2014 Delta Dunarii 5

DANUBE DELTA V
TULCEA COUNTY COUNCIL

“GAVRILĂ SIMION” E C O - M U S E U M R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E
DANUBE DELTA
V
Studies and research of natural sciences and museology
Tulcea
2014
Editorial board:
Editors: PhD. Eng. Mihai PETRESCU, PhD. Eng. Cristina DINU
Photos for papers presented: PhD. Eng. Mihai PETRESCU
Desktop publishing and cover: Camelia KAIM
Scientific reviewers:
PhD. Paulina ANASTASIU – University of Bucharest, Romania
PhD. Maria GARCIA– Pyrenean Institute of Ecology Zaragoza, Spain

Corespondenţa, schimburile de carte şi comenzile se vor trimite la:

La correspondance, les échanges et toutes commandes seront envoyés au:
Correspondence, book exchange and orders to be sent to:
GAVRILĂ SIMION ECO-MUSEUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

32 Progresului St., 820009, Tulcea, Romania

The authors bear full responsibility for

the scientific content of articles published in this volume

ISSN: 1584-563X
Cover illustration: I – Şontea channel – photo: Cristina Dinu

IV – photo: Mihai Petrescu: Colțanii Mari nature reserve; Beidaud nature reserve; Prunus
tenella; Paeonia peregrina; Orchis purpurea; Munții Măcinului Site of Community
Interest – Luncaviţa commune; Munții Măcinului Site of Community Interest – Greci
commune
FOREWORD
This volume represents an enhancement in value of researches

conducted on Dobrogea natural heritage by experts in the Danube Delta
Ecotourism Museum Centre – ICEM Tulcea in order to carry out its
investigation, conservation and protection.
The research was conducted within two subject matters: Assessment of
the natural heritage of Tulcea County (coordinator PhD. Eng. Cristina Dinu)
where the administrative-territorial units of Tulcea County were studied, and
Environmental research of the protected natural areas of Dobrogea Plateau
(coordinator PhD. Eng. Mihai Petrescu), which dealt with the nature reserves
and national parks in the counties of Tulcea and Constanţa, legally
established and proposed.
The research of Dobrogea natural heritage consisted of making an
inventory of the main taxonomic groups (higher plants, birds, mammals) and
habitats of conservation interest, preliminary assessment of their conservation
status, and presentation of matters related to landscape and biotope elements
(geological substrata, types of soil) of the areas studied. Lists of species and
habitats and their occurrence data within protected natural areas studied, were
also updated.
Given the large area of study and logistical possibilities, species,
habitats, landscapes, geological and pedological aspects could not be
exhaustively inventoried; further research shall detail the data presented in
this paper. Therefore, this research was deemed as a contribution to the
knowledge of the natural heritage of Dobrogea and not as a complete
assessment thereof.
This volume presents the results of the research conducted in 2011-
2013, on the natural heritage of 25 communes / towns, 34 legally established
and proposals of nature reserves, 19 from Tulcea County, respectively 15 from
Constanța County.
AUTHORS
PhD. Eng. Mihai PETRESCU (scientific researcher II)

Area: Flora, vegetation and habitats; the landscape
e-mail: mihaipetrescu2@gmail.com
PhD. Eng. Viorel CUZIC (scientific researcher III)

Area: Avifauna
e-mail:cuzvio@yahoo.com
PhD. Valentin PANAIT (scientific researcher III)

Area: Geology and pedology
e-mail: panvali@gmail.com
Eng. Mariana CUZIC (museograph IA)

Area: Mammals
e-mail:marianacuzic@yahoo.com
PhD. Adina Maria RĂDULESCU (scientific researcher III)

Data processing (partially)
e-mail:adina_rm@yahoo.com
PhD. Eng. Cristina DINU (scientific researcher III)

Data processing (partially)
e-mail:dinupopcristina@yahoo.com
ECO-MUSEUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

32 Str. Progresului St., 820009, Tulcea, Romania
www. icemtl.ro
Danube Delta Ecotourism Museum Centre

14 Noiembrie St., no. 1
820009, Tulcea
phone 0240-515866; 0340-105652; fax 0240-515866
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL

HERITAGE OF SOME TERRITORIAL-ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS IN
TULCEA COUNTY ............................................................................ 11
Research concerning the natural heritage of Beştepe commune

(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V., Cuzic, Mariana) ........................... 15
Research concerning the natural heritage of Carcaliu commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V., Doxan, Laura) ............................ 23
Research concerning the natural heritage of Cerna commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) .................................................... 26
Research concerning the natural heritage of Chilia commune (Petrescu,
M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) .................................................................... 37
Research concerning the natural heritage of I.C. Brătianu commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) .................................................... 42
Research concerning the natural heritage of Dăeni commune (Petrescu,
M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) ..................................................................... 46
Research concerning the natural heritage of Greci commune (Petrescu,
M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V., Doxan, Laura) ............................................. 51
Research concerning the natural heritage of Grindu commune
Research concerning the natural heritage of Horia commune (Petrescu,
M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) ..................................................................... 64
Research concerning the natural heritage of Isaccea town (Petrescu,
M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) ...................................................................... 71
Research concerning the natural heritage of Jijila commune (Petrescu,
M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) ...................................................................... 76
Research concerning the natural heritage of Luncavița commune
Research concerning the natural heritage of Mahmudia commune
Research concerning the natural heritage of Maliuc commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.)..................................................... 95
Research concerning the natural heritage of Măcin town (Petrescu, M.,
Cuzic, V., Panait, V., Cuzic, Mariana) .................................................. 99
Research concerning the natural heritage of Mihai Bravu commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.)................................................... 105
Research concerning the natural heritage of Mihail Kogălniceanu
commune (Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) .................................. 109
Research concerning the natural heritage of Nufăru commune
Research concerning the natural heritage of Ostrov commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V., Cuzic, Mariana) ......................... 121
Research concerning the natural heritage of Smârdan commune
Research concerning the natural heritage of Sulina town (Petrescu, M.,
Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) .......................................................................... 130
Research concerning the natural heritage of Tulcea town (Petrescu, M.,
Cuzic, V., Panait, V.) .......................................................................... 138
Research concerning the natural heritage of Turcoaia commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V., Cuzic, Mariana) ......................... 145
Research concerning the natural heritage of Văcăreni commune
Research concerning the natural heritage of Valea Teilor commune
(Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Panait, V., Doxan, Laura) ........................... 154
Chapter II
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL

HERITAGE OF SOME PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS FROM
DOBROGEA PLATEAU ................................................................... 161
Research concerning the natural heritage of some protected areas from
Tulcea County (Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Dinu, Cristina, Rădulescu,
Adina Maria) ...................................................................................... 162
Research concerning the natural heritage of some protected areas from
Constanța County (Petrescu, M., Cuzic, V., Dinu, Cristina, Rădulescu,
Adina Maria, Cuzic, Mariana) ............................................................ 199
Rezumat ........................................................................................... 220

References ........................................................................................ 225
Plates ................................................................................................ 229
Papers presentation terms for DELTA DUNĂRII journal ................... 239
Contributions to the Knowledge of the Natural Heritage (...) in Tulcea County 11
CHAPTER I
Contributions to the knowledge of the natural heritage

of some territorial-administrative units in Tulcea County
Keywords: Balkan, coenotaxa, Dobrogea, flora, geology, habitat,
landscape, Natura 2000, plant community, protected area, site, soil, soil science
species, Steppic, supra-Mediterranean, sustainable development, threatened,
Pontic, Ponto-Sarmatic, Tulcea, vegetation.
From the ecological point of view Tulcea County represents the most
important region of Romania, as here the largest surface of protected areas/ Natura
2000 sites occur at the national level. It also represents the most important natural
area in the European Union for the conservation of most species and habitats of
community interest from the Steppic and Pontic bioregions. The sustainable
development of this area involves first of all the in situ conservation, both inside and
outside the protected areas, of the protected species and habitats, mainly those of
community interest, for which the local and central administration have numerous
responsabilities, at national and European levels.
In this context, even though numerous studies were conducted in Tulcea
County, they were mainly focused on the Danube Delta area, for the remaining area
the existing data being less detailed and/ or updated. For this particular reason the
Gavrilă Simion Eco-Museum Research Institute in Tulcea initiated an overall and
updated assessment of the natural heritage of this region for each of the
administrative territories (towns, communes), presented within the first chapter of
this paper. Besides the scientific importance of this research, which can be used as
a basis for the clarification, particularization and updating of the data regarding the
presence occurrence, conservation status of some protected species and habitats,
another goal is facilitating national and European funds at the level of each
administrative unit of the county. This could be achieved using the results of the
research partially presented in this paper, for the: management on a scientific basis
of the natural heritage within the areas under the jurisdiction of the local authorities,
both inside and outside protected areas; the drafting of the chapters regarding the
natural heritage of each commune/ town within the financial applications; the
procurement of clearings etc.
For the natural protected areas within Dobrogea Plateau inventoried within
the assessments conducted on the administrative territories of the communes/
towns of Tulcea County, in chapter I only the data resulting during this research
progress, in a single year, are presented, along with the inventories performed
outside these areas in the relevant period. In chapter II, for the same reserves, other
field data are presented, as a result of the investigations conducted between 2011
and 2013, in periods other than those mentioned in chapter I.
12 DELTA DUNĂRII V
RESEARCH METHODS
The methods utilized in both chapters of this paper for the description of
species, habitats/coenotaxa and of the geology and soil science aspects are
concisely presented below. In this paper the names of the habitats are both in
Romanian and English, while for the list of species for each habitat scientific
names were used.
Flora, vegetation, habitats, landscape. The on-site research consisted in

observations on itineraries and inventories generally in 100 square meters plots,
according to the Braun-Blanquet method. The coenotaxa with an area below 100
square meters were considered plant community fragments, therefore they were not
recorded in plots. Only in few situations, for forest habitats with high trees, of 200
square meters plots were used, in order to properly include all main key species. In
the plots the species dominance is assessed according to the Braun-Blanquet
scale. Within a certain plant community the dominance of the species identified
outside the plots only and the sites where they are located are underlined in the
text. The flora inventory is presented in the lists of species mentioned for each
coenotaxon in the habitat description. For each species, between brackets, the
variation limits of the dominance are mentioned, followed by the site where they
were identified. For each plant community in a certain habitat first the most
important species for conservation, represented by the key, respectively the
threatened taxa there are presented. The remaining species, for the forests and
thickets are grouped in vegetation layers that correspond to the main groups of
biological forms (trees, shrubs/lianas, grasses etc.). The identification and framing
of the plant species, coenotaxa and habitats are based on PHYSIS database and
other papers or field guides (CIOCÂRLAN, 1994; CIOCÂRLAN, 2000;
CIOCÂRLAN, 2009; DEVILLIERS, DEVILLIERS-TERSCHUREN, LINDEN, 1996;
DIHORU, DONIŢĂ, 1970; HOREANU, 1976A; HOREANU, 1976B; IVAN, 1979;
OLTEAN et alii, 1994; POPESCU-ZELETIN et alii, 1971; PRODAN, 1934; SANDA,
1998; SANDA, 2002; SANDA, ARCUŞ, 1999; SANDA, VICOL, ŞTEFĂNUŢ, 2008;
SĂVULESCU et alii 1976; SÂRBU et alii, 2007).
The scientific names of the threatened taxa was maintained as it is listed in
the national red list (OLTEAN et alii, 1994) in order to avoid any confusion, even
though the denomination of all the other species corresponds mainly to other
more recent references (CIOCÂRLAN, 2009) The framing of the taxa was made
according to the conservation importance. Thus taxa were framed to the
subspecies level only where it was necessary to distinguish between infrataxa
with or without conservation importance (ex. Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis
versus Corydalis solida subsp. solida), only in the case of the threatened taxa.
The threatened species where the subspecies is not mentioned were mentioned
in this form in order to correspond with the scientific denomination listed in the
national red list (OLTEAN et alii, 1994). For the key species the subspecies was
mentioned only where the plant community denomination specifies the respective
subspecies scientific name, in order to justify the proper framing of the studied
phytocoenoses; like Sedo hillebrandtii - Polytrichetum piliferi, in which case it was
necessary to separate Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii from Sedum urvillei

subsp. urvillei. The other taxa, with no particular conservation value, were framed
only to the species level, being mentioned in their sensu lato form, except the
exceptional situations in which it was necessary to make a distinction between a
native and an alien species (ex. Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea versus
Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa), significant for the conservation status of a certain
plant community. Similar situations, where some subspecies that are important for
conservation are mentioned, while the other taxa are only framed at the species
level can also be quoted from the references mentioned previously (SANDA,
VICOL, ŞTEFĂNUŢ, 2008).
The correspondence with the community interes habitats follows the
descriptions in the EUR 27 version of the Interpretation Manual of the European
Union Habitats (EUROPEAN COMISSION-DG ENVIRONMENT, 2007). The
preliminary assessment of the importance and conservation status of threatened
species or habitats/ coenotaxa, as a basis for the evaluation of the conservation
priorities, was made by using a scale, as follows. For the species the first three
gradations correspond to the IUCN threat categories (endangered, vulnerable,
rare), to which the “critically endangered” category was added. For the next three
gradations, that correspond to the “not threatened“ IUCN category the following
frequency categories were used: sporadic, frequent, very frequent. A
correspondence was also set between these categories and the Braun-Blanquet
scale for the assessment of the dominance within the plots. For the preliminary
evaluation of the habitat threat categories an adapted form of the previous scale
was used, based on the estimation of the percentage limits in the research route
within which the habitat/ coenotaxa was noticed.
The correspondence between the dominance, habitat frequency

and the threat categories for species and habitats/ coenotaxa
Habitat frequency in the
Dominance indices (specii) Threat category
studied area (% of the route)
r – <5 individuals /plot, with critically
-
negligible dominance endangered
+ – ≤ 1 % dominance endangered + –≤1%
1 – 1-10 % dominance vulnerable I – 1-10 %
2 – 10-25 % dominance rare II – 10-25 %
3 – 25-50 % dominance sporadic III – 25-50 %
4 – 50-75 % dominance frequent IV – 50-75 %
5 – 75-100 % dominance very frequent V – 75-100 %
The conservation status was preliminary assessed by threat categories.

Thus, the higher threat categories correspond to a lower conservation status,
14 DELTA DUNĂRII V
closer to an unfavourable level. Also the higher the number of threatened species,
the better the conservation status can be considered.
Wherever data allowed also the conservation status of the plant
communities/ habitats induced by the intensity of human activities was assessed.
A simple scale which estimates a high, medium, low or null level of disturbance
was used, taking into account the dominance indices and the number of ruderal
and/ or non-native species identified in the plots located in plant communities, in
the studied habitats. Within each plant community the presence of at least one
ruderal/ non-native species with a certain dominance index corresponds to a level
of disturbance, i.e.: r – very low; + – low, 1 – medium; 2-5 – high. Additionally, for
oak forests that are usually represented by more or less derived phytocoenoses, if
the oak species proportion is: higher or equal to 2 (20%) – low disturbance;
between (or equal to) 1 (10%) and 2 (20%) – medium disturbance; no oaks – high
disturbance. The highest disturbance level in the canopy or shrub/ grasses layer is
considered representative for the overall plant community. Within the species list
for each plant community the ruderal species are underlined, while the non-native
ones are mentioned in the description of the respective coenotaxa.
Fauna. The bird and mammal species inventories were conducted on the
same route in the studied areas for each field research. To perform these
operations optical devices i.e. binoculars and telescopes for ornithological
observations were used. For every investigated area only the species listed within
the appendages of the Ordinance 57/2007 and Law 13/1993, were mentioned,
without indicating those protected by other conventions ratified by Romania.
Geology, soil science. The study was achieved based on the thematic
cartographic materials and satellite imagery in digital format, as well as data from
field studies in different locations of Tulcea County. In order to achieve an
accurate image of the geological structure and soils cover in the studied areas, all
these data were correlated. The digital data came from different sources, as
follows:
 Romanian Geological Map scale 1: 200000, sheets: Focșani (L-35-XXII),
Brăila (L-35-XXVIII), Tulcea (L-35-XXIX), Sulina (L-35-XXX), Călărași (L-
35-XXXIV), Constanța (L-35-XXXV), Mangalia (K-35-V), published by the
Geological Institute of Romania and provided in digital format by geo-
spatial.org (earth.unibuc.ro);
 ASTER GDEM Ver2 prodused by METI and NASA in cooperation with the
Japan-US ASTER Science Team and available in several tiles on the
website of the latter (www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp);
 Relief Map Units (shapefiles format) provided by geo-spatial.org
(earth.unibuc.ro);
 Attribute maps (scale 1: 1000000) derived from the European Soil
Database v2 (Google Earth files format) made by European Soil Data
Centre (ESDAC) and provided through European Soil Portal
(eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu);
 ESDB v2 - Raster Library 1kmx1km (shapefiles format) performed by
European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) and provided through European Soil
Portal (eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu);
 CORINE Land Cover maps (shapefiles format) performed by European
Environment Agency at scale 1:100000 in 2006 (www.eea.europa.eu).
Firstly, data processing was achieved by their conversion from the WGS84 at
Stereo 70 projection system, assembling the tiles of Romanian Geological Map,
ASTER GDEM Ver2 mosaics, as well as CORINE Land Cover thematic layers.
Then the data were loaded as thematic layers in Quantum GIS application and
after that analysed in correlation with field studies data.
Research concerning the natural heritage

of Beştepe commune
Mihai PETRESCU, Viorel CUZIC, Valentin PANAIT, Mariana CUZIC
ACCESS: Road DJ222C Tulcea-Beștepe

