorded
Seeds and living material (either whole plants or chromosome numbers have karyological, phy-
cuttings) were collected from natural populations togeographical, or taxonomic interest, and are
across the Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Minorca, discussed below.
Cabrera and Eivissa). Living plants were trans-
ferred and cultivated in pots at the Botanical
Garden of Valencia University. Seeds were ger- Allium commutatum
minated on solid agar in Petri dishes in a con-
stant temperature of 20 °C and 12 hours of white This species belongs to the A. ampeloprasum
light daily. Voucher specimens are preserved complex, a group of diploid and polyploid spe-
at VAL (Herbarium of the Botanical Garden of cies widely spread in the Mediterranean basin.
Valencia University). To date, three cytotypes (diploid, 2n = 16; tri-
Root tips were pre-treated with 0.002 M ploid, 2n = 24; tetraploid, 2n = 32) have been
8-hydroxyquinoline solution for 2h at 4 °C and reported for A. commutatum, but cytotype dis-
2h at room temperature, washed with distilled tribution does not appear to be geographically
water, fixed in fresh Carnoy I solution (glacial structured (Von Bothmer 1982, Guern et al.
acetic acid: absolute ethanol; 1:3) overnight and 1991, Marcucci & Tornadore 1997). The plants
stored in 70% ethanol at 4 °C until used. For from the Balearic Islands are triploid (Fig. 1A),
chromosome counts, the root tips were hydro- and this polyploid level has also been reported
lysed for 5–10 min in 1 M HCl at 60 °C, washed from French, Italian and Greek populations (Von
and stained in aceto-orcein for 4–6 h. Stained Bothmer 1982, Guern et al. 1991, Marcucci &
meristems were squashed in a drop of 45% acetic Tornadore 1997).
Ann. BOT. Fennici  Vol. 44  •  Cytotaxonomical observations on plants from the Balearic Islands 411

Dactylis glomerata subsp. hispanica the result of loss of the chromosomes by aneu-
ploidy. Within individual plants, chromosomal
The only reported entity of the D. glomerata instability have been reported in other Micro-
complex in Eivissa and Formentera islands was meria species, e.g. M. filiformis, 2n = 30 (Dahl-
the Western Balearic endemic D. glomerata gren et al. 1971, Cardona and Contandriopoulos
subsp. ibizensis. Subspecies ibizensis is diploid 1980, Morales 1990) and 2n = 60 (Dahlgren et
(2n = 14) and, although Dactylis plants are al. 1971), but it refers only to euploid changes.
widespread in Eivissa and Formentera islands, The nature of this karyological variation in M.
only two accessions of this subspecies have been inodora could be better assessed by accurate
cytogenetically checked (Stebbins & Zohary observations of its meiotic behaviour.
1959, Wetsching 1991). The finding of tetra-
ploid D. glomerata plants in the Western Bal-
earic Islands (Fig. 1B) is interesting and requires Rubia balearica subsp. caespitosa
further karyological work in the area to assess
