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Heat & Temperature: Objectives

Heat is a form of energy defined as the total kinetic energy of molecular motion. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules and is proportional to the speed of molecular motion. There are three main methods of heat transfer: 1. Conduction - the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact through collisions of molecules. 2. Convection - the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids (gases and liquids) within the object. 3. Radiation - the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves between objects, which can occur over distances without contact. Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer between objects far apart.

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Zaid Abdulqadir
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44 views25 pages

Heat & Temperature: Objectives

Heat is a form of energy defined as the total kinetic energy of molecular motion. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules and is proportional to the speed of molecular motion. There are three main methods of heat transfer: 1. Conduction - the transfer of heat between objects in direct contact through collisions of molecules. 2. Convection - the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids (gases and liquids) within the object. 3. Radiation - the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves between objects, which can occur over distances without contact. Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer between objects far apart.

Uploaded by

Zaid Abdulqadir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Heat & Temperature

Objectives
• To define heat and temperature
• To understand the concepts of heat and temperature
• To understand how heat is transferred from one place to
another
What is Heat
Heat (or thermal) is the total energy of molecular motion in a
substance, it is a measurement of energy. The standard unit of
heat is joule or other energy units.
All molecules contain some amount of kinetic energy, they have
some intrinsic motion. When you add heat to a substance, you are
adding energy to the substance. This added heat (energy) is
usually expressed as an increase in the kinetic energy of the
molecules of the substance. If the heat (energy) is used to change
the state of the substance, say by melting it, then the added
energy is used to break the bonds between the molecules rather
than changing their kinetic energy. Thus when you heat a
substance, either the temperature of the substance can rise or
the state of substance can change.
What is Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average heat or thermal (kinetic)
energy of the molecules in a substance. It is measured in kelvin
(K), Celsius (C) or Fahrenheit (F).
Heat and temperature are related and often confused,
temperature is not energy. More heat usually means a higher
temperature.
Temperature conversion:

C = (F-32) / 1.8
K = C + 273
Temperature is
proportional to the average
kinetic energy of the
molecules of the substance.

T 
= ½ mv 2
Temperature is therefore
proportional to the speed of
the molecules of a substance.
Velocity or speed
T 
T  v = ½ mv 2
Heating and Cooling
When heat energy flows into a substance, the temperature of the
substance usually rises.
• If an object has become hotter, it means that it has gained heat
energy.
• If an object cools down, it means that it has lost energy

Heat always flows from hot to cold. It is more accurate to say


that heat flows “from higher temperature to lower
temperature.”
e.g. Cup of water at 20 °C in a room at 30°C - gains heat
energy and heats up – its temperature rises
Cup of water at 20 °C in a room at 10°C loses heat energy
and cools down – its temperature will fall.
Heat always flows from warmer to
cooler objects.
How does heat transfer from one place to another?

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Conduction
• Heat is transferred through a material by being passed from one particle to
the next (heat transfer by direct contact with another medium. )
• Particles at the warm end move faster and this causes the next particles to
move faster and so on.
• In this way heat in an object travels from:
the HOT end to the cold end

• The total heat transferred depend on:


1. The area of contact
2. The temperature difference
3. The time of contact
4. The thermal conductivity of the materials
Conduction
• Occurs by the particles hitting each other and
so energy is transferred.
• Can happen in solids, liquids and gases,
• Happens best in solids-particles very close
together
• Conduction does not occur very quickly in
liquids or gases
Why does metal feel colder than wood, if they are
both at the same temperature?

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. Metal


conducts the heat away from your hands. Wood
does not conduct the heat away from your hands as
well as the metal, so the wood feels warmer than
the metal.
Conductors
• Materials that conduct heat quickly are called conductors
• All metals are good conductors of heat
• Copper is a very good conductor of heat
• Pans for cooking are usually made with a copper or
aluminium bottom and plastic handles
Insulators/poor conductors
Materials that conduct heat slowly or poorly are called
insulators
Glass, wood, plastic and rubber are poor conductors (good
insulators)
Nearly all liquids including water are poor conductors (good
insulators)
Gases, including air are poor conductors, e.g., wool feels warm
because it traps a lot of air
A fridge has insulation material round it to keep it cold –
reduces amount of heat conducted to inside from the warmer
room
Convection
• This is where heat is carried inside an object by a fluid motion in a gas
or liquid, the heat is carried by the moving particles. This means heat
transfer by indirectly through secondary conductive medium.
• It Occurs due to density differences caused by temperature variations
in the fluid where an area with warm particles expands and becomes
less dense than the cooler areas nearby. The particles in the warm area
rise and cooler particles fall into the space left by the warm particles.
Thus, convection current is set up.
• Example is the air circulation which is established by a room radiator.
Radiation
• Electromagnetic (EM) radiation, also called light even though it is not
always visible, is a self-propagating wave in space with electric and
magnetic components.
• Thermal radiation differs from heat conduction and convective heat
transfer in its fundamental laws. Heat transfer by radiation does not require
the presence of matter; electromagnetic waves also transfer energy in
empty space. Heat is transferred directly from the source by radiating.
• Any objects that are hotter than their surroundings give out heat as infra-
red radiation
• Heat radiation is also known as infrared radiation
Evaporation
• The particles that escape take some energy
from the remaining particles and so the
temperature of the liquid falls. Evaporation is
another method of heat transfer.
Radiation, Conduction, and
Convection
The heat transferred is
proportional to the mass of
the object, the specific heat
capacity of the object and
the temperature change the
object undergoes.
Quantity specific heat
of heat capacity

q = mcDT
mass temperature
change
Specific heat capacity

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of


energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg of the
substance by 1°C. Different substances have different specific
heat capacities.

Q/ How much energy must be transferred to raise the


temperature of 4 kg of water from 30°C to 60°C?
Q/ If we have 200mL of hot tea which we would like to cool
down before we try to drink it. The tea is currently at 90°C and
we would like to cool it down to 70°C. How much thermal
energy has to be transferred from the tea to the surroundings to
cool the tea?
Emitters
• Hotter objects emit (give out) heat
• Different surfaces emit heat at different speeds
• A dull black surfaces loses energy more quickly
(good radiator)
• A bright shiny loses energy more slowly (poor
radiator)
Absorbers
• Cooler objects absorb (take in) heat
• Substances absorb heat at different speeds
• Dull, black surfaces absorb heat quickly
• Bright, shiny surfaces absorb heat slowly
• In hot countries, people wear bright white
clothes and paint their houses white to reduce
absorption of energy from the sun.
Emission experiment

Four containers were filled with warm water. Which


container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?

Dull metal Shiny black

Shiny metal Dull black

shiny metal container would be the warmest after ten


The __________
minutes because its shiny surface reflects heat radiation
_______ back
into the container so less is lost. Thedull black container
________
would be the coolest because it is the best at emitting
_______ heat
radiation.
Absorption experiment

Four containers were placed equidistant from a heater. Which


container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?

Dull metal Shiny black

Shiny metal Dull black

dull black container would be the warmest after ten


The __________
radiation the best.
minutes because its surface absorbs heat _______
shiny metal container would be the coolest because it is
The _________
the poorest at __________
absorbing heat radiation.

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