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE:
Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Dealurile Beștepe
nature reserve
NATURA 2000 SITES: Delta Dunării (Site of Community Interest, Special
Protection Area), Beștepe-Mahmudia (Special Protection
Area)
GEOLOGY AND PEDOLOGY

Within the administrative territory of Beștepe village, there were identified
the Devonian deposits of silicolite, green phyllitic clay and limestone to which are
added the Middle Triassic deposits of blackish-grey limestone and micritic
limestone which occur through the Quaternary loess layers. Within that area, the
riverbed of Danube is dug in the bed of Holocene deposits of siltite. All those
types of rocks underlying the following territorial units of soil types such as
Rendzinic litosols (Eutri-lithic Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World
Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Subrendzinic chernozems
(Endoleptic Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR,
1998), Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-calcic Chernozems, after World Reference
Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) and Kastanic chernozems (Calcaro-calcic
Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), on the
continental part, as well as Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial
soils, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils along Sf. Gheorghe branch.
16 DELTA DUNĂRII V
LANDSCAPE
The artificial habitats are spread on most of the commune's territory, being
mainly represented by agriculture fields and less by forestry plantations –
northwards of the Sf. Gheorghe branch of the Danube, respectively by stone
quarries in its southern sector.
The natural habitats, represented by wetland vegetation mainly reed or reed
mace beds, distributed on both sides of the Danube, as well as by riparian forests
of white willow and less by elm stands. Other natural habitats, typical for the saline
soils, usually occur in the transition area between the wetlands and the mainland.
The steppe grasslands are concentrated on the western part of the Beștepe
hills, the highest elevation within this territory (242 m), an outstanding viewpoint
over the Danube Delta and the Razim lagoon. On these hills also steppe thickets
and sub-Mediterranean woods can be found, the latest especially on the northern
slopes, more humid. Restricted areas of isolated steppe grasslands occur on the
slopes adjacent to the Danube floodplain, like also at the southern limit of this
commune's territory.
FLORA, VEGETATION, HABITATS

The high conservation value of the native vegetation is obvious, taking into
account that most of the plant communities are framed into priority habitats of
community importance, such as 1530* (15.A2124, 15.A21275, 15.A2143), 40C0*
(31.8B721, 31.8B731), 6260* (34.A2111), 62C0* (34.92, 34.9211), 91F0* (44.4).
The major part of the plant communities is endangered, being followed by
vulnerable coenotaxa, of which one is sporadic. The conservation status can be
considered favourable in general, as most of the plant communities are low
disturbed, closely followed by coenotaxa representative for a natural status. The
maximum recorded level of disturbance corresponds to a medium level.
The mentioned locations are included in the Danube Delta Site of
Community Interest, except the: steppe grasslands situated westwards Beștepe
locality, adjacent to the Danube floodplain, represented by Dealul Cetățuii, the
plateau where the Gaetic fortress is situated.
15. A2124 Western Pontic saltmarsh rush saline meadows

Scorzonero parviflorae-Juncetum gerardii (Wenzl.1933) Wendelbg.
1943, an endangered plant community, described from the Danube floodplain –
Beștepe commune (BLD), shows a low degree of disturbance, as only two ruderal
species with a reduced dominance were observed.
Key species: Juncus gerardi (4; BLD).
Other species: Cynodon dactylon (1; BLD), Plantago major (+; BLD),
Polygonum aviculare (+; BLD), Potentilla reptans (+; BLD), Ranunculus sceleratus
(r; BLD), Ranunculus trichophyllus (+; BLD).
15. A21275 Western Pontic Cynodon saline beds

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 plant community
can be considered vulnerable within the Beştepe commune's territory. The six
ruderal species, even though they have a reduced dominance, represent half of the
species inventory and thus indicate a medium degree of human activities influence.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (2; BLD), Trifolium fragiferum (+; BLD).
Other species: Bromus hordeaceus (+; BLD), Bromus tectorum (+; BLD),
Hordeum murinum (+; BLD), Juncus gerardi (+; BLD), Mentha aquatica (+; BLD),
Plantago major (+; BLD), Poa pratensis (1; BLD), Potentilla anserina (+; BLD),
Potentilla reptans (+; BLD), Verbena officinalis (+; BLD).
15. A2143 Western Ponto-Caspian saltmarsh grass swards

Aeluropetum littoralis (Prodan 1939) Şerbănescu 1965, an endangered
coenotaxon within the Beştepe commune area, can be considered as being at the
upper limit of the low disturbance category, from the ruderal species presence (5
taxa) point of view.
Key species: Aeluropus littoralis (2; BLD)
Other species: Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; BLD), Chenopodium glaucum (+;
BLD), Juncus gerardi (+; BLD), Matricaria recutita (+; BLD), Mentha pulegium (+;
BLD), Plantago major (+; BLD), Polygonum aviculare (+; BLD), Ranunculus
sceleratus (+; BLD), Rorippa sylvestris (1; BLD), Sclerochloa dura (+; BLD).
22.422 Small pond weeds communities

Ceratophylletum demersi (Soó 1927 n.n.) Den Hartog et Segal 1964, a
vulnerable plant community that occurs in the lakes of the Danube floodplain,
close to the Gaetic fortress, near Beştepe (BLD), shelters one vulnerable
threatened species, Stratiotes aloides, endangered at least within the analysed
phytocoenosis. As no ruderal/alien taxa were recorded, it can be considered as
representative for a natural status.
Key species: Ceratophyllum demersum (3; BLD).
Threatened species: Stratiotes aloides (+; BLD).
Other species: Myriophyllum spicatum (+-1; BLD), Nymphaea alba (+-1;
BLD), Ranunculus trichophyllus (+; BLD), Potamogeton lucens (1; BLD).
Ceratophylletum submersi (Soó 1927 n.n.) Den Hartog et Segal 1964, a
vulnerable plant community within the studied area, can be considered as being
close to its natural status as no alien/ ruderal species were identified.
Key species: Ceratophyllum submersum (3, BLD).
Other species: Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; BLD), Myriophyllum spicatum
(1; BLD), Nymphoides peltata (+; BLD), Phragmites australis (+; BLD),
Potamogeton crispus (1; BLD), Ranunculus trichophyllus (+; BLD).
31.8B721 Ponto-Sarmatic hawthorn-blackthorn scrub

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931, an endangered plant
community, analysed within the steppe grasslands situated westwards of Beștepe
locality, adjacent to the Danube floodplain (PBVE), has a medium position from
the point of view of ruderal plants invasive tendencies, the four such species
having a dominance variation of +-1.
Key species: Prunus spinosa (5; PBVE).
18 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Rubus caesius (+; PBVE), Sambucus nigra (+; PBVE);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Artemisia vulgaris (+; PBVE), Ballota nigra (+; PBVE),
Bromus sterilis (+; PBVE), Cynodon dactylon (+; PBVE), Galium aparine (+; PBVE).
31.8B731 Western Pontic jasmine Christ’s thorn scrub

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et al. 1999 plant community can be
considered endangered within the Dealurile Beștepe nature reserve sector framed
within the Beștepe commune. There it was registered a low level of invasion of non-
native (Prunus cerasifera), respectively ruderal species (three taxa).
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; DBBE).
Threatened species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; DBBE).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; DBBE), Rosa canina (+; DBBE);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Agrimonia eupatoria (+; DBBE), Anthriscus caucalis
(+; DBBE), Bromus sterilis (+; DBBE), Crepis sancta (+; DBBE), Festuca
valesiaca (+; DBBE), Cruciata pedemontana (+; DBBE), Poa angustifolia (+;
DBBE), Potentilla argentea (+; DBBE), Prunus cerasifera (+; DBBE), Trifolium
campestre (+; DBBE), Xeranthemum anuum (+; DBBE).
34. A2111 Western Pontic sand pioneer grass

Brometum tectorum Bojko 1934, an endangered plant community from
Dealul Cetățuii (DCET), indicates a very intense grazing, reflected in the variation
limits of the ten ruderal species (+-3) which prevail in number and dominance.
There is also to mention a low participation of non-native species, like Ailanthus
altissima (+).
Key species: Bromus tectorum (3; DCET).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; DCET), Agropyron cristatum (1; DCET),
Ailanthus altissima (+; DCET), Bromus hordeaceus (+; DCET), Carduus thoermeri (+;
DCET), Erodium cicutarium (+; DCET), Eryngium campestre (+; DCET), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; DCET), Festuca valesiaca (+; DCET), Marrubium peregrinum (+;
DCET), Onopordum acanthium (+; DCET), Plantago lanceolata (+; DCET), Poa
bulbosa (+; DCET), Senecio vernalis (+; DCET), Thymus pannonicus (+; DCET).
34.92 Ponto-Sarmatic steppes

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941 plant
community, studied within the Dealurile Beştepe nature reserve – Beștepe
commune (DBBE), where it can be estimated as rare (F: II), while within the whole
commune it can be framed as vulnerable. Taking into account the dominance
variation (+-1) of the eight ruderal species, a medium degree of disturbance can be
established.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (4; DBBE).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; DBBE), Achillea setacea (+; DBBE),
Agropyron cristatum (+; DBBE), Bassia prostrata (+; DBBE), Bromus hordeaceus
(+; DBBE), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; DBBE), Cerastium brachypetalum (1;
DBBE), Convolvulus arvensis (+; DBBE), Erysimum diffusum (+; DBBE),

pedemontan (+; DBBE), Koeleria macrantha (+; DBBE), Plantago lanceolata (+;
DBBE), Poa bulbosa (+; DBBE), Senecio vernalis (+; DBBE), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; DBBE), Trifolium arvense (+; DBBE).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 plant community can be
considered vulnerable in the Dealurile Beștepe nature reserve (DBBE), while
within the whole commune it can be estimated as endangered. Despite its
numerous ruderal species (eight taxa), it still can be framed into the low
disturbance category, due to their reduced dominance.
Key species: Stipa capillata (3; DBBE).
Other species: Bromus squarrosus (+; DBBE), Convolvulus cantabricus (+;
DBBE), Crepis sancta (+; DBBE), Crataegus monogyna (+; DBBE), Digitalis
lanata (+; DBBE), Echium italicum (+; DBBE), Eryngium campestre (+; DBBE),
Erysimum diffusum (+; DBBE), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; DBBE), Festuca
valesiaca (1; DBBE), Cruciata pedemontana (+; DBBE), Orlaya grandiflora (+;
DBBE), Poa angustifolia (+; DBBE), Poa bulbosa (+; DBBE), Sanguisorba minor
(+; DBBE), Senecio vernalis (+; DBBE), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; DBBE),
Thymus pannonicus (+; DBBE), Tragopogon dubius (+; DBBE).
Agropyretum pectiniformae (Prodan 1939) Dihoru 1970 can be considered
as endangered within the Beștepe territory, where it was studied on the plateau where
the Gaetic fortress is situated (BCG). There a low level of invasion of non-native
plants (Ailanthus altissima) and ruderal species (six taxa) can be estimated.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3; BCG).
Threatened species: Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; BCG).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; BCG), Ailanthus altissima (+; BCG),
Convolvulus arvensis (+; BCG), Dactylis glomerata (+; BCG), Erodium cicutarium
(+; BCG), Erysimum diffusum (+; BCG), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; BCG), Festuca
valesiaca (+; BCG), pedemontan (+; BCG), Koeleria macrantha (+; BCG), Linum
austriacum (+; BCG), Linum tenuifolium (+; BCG), Marrubium peregrinum (+;
BCG), Medicago minima (+; BCG), Plantago lanceolata (+; BCG), Poa bulbosa (+;
BCG), Stipa capillata (+; BCG), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; BCG), Teucrium polium
(+; BCG), Thymus pannonicus (+; BCG).
34.9211 Western Pontic thyme steppes

Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974 is typical
for the rocky area within the Dealurile Beştepe nature reserve – Beștepe commune
sector (DBBE), being endangered within the studied area, where two rare
threatened species were observed, endangered within these phytocoenoses. There
can be estimated a low level of disturbance indicated by three ruderal species.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (2; DBBE).
Threatened species: Festuca callieri (+; DBBE), Silene compacta (+;
DBBE).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; DBBE), Asperula tenella (+; DBBE),
Bombycilaena erecta (+; DBBE), Chondrilla juncea (+; DBBE), Digitaria
sanguinalis (+; DBBE), Kohlrauschia prolifera (+; DBBE), Potentilla argentea (+;
20 DELTA DUNĂRII V
DBBE), Rumex acetosella (1; DBBE), Scleranthus perennis (+; DBBE), Stipa
capillata (+; DBBE).
44.4 Mixed oak-elm-ash forests of great rivers

Fraxino-Ulmetum Oberdorfer 53, described from the lower part of the
slopes adjacent to the Danube floodplain (PBVE), is an endangered coenotaxon
with a medium degree of ruderal plant invasion, represented by two species with a
significant dominance (+-1).
Key species: Ulmus procera (5; PBVE).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; PBVE), Prunus spinosa (1;
PBVE).
- grasses/ undershrubs: Agropyron cristatum (+; PBVE), Ballota nigra (1;
PBVE), Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea (+; PBVE), Cynodon dactylon (+;
PBVE), Dactylis glomerata (+; PBVE), Origanum vulgare (+; PBVE).
53.1111 Freshwater Phragmites beds

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community framed in this
habitat subtype is sporadic in the Beștepe commune area, being observed in the
wetlands of the Danube floodplain (BLD), situated between the Beștepe locality
and the Danube. As in the studied situations this community was mono-dominant,
no plots were analysed.
53.1121 Dry freshwater Phragmites beds

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community, estimated as
vulnerable in the respective territory, has a typical species structure, with no alien/
ruderal taxa.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; BLD).
Other species: Atriplex hastata (+; BLD), Calystegia sepium (+; BLD),
Ranunculus sceleratus (+; BLD), Rorippa sylvestris (+; BLD), Rumex palustris (+;
BLD), Typha angustifolia (+; BLD).
53.132 Lesser reedmace beds

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 plant community is found in the
Beştepe area in its typical form, as species-poor phytocoenoses, with no alien/
ruderal taxa. It can be considered endangered (F: +) within the studied territory.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (5; BLD).
Other species: Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; BLD), Ceratophylum
demersum (+; BLD), Lycopus europaeus (+; BLD), Myriophyllum spicatum (+;
BLD), Schoenoplectus lacustris (+; BLD).
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of the Beştepe commune there were
identified 87 species of birds that are mentioned in Appendices 3 and 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007. According to these the strictly protected bird species
identified in the area, which can be found in Annex 3 (53 species) are represented
by: Gavia stellata, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus
minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus,
Pelecanus crispus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra,
Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus olor, Cygnus
cygnus, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,
Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus,
Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila
pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug,
Falco peregrinus, Himantopus himantopus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus,
Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos
syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Sylvia nisoria,
Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Melanocorypha calandra, Anthus
campestris, Phoenicurus phoenicurus.
The rare species, which give a high conservation value to the area include:
Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Pelecanus crispus, Platalea leucorodia,
Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus,
Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus.
There were observed 34 protected species listed in the Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007, representing taxa which require strict protection: Tachybaptus
ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Picus viridis, Jynx
torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus,
Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz
pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides,
Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus
regulus, Muscicappa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta
europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Prunella modularis, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus,
Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea,
Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The rarest bird species therein for the area are:
Sturnus roseus, Motacilla cinerea, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides.
The bird species not found in the two annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007,
but listed in the Annex II of Law 13/1993, are: Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps
nigricollis (caspicus), Mergus albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo
buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Charadrius
dubius, Tringa stagnatilis,Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta,
Calidris alpina, Calidris ferruginea, Calidris alba, Larus melanocephalus,
Caprimulgus europaeus, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica,
Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra,
Saxicola torquata, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus,
Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla,
22 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Ficedula albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia

familiaris, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza schoeniclus.
The bird species nesting in the territory of the Beştepe commune include:
Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Circus aeruginosus, Falco
vespertinus, Porzana porzana, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Chlidonias
niger, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Dryocopus
martius, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Tachybaptus
ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus
phoenicurus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus sibilatrix,
Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicappa striata, Panurus biarmicus,
Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Serinus serinus, Carduelis
spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis. Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps
nigricollis, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica,
Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla Ficedula
albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza schoeniclus,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Alauda arvensis, Melanocorypha calandra, Turdus
philomelos, Turdus merula, Miliaria calandra.
Mammals. The total number of species found in the area Beştepe

commune is of 28 species, respectively: Erinaceus concolor, Talpa europaea,
Crocidura suaveolens, Rhinolophus hiposideros, Myotis myotis, Nyctalus noctula,
Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrelus
kuhlii, Lepus europaeus, Spermophilus citellus, Dryomis nitedula, Microtus
agrestis, Mus musculus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, Rattus
norvegicus, Spalax leucodon, Canis aureus, Vulpes vulpes, Meles meles, Mustela
putorius, Mustela nivalis, Mustela erminea, Mustela eversmani, Felis silvestris,
Sus scrofa, Capreolus capreolus.
Strictly protected species of mammals found in the area, which can be found
in Annex 3 of the Ordinance 57/2007 are: Rhinolophus hiposideros, Myotis myotis,
Spermophilus citellus, Mustela eversmani. Mammalian species requiring strict
protection, included in Appendices 4A and 4B are represented by: Nyctalus noctula,
Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrelus kuhlii,
Dryomis nitedula, Spermophilus citellus, Felis silvestris, Spalax leucodon.