(i) whether diploid and tetraploid cytotypes are Our resuls showing 2n = 44 (Fig. 1D), disa-
geographically structured, and (ii) whether gene gree with the earlier reports of Cardona (1984)
flow between the cytotypes occurs. reporting the hexaploid level (2n = 66) for plants
endemic to Cabrera island. This is intriguing
since both counts have been determined from
Micromeria inodora accessions originating from the same popula-
tion (L’Anciola). Although it is possible that two
Three chromosome counts implying a different separate cytotypes may be present, the L’Anciola
basic chromosome number have been previously population has only few individuals, most of
reported for Balearic accessions of M. inodora: which reproduce asexually by rhizomes. Further,
2n = 26 (Cardona 1973), 2n = 30 (Morales populations of the related R. balearica subsp.
1990), and 2n = 48 (Cardona & Contandriopou- balearica have uniformly had a single cytotype
los 1983). However, the 2n = 26 and 2n = 48 (2n = 66), both within and between popula-
reports have been questioned on the basis of the tions (Castro & Rosselló 2006, and references
presence of a basic chromosome number x = 10 therein).
in the genus (Morales 1993). In fact, only the 2n
= 30, 2n = 50 and 2n = 60 have been retained as
verified chromosome numbers within Microme- Scilla autumnalis
ria section Micromeria (Bräuchler et al. 2005),
where M. inodora belongs. Our results (Fig. 1C) The S. autumnalis species complex comprises a
agree with the earlier report of the 2n = 26 cyto- single morphological species showing impres-
type (Cardona 1973), and points out to a more sive karyological diversity (Vaughan et al. 1997).
complex karyological pattern in this Western Up to ten distinct cytological races, implying
Mediterranean species. three levels of ploidy, have been detected and
Accessory chromosomes have been reported the existence of at least two additional races at
in a single accession of M. inodora (2n = 30 + some stage of the evolution of the complex have
0 – 2B; Morales 1990). It could be argued that been hypothesized (Vaughan et al. 1997). Our
the 2n = 26 chromosome number is the standard counts from Minorcan accessions (2n = 28; Fig.
complement of the species, and that higher chro- 1E) agree with the previous report from Mal-
mosome numbers (2n = 30, 2n = 31, 2n = 32) lorca (Battaglia 1957). Until now, no diploid
may have originated by accumulation of acce- individuals have been detected in the Balearic
sory chromosomes. Although this is possible, it Islands, although they have been identified in
is difficult to explain the origin of the 2n = 48 surrounding territories of the Iberian Peninsula
cytotype by a such increase of accessory chro- and Sardinia.
mosomes alone. Alternatively, 2n = 26 could be
Table 1. List of investigated species with chromosome numbers and accession details. Previous Balearic chromosome counts are indicated. MA = Mallorca; ME = 412
Minorca; DR = Dragonera; CA = Cabrera; EI = Eivissa.

Taxon Chrom. Accession Previous Balearic References

number counts

Allium commutatum 2n = 24 Minorca, Binidonaire, Es Mercadal, grassy coastal slopes on – –

siliceous soils, 10 m, P. Fraga, 16.VII.2004
Anagallis arvensis 2n = 40 Cabrera, L’Anciola, rocky places near the sea, M.A. Conesa, A. 2n = 40 [MA, ME] Nilsson & Lassen (1971)
Molins, M. Mus & J.A. Rosselló, 5.VII.2005 Dahlgren et al. (1971)
Asphodelus microcarpus 2n = 28 Cabrera, Es Frare, calcareous soils on rocky places, M.A. Conesa, A. 2n = 28 [MA] Nilsson & Lassen (1971)
Molins, M. Mus & J.A. Rosselló, 5.VII.2005 Dahlgren et al. (1971)
Astragalus balearicus 2n = 16 Cabrera, Cala Galiota, maritime slopes, M.A. Conesa, A. Molins, M. 2n = 16 [MA, ME] Cardona (1978)
Mus & J. A. Rosselló, 5.vii.2005
2n = 16 Cabrera, L’Anciola, rocky places near the sea, M.A. Conesa, A. Molins, Castro & Rosselló (2006)
M. Mus & J.A. Rosselló, 5.vii.2005 Guinochet & Lefranc (1972)
Cistus creticus 2n = 18 Minorca, Ciutadella de Menorca, Alzinar d’Alforí, established sand – –
dunes, 90 m, P. Fraga, 11.ix.2005
Cistus monspeliensis 2n = 18 Cabrera, Cala de Santa María, calcareous slopes, M.A. Conesa, 2n = 18 [MA] Nilsson & Lassen (1971)
A. Molins & J.A. Rosselló, 6.vii.2005
2n = 18 Minorca, Ferreries, Es Calafat, scrub on calcareous soils, 40 m,
P. Fraga, 18.ix.2005
Cistus salviifolius 2n = 18 Minorca, Ferreries, Es Calafat, scrub on calcareous soils, 40 m, 2n = 18 [MA] Nilsson & Lassen (1971)
P. Fraga, 18.ix.2005 Dahlgren et al. (1971)
Cneorum tricoccon 2n = 36 Cabrera, Port de Cabrera, rocky places near the sea, M.A. Conesa, 2n = 36 [DR] Dahlgren et al. (1971)
A. Molins & J.A. Rosselló, 6.vii.2005
Chelidonium majus 2n = 12 Minorca, Ferreries, Barranc d’Algendar, shady calcareous soils, – –
50 m, P. Fraga, 12.ix.2005
Dactylis glomerata 2n = 28 Mallorca, Sóller, Serra d’Alfàbia, 900 m, vertical cliffs, M.A. Conesa, – –
subsp. hispanica P. Fraga & J.A. Rosselló, 2.xii.2004
2n = 28 Eivissa, Sant Antoni de Portmany, Cala Albarca, calcareous
crevices, 210 m, J.A. Rosselló & N. Torres, 5.xi.2004
Dorycnium fulgurans 2n = 14 Cabrera, L’Anciola, rocky places near the sea, 5 m, M.A. Conesa, 2n = 14 [MA, ME] Cardona (1973)
A. Molins, M. Mus & J. A. Rosselló, 5.vii.2005 Cardona et al. (1983)
Euphorbia exigua 2n = 12 Minorca, Maó, Binicalaf Nou, scrub on calcareous soils, 30 m, 2n = 24 [MA] Nilsson & Lassen (1971)
P. Fraga, 1.IV.2004 Dahlgren et al. (1971)
Hypericum balearicum 2n = 24 Cabrera, Es Penyal Blanc, northern crevices on calcareous hills, 2n = 24 [MA] Nilsson & Lassen (1971)
M.A. Conesa, A. Molins & J.A. Rosselló, 6.vii.2005 Reynaud (1986)
Lobularia maritima 2n = 24 Cabrera, Es Port, litoral scrub, 10 m, M.A. Conesa, A. Molins & – –
J.A. Rosselló, 6.vii.2005
Micromeria inodora 2n = 26 Eivissa, Sant Josep de sa Talaia, Port des Torrent, litoral scrub, 2n = 26 [EI] Cardona (1973), Morales (1990)
N. Torres & J. A. Rosselló, 17.xi.2004 2n = 30 + 0-2B [EI] Cardona &
Castro et al.  •  Ann. BOT. Fennici  Vol. 44