of Carcaliu commune
Mihai PETRESCU, Viorel CUZIC, Valentin PANAIT, Laura DOXAN
ACCESS: Road DN22 Tulcea-Măcin, DJ222L Măcin-Carcaliu

NATURA 2000 SITES: Brațul Măcin (Site of Community Interest), Dunărea
Veche-Brațul Măcin (Special Protection Area), Măcin-
Niculițel (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Carcaliu village is characterized by the Silurian
deposits of sandstones, limestones and marls. These occur in the western part on
small areas. In the north and north-eastern part of the area, on a small surface, the
Carapelit formation (Lower Carboniferous age), composed of conglomerates,
sandstones, tuffs, schists and siltites occur. Also the Paleozoic outcrops of granite
gneisses can be found here. These types of stones outcrop through the Quaternary
loess layers which cover the central-eastern part of the area. The western part of
the area is occupied by the Holocene psamo-pelitic deposits.
Based on these stones types, the various types of territorial units of soil
such as Distric litosols (Dystric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998) – on granite gneisses, Eutric litosols (Eutric Leptosols,
after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols
(Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998),
Typical kastanozems (Calcaro-calcic Kastanozems, after World Reference Base
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) occurs. Along the Danube River on the alluvial
deposits and alluvia were developed Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed
alluvial soils and Calcareous-alluvial gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
The Carcaliu commune's territory is largely dominated by agricultural fields,
both on the former floodplain and on the low plateau and hills which lie from Măcin
Mountains foothills to the former wetlands adjacent to the Danube. Nearly all the
natural habitats are concentrated on a very narrow stripe in the floodplain,
between the dams and the Danube riverbanks. Even in this restricted area the
poplar plantations occur on important surfaces, leaving a reduced space for the
natural or semi-natural habitats. These latest ones are mainly represented by
white willow, black poplar or white poplar. The grasslands consist mainly of
Echinochloa crus-galli meadows, along the Danube riverbanks. On the muddy
riverbanks, covered temporarily by the shallow waters of the Danube, flowering
rush communities were identified.

Despite the reduced areas of the natural habitats, most of these are framed
into community interest habitats like 92A0 (46.1621, 44.6611 and 44.6612). The
24 DELTA DUNĂRII V
endangered plant communities prevail, only one of them being vulnerable. No

threatened species were identified in the studied situations. The level of the
invasive tendencies of ruderal/alien species is equally divided between low and
medium, only one plant community having a high degree of disturbance.
46.1621 Lower Danube willow galleries

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. is a vulnerable plant community within the
whole studied territory, being inventoried in the Danube floodplain (CLD). There
can be estimated a medium disturbance degree as, besides the only ruderal
species which was identified in the plots, the two non-native species recorded
have a dominance index of +-1.
Key species: Salix alba (5; CLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (1; CLD);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; CLD), Rubus caesius (+; CLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Elymus repens (+; CLD), Alisma plantago-aquatica
(+; CLD), Berula erecta (+; CLD), Bidens tripartita (+; CLD).
44.6611 Western Pontic white poplar galleries

Populetum albae (Br.-Bl. 31 pp.) Borza 37, an endangered plant community,
studied within the Danube floodplain (CLD) is characterized by a low influence of
human activities, as both non-native species (Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus
americana), as well as the two ruderal taxa, have reduced dominance.
Key species: Populus alba (3; CLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; CLD), Populus nigra (1; CLD), Salix alba (+;
CLD);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; CLD), Rubus caesius (+; CLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Elymus repens (+; CLD), Glechoma hederacea (+;
CLD), Mentha aquatica (+; CLD), Solanum nigrum (+; CLD).
44.6612 Western Pontic white-black poplar galleries

Populetum nigro-albae Slavnic 1952 is an endangered plant community
observed within the Danube floodplain (CLD) with a medium level of disturbance,
according to the variation of the dominance indices of two ruderal species, which
have a reduced dominance, to which there can be added the non-native species
(Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus americana).
Key species: Populus nigra (3; CLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; CLD), Salix alba (+; CLD);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; CLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Bidens tripartita (+; CLD), Calystegia sepium (+;
CLD), Convolvulus arvensis (+; CLD), Glechoma hederacea (+; CLD), Potentilla
reptans (+; CLD).
Plant communities which are not framed into the Palaearctic habitats
classification
Echinochloo-Polgonetum lapathifolii Soó et Csürös 1974 plant
community can be estimated as endangered, being observed in the Danube
floodplain (CLD). It can be assessed as a highly disturbed plant community, as
most of the species are ruderal, including the dominant species or non-native taxa
like Amaranthus retroflexus.
Key species: Echinochloa crus-galli (5; CLD).
Other species: Amaranthus retroflexus (+; CLD), Bidens tripartita (+; CLD),
Chenopodium album (+; CLD), Cyperus glomeratus (+; CLD), Setaria pumila (+;
CLD), Solanum nigrum (+; CLD), Xanthium italicum (+; CLD).
Butometum umbellatae Konczak 1968, an endangered plant community

from the Danube floodplain (CLD) with a very reduced biodiversity, has a low level
of ruderal species invasive tendencies.
Key species: Butomus umbellatus (3; CLD).
Other species: Salix alba (+; CLD), Xanthium italicum (+; CLD).
FAUNA
Birds. Within the studied avifauna of the administrative territory of the
Carcaliu commune there were inventoried 72 bird species included in appendices
of the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 41 species are strictly protected, being
classified in Annex 3, used to establish the Natura 2000 network: Phalacrocorax
pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta
garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis
falcinellus, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus
gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus,
Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco
cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Asio flammeus,
Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius,
Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Caprimulgus europaeus, Melanocorypha
calandra, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus campestris,
Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Species which confer a high conservation value to this area include:
Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Aquila
clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Sylvia nisoria, Emberiza hortulana,
Anthus campestris.
The other 31 species are protected, being classified in Annex 4B of the
order which includes animal and plant species requiring strict protection: Falco
tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Athene noctua, Upupa epops,
Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba,
Prunella modularis, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus
ochruros, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix,
Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Sitta europaea,
Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus,
26 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis,

Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
Among the rarest birds which are included in this appendix in this area were
observed: Actitis hypoleucos, Motacilla cinerea, Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus
roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Serinus
serinus, Carduelis flammea.
Bird species identified in the studied area which are not found in the two
annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007, but listed in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are:
Mergus albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo
vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola,
Calidris minuta, Apus melba, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica,
Delichon urbica, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus
arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin,
Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus
caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza
schoeniclus.
Aquatic ecosystems close to cliffs, the steppe, agricultural and rural areas,
lead to an abundance of species and populations nesting in the area, among them
being observed: Ciconia ciconia, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna tadorna, Alcedo athis,
Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dryocopus martius, Cuculus canorus,
Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata, Melanocorypha calandra, Sylvia nisoria,
Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio. Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua,
Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus
phoenicurus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Oriolus oriolus,
Miliaria calandra, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina,
Carduelis carduelis, Buteo buteo, Caprimulgus europaeus, Riparia riparia,
Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia
megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida,
Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus caeruleus,
Parus major, Emberiza citrinella.

of Cerna commune
Mihai PETRESCU, Viorel CUZIC, Valentin PANAIT
ACCESS: Road DN22D Tulcea-Cerna

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE: Măcin
Mountains National Park
NATURA 2000 SITES: Munţii Măcinului (Site of Community Interest), Măcin-
Niculiţel (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Cerna commune is characterized by the pre-
Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite, to
which are added tufogene greenschist which occur in the central-eastern part. The
Silurian deposits of sandstones, limestones and marls occupy the central part of
the area, along with the Devonian deposits of the slate schists, quartzite and grey
limestones. The eastern part of the area is occupied by the Carapelit formation
(Lower Carboniferous age) which is composed of conglomerates, sandstones,
tuffs, schists and siltites. Also here could be found outcrops of the Paleozoic
granite gneisses (between pre-Silurian metamorphic deposits and Lower
Carboniferous age deposits) and alkaline granite. The Upper Cretaceous
limestones deposits outcrop in the southern part of area being composed of the
Cenomanian deposits of organogenic limestones, sandy limestone and marl
limestones, Turonian deposits of yellowish and white sandy limestone, as well as
Coniacian deposits of marly limestones and white sandy limestone. These types
of stones outcrop through the Quaternary loess layers which cover the entire area.
after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Rendzinic litosols
(Eutri-lithic Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998)
– on limestone, Calcaric regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Subrendzinic chernozems (Endoleptic
Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Typical
kastanozems (Calcaro-calcic Kastanozems, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-calcic Chernozems, after
World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) occur. Along the Danube
River on the alluvial deposits and alluvia there were developed Calcareous alluvial
soils and Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils.
LANDSCAPE
From the altitudinal point of view the landscape within the Cerna’s territory is
dominated by the southern part of the Măcin Mountains range, where the highest
peak is Priopcea (410 m). This higher relief is mainly covered by more or less
compact Balkan and sub-Mediterranean forests. As the altitudes gradually
decrease towards the west and south the clearings of the forests become larger,
especially on the rocky summits and southern slopes, while the compact forests
are replaced by wooded steppe and steppe vegetation.
Towards the south and south-west the sharp and rocky peaks of the
Hercynian Măcin Mountains are replaced by the rolling limestone hills of the
Cretaceous Babadag Plateau, known as Muchiile Cernei. There the wooded
steppe vegetation, dominated by white oak (Quercus pubescens), sometimes with
eastern hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis), on the northern slopes, turns eastwards
into a treeless rocky steppe on the upper part of the hills, while on the deeper soils
of the foothills a loess steppe with taller grasses occur.
28 DELTA DUNĂRII V
At its extreme southern limit the Cerna’s commune territory even reaches a
third major geological structure the Precambrian Casimcea Plateau, in the
Aiorman Valley, where the Peceneaga-Camena geological fault is located. Not
only there, but also especially in the Lake Traian’s area, wetland vegetation occur,
represented mainly by saline grasslands, reed beds and also some aquatic
vegetation.

The high variation of the altitudes, soil water supply and salt concentration
leads to a high habitat diversity, mostly typical for the Steppic bioregion, with a
high conservation value. Thus, most of the habitats are of community interest, like
91Y0 (41.2C22), 91M0 (41.76831, 41.76834), the highest importance having the
priority ones such as: 1530* (15.A211,15.A21275), 40C0* (31.8B721, 31.8B731),
62C0* (34.92, 34.9211), 91AA* (41.73723, 41.73724). As a preliminary observation
the conservation status for most of the plant communities can be considered as
favourable, as most of them have a low level of ruderal plant invasion, with the
exception of Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum (medium), Asphodelino luteae-
Paliuretum (medium), Botriochloetum ischaemi (medium), Sedo hillebrandtii-
Polytrichetum piliferi (medium) and Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae, where
there is an intense perturbation due to human activities.
All the locations mentioned within the Cerna’s commune territory are within
protected areas of national/ international importance: (LT – Lacul Traian, CP-
Chervant Priopcea, MCI – Muchiile Cernei-Iaila; Măcin Mountains National Park:
VMA – Valea lui Martin, RB – Dealul Roman Bair) or within the Natura 2000 sites
Măcin Mountains (CECR – Păşunea Cerna-Carapelit, DNE – Dealul Megina) and
Podişul Nord Dobrogean (PCAP – Pădurea Căprioara).
15.A211 Western Pontic saline steppes

Artemisietum santonici Soó 1947 corr. Guterm. et Mucina 1993 plant
community can be considered vulnerable (F: I) within the Lacul Traian nature
reserve (LT) and endangered at the Cerna commune's level. This low diversity
association occur on low salt soils adjacent to Traian Lake and even though it is
grazed, with the exception of the dominant Artemisia santonica, in the plots there
were identified only two ruderal species, with low dominance.
Key species: Artemisia santonica (3; LT).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; LT), Cichorium intybus (+; LT), Cynodon
dactylon (1; LT), Daucus carota subsp. carota (+; LT).
15.A21275 Western Pontic Cynodon saline beds

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 association
represents a transition zone between wetland and steppe vegetation that, despite
grazing, contain only two ruderal species with a low dominance. It can be
estimated as vulnerable (F: I) within the Lacul Traian reserve (LT), respectively
endangered (F: +) at the level of all the studied area.
Key species Cynodon dactylon (4; LT), Trifolium fragiferum (+-3; LT).
Other species: Artemisia santonica (+; LT), Cichorium intybus (+; LT),
Daucus carota subsp. carota (+; LT), Plantago major (+; LT), Ranunculus
sceleratus (+; LT).

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 association is vulnerable
within the Valea lui Martin (VMA) area, included in the Măcin Mountains National
Park. Still within Cerna commune it could be framed into the endangered category.
This coenotaxon can be considered as being affected by ruderal species presence
at a medium level, taking into account the presence of five species, among which
Stellaria media has a higher abundance-dominance index (1).
Key species Prunus spinosa (3; VMA).
Other species:
- shrubs/ trees/ lianas: Fraxinus ornus (+; VMA), Pyrus pyraster (+; VMA),
Ulmus procera (1; VMA);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VMA), Anthriscus cerefolium (+;
VMA), Arum orientale (+; VMA), Coronilla varia (+; VMA), Gagea lutea (+; VMA),
Galium aparine (+; VMA), Geranium rotundifolium (+; VMA), Geum urbanum (+;
VMA), Lamium purpureum (+; VMA), Marrubium vulgare (+; VMA), Stellaria media
(1; VMA).

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et al. 1999 plant community is
extremely rare and thus endangered in the studied area, including within the
Chervant-Priopcea nature reserve (CP), the only location where it was identified
so far within Cerna commune. Due to grazing there was recorded a medium level
of ruderal species participation that exceeds in percentage the others. Among the
six such species Stellaria media has a higher dominance (1). Only one threatened
species, the vulnerable, dominant, Paliurus spina-christi was identified.
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; CP).
Threatened species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; CP).
Other species:
- grasses/ undershrubs: Achillea setacea (1; CP), Agropyron cristatum (+;
DB), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; CP), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; CP), Geranium
rotundifolium (+; CP), Galium humifusum (+; CP), Marrubium peregrinum (+; CP),
Poa bulbosa (+; CP), Stellaria media (1; CP).

community was registered within the Chervant-Priopcea nature reserve (CP), where
it can be considered rare (F: II), being also identified with an insular restricted
distribution (F: +) on the hill summits within the forest of Valea lui Martin area
(VMA). Even though there were recorded five ruderal species, still the influence of
this factor is low, as all of them have a low dominance. It worth to mention that, from
the five rare threatened species identified so far Achillea ochroleuca and Dianthus
nardiformis are vulnerable at the national level, the last being of European
30 DELTA DUNĂRII V
importance and distribution. All these species are locally endangered, at least within
this plant community.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; CP, VMA).
Threatened species: Achillea ochroleuca (+; VMA), Dianthus nardiformis (+; CP),
Gagea szovitzii (+; CP), Muscari neglectum (+; VMA), Thymus zygioides (+; CP).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; CP), Achillea setacea (+; VMA),
Androsace elongata (+; VMA), Bassia prostrata (+; CP), Coronilla varia (+; VMA),
Crataegus monogyna (+; PC), Cruciata pedemontana (+; PC, VMA), Dactylis
glomerata (+; VMA), Dichanthium ischaemum (1-2; CP, VMA), Erophila verna (+;CP),
Eryngium campestre (+; CP), Fragaria viridis (+; CP), Geranium rotundifolium (+;
VMA), Lamium purpureum (+; VMA), Leontodon crispus (+;CP), Marrubium
peregrinum (+; VMA), Orlaya grandiflora (+; VMA), Potentilla argentea (+;CP, VMA),
Ranunculus ficaria (+; VMA), Ranunculus illyricus (+; CP), Sanguisorba minor (+; CP),
Stipa capillata (+; CP), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; CP, VMA), Teucrium polium
(+; CP).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 association was studied
within the grasslands included in the Lacul Traian Nature Reserve (LT) were it can be
assessed as rare (F: II). This secondary plant community is a result of intense grazing
which is reflected in the dominance of Poa bulbosa, while the other two ruderal plants
have a low dominance. Only one rare threatened species was identified in this
community which can be assessed as endangered at the local level.
Key species: Poa bulbosa (2; LT).
Threatened species: Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; LT).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (1; LT), Acinos arvensis (+; LT),
Artemisia annua (+; LT), Consolida regalis (+; LT), Dichanthium ischaemum (+;
LT), Euphorbia seguieriana (1; LT), Festuca valesiaca (1; LT), Linaria genistifolia
(+; LT), Plantago lanceolata (+; LT), Stipa capillata (+; LT), Teucrium polium (+;
LT), Thymus pannonicus (+; LT), Xeranthemum annuum (+; LT).
Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977
secondary association, the most widespread within the grasslands, can be considered
between vulnerable within Traian Lake reserve (LT; F: I) and frequent (F: IV) in
other protected areas like Muchiile Cernei-Iaila (MCI) and Chervant-Priopcea
(CP). Intermediate values are found within Valea lui Martin (VMA; F: I) and Roman
Bair (RB; F: II). It holds the third place from the richness of threatened plants point
of view. Among the seven such species, mostly rare, Crocus reticulatus and
Dianthus nardiformis are vulnerable, while the second is also of European
importance. At the level of the analyzed plots nearly all species can be considered
as locally endangered, except Gagea szovitzii, critically endangered. The ruderal
plants (nine species) occurrence and dominance indicates a medium level of
human activities influence.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3-5; CECR, CP, LT, MCI, RB, VMA).
Threatened species: Centaurea napulifera (+; VMA), Crocus reticulatus (+;
CECR), Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; VMA), Dianthus nardiformis (+;
CECR), Gagea szovitzii (2; CECR), Koeleria lobata (+; CP), Thymus zygioides (+;
CP).
Other species: Achillea nobilis subsp. neilreichii (+; MCI), Achillea setacea
(+;RB), Acinos arvensis (+; MCI), Agropyron cristatum (+; LT), Alyssum murale (+;
CECR), Alyssum saxatile (+; VMA), Artemisia austriaca (+; MCI), Artemisia annua
(+; LT), Cichorium intybus (+; CECR, CP), Cynodon dactylon (+; MCI), Elymus
hispidus (+; VMA), Erophila verna (+; LT), Eryngium campestre (+; CECR, CP),
Euphorbia agraria (+; VMA), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; LT), Festuca valesiaca (2;
CECR), Fragaria viridis (+; CECR, RB, VMA), Fraxinus ornus (+; CECR, VMA),
Hypericum perforatum (+; VMA), Lamium purpureum (+; VMA), Leontodon crispus
(+; CP), Linaria genistifolia (+; LT), Muscari neglectum (+; VMA), Orlaya
grandiflora (+; VMA), Poa bulbosa (+-1; CECR, LT, MCI), Potentilla argentea (+;
RB), Ranunculus illyricus (+; CECR, RB), Sanguisorba minor (+; CECR, CP),
Scilla bifolia (+; VMA), Sideritis montana (+; MCI), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+;
CP, MCI), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; CECR), Teucrium polium (+; CP, LT, MCI,
RB), Thymus pannonicus (+; CECR, MCI), Veronica arvensis (+; MCI), Viola
arvensis (+; LT).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 plant community,
identified on reduced areas, can be considered as vulnerable (F: I), at least in the
Dealul Megina area (DME). Among the few species identified the two ruderal
species allow its framing into the low intensity levels of this aspect.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; DME).
Threatened species: Achillea nobilis subsp. neilreichii (+; DME).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; DME), Carduus thoermeri (+; DME),
Cichorium intybus (+; DME), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; DME), Festuca
valesiaca (+; DME), Potentilla argentea (+; DME), Thymus pannonicus (+; DME).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970 plant community is the
most widespread in the rocky steppe areas, still being considered as rare (F: II)
within the Muchiile Cernei-Iaila (MCI) and Chervant-Priopcea (CP) nature
reserves. Within it was recorded the highest concentration of threatened plants,
the eight such species being mainly rare at the national scale, except the
vulnerable Dianthus nardiformis and Campanula romanica, both of European
conservation value. All can be estimated as endangered within this plant
community, only Dianthus nardiformis and Festuca callieri being vulnerable. A low
ruderalization level can be deduced from the reduced participation of the three
such species.
Key species: Agropyron ponticum (2; CP, MCI), Thymus zygioides (2; CP,
MCI).
Threatened species: Allium saxatile (+; CP), Campanula romanica (+; CP),
Dianthus nardiformis (1; CP), Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; MCI), Festuca
callieri (1; CP), Iberis saxatilis (+; CP), Pimpinella tragium subsp. lithophila (+; CP,
MCI), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; CP, MCI), Sanguisorba minor s.l. (+; CP),
Tanacetum millefolium (+; MCI), Thymus zygioides (2; CP, MCI).
Other species: Alyssum murale (+;CP), Asperula tenella (+; CP),
Dichanthium ischaemum (1; CP, MCI), Erophila verna (+; CP), Euphorbia
32 DELTA DUNĂRII V
seguieriana (+; MCI), Festuca valesiaca (1; CP), Leontodon crispus (+; CP),
Marrubium vulgare (+; MCI), Poa bulbosa (+; CP, MCI), Sanguisorba minor (+;
CP), Scleranthus perennis (+; CP), Sideritis montana (+; CP, MCI), Taraxacum
erythrospermum (+; CP), Teucrium polium (+; CP).

Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974 plant
community was identified as a vulnerable association (F: I) within the Cervant-
Priopcea nature reserve (CP) as well as in the areas of Valea lui Martin (VMA) and
Păşunea Cerna-Carapelit (CECR). The high conservation value is underlined also by
the occurrence of nine rare species, among which the most important are Campanula
romanica and Moehringia grisebachii, protected also at the European level as
vulnerable. Within this community they can be estimated as endangered, except the
vulnerable Festuca callieri, Gymnospermium altaicum subsp. odessanum and
Thymus zygioides, while Gagea szovitzii is critically endangered. A medium level of
human induced perturbation is represented by the presence of seven ruderal species
of which Poa bulbosa has a significant dominance for this level.
Key species Polytrichum piliferum (2; CECR, CP), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (2; CP).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; CP), Celtis glabrata (+; CP),
Festuca callieri (1-2; CECR), Gagea szovitzii (r; CECR), Gymnospermium
altaicum subsp. odessanum (+-1; VMA), Moehringia grisebachii (+; CP), Potentilla
bornmuelleri (+; CECR), Silene compacta (+; CECR), Thymus zygioides (1-2;
CECR.
Other species: Acer tataricum (+; CECR), Alyssum murale (+; CP), Asperula
tenella (+; CECR), Asplenium trichomanes (+; CP), Cerasus mahaleb (+; CP),
Crepis sancta (+; CECR), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; CP, CECR), Herniaria
glabra (+; CECR), Lamium amplexicaule (+; CP), Ligustrum vulgare (+; CP),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; CP), Poa bulbosa (1; CP, CECR), Potentilla argentea
(+; CP), Ranunculus illyricus (+; CP, CECR), Rumex acetosella (+; CECR),
Stellaria media (+; CP), Stipa capillata (+; CP, CECR), Taraxacum
erythrospermum (+; CP), Veronica hederifolia (+; CP), Viola arvensis (+; CP).
41.2C22 Moldo-Muntenian sessile oak-hornbeam forests

Tilio tomentosae-Carpinetum betuli Doniţă 1968 plant community was
identified on restricted areas (F: I) within the Valea lui Martin (VMA) area, where it
may be ranked as vulnerable (F: I). Between the two threatened species recorded,
Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis is sub-endemic and Galanthus plicatus is
vulnerable and of European importance. Both are endangered at the community
level. The invasion of ruderal plants is low, as only three such species, with a
restricted dominance, were identified. These are considered ruderal plants, but
also occur in undisturbed habitats. The tree layer is totally derived.
Key species: Carpinus betulus (1; VMA), Tilia tomentosa (1; VMA).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; VMA),
Galanthus plicatus (+; VMA).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; VMA), Acer platanoides (+; VMA), Fraxinus
excelsior (1; VMA), Quercus pedunculiflora (+; VMA), Quercus polycarpa (+;
VMA), Sambucus nigra (+; VMA);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; VMA), Hedera helix (+; VMA);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anemone ranunculoides (+; VMA), Anthriscus
cerefolium (+; VMA), Corydalis solida (+; VMA), Gagea lutea (+; VMA), Geum
urbanum (+; VMA), Ranunculus ficaria (1; VMA), Scilla bifolia (+; VMA), Stellaria
media (+; VMA), Veronica hederifolia (+; VMA).
41.73723 Moesian Paeonia peregrina - white oak woods.

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970 plant community
is the most widespread forest association due to the lower altitude of the hills in
the studied area (in comparison with the Greci commune area within Măcin
Mountains), which corresponds mainly to the sub-Mediterranean forests layer. It
was identified at Valea lui Martin (VMA), Pădurea Căprioara (PCAP), Păşunea
Cerna-Carapelit (CECR). Beside its priority habitat character, it is also one of the
richest in threatened species among the studied forest communities. The five rare
threatened species inventoried in these plots include the sub-endemic Corydalis
solida subsp. slivenensis and the vulnerable Galanthus plicatus, the latest of
European importance. All of these are estimated as endangered at this community
level, except the first mentioned which is vulnerable. Only two ruderal species with
a reduced participation indicate a low level of perturbation.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (1-5; CECR, VMA, PCAP), Quercus
pubescens (2; CECR, VMA).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (1; PCAP, VMA),
Galanthus plicatus (+; VMA), Mercurialis ovata (+; PCAP), Myrrhoides nodosa (+;
VMA), Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum (+; VMA).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (+-1; VMA);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (1; PCAP, VMA), Crataegus monogyna
(+;VMA), Rosa canina (+);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VMA), Anthriscus cerefolium
(+;VMA), Anthriscus nemorosa (+; VMA), Arum orientale (+; VMA), Brachypodium
sylvaticum (+; VMA), Corydalis solida (1; VMA), Dactylis polygama (+; VMA),
Filipendula vulgaris (+; VMA), Galium aparine (+; PCAP, VMA), Geum urbanum
(+; PCAP), Geranium robertianum (+; PCAP), Geranium lucidum (+; CECR),
Geranium rotundifolium (+; CECR), Glechoma hirsuta (+; PCAP), Lamium
purpureum (+; CECR, PCAP, VMA), Poa nemoralis (+; VMA), Polygonatum
latifolium (+; PCAP), Stellaria media (+; CECR, PCAP), Veronica hederifolia (+;
VMA), Viola odorata (+; CECR, PCAP), Viola suavis (+; CECR).
41.73724 Moesian Galium dasypodium-white oak woods

Galio dasypodi-Quercetum pubescentis Doniţă 1970 plant community,
assessed as vulnerable (F: I) within the Păşunea Cerna-Carapelit (CECR), has
34 DELTA DUNĂRII V
two threatened species in the studied plots, of which Centaurea napulifera is rare
and Crocus reticulatus is vulnerable. Within this phytocoenosis these species can
be considered as endangered. The low ruderal plant contribution to the species
inventory is shown by two such taxa with a low dominance.
Key species Quercus pubescens (3; CECR).
Threatened species: Centaurea napulifera (+; CECR), Crocus reticulatus (+;
CECR).
Alte specii:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (2; CECR);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Corydalis solida (+; CECR), Galium aparine (+;
CECR), Gagea lutea (+; CECR), Geum urbanum (+; CECR), Ranunculus illyricus
(+; CECR), Muscari neglectum (+; CECR), Veronica hederifolia (+; CECR), Viola
odorata (+; CECR).
41.76831 Dobrogean paeonia sessile oak forests

Fraxino orni-Quercetum dalechampii Doniţă 1970 is a rare (F: II) plant
community identified in Valea lui Martin (VMA).There five rare threatened species at
the national level were observed, increasing thus the conservation value of this
phytocoenosis. Of these Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis is sub-endemic, while
Galanthus plicatus is mentioned in the European Red List.
Key species: Fraxinus ornus (1-2; VMA), Quercus dalechampii (1-2; VMA).
Galanthus plicatus (+; VMA), Gymnospermium altaicum subsp. odessanum (+;
VMA), Mercurialis ovata (+; VMA), Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum (+;
VMA).
Alte specii:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; VMA), Carpinus orientalis (1-2; VMA), Cerasus
mahaleb (+; VMA), Quercus polycarpa (1; VMA), Tilia tomentosa (+; VMA);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; VMA), Ligustrum vulgare (+; VMA);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VMA), Anthriscus cerefolium (1;
VMA), Anemone ranunculoides (+; VMA), Arum orientale (+; VMA), Corydalis
solida (+; VMA), Dactylis polygama (+; VMA), Gagea lutea (+; VMA), Geum
urbanum (+; VMA), Glechoma hirsuta (+; VMA), Lamium purpureum (+; VMA),
Poa bulbosa (+; VMA), Poa nemoralis (+; VMA), Ranunculus ficaria (+; VMA),
Scilla bifolia (+; VMA), Stellaria media (+; VMA), Veronica hederifolia (+; VMA),
Viola odorata (+; VMA).
41.76834 Western-Pontic sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-

Galanthus forests
Galantho plicatae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970 plant community can
be considered as rare (F: I), at least within Valea lui Martin (VMA) area. The high
conservative importance is underlined also by the four protected species
inventoried so far in this type of forest, which include the sub-endemic Corydalis
solida subsp. slivenensis and Galanthus plicatus, of European importance. There
is a low percentage of ruderal species (five species).
Key species: Galanthus plicatus (1; VMA), Quercus dalechampii (1; VMA),
Tilia tomentosa (2; VMA).
Galanthus plicatus (+; VMA), Mercurialis ovata (+; VMA), Nectaroscordum siculum
subsp. bulgaricum (+; VMA).
Alte specii:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; VMA), Carpinus orientalis (1; VMA), Fraxinus
ornus (+; VMA), Quercus pedunculiflora (1; VMA);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; VMA), Evonymus verrucosus (+; VMA),
Ligustrum vulgare (+; VMA);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VMA), Anthriscus cerefolium (+;
VMA), Corydalis solida (+; VMA), Dactylis polygama (+; VMA), Galium aparine (+;
VMA), Geum urbanum (+; VMA), Lamium purpureum (+; VMA), Poa nemoralis (+;
VMA), Scilla bifolia (+; VMA), Stellaria media (+; CT, E), Urtica dioica (+; VSe),
Veronica hederifolia (+; VMA), Viola odorata (+; VMA).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community, framed within this
habitat subtype, is represented by the reed beds which are not submerged by the
waters of Traian Lake (LT), thus having a higher diversity than the 53.1111
subtype. No ruderal/alien species were observed. It can be assessed as a rare
coenotaxon (F: II) within the nature reserve.
Key species Phragmites australis (5; LT).
Other species: Berula erecta (+; LT), Calystegia sepium (+; LT), Mentha
aquatica (+; LT), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; LT), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
(+; LT), Typha angustifolia (+; LT).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community was identified within
the Traian Lake nature reserve (LT), where it is the most widespread (F: III) type
of vegetation. It occurs on important areas within the respective water body,
having a low diversity and no ruderal/ alien species.
Key species Phragmites australis (5; LT)
Other species: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; LT), Typha angustifolia (1; LT).
Plant communities which are not framed within the Palaearctic habitat
classification
Gymnospermio altaicae-Celtetum glabratae M. Petrescu 2004 plant
community is an endangered coenotaxon (F: +) within the Chervant-Priopcea (CP)
nature reserve, where the only threatened species is the dominant Celtis glabrata.
The rare ruderal species occur in a restricted number (four taxa) with a reduced
dominance, indicating thus a low influence of human activities.
Key species: Celtis glabrata (2; CP).
Threatened species: Celtis glabrata (2; CP).
Alte specii:
36 DELTA DUNĂRII V
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (1; CP), Fraxinus ornus (+; CP), Quercus
pubescens (1; CP);
- shrubs/ lianas: Ligustrum vulgare (+; CP), Rosa canina (1; CP);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alyssum saxatile (+; CP), Cardus thoermeri (+; CP),
Cystopteris fragilis (+; CP), Geranium rotundifolium (+; CP), Lamium amplexicaule
(+; CP), Marrubium vulgare (+; CP), Orlaya grandiflora (+; CP), Sedum urvillei
subsp. hillebrandtii (+; CP), Veronica hederifolia (+; CP), Viola odorata (+; CP).
FAUNA
Birds. Within the Cerna commune there have been identified 89 species of
birds listed in the Appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007. From this total
amount 60 species are strictly protected, being found in Annex 3 of the ordinance,
such as: Gavia stellata, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus
minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus
crispus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis
falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Anser erythropus, Branta ruficollis,
Aythya nyroca, Tadorna ferruginea, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus
albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus,
Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus
pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Porzana parva, Crex
crex, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Charadrius alexandrinus,
Larus minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica,
Sterna caspia, Sterna sandvicensis, Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Asio
flammeus, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Picus canus,
Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Anthus campestris, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
It is important to underline the rarest of the species mentioned above, which
give a high conservation value to this area: Botaurus stellaris, Pelecanus
onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Platalea leucorodia, Anser erythropus, Branta
ruficollis, Tadorna ferruginea, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus
gallicus, Circus macrourus, Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus,
Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus.
In this territory there were identified 29 species requiring strict protection,
these being found in the Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007: Tachybaptus
ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Athene noctua,
Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Motacilla flava, Motacilla alba,
Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus,
Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus,
Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea,
Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The rarest bird
species in the area, included in this appendix are Carduelis flammea and
Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
Bird species identified in the area which are not found in the two annexes of
the Ordinance 57/2007 but are mentioned in the Annex II of the Law 13/ 1993 are:
Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps auritus, Podiceps nigricollis (caspicus), Mergus

albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo
lagopus, Falco columbarius, Charadrius dubius, Gallinago media, Tringa stagnatilis,
Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta, Calidris temminckii, Calidris
alpina, Calidris ferruginea, Calidris alba, Larus melanocephalus, Riparia riparia,
Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola
rubetra, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla,
Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus cristatus, Parus
schoeniclus.
Lake Traian, the rural and agricultural areas, are ideal places for the nesting
of a large number of species and populations, such as: Botaurus stellaris, Egretta
alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna
tadorna, Circus aeruginosus, Falco vespertinus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva,
Crex crex, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hybridus, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus,
Dendrocopos syriacus, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata,
Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius
collurio. Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops,
Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Locustella naevia, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata,
Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria
calandra, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis
carduelis, Podiceps grisegena, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica,
Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus scripaceus, Acrocephalus
Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus caeruleus, Parus
major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza schoeniclus.
Research concerning the natural heritage of Chilia commune

ACCESS: Waterways Tulcea branch and Chilia branch

Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve
Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Chilia Veche commune is characterized by
the Late Pleistocene loess deposits and Holocene deposits of siltite those
38 DELTA DUNĂRII V
underlying of the following territorial units of soil types formation Gleyed

chernozems, Gleyi-mollic solonchaks, Gleyed-typical (vermic-calcaro-calcic)
kastanozems and Typical (vermic-calcaro-calcic) kastanozems on leeve, as well
as Calcareous-gleyed-mollic alluvial soil, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils,
Calcareous-marshy alluvial gley soils, Semisubmerged-histic alluvial gley soils,
Hemic-terric histosols etc.
LANDSCAPE
The natural habitats occur on large areas within the Chilia commune's
territory, representing about half of this administrative unit, most of them being
concentrated in the eastern sector. The rest is mainly represented by the
agriculture polders which have replaced the former wetlands. Except the
continental levee (Grindul Chilia), all the other natural areas are represented by
wetlands, typical for the fluvial Delta, with extensive fixed or floating reed beds.
The lakes and channels are dominated by aquatic vegetation, of a high amenity,
especially in the blooming period, in the case of the white or yellow water-lily
beds, as well as of the water-soldier or water chestnut communities. On higher
riverbanks the white willow riparian forests also confer an outstanding aesthetic
value to the landscape, while on the lower levees they are usually replaced by
grey willow scrub.

The largest areas of natural vegetation are represented by reed beds, which
are not community interest habitats, like also most of the aquatic vegetation types.
Still, in this area there are several community interest habitats like 3150 (22.413)
and 92 A0 (44.1621).
Within Chilia territory the major part of the habitats are vulnerable, followed
by endangered and rare ones, only the permanently flooded reed beds being
sporadic. Even though the majority of those habitats are not protected, most of
them are representative for a natural status, the overall disturbance levels being
framed between medium and low.
Protected or not, most of the habitats have a certain conservation
importance, as they shelter generally two threatened species and less one or no
such taxa.
All the analysed areas are framed within the Danube Delta Biosphere
Reserve and the Danube Delta Site of Community Interest.
22.413 Water-soldier rafts

Stratiotetum aloidis Nowinski 1930, a vulnerable plant community at least
within the Eracle channel – Chilia commune (CHE), besides the dominant species
has also another vulnerable threatened taxa, Trapa natans. It can be considered as
typical for a natural status, taking into account the absence of ruderal/ alien species.
Key species: Stratiotes aloides (4-5; CHE).
Threatened species: Stratiotes aloides (5; CHE), Trapa natans (1; CHE).
Other species: Nymphaea alba (1; CHE), Nuphar lutea (+-1; CHE),
Phragmites australis (+; CHE), Typha angustifolia (+-1; CHE).
22.4311 Water-lily beds

Nymphaetum albae Vollmar 1947 plant community is vulnerable within the
Eracle channel – Chilia commune (CHE), where two vulnerable threatened
species (Stratiotes aloides, Trapa natans) were identified in the plots of this
representative coenotaxon, with no alien/ ruderal taxa. Within this vegetation type
the first species can be considered endangered, while the second is vulnerable.
Key species: Nymphaea alba (3; CHE).
Threatened species: Stratiotes aloides (+; CHE), Trapa natans (1; CHE).
Other species: Ceratophyllum demersum (+; CHE), Hydrocharis morsus-
ranae (+; CHE), Nuphar lutea (1; CHE), Phragmites australis (+; CHE), Typha
angustifolia (+; CHE).
Myriophillo verticillati-Nupharetum luteae W. Koch 1926 is a vulnerable
plant community recorded along the Eracle channel – Chilia commune (CHE).
Two vulnerable threatened species were registered, like Trapa natans, which is
also vulnerable within the studied coenotaxon and the endangered Stratiotes
aloides.
Key species: Nuphar lutea (3; CHE).
Other species: Nymphaea alba (1; CHE), Ceratophyllum demersum (+; CHE).
22.4312 Water chestnut carpets

Trapetum natantis V. Kárpati 1963 is an endangered plant community, at
least in the Eracle channel area – Chilia commune (CHE), where its conservation
value is enhanced by the presence of the vulnerable threatened species Trapa
natans and Stratiotes aloides, of which the first is dominant, protected by Berne
Convention, while the second is endangered within this coenotaxon.
Key species: Trapa natans (3; CHE).
Other species: Phragmites australis (+; CHE), Typha angustifolia (1; CHE).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 is considered a rare plant community (F: II) in the
Eracle channel area (CHE). There can be estimated a medium level of non-native plant
invasive tendencies (Amorpha fruticosa, Prunus cerasifera) taking into account their
dominance variation limits (+-1). The only ruderal taxon recorded has a reduced
dominance, so it indicates a low disturbance from this point of view.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (1; CHE), Salix alba (4; CHE).
Other species:
- trees: Prunus cerasifera (+; CHE);
- shrubs: Rubus caesius (1; CHE);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Arctium lappa (+; CHE), Bidens tripartita (+; CHE),
Iris pseudacorus (+; CHE), Myosotis scorpioides (+; CHE), Myosoton aquaticum
40 DELTA DUNĂRII V
(+; CHE), Phragmites australis (+; CHE), Rumex palustris (+; CHE), Solanum
dulcamara (+; CHE), Symphytum officinale (+; CHE).
44.9216 Grey willow scrub

Calamagrosti-Salicetum cinereae Soó et Zólyomi in Soó 1955 is
estimated as an endangered plant community along the Eracle channel – Chilia
commune (CHE). It is nearly mono-dominant, as there are just a few Phragmites
australis individuals in the studied phytocoenosis.
Key species: Salix cinerea (5; CHE).
Other species: Phragmites australis (+; CHE).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926, a sporadic plant community framed
into this habitat, shelters two vulnerable threatened species, endangered within
this coenotaxon which was inventoried along the Eracle channel (CHE).
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; CHE), Typha angustifolia (1; CHE).
Threatened species: Trapa natans (+; CHE).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (+; CHE), Lythrum salicaria (+; CHE),
Salix alba (+; CHE).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926, a rare (F: II) plant community framed
in this habitat, can be considered as rare (F: II) within Chilia commune’s territory
(CHE). There only one non-native species was identified (Amorpha fruticosa). Its
reduced dominance shows a low disturbance from this point of view.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; CHE).
Other species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; CHE), Bidens tripartita (+; CHE),
Calystegia sepium (+; CHE), Lythrum salicaria (+; CHE), Myosotis scorpioides (+;
CHE), Senecio paludosus (+; CHE), Salix alba (+; CHE).
classification
Ceratophylletum demersi Hild 1956 represents a vulnerable plant
community identified in the Eracle channel – Chilia commune (CHE) has two
vulnerable threatened taxa of which Trapa natans is vulnerable and Stratiotes
aloides is endangered within the analysed situations.
Key species: Ceratophyllum demersum (5; CHE).
Other species: Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (+; CHE)
FAUNA
Birds. According to the ornithological studies performed on the territory of
the Chilia commune, there have been inventoried 100 species of birds which can
be found in the Annex 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007. Of these taxa, a total
of 62 species are mentioned in the Annex 3 of the ordinance, being strictly
protected and used within the design activities for the Natura 2000 network, these
being represented by: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax

nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Botaurus
stellaris, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia
ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Aythya nyroca,
Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Milvus milvus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus
gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus,
pennatus, Pandion haliaetus, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus,
Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Porzana pussilla, Recurvirostra avosetta,
Himantopus himantopus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus minutus, Sterna hirundo,
Chlidonias hibridus, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna caspia, Sterna
albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus,
Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius,
Lulula arborea, Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia
nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
The rarest species listed above, which give a high conservation value to this
area, include: Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Botaurus stellaris,
Egretta alba, Ciconia nigra, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus,
Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Aquila
pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Pandion haliaetus, Falco cherrug,
Falco peregrinus, Porzana parva, Crex crex, Recurvirostra avosetta, Larus
minutus, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna caspia, Sterna albifrons,
Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Lulula arborea, Acrocephalus paludicola,
Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica.
A total of 38 species are protected and can be found in Annex 4B of
Ordinance 57/2007, representing animal and plant species which require strict
protection: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis
hypoleucos, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx
torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus,
regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta
europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra, Serinus
serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Some of the rarest
bird species framed in this annex are: Jynx torquilla, Motacilla cinerea,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides,
Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa
striata, Serinus serinus, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
Bird species identified in the area but not mentioned in the two annexes of
the Ordinance 57/2007, which are listed in the Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are:
Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo
buteo, Falco columbarius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Dendrocopos major,
Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator,
42 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia luscinia,

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus scirpaceus,
Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Hippolais icterina, Sylvia curruca,
Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis,
Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus palustris, Parus lugubris, Parus cristatus, Parus
schoeniclus.
The high diversity of habitats in the area, the large areas of the floodplains,
favour the nesting of a large number of species and populations of bird species
within Chilia commune area, of which the certain or probable nesting is estimated
for: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola
ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Egretta garzetta, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia ciconia,
Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Haliaeetus
albicilla, Circus aeruginosus, Falco vespertinus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva,
Porzana pussilla, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Chlidonias niger, Asio
flammeus, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dryocopus
martius, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata, Acrocephalus
paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia
svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio. Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus,
Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Erithacus
rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus, Locustella naevia,
Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix,
Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus,
Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus
serinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Podiceps
grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo
rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia luscinia,
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus scirpaceus,
Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia atricapilla,
Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia
familiaris, Emberiza schoeniclus.

of I.C. Brătianu commune
ACCESS: Road E87 Tulcea-Garvăn, DN22E Garvăn-I.C.Brătianu

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE:-
NATURA 2000 SITES:-

The administrative territory of I.C. Brătianu commune is characterized by the
pre-Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite to
which are added tufogene greenschist, which occur in the south-eastern part.
These types of deposits outcrop through the Quaternary loess layers which cover
some parts of the area. The central-western part of the area is occupied by the
Holocene psamo-pelitic deposits.
Based on these types of deposits, the various types of territorial units of soil
such as Eutric litosols (Eutric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998), Rendzinic litosols (Eutri-lithic Leptosols, after World
Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) – on limestone, Calcaric regosols
(Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998)
occur. Along the Danube River, on the alluvial deposits and alluvia, were
developed Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils and
Calcareous-alluvial gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
The largest part of this commune’s territory is represented by agriculture
fields. Still, in its northern area grasslands prevail, which occur on the former
wetlands of the Danube floodplain, drained at present, situated eastwards of the
dyke adjacent to the river, westwards of this dam. The wetlands are in free
flooding regime, the natural vegetation forming a narrow stripe along the Danube,
being represented by wetland grasslands and restricted areas of Tamarix
ramosissima shrubs and Populus nigra stands. Most of this stripe of vegetation is
occupied by poplar and less by willow plantations.

Even though the number of habitats is restricted, they still have a
conservation value, all of the plant communities identified so far being framed into
habitats of community interest, like 92A0 (44.6612), 92D0 (44.814112), some of
them being priority habitats: 1530* (15.A21275), 62C0* (34.A2111, 34.92).
Nearly each of the plant communities fits into one of the threat categories,
from endangered to sporadic. Only the vulnerable category includes two
coenotaxa. Most of the plant communities show signs of a high disturbance, the
other extreme value of this factor being low. All the mentioned locations are
situated outside protected areas.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 plant community,
a vulnerable coenotaxon (F: I) within this commune, has a medium level of
disturbance due to grazing, indicated by the number of ruderal species (10 taxa),
that exceeds the other taxa. Their dominance variation is also significant in this
sense (+-1). It was studied within the grasslands northwards of I.C. Brătianu
(BPN).
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (1; BPN), Trifolium fragiferum (1; BPN).
Other species: Bromus hordeaceus (1; BPN), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+;
BPN), Centaurea calcitrapa (+; BPN), Cichorium intybus (+; BPN), Descurainia
sophia (+; BPN), Elymus repens (1; BPN), Galium humifusum (+; BPN), Hordeum
44 DELTA DUNĂRII V
murinum (+; BPN), Juncus gerardi (+; BPN), Lolium perenne (1; BPN), Medicago
lupulina (+; BPN), Puccinelia limosa (+; BPN), Ranunculus repens (+; BPN),
Rorippa sylvestris (+; BPN), Solanum nigrum (+; BPN), Verbena officinalis (+;
BPN), Xanthium spinosum (+; BPN).
34. A2111 Western Pontic sand pioneer grass swards

Brometum tectorum Bojko 1934 is the most widespread plant community
within the grasslands northwards of I.C. Brătianu (BPN), where it can be
considered sporadic (F: IV), while at the whole commune’s territory level it is rare
(F: II). The invasive trend of the ruderal plants have a high level, shown by their
dominance (+-3), as well as by the fact that these four species represent half of
this coenotaxon inventory.
Key species: Bromus tectorum (3; BPN).
Other species: Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; BPN), Artemisia austriaca (+; BPN),
Bromus hordeaceus (1; BPN), Cynodon dactylon (+; BPN), Erodium cicutarium (+;
BPN), Galium humifusum (1; BPN), Medicago minima (+; BPN).
44.814112 Danube small reed fresh water Tamarix stands

Calamagrostio-Tamaricetum ramosissimae Simon et Dihoru (1962)
plant community, identified within the Danube floodplain section framed between
the dyke and the riverbanks, northwards of I.C. Brătianu (BNLD). It can be
considered endangered within the studied territory (F: +). The high level of
disturbance is obvious, as the ruderal species (9 taxa) prevail within its inventory,
having also a significant dominance (+-1). There are also two non-native species
(Amorpha fruticosa, Ailanthus altissima), but with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Tamarix ramossisima (4; BNLD).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Ailanthus altissima (+; BNLD, Amorpha fruticosa (+; BNLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Aristolochia clematitis (+; BNLD), Bromus tectorum
(1; BNLD), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; BNLD), Chenopodium album (+; BNLD),
Descurainia sophia (+; BNLD), Geranium pusillum (+; BNLD), Hordeum murinum
(+; BNLD), Senecio vernalis (+; BNLD), Xanthium italicum (+; BNLD).

Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 plant community, rare
(F: II) within the grasslands northwards of I.C. Brătianu commune (BPN), has a
high level of ruderal plants invasive trend, as most of the species belong to this
category, also having significant dominance indices (+-2). A low disturbance from
the non-native species point of view is shown by the only such taxon, Xantium
spinosum.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (2; BPN), Poa bulbosa (1; BPN).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; BPN), Bromus tectorum (+; BPN),
Bromus hordeaceus (1; BPN), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; BPN), Carduus
thoermeri (+; BPN), Descurainia sophia (+; BPN), Erodium cicutarium (+; BPN),
Galium humifusum (+; BPN), Hordeum murinum (+; BPN), Polygonum aviculare
(+; BPN), Sclerochloa dura (+; BPN), Urtica dioica (+; BPN), Xanthium spinosum
(+; BPN).

Populetum nigro-albae Slavnic 1952 is a vulnerable coenotaxon (F: I),
being observed in the free flooding regime area of the Danube floodplain,
westwards of the dyke which protects I.C. Brătianu commune. A low disturbance,
still to its upper limit, can be assessed from the presence of six ruderal taxa with a
low dominance. There is also visible a low presence of alien species, like Fraxinus
americana and Amorpha fruticosa.
Key species: Populus nigra (4; BSLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; BSLD);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; BSLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Arctium lappa (+; BSLD), Artemisia absinthium (+;
BSLD), Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea (+; BSLD), Chenopodium album (+;
BSLD), Elymus repens (+; BSLD), Lysimachia nummularia (+; BSLD), Lythrum
salicaria (+; BSLD), Poa trivialis (1; BSLD), Polygonum aviculare (+; BSLD),
Rorippa sylvestris (+; BSLD), Rumex palustris (+; BSLD).
FAUNA
Birds. The studied avifauna of the administrative territory of the I.C.
Brătianu commune was inventoried, here being observed 70 bird species included
in the Appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007. Of this amount 38 species
are strictly protected, being classified in the Annex 3 of this ordinance:
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola
ralloides, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia
ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina,
Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco
peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Asio
flammeus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus
canus, Dryocopus martius, Caprimulgus europaeus, Melanocorypha calandra,
Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Among these, several species enhance the conservation value of this area, like:
Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus, Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco
peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Sylvia nisoria, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus
campestris.
The other 32 species are protected, being classified in the Annex 4B of this
ordinance, representing animal and plant species which require strict protection:
Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Athene noctua, Upupa
epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla
cinerea, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus,
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa
46 DELTA DUNĂRII V
striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra,

Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina,
Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Some of
the rarest birds in this area that are included in this appendix are represented by:
Actitis hypoleucos, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla cinerea, Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz
pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa
striata, Serinus serinus, Carduelis flammea.
the Ordinance 57/2007 but can be found in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993 are: Mergus
lagopus, Falco columbarius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta, Apus
melba, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica,
Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe,
Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais
pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus
ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major,
Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza schoeniclus.
The species with breeding populations in the area include: Ciconia ciconia,
Aythya nyroca, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dryocopus martius,
Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata, Melanocorypha calandra,
Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio. Falco tinnunculus,
Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Sitta
europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris,
Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Buteo buteo, Caprimulgus europaeus,
Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia
Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella.
Research concerning the natural heritage of Dăeni commune
ACCESS: Road DN22A Tulcea-Topolog, DJ222G Topolog-Dăeni

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE: -
NATURA 2000 SITES: Brațul Măcin, Podișul Nord Dobrogen (Sites of Community
Interest), Dunărea Veche – Brațul Măcin (Special
Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Dăeni commune is characterized by the
Upper Proterozoic metamorphic deposits of green schist or greenish phyllite these
outcropping through the Quaternary loess layers which cover central-southern

part of the area. The western part of the area is occupied by the Holocene psamo-
pelitic deposits.
Based on these stone types, the various types of territorial units of soil such
as Eutric litosols (Eutric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources
– SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base
Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998),
Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-calcic Chernozems, after World Reference Base
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Typical kastanozems (Calcaro-calcic
Kastanozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) occur.
Along the Danube River on the alluvial deposits and alluvia were developed
Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils and Calcareous-alluvial
gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
Within the Dăeni commune’s territory the natural habitats can be estimated
as covering less than one quarter of the total area, being mainly concentrated
along the Danube floodplain, where they are mainly represented by riparian willow
forests on the Danube riverbanks and islands.
The steppe grasslands occur on the loess steep slopes adjacent to the
Danube floodplain, but also along the few valleys with permanent or temporary
rivulets from the Dobrogea Plateau, where, in more humid conditions, due to the
ground water, restricted mesophile grasslands are found. The rest of this
commune's territory is mainly represented by large agriculture fields.

Most of the plant communities are framed into habitats of community
interest like 92A0 (44.1621) and 62C0* (34.92, 34.9211).
The human activities pressure on these restricted natural habitats is obvious
for most of them, which have a high (two plant communities) or medium (one
coenotaxon) level of disturbance. Still two plant communities show a low intensity
of human impact.
Most of the plant communities have between one and two threatened
species, mainly endangered, only one being critically endangered and/ or
endangered, within different plant communities.
All the locations mentioned below are framed into the Brațul Măcin (Sites of
Community Interest) and/or Dunărea Veche-Brațul Măcin (Special Protection
Area).

Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae Rapaics ex Soó 1957 is a vulnerable
coenotaxon within the slopes adjacent to the Danube floodplain (DN). The only
ruderal species, Bromus hordeaceus, shows a low process of invasion of these
kinds of taxa.
48 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (1; DN), Poa angustifolia (4; DN).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; DN), Bromus hordeaceus (+; DN),
Dichanthium ischaemum (1; DN), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; DN), Festuca
valesiaca (+; DN), Galium humifusum (+; DN), Medicago lupulina (+; DN),
Medicago minima (+; DN), Salvia nemorosa (+; DN), Thymus pannonicus (+; DN).
Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941, an
endangered plant community occurs northwards of Dăeni, on the slopes adjacent
to the Danube floodplain (DN), where Ornithogalum amphibolum, a rare and
vulnerable species of European importance was identified, this being endangered
within the respective coenotaxa. A low disturbance is indicated by the four ruderal
species with reduced dominance.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (2; DN), Medicago minima (1; DN).
Threatened species: Ornithogalum amphibolum (+; DN).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (1; DN), Bassia prostrata (+; DN),
Bromus squarrosus (+; DN), Bromus tectorum (+; DN), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
DN), Gypsophila pallasii (+; DN), Poa bulbosa (+; DN), Senecio vernalis (+; DN),
Xeranthemum annuum (+; DN).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 is a vulnerable (F: I)
coenotaxon that was inventoried within Valea Siliştea (DVSI). Despite the intense
grazing, one vulnerable threatened species Ornithogalum amphibolum, of
European importance, was identified, with a much reduced dominance (r), thus
being framed into the “critically endangered” category. A high disturbance is
indicated by the dominance variation (+-2) of the five ruderal species.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; DVSI), Poa bulbosa (2; DVSI).
Threatened species: Ornithogalum amphibolum (r; DVSI).
Other species: Anthemis austriaca (+; DVSI), Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; DVSI),
Bromus tectorum (1; DVSI), Cardus thoermeri (+; DVSI), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
DVSI), Galium humifusum (+; DVSI), Hordeum murinum (+; DVSI), Medicago
minima (+; DVSI), Senecio vernalis (+; DVSI), Viola kitaibeliana (+; DVSI).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958 plant community
can be considered vulnerable (F: I). It was recorded from the slopes of the loess
plateau adjacent to the Danube floodplain, northwards of Dăeni (DN). From the
two rare threatened species identified there Ornithogalum amphibolum is also
vulnerable and of European importance. A medium degree of disturbance is
indicated by three ruderal species and their dominance variation (+-1).
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (1; DN), Bassia prostrata (2; DN).
Threatened species: Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; DN), Ornithogalum
amphibolum (+; DN).
Other species: Bromus tectorum (+; DN), Bombycilaena erecta (+; DN),
Euphorbia seguieriana (1; DN), Gypsophilla pallasii (+; DN), Haplophyllum
suaveolens (+; DN), Medicago minima (+; DN), Poa bulbosa (1; DN), Senecio
vernalis (+; DN), Salvia nemorosa (+; DN), Stipa capillata (+; DN).
Salicetum albae Issler 1924 plant community, estimated as vulnerable (F: I),
was inventoried within the Danube floodplain at Ostrovul Dăeni (OD). There were
recorded two non-native species (Fraxinus americana, Morus alba) whose

dominance (+-1) indicates a medium disturbance from this point of view. There
can be deduced a medium disturbance due to ruderal species as three such taxa
with reduced dominance were observed, which are equal in number with the
native species, typical for a natural status.
Key species: Salix alba (5; OD)
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (1; OD), Morus alba (+; OD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; OD), Bidens tripartita
(+; OD), Plantago major (+; OD), Polygonum aviculare (+; OD), Potentilla reptans
(+; OD).
Plant communities which are not framed within the Palaearctic habitats
classification
Poëtum pratensis Răvăruţ, Căzăceanu et Turenschi 1956 can be
considered an endangered plant community (F: +) within the Dăeni commune,
where it was observed along the Siliştea Valley (Valea Siliştea – DVSI),
southwards of Dăeni. The very intense disturbance due to overgrazing is shown
by the fact that, except Galium humifusum, all the species are ruderal, including
the dominant Poa pratensis.
Key species: Poa pratensis (5; DVSI).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; DVSI), Bromus hordeaceus (+;
DVSI), Bromus tectorum (+; DVSI), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; DVSI), Descurania
sophia (+; DVSI), Eryngium campestre (+; DVSI), Galium humifusum (+; DVSI),
Geranium rotundifolium (+; DVSI), Hordeum murinum (+; DVSI), Lamium
amplexicaule (+; DVSI), Poa bulbosa (+; DVSI), Stellaria media (+; DVSI).
FAUNA
Birds. Within the studies upon the avifauna of the administrative territory of
the Dăeni commune there were inventoried 71 bird species included in
appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007. From these taxa 41 species are
strictly protected, being classified in the Annex 3 of the ordinance, these being:
ciconia, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus,
Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila
Falco peregrinus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Asio flammeus, Alcedo
athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus
Lulula arborea, Oenanthe isabellina, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus
campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio. Among these species of high
conservation value include: Gavia stellata, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus,
Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco
peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe isabellina, Oenanthe pleschanka,
Sylvia nisoria, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus campestris.
50 DELTA DUNĂRII V
The other 30 species require strict protection, being classified in the Annex
4B of the ordinance, like: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos,
Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Motacilla flava,
Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus
sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Sitta
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The rarest birds in
this area included in this Appendix are represented by: Actitis hypoleucos, Jynx
torquilla, Motacilla cinerea, Prunella modularis, Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz
pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa
striata, Serinus serinus, Carduelis flammea.
the Ordinance 57/2007 but are mentioned in the Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are:
Mergus albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo
schoeniclus.
The location of the Dăeni commune that includes the Dunărea Veche
branch with its islands, the aquatic habitats, the steppe grasslands and
agricultural/ rural areas, lead to an abundance of species and populations nesting
in the area, represented by: Ixobrychus minutus, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor,
Aythya nyroca, Tadorna tadorna, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos
syriacus, Dryocopus martius, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata,
Melanocorypha calandra, Lulula arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius
minor, Lanius collurio. Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops
apiaster, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus,
Research concerning the natural heritage of Greci commune

ACCESS: Road DN22 Tulcea-Măcin, DJ222K

Niculiţel (Special Protection Area)
The administrative territory of Greci commune is characterized by the pre-
Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite to
which are added tufogene greenschist which occur in the south-western part on
small areas. The eastern part of this territory is occupied by the Carapelit
formation (Lower Carboniferous age) which is composed of conglomerates,
sandstones, tuffs, schists and siltites. Also here were found the Paleozoic
outcrops of granite gneisses (between pre-Silurian metamorphic deposits and
Lower Carboniferous age deposits). These types of stones outcrop through the
Quaternary loess layers which cover the entire area.
alluvial soils and Calcareous-alluvial gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
Even though the territory of Greci commune is dominated by arable fields,
concentrated in its central part, the native vegetation still covers an important
area, mainly in the peripheral zones of the studied region. Here occur the highest
altitudes within the Dobrogea Plateau that allow the existence of several
vegetation layers, developed between the Danube level up to the highest peak of
Măcin Mountains, Greci (467 m).
Thus, eastwards from the Danube riverbanks, where the native riparian
forests are nearly completely replaced by forestry plantations, the low altitudes are
characterized by fragments of steppe grasslands and halophile vegetation. The
last occurs around the Slatina Lake, with brackish waters, mainly dominated by
reed beds, creating a landscape contrast with the dry Culmea Pricopanului
mountain range, with a Paleozoic schists substratum.
The loess steppe grasslands, dominated mainly by Dichanthium
ischaemum, Festuca valesiaca, Stipa capillata, Poa bulbosa, occur especially on
52 DELTA DUNĂRII V
flat relief, or in the lower parts of the slopes within Culmea Pricopanului, Greci
depression, Sivrica-Piatra Greci and also on the foothills of Culmea Măcinului, the
main range of Măcin Mountains.
The rocky steppe that has as main key species Thymus zygioides, Festuca
callieri, Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii covers most of the rocky substrata,
being mainly found in the upper parts of the hills, ridges and peaks. In the
flowering period it confers an even more attractive aspect to the spectacular
massive granite or schist megalithic formations. This type of steppe, more than
the loess steppe, occur as well within the forest massifs, where it has an insular
aspect, most of the scenic lookout points being situated in these areas.
The wooded steppe formed mainly of Quercus pedunculiflora and Quercus
pubescens creates a transition zone towards the compact forests, being
distributed mostly within the Greci depression and southwards of the commune,
on southern foothills or around the rocky steppe „islands” within the forest massifs,
on the main range of the mountains.
At medium altitudes occur the sub-Mediterranean forest of Quercus
pubescens and Carpinus orientalis, low and compact. The highest altitudes or
valleys, with more or less deep soils, are typical biotopes for the Balkan forest,
with key species like Quercus dalechampii, Quercus petraea, Tilia tomentosa,
Carpinus betulus etc.
Despite their low altitudes, the steep rocky slopes, the deep valleys, bare or
forested, as well as the rivulets, that sometimes form small waterfalls, create
mountain scenery, unexpected for the flat or rolling hills landscapes of other areas
within the Dobrogea Plateau.

The native vegetation of the Greci commune area has a high conservation
value, as most of the habitats inventoried are of community interest, like 91Y0
(41.2C22), 91M0 (41.76831, 41.76833), 92A0 (44.1621), most of these being
priority such habitats like: 1530* (15.A2135), 62C0* (34.92, 34.9211), 91AA*
(41.73723, 41.73724). This high conservation importance is also underlined by the
presence within most of these vegetation types of at least one threatened species,
the maximum number being of eight such taxa. The vulnerable plant communities
prevail, followed by rare and less by endangered coenotaxa. As a preliminary
assessment it can be considered that the conservation level is favourable for most
of the studied plant communities, at least in the analysed plots, as the number and
dominance of the ruderal plants is low. The only exceptions are the Artemisio
austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae secondary plant community, with a high presence
and dominance of ruderal species, due to overgrazing, respectively the Paeonio
peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis association, and Tilio tomentosae-Carpinetum
betuli with medium levels of disturbance. All the locations described below are
framed within the Munții Măcinului Natura 2000 site.
15.A2135 Western Pontic Hordeum hystrix swards

Hordeetum hystricis (Soó 1933) Wendelberger 1943, plant community
was identified in the vicinity of Slatina Lake (LSL) where ruderal species occur in a
low percentage, being represented by only one species, underlined below. In the
area of Slatina Lake it can be considered a vulnerable coenotaxon (F: I), while at
the level of the Greci commune territory it has an endangered character (F: +).
Key species: Hordeum geniculatum (3; LSL).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; LSL), Agropyron elongatum (+; LSL),
Bolboschoenus maritimus (1; LSL), Bromus squarrosus (+; LSL), Cruciata
pedemontana (+; LSL), Juncus gerardi (+; LSL), Phragmites australis subsp.
australis var. humilis (1; LSL), Plantago lanceolata (+; LSL), Potentilla argentea
(+; LSL), Puccinelia convoluta (+; LSL), Scorzonera laciniata (+; LSL).
community was inventoried within Dealul Piatra Greci-Sivrica (DPGS; F: III) and
Roman Bair (RB; F: I), within the whole studied territory being estimated as rare
(F: II). Its conservation value is underlined by the five threatened taxa, mostly rare
at the national level, with the exception of Dianthus nardiformis, which is also a
vulnerable European species, listed in the European Red List (United Nations,
1991). The ruderal species have a low contribution to the phytocoenoses
inventory, being represented by six taxa with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3-4; DPGS, RB), Medicago minima (+; RB).
Threatened species: Achillea leptophylla (+; DPGS), Dianthus nardiformis
(+; DPGS), Gagea szovitzii (+; RB), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; DPGS), Thymus
zygioides (+; DPGS).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; DPGS), Artemisia austriaca (+; DPGS),
Cichorium intybus (+; DPGS), Cruciata pedemontana (+; RB), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+-2; DPGS), Eryngium campestre (+; DPGS), Filipendula vulgaris (+;
RB), Fragaria viridis (+; RB), Herniaria glabra (+; DPGS), Lamium purpureum (+;
RB), Orlaya grandiflora (+; RB), Phleum phleoides (+; DPGS), Plantago
lanceolata (+; DPGS), Poa bulbosa (+; DPGS), Potentilla argentea (+; DPGS,
RB), Pyrus pyraster (+; PB), Ranunculus illyricus (+; RB), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; DPGS), Rumex acetosella (+; DPGS), Scleranthus perennis (+;
DPGS), Stipa capillata (1; DPGS), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+;RB), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; DPGS), Teucrium polium (+; DPGS).
Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977 plant
community was registered within the Măcin Mountains National Park, where it can
be estimated as vulnerable (F: I) in the Culmea Pricopanului (CPG) and Culmea
Măcinului (CMG) sectors that belong to Greci commune. In the Valea Ghiului
(VGL) area it can be considered endangered (F: +). At the level of whole
commune of Greci it can be estimated as vulnerable (F: I). It worth to mention the
presence of five threatened species among which Crocus reticulatus and Paeonia
peregrina are vulnerable, Salvia aethiopis is endangered, Galanthus elwesii is
rare. Within these phytocoenoses all these species can be considered
endangered, Sternbergia colchiciflora identified within Dealul Moroianu (DMO),
54 DELTA DUNĂRII V
except the critically endangered Salvia aethiopis. There can be observed a low
dominance and percentage of ruderal species (five taxa).
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3-4; VGL, CPG).
Threatened species: Crocus reticulatus (+; VGL), Galanthus elwesii (+;
VGL), Paeonia peregrina (+; VGL), Salvia aethiopis (r; CPG), Sternbergia
colchiciflora (r-+; DMO).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+), Alyssum murale (+; VGL), Anthemis
austriaca (+; CPG), Cichorium intybus (+; VGL), Cruciata pedemontana (+; CPG),
Dactylis glomerata (+; VGL), Echium vulgare (+; CPG), Eryngium campestre (+; CPG),
Erysimum diffusum (+; CPG), Festuca valesiaca (1; CPG), Kohlrauschia prolifera (+;
CPG), Linaria genistifolia (+; CPG), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; CPG),
Teucrium polium (+; CPG), Thymus pannonicus (+; VLG), Tragopogon dubius (+;
CPG).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 association was
studied within the Greci pasture (Păşunea Greci-PGRE) where it holds most of the
area (F: IV), being still estimated as rare (F: II) at the commune’s level. The
intense grazing is reflected in the dominance of ruderal species, underlined in the
text, which exceed the other taxa both in number (11 taxa), as well as in
dominance variation limits (+-2).
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; PGRE), Poa bulbosa (2; PGRE).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; PGRE), Anthemis austriaca (+; PGRE)
Arenaria serpyllifolia (1; PGRE), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; PGRE), Carduus
thoermeri (+; PGRE), Carpinus orientalis (+; PGRE), Convolvulus arvensis (+;
PGRE), Crataegus monogyna (+; PGRE) Cynodon dactylon (+; PGRE), Erodium
cicutarium (+; PGRE), Eryngium campestre (+; PGRE), Hordeum murinum (+;
PGRE), Medicago minima (+; PGRE), Plantago lanceolata (+; PGRE), Orlaya
grandiflora (+; PGRE), Senecio vernalis (+; PGRE).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 coenotaxa was recorded
within the Priopcea – Sivrica Pasture (PPSI) where it can be considered rare (F:
II), respectively endangered (F: +) within the Greci commune area. The low
dominance of the five ruderal taxa indicates a reduced impact of the human
activities.
Key species: Stipa capillata (5; PPSI).
Other species: Cichorium intybus (+; PPSI), Erophila verna (+; PPSI),
Eryngium campestre (+; PPSI), Euphorbia agraria (+; PPSI), Festuca valesiaca (+;
PPSI), Cruciata pedemontana (+; PPSI), Lamium purpureum (+; PPSI), Poa
angustifolia (+; PPSI), Potentilla argentea (+; PPSI), Taraxacum erythrospermum
(+; PPSI), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; PPSI), Teucrium polium (+; PPSI), Thymus
pannonicus (+; PPSI).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970 plant community was
studied in the Dealul Piatra Greci – Sivrica Hill (DPGS) area, where it can be
estimated as vulnerable (F:I), like within the whole commune area. Among the
three rare threatened species recorded Dianthus nardiformis is also vulnerable
and of European importance. The low impact of grazing is reflected in the reduced
participation of the four ruderal species.
Key species: Thymus zygioides (2; DPG).
Threatened species: Achillea leptophylla (+; DPGS), Allium saxatile (+;
DPGS), Dianthus nardiformis (1; DPGS).
Other species: Anthemis austriaca (+; DPGS), Arenaria serpyllifolia (+;
DPGS), Bombycilaena erecta (+; DPGS), Bromus tectorum (+; DPGS),
Cleistogenes bulgarica (+; DPGS), Cichorium intybus (+; DPGS), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+; DPGS), Eryngium campestre (+; DPGS), Herniaria glabra (+;
DPGS), Leontodon crispus (+; DPGS), Kohlrauschia prolifera (+; DPGS), Phleum
phleoides (+; DPGS), Scleranthus perennis (+; DPGS), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; DPGS), Stipa capillata (+; DPGS), Teucrium polium (+; DPGS).
Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970 plant
community, registered as vulnerable (F: I) on Moroianu Hill (Dealul Moroianu –
DMO) and as sporadic within Culmea Pricopanului (CPC; F: III), can be estimated
as vulnerable within the Greci commune's territory. Within this phytocoenosis
there were identified five threatened species, mainly rare, except Dianthus
nardiformis and Lactuca viminea that are also vulnerable, the first being of
European importance. This can be also explained by the reduced influence of
grazing, the only ruderal species being Echium vulgare and Poa bulbosa, with a
low dominance.
Key species: Festuca callieri (2; DMO).
Threatened species: Dianthus nardiformis (+; CPG), Festuca callieri (2;
DMO), Lactuca viminea (+; CPG), Sempervivum ruthenicum (+; DMO), Silene
compacta (+; DMO), Sternbergia colchiciflora (r-+; DMO), Thymus zygioides (1;
DMO).
Other species: Agropyron ponticum (+; DMO), Allium rotundum (+; DMO),
Alyssum murale (+; DMO), Chrysopogon gryllus (+; DMO), Convolvulus
cantabricus (1; DMO), Echium vulgare (+; DMO), Erysimum diffusum (+; CPG),
Linaria genistifolia (+; DMO), Poa bulbosa (+; DMO), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; DMO), Stipa capillata (+; DMO), Taeniatherum caput-medusae (+-
2; DMO), Teucrium polium (+; DMO), Verbascum banaticum (+; DMO).
community was inventoried within Dealul Moroianu (DMO), Păşunea Greci
(PGRE) and Culmea Pricopanului (CPG), where it can be considered as
vulnerable (F: I), like on the whole commune area. The only exception is
represented by the first location, where the association can be estimated as rare
(F: II). This plant community has the highest value for conservation among the
studied ones, as it shelters eight threatened species, mainly rare. Among these,
Campanula romanica is endemic, having European importance. Only one ruderal
species was noticed, its reduced dominance indicating a low human intervention.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (1; DMO), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (1; DMO).
Threatened species: Allium saxatile (+; DMO), Campanula romanica (+;
DMO), Cheilanthes marantae (+; DMO), Dianthus nardiformis (+; PGRE, CPG),
56 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Festuca callieri (+-1; DMO, PGRE, CPG), Moehringia grisebachii (+; DMO,
PGRE), Silene compacta (+; DMO), Thymus zygioides (+; DMO).
Other species: Alyssum saxatile (+; DMO), Chrysopogon gryllus (+; DMO),
Echium vulgare (+; CPG), Fraxinus ornus (+; DMO), Linaria genistifolia (+; DMO),
Quercus pubescens (+; DMO), Rumex acetosella (+; DMO), Scleranthus perennis
(+; DMO), Teucrium polium (+; CPG), Vulpia myuros (+; DMO).

Tilio tomentosae-Carpinetum betuli Doniţă 1968 represents a vulnerable
plant community within the Greci commune, where it was studied within the Valea
Căutici area (GVC). There, it occurs as a medium disturbed coenotaxon, due to its
partially derived canopy.
Key species: Carpinus betulus (1; GVC), Quercus dalechampii (1; GVC),
Tilia tomentosa (2; GVC).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; GVC);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; GVC), Evonymus verrucosus (+;
GVC), Sambucus nigra (+; GVC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anemone ranunculoides (+; GVC), Anthriscus
cerefolium (+; GVC), Arum orientale (+; GVC), Corydalis solida (+; GVC), Gagea
lutea (+; GVC), Ranunculus ficaria (1; GVC), Scilla bifolia (+; GVC), Viola odorata
(+; GVC).
41.73723 Moesian Paeonia peregrina - white oak woods

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970 coenotaxa was
recorded in the areas of Dealul Cetatea Veche (DCV) and Roman Bair (RB), as a
rare (F: II) respectively vulnerable (F: I) community. It had, in the studied plot, two
rare threatened species, Celtis glabrata and the sub-endemic Corydalis solida
subsp. slivenensis. In the studied situation the phytocoenosis has a medium level
of ruderal plant occurrence, as from the five such species Stellaria media has a
dominance of 1.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (3; DCV, RB), Quercus pubescens (2;
DCV, RB).
Threatened species: Celtis glabrata (+; DCV), Corydalis solida subsp.
slivenensis (+; RB).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (1; DCV);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; RB), Crataegus monogyna (+; RB), Rosa
canina (+; DCV, RB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; RB), Anthriscus cerefolium (+;
RB), Bromus sterilis (+; DCV), Corydalis solida (+; RB), Galium aparine (+; DCV),
Geum urbanum (+; RB), Poa nemoralis (+; DCV), Stellaria media (1; DCV),
Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; DCV), Veronica hederifolia (+; RB), Viola suavis (+; RB).

considered vulnerable within the Greci area, has one rare threatened taxon within the
analysed situations from Valea Căutici (GVC). It is a low disturbed vegetation type,
taking into account the variation of the dominance indices of the two ruderal species.
Key species: Quercus pubescens (3; GVC).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; GVC).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (2; GVC);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; GVC), Evonymus verrucosus (+;
GVC), Ligustrum vulgare (+; GVC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; GVC), Filipendula vulgaris (+;
GVC), Fragaria viridis (+; GVC), Gagea lutea (+; GVC), Galium aparine (+; GVC),
Geum urbanum (+; GVC), Tanacetum corymbosum (+; GVC), Viola odorata (+;
GVC).

Fraxino orni-Quercetum dalechampii Doniţă 1970 plant community was
inventoried on Dealul Cetatea Veche (DCV; F: III), as a phytocoenosis with old
growth oaks, within Roman Bair (RB; F: I) and Valea Ghiului (VGL; F: I). Within the
Greci commune it can be considered rare (F: II). Among the four threatened rare
species, there should be underlined mainly Celtis glabrata and Galanthus elwesii, a
species rarely found within Greci commune, where Galanthus plicatus is much more
frequent. Five ruderal species, with low dominance, were recorded within the plots.
Key species: Fraxinus ornus (1; DCV, RB), Quercus dalechampii (2; RB,
DCV).
Threatened species: Celtis glabrata (1; DCV), Galanthus elwesii (+-1; VGL),
Mercurialis ovata (+; RV, VGL), Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum (+;
RB).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; RGB), Carpinus orientalis (+; DCV, RB), Cerasus
mahaleb (+; DCV), Quercus polycarpa (1), Tilia tomentosa (+; DCV);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; RB), Crataegus monogyna (+; RB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; DCV), Allium rotundum (+;
DCV), Anthriscus cerefolium (+; DCV, RB), Arum orientale (+; RB), Corydalis
solida (+; RB), Dactylis polygama (+; RB, DCV), Digitalis lanata (+; DCV), Galium
aparine (+; DCV, RB), Geum urbanum (+; RB), Lamium purpureum (+; RB), Poa
bulbosa (+; DCV), Poa nemoralis (+; RB, DCV), Stellaria media (+; RB), Veronica
hederifolia (+; RB), Viola odorata (+; RB).
41.76833 Dobrogean Quercus pedunculiflora-lime-oriental hornbeam forests

Querco pedunculiflorae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970, a vulnerable
coenotaxon has one rare threatened taxa within the studied plots from Valea
Căutici (GVC), where the only ruderal species, Urtica dioica, indicates a low
disturbance.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (2; GVC), Tilia tomentosa (2; GVC).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; GVC).
58 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (2; GVC), Fraxinus excelsior (1; GVC);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; GVC), Sambucus nigra (+; GVC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anemone ranunculoides (+; GVC), Arum orientale
(+; GVC), Corydalis solida (+; GVC), Geum urbanum (+; GVC), Gagea lutea (+;
GVC), Ranunculus ficaria (1; GVC), Scilla bifolia (+; GVC), Urtica dioica (+; GVC),
Viola odorata (+; GVC).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. plant community, endangered within the
commune territory, where it occurs in the Danube Floodplain (GLD), shows a low
level of human activities influence, as it has only one non-native species, with a
reduced dominance (Amorpha fruticosa).
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; GLD), Salix alba (+; GLD).
Other species: Butomus umbellatus (+; GLD), Lycopus europaeus (+; GLD),
Mentha aquatica (+; GLD), Rorippa sylvestris (+; GLD).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 association, estimated as vulnerable
(F: I) within Greci commune, forms the reed beds which cover most of the Slatina
Lake (LSL) shores, associated with the permanently flooded reed beds, mono-
dominant, represented by the 53.1111 habitat. Within the species poor inventory
of this association there were not recorded so far threatened or ruderal species.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; LSL).
Other species: Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; LSL), Lycopus europaeus (+;
LSL), Mentha aquatica (+; LSL).
classification
Gymnospermium altaicae-Celtetum glabratae M. Petrescu 2004 plant
community was studied within the area of Dealul Cetate Veche (DVC), where it
was estimated as endangered (F: +), so far. In the plots there was identified,
beside the dominant Celtis glabrata, another rare threatened species, Lactuca
viminea, which is also considered vulnerable. The four ruderal species, underlined
below, with a low dominance, indicate a reduced level of human impact.
Key species: Celtis glabrata (4; DCV).
Threatened species: Celtis glabrata (4; DCV), Lactuca viminea (+; DCV).
Other species:
- trees: Carpinus orientalis (+; DCV), Cerasus mahaleb (1; DCV), Fraxinus
ornus (+; DCV);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; DCV);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (1; DCV), Alyssum murale (+;
DCV), Alyssum saxatile (+; DCV), Ballota nigra (+; DCV), Bromus sterilis (+;
DCV), Galium aparine (+; DCV), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; DCV),
Stellaria media (+; DCV).
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of the Greci commune the 63 species
of birds which were identified so far are found within the Appendices 3 and 4B of
the Ordinance 57/2007 (annexes are used to design the Natura 2000 network).
The strictly protected bird species identified in the area, which can be found in
Annex 3 (31 species) are: Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus
migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus,
pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Asio
flammeus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Melanocorypha calandra,
campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Of the species listed above, the rarest for this area are: Circaetus gallicus,
Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus
pennatus, Falco peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Asio flammeus, Oenanthe
isabellina, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus campestris.
There were a total of 32 protected species which can be found in Annex 4B
of the Ordinance 57/2007, representing animal and plant species which require
strict protection, as follows: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua,
Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava,
Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus, Prunella modularis,
Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros Sturnus
roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita,
Regulus regulus, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicappa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus
oriolus, Corvus corax, Passer hispaniolensis, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus,
Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Some of the rarest birds within this annex for this
area are represented by: Jynx torquilla, Motacilla cinerea, Bombycilla garrulus,
Prunella modularis, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus
sibilatrix, Regulus regulus, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicapa striata, Serinus
serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis flammea.
Identified bird species not found in the two annexes of the Ordinance
57/2007 but listed in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, which ratifies the Berne
Convention, are: Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo
vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Apus melba, Dendrocopos major,
Picoides tridactylus, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius
senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe
oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Hippolais pallida, Hippolais
icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula
hypoleuca, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella.
Among the bird species which nest in the Greci there can be quoted:
Burhinus oedicnemus, Asio flammeus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Lulula arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops,
60 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus

sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Muscicappa striata, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria
calandra, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis
cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola
rubetra, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia
borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Emberiza citrinella.

of Grindu commune
ACCESS: Road E87 Tulcea-Galați, DN22E, DJ222M Garvăn-Grindu

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE: Danube
Delta Biosphere Reserve
Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Grindu commune is characterized by the Late
Pleistocene loess deposits on the south-eastern part and Holocene psamo-pelitic
deposits underlying the following territorial units of soil types formation: Gleyed
chernozems, Gleyed kastanozems, Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed
alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed-mollic alluvial soil, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils,
Calcareous-marshy alluvial gley soils etc.
LANDSCAPE
Within the commune largely prevail the artificial habitats, mainly represented
by agricultural fields and less by forestry plantations, the latest mainly along the
Danube.
The natural/ semi-natural or ruderal taxa occur on very restricted areas,
especially along the Danube, between the riverbanks and the dikes of the polder
that surrounds Grindu commune. They consist of mesophile grasslands with
isolated patches of riparian forests. Most of the ruderal vegetation types occur in
the Grindu polder along dikes and drainage canals.

Within this territory there were identified so far two community interest
habitats 1530* (15.A21275) and 92A0 (44.1621). The other plant communities are
not framed within any protected habitats. All the studied locations are situated
within Delta Dunării SPA. As a result of their overall reduced area most of the
plant communities can be estimated as endangered, the rest being vulnerable. No
threatened taxa were observed, the intense human pressure on natural/ semi-
natural/ ruderal coenotaxa is visible, as the highly disturbed plant communities
prevail, followed by medium and low levels of human activities influence.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958, can be
considered as a vulnerable and low disturbed coenotaxon, mainly due to grazing,
which favour the occurrence of three ruderal and one non-native species
(Ambrosia artemisiifolia). It was observed in the Danube floodplain, between the
riverbanks and the dam parallel to the Danube (GL).
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4; GL).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; GL), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (+; GL),
Althaea officinalis (+; GL), Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea (+; GL), Linaria
vulgaris (+; GL), Mentha pulegium (1; GL), Pulicaria dysentherica (+; GL),
Xanthium italicum (+; GL), Xanthium spinosum (+; GL).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. is an endangered plant community which
was observed in the Danube floodplain (GL) as isolated willow stands. A medium
level of disturbance, as a result of grazing, can be deduced from the presence of
five ruderal taxa which represent half of the inventory.
Key species: Populus alba (+; GL), Salix alba (5; GL).
Other species: Elymus repens (+; GL), Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea
(+; GL), Cynodon dactylon (+; GL), Mentha aquatica (+; GL), Setaria viridis (+;
GL), Xanthium italicum (+; GL).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926, an endangered plant community
within the studied area was identified along the drainage canals within the polder
which surrounds the commune (GE). Within this low diversity coenotaxa half of
the inventory is represented by ruderal and non-native species (Ambrosia
artemisiifolia). This can be interpreted as a medium degree of disturbance.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; GE).
Other species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia (+; GE), Calystegia sepium (+; GE),
Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea (+; GE), Rubus caesius (+; GE).
classification
Sclerochloo-Polygonetum avicularis (Gams 1927) Soó 1940 a
vulnerable plant community identifiend within the polder which includes the Grindu
commune (GE), indicates a highly disturbed status, taking into account the
dominance of the ruderal taxa (+-3), which prevail in the inventory, together with
alien taxa like Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Datura stramonium.
Key species: Polygonum aviculare (3; GE).
Other species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia (+; GE), Artemisia absinthium (+;
GE), Chenopodium album (+; GE), Datura stramonium (+; GE), Phragmites
62 DELTA DUNĂRII V
australis (1; GE), Rorippa sylvestris (+; GE), Taraxacum officinale (+; GE),
Xanthium italicum (+; GE).
Agropyretum repens Felföldy 1942, an endangered coenotaxa within the
commune, can be considered as having a high level of disturbance indicated by
the dominance of the ruderal taxa (+-3) which overpass the other species number,
together with one non-native taxa.
Key species: Elymus repens (3; GE).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; GL), Artemisia absinthium (1; GE),
Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea (+; GL), Chenopodium album (+; GE),
Glycyrrhiza echinata (+; GE), Morus alba (+; GE), Phragmites australis (1; GE).
Potentillo argenteae-Artemisietum absinthii Falinski 1965, an
endangered plant community, was identified within the polder around Grindu
commune (GE). A high degree of ruderal species invasive tendencies can be
observed, the two such species having a significant dominance variation (1-3).To
these there can be added the presence of the non-native Ambrosia artemisiifolia
(+; GE).
Key species: Artemisia absinthium (3; GE).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; GL), Elymus repens (1; GE), Ambrosia
artemisiifolia (+; GE), Glycyrrhiza echinata (+; GE), Linaria genistifolia (+; GE),
Phragmites australis (1; GE).
FAUNA
Birds. As a result of the ornithological studies conducted on the territory of
the Grindu commune there have been inventoried 100 species of birds which can
be found in the Ordinance 57/2007. Of this, a total of 62 species are listed in the
Annex 3, such as: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax
nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Botaurus
stellaris, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia
ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Aythya nyroca,
Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Milvus milvus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus
Among the rarest species listed above, which give a high conservation
value to this area, there can be quoted: Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus
crispus, Botaurus stellaris, Egretta alba, Ciconia nigra, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna
tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus macrourus,
Circus pygargus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Pandion
haliaetus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Porzana parva, Crex crex,

Recurvirostra avosetta, Larus minutus, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna
caspia, Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Lulula arborea,
Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula
parva, Luscinia svecica.
A total of 38 species are protected and can be found in the Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007, as follows: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco
subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster,
Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba,
Bombycilla garrulus, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus
ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella
luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita,
Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus,
Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra, Serinus
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
Some of the rarest bird species listed in this annex are: Jynx torquilla,
Motacilla cinerea, Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia,
Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Regulus
regulus, Muscicapa striata, Serinus serinus, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes.
Bird species identified in the area which are not listed in the two annexes
of the Ordinance 57/2007 but included in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993 are
represented by: Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis, Accipiter gentilis,
Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Falco columbarius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa
glareola, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica,
Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola torquata,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Hippolais pallida, Hippolais icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia
atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus
palustris, Parus lugubris, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia
The great diversity of habitats in the area, as well as the large areas of
floodplains favours the nesting of a large number of species and populations. Of these
certainly or probably nest here: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus stellaris, Egretta garzetta, Ardea
purpurea, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus olor,
Aythya nyroca, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circus aeruginosus, Falco vespertinus, Porzana
porzana, Porzana parva, Porzana pussilla, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus,
Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio. Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco
tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Erithacus
64 DELTA DUNĂRII V
rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus, Locustella naevia, Locustella

luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita,
Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta
europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus, Carduelis chloris,
Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis,
Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus
palustris, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida,
Sylvia curruca, Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Parus
caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza schoeniclus.
Research concerning the natural heritage of Horia commune

ACCESS: Road DN22A Tulcea-Nalbant, DN22F Nalbant-Horia

NATURA 2000 SITES: Podișul Nord Dobrogean (Site of Community Interest),
Măcin-Niculițel (Special Protection Area), Pădurea
Babadag (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Horia commune is characterized by the pre-
Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite, to
which are added tufogene greenschist which occur in the central-northern part. On
the south-western part of the area there was identified the Carapelit formation
(Lower Carboniferous age) which is composed of conglomerates, sandstones,
tuffs, schists and siltites. Within the outcrops of these types of deposits, here also
occur the Paleozoic outcrops of granite gneisses and rhyolite. The Upper
Cretaceous limestones deposits that outcrop in the southern part of area are
composed from the Cenomanian deposits of organogenic limestones, sandy
limestone and marl limestones. These rock types outcrop through the Quaternary
loess layers which cover the entire area.
Based on these rock types, the various types of territorial units of soil such
as Distric litosols (Dystric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Rendzinic litosols
(Eutri-lithic Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998)
– on limestone, Calcaric regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base
Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Greic
phaeozems (Greyi-luvic Phaeozems, after World Reference Base for Soil

Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-calcic Chernozems, after
World Reference Base for Soil Resources - SR, 1998) occur.
LANDSCAPE
Within Horia commune territory converge three main geographical units: the
southern areas of the Niculiţel Plateau and Măcin Mountains, respectively the
northern part of the Babadag Plateau. In the northern part of this territory the
natural habitats occur on the rocky hills of the Niculiţel Plateau, the highest
altitude reaching 287 m on Boclugea Hill, another important elevation being
Coşlugea Hill (215 m). On both hills the steppe grasslands are dominant, followed
by the wooded steppe, while supra-Mediterranean forests of white oak (Quercus
pubescens) and eastern hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) occur on a more
restricted area.
In the central part of the territory flows Taiţa, the main river of the Dobrogea
Plateau, that forms an artificial lake (Acumularea Horia). There, the riparian
vegetation that usually occur along this river spreads on larger areas, the reed
and reed mace beds being gradually replaced towards the shores by vegetation
types typical for low saline soils.
To the south of Horia locality, the altitudes rise within the Babadag Plateau,
up to a maximum of 245 m on Mufactului Hill, decreasing to the southeast, still
reaching 129 m within Coasta Păşunii, a hill that belongs to the Consul Mount. In
these described areas the main natural vegetation is represented by steppe
grasslands, the wooded steppe having a lower importance. A restricted area of
massive rocks occur around the small cave “Peştera de la Moară”, which can be
framed into the habitat “65 Caves”, whose description and correspondence with
the Natura 2000 habitat “8310 Caves not open to the public”, needs to be clarified
by speleology specialists.

Globally it can be estimated a high conservation value for the vegetation
types within Horia commune area. Thus, most of them are framed into priority
community interest habitats, such as: 1530* (15.A21275), 40C0* (31.8B721), 62
C0* (34.92, 34.9211), 91AA* (41.73723, 41.73724).
The overall conservation status is favorable from the species inventory point
of view, as most of the plant communities are low disturbed, followed by
coenotaxa representative for their natural status. Only two steppe grassland plant
communities have high, respectively medium levels of disturbance, mainly due to
grazing.
All the mentioned locations are included in community interest sites, mainly
within the Podişul Nord Dobrogean, Pădurea Babadag and less Măcin Mountains.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 identified adjacent
to Horia Lake (HL) is an endagered plant community within the studied area
66 DELTA DUNĂRII V
where the presence of four ruderal species indicate the upper limit of the low
disturbance category, mainly due to grazing.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4; HL), Trifolium fragiferum (1; HL).
Other species: Cichorium intybus (+;HL), Lycopus europaeus (+; HL),
Mentha longifolia (+; HL), Melilotus officinalis (+; HL), Pulicaria dysenterica (+;
HL),Verbena officinalis (+; HL), Xanthium italicum (+; HL).
22.353 Ponto-Pannonic halo-nitrophile amphibious communities

Bolboschoenetum maritimi Eggler 1933 from Horia Lake (HL) represents
an endangered coenotaxon which can be considered as representative for its
natural status, as no alien/ ruderal species were observed.
Key species: Bolboschoenus maritimus (4; HL), Butomus umbellatus (+;
HL).
Other species: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; HL), Echinochloa crus-galli (+;
HL), Polygonum hydropiper (+; HL), Schoenoplectus lacustris (+; HL),
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (+; HL).

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 plant community, an
endangered vegetation type within Boclugea area (HB), has one rare threatened
taxon, endangered at least within this coenotaxon. It can be estimated as typical
for a natural status, as no alien/ ruderal species were recorded.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (1; HB), Prunus spinosa (2; HB).
Threatened species: Iris sintenisii (+; HB).
Other species:
- trees/ shrubs/ lianas: Quercus pubescens (1; HB);
- grasses: Dactylis glomerata (+; HB), Elymus hispidus (1; HB), Festuca
valesiaca (+; HB), Potentilla argentea (+; HB), Stipa capillata (+; HB), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; HB), Vinca herbacea (+; HB).
34.92 Ponto-sarmatic steppes

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941 from Dealul
Mufactului (HM) is vulnerable within Horia commune. The dominance variation (+-
1) of the three ruderal taxa shows a medium level of these species invasive trend.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; HM).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; HM), Bombycilaena erecta (+; HM),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; HM), Fragaria viridis (+; HM), Muscari neglectum (+;
HM), Orlaya grandiflora (+; HM), Plantago lanceolata (+; HM), Poa bulbosa (1; HM),
Stipa capillata (+; HM), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; HM), Teucrium chamaedrys
(+; HM), Teucrium polium (+; HM), Thymus pannonicus (+; HM), Viola arvensis (+;
HM).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 is a vulnerable
coenotaxon within Horia area, where it was observed at Dealul Mufatcului (HM).
Salvia aethiopis, the only endangered taxon, fits into the same threat category
also within this plant community. This secondary coenotaxon can be considered
as having a high disturbance level, taking into account that it is largely dominated
by ruderal species with a significant dominance variation (+-2).
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (2; HM), Poa bulbosa (2; HM).
Threatened species: Salvia aethiopis (+; HM).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; HM), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; HM),
Erodium cicutarium (+; HM), Geranium rotundifolium (+; HM), Lamium purpureum
(+; HM), Marrubium vulgare (+; HM), Plantago lanceolata (+; HM), Taraxacum
erythrospermum (+; HM).
studied within Coasta Păşunii Hill (HCP), adjacent to the Muntele Consul nature
reserve, can be estimated as low disturbed, taking into account the four ruderal
taxa with a low dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3; HCP).
Other species: Chondrilla juncea (+; HCP), Chrysopogon gryllus (+; HCP),
Cleistogenes bulgarica (+; HCP), Convolvulus cantabrica (+; HCP), Eryngium
campestre (+; HCP), Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa (+; HCP), Festuca
valesiaca (+; HCP), Marrubium peregrinum (+; HCP), Sideritis montana (+; HCP),
Stipa capillata (+; HCP), Teucrium polium (+; HCP), Thymus pannonicus (+;
HCP), Verbascum banaticum (+; HCP).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 from Coasta Păşunii
(HCP), a vulnerable coenotaxon has a low level of the ruderal species occurrence,
these being represented by five such taxa.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; HPM, HCP).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; HPM), Chondrilla juncea (+; HPM),
Crataegus monogyna (+; HPM), Eryngium campestre (+; HPM), Eragrostris minor
(+; HPM), Festuca valesiaca (1; HPM, HCP), Odontites vernus (+; HPM),
Potentilla argentea (+; HPM), Sanguisorba minor (+; HPM), Teucrium chamaedrys
(+; HPM), Teucrium polium (+; HCP), Thymus pannonicus (+; HPM), Verbascum
banaticum (+; HPM).
Elytrigietum hispidi (Dihoru 1970) Popescu, Sanda 1988 is an
endangered plant community within Boclugea Hill (HB) and throughout the studied
area. Four ruderal species indicate a low level of these taxa invasive tendencies.
Key species: Elymus hispidus (4; HB).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; HB), Chondrilla juncea (+; HB),
Cichorium intybus (+; HB), Eryngium campestre (+; HB), Festuca valesiaca (1;
HB), Fragaria viridis (+; HB), Poa angustifolia (+; HB), Potentilla argentea (+; HB),
Prunus spinosa (+; HB), Stipa capillata (+; HB), Teucrium polium (+; HB).
34.9211 Western pontic thyme steppes

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970 inventoried at Coasta
Păşunii (HCP), has an obvious conservation importance also due to the three rare
threatened species, endangered within this plant community, except the dominant
Thymus zygioides. The only ruderal species indicates a low disturbance level.
Key species: Thymus zygioides (2; HCP).
68 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Threatened species: Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; HCP), Sempervivum

zeleborii (+; HCP), Thymus zygioides (2; HCP).
Other species: Acer tataricum (+; HCP), Alyssum murale (+; HCP), Asperula
tenella (+; HCP), Cerasus mahaleb (+; HCP), Chondrilla juncea (+; HCP),
Cleistogenes bulgarica (+; HCP), Crataegus monogyna (+; HCP), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+; HCP), Euphorbia agraria (+; HCP), Melica ciliata (+; HCP),
Sanguisorba minor (+; HCP), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; HCP),
Teucrium chamaedrys (+; HCP), Verbascum banaticum (+; HCP).
Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970 from
Pietroiul Mare Hill, adjacent to Floreşti Village, is an endangered plant community
within Horia commune (HPM). Its conservation value is enhanced by two rare
threatened species, of which Dianthus nardiformis is also of European
importance, endangered