2n = 48 [EI] Contandriopoulos (1983)

Misopates orontium 2n = 16 Eivissa, Sant Josep de sa Talaia, near Cala Comte, open places, – –
J.A. Rosselló & N. Torres, 17.xi.2004
Narcissus elegans 2n = 20 Mallorca, Felanitx, Porto Colom, litoral scrub near the road, 50 m, – –
J.A. Rosselló, 12.xi.2005
Narcissus serotinus 2n = 30 Minorca, Maó, Forma, coastal rocky scrub on calcareous soils, 33 m, 2n = 30 [MA] Fernandes (1968)
P. Fraga, 16.x.2005
2n = 30 Eivissa, Sant Josep de sa Talaia, Puig d’En Serra, calcareous crevices
near the road, 380 m, N. Torres &
J.A. Rosselló, 18.xi.2004
Ononis crispa 2n = 30 Cabrera, Cala de Santa María, litoral scrub, 2 m, M.A. Conesa, 2n = 30 [ME] Cardona & Contandriopoulos
subsp. crispa A. Molins & J. A. Rosselló, 5.vii.2005 (1983)
Ornithogalum baeticum 2n = 54 Eivissa, Sant Josep de sa Talaia, Ses Salines, crevices on rocky – –
slopes, 5 m, N. Torres & J.A. Rosselló, 18.XI.2004
Rubia balearica 2n = 44 Cabrera, L’Anciola, crevices near the sea, 5 m, M.A. Conesa, 2n = 66 [CA] Cardona (1984)
subsp. caespitosa A. Molins, M. Mus & J.A. Rosselló, 5.vii.2005
Scilla autumnalis 2n = 28 Minorca, Es Mercadal, Binimel.là, rocky calcareous soils, 40 m, 2n = 28 [MA] Battaglia (1957)
P. Fraga, 31.vii.2005
2n = 28 Minorca, Ciutadella, Son Mestres, , scrub on calcareous soils, 50 m,
P. Fraga, 9.x.2005
2n = 28 Minorca, Es Migjorn Gran, Muntanya de Ses Fonts Rodones, rock
cervices on siliceous rocks, 143 m, P. Fraga, 18.ix.2005
Scilla obtusifolia 2n = 8 Minorca, Es Mercadal, Santa Teresa, Sa Cavallería des Martinells, – –
crevices on calcareous rocks, 40 m, P. Fraga, 16.x.2005
2n = 8 Eivissa, Sant Josep de sa Talaia, Port des Torrent, littoral scrub, N.
Torres & J.A. Rosselló, 17.xi.2004
Silene secundiflora 2n = 24 Cabrera, L’Anciola, rocky places near the sea, 2n = 24 [MA] Dahlgren et al. (1971)
M.A. Conesa, A. Molins, M. Mus & J.A. Rosselló, 6.vii.2005
Soleirolia soleiroli 2n = 20 Mallorca, Andratx, Ses Basses, near La Trapa, 150 m, shady places – –
near vertical cliffs, M.A. Conesa & J.A. Rosselló, 27.i.2005
Smilax aspera 2n = 32 Cabrera, L’Anciola, rocky places near the sea, 5 m, M.A. Conesa, 2n = 32 [ME] Cardona & Contandriopoulos
subsp. balearica A. Molins, M. Mus & J.A. Rosselló, 5.vii.2005 (1980)
Succowia balearica 2n = 36 Mallorca, Felanitx, Sant Salvador, rocky places near the hills, 490 m, – –
J.A. Rosselló, 12.xi.2005
Teucrium marum 2n = 30 Cabrera, Es Coll Roig, calcareous slopes, M.A. Conesa, A. Molins, 2n = 28, 30, 32 [ME] Valdés-Bermejo (1981)
subsp. marum M. Mus & J.A. Rosselló, 5.vii.2005
Triglochin bulbosum 2n = 36 Minorca, Es Mercadal, Ses Salines Noves, coastal sandy saline 2n = 36 [MA] Dahlgren et al. (1971)
subsp. barrelieri siliceous soils, P. Fraga, 18.x.2005
Triglochin bulbosum 2n = 18 Minorca, Ferreries, Son Gornés, sandy wetty siliceous soils, 110 m, – –
subsp. laxiflora P. Fraga, 17.x.2005
Ann. BOT. Fennici  Vol. 44  •  Cytotaxonomical observations on plants from the Balearic Islands

Tuberaria guttata 2n = 48 Minorca, Ferreries, Marina de Ruma, sandy siliceous soils, 230 m, 2n = ca 24 [MA] Dahlgren et al. (1971)
P. Fraga, 15.V.2005
Tuberaria guttata 2n = 36 Minorca, Ferreries. Marina de Ruma, sandy siliceous soils, 230 m, – –
var. eriocaulon P. Fraga, 15.V.2005
Valantia muralis 2n = 18 Cabrera, Cala de Santa María, calcareous crevices, 10 m, 2n = 18 [MA] Nilsson & Lassen (1971)
M.A. Conesa, A. Molins & J.A. Rosselló, 6.vii.2005 Dahlgren et al. (1971)
413
414 Castro et al.  •  Ann. BOT. Fennici  Vol. 44

Tuberaria guttata loro distribuzione geografica. — Caryologia 10: 75–95.

Bräuchler, C., Meimberg, H., Abele, T. & Heubl, G. 2005:
Polyphyly of the genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae) —
The genus Tuberaria is karyologically one of the evidence from cpDNA sequence data. — Taxon 54:
most diverse within Cistaceae. A polyploid com- 639–650.
plex has been reported from Tuberaria sect. Scor- Cardona, M. A. 1973: Contribution à l’étude cytotaxonomi-
pioides, where T. guttata s. lato belongs (Gallego que de la flore des Baléares. I. — Acta Phytotax. Barci-
non. 14: 1–20.
& Aparicio 1991), including tetraploid (2n = 24), Cardona, M. A. 1978: Contribució a l’estudi citotaxonòmic
hexaploid (2n = 36), and octoploid (2n = 48) de les Balears. II. — Colloq. Soc. Catalana. Biol. 10–11:
entities. Chromosome numbers and morphology 51–67.
are poorly correlated, and up to two chromo- Cardona, M. A. 1984: Caryosystématique et différentia-
some numbers have been reported in several taxa tion évolutive de quelques “Rubia” méditerranéennes.
— Webbia 38: 513–529.
(Gallego & Aparicio 1991, Gallego 1993). Some
Cardona, M. A. & Contandriopoulos, J. 1980: Números cro-
authors (Gallego 1993) have distinguished micro- mosómicos para la flora española 162–182. — Lagasca-
species within the traditional concept of T. gut- lia 9: 272–284.
tata, although the presence of frequent interspe- Cardona, M. A. & Contandriopoulos, J. 1983: IOPB Chro-
cific gene flow and hybrid swarms were recog- mosome numbers. — Taxon 32: 323–324.
Cardona, M. A., Llorens, L. & Sierra, E. 1983: Étude bio-
nized (Gallego & Aparicio 1991). Our accessions
systématique de Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. subsp.
from Minorca belong to hexaploid (2n = 36; Fig. fulgurans (Porta) comb. nova, endémique des Baléares
1F) and octoploid (2n = 48; Fig. 1G) cytotypes, orientales. — Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 14: 133–150.
that are characteristic of T. guttata s. stricto (Gal- Carr, G. D. 1998: Chromosome evolution and speciation in
lego 1993). However, the plants here adscribed to Hawaiian flowering plants. — In: Stuessy, T. F. & Ono,
M. (eds.), Evolution and speciation of island plants:
T. guttata var. eriocaulon (2n = 36) can be distin-
5–47. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
guished from T. guttata (2n = 48) on the basis of Castro, M. & Rosselló, J. A. 2006: New chromosome num-
several morphological characteristics. The indu- bers for plant taxa endemic to the Balearic Islands.
mentum is longer than in T. guttata s. stricto, — Folia Geobotanica 41: 433–451.
with more stellate hairs throughout the plant, thus Dahlgren, R., Karlsson, T. H. & Lassen, P. 1971: Studies on
the flora of the Balearic Islands I. Chromosome numbers
giving the plant a silvery aspect. The outer sepals
in Balearic Angiosperms. — Bot. Notiser 124: 249–269.
are smaller and narrower and the flowers are typi- Dalgaard, V. 1994: Checklist of chromosome numbers
cally tricolour, being dark-brown in the centre, counted in Madeiran flowering plants, with notes on
reddish purple in the middle and yellow in the polyploidy, life form, endemisms and evolution. —
outer part of the sepals. This association of char- Nordic J. Bot. 14: 241–255.
Favarger, C. 1975: Cytotaxonomie et histoire de la flore
acteristics indicates that the taxonomic status of
orophile des Alpes et de quelques autres massifs monta-
this variety should be reinterpreted, but a revision gneux d’Europe. — Lejeunia 77: 1–45.
of material from the whole distribution area is Favarger, C., Galland, N. & Küpfer, P. 1979: Recherches
needed. Previously, only the tetraploid cytotype cyto-taxonomiques sur la flore orophile du Maroc. —
(2n = ca. 24; Dahlgren et al. 1971) was known in Naturalia Monspel. 29: 1–64.
Fernandes, A. 1968: Sur la caryologie du Narcissus serotinus
the Balearic Islands.
L. — Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 7: 381–392.
Galland, N. 1988: Recherches sur l’origine de la flore oro-
phile du Maroc: étude caryologique et cytogéographi-
Acknowledgements que. — Travaux Inst. Sci. Rabat 35: 1–168.
Galland, N. & Küpfer, P. 1984: La différenciation caryo-
We thank our colleagues M. A. Conesa, A. Molins and M. logique de quelques orophytes ouest-méditerranéens-
Mus for their help with the field sampling. Also we thank maghrébins et le problème de leur mise en place. —
Dr. Duncan Ackery for an accurate revision of the text. This Webbia 38: 24–36.
work has been partly supported by funds of the project MMA Gallego, M. J. 1993: Xolantha Raf. — In: Castroviejo, S.,
034/2002. Aedo, C., Cirujano, S., Laínz, M., Montserrat, P., Morale,
R., Muñoz, F., Navarro, C., Paiva, J. & Soriano, C. (eds.),
Flora Iberica 5: 351–365. Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid.
Gallego, M. J. & Aparicio, A. 1993: Karyological study in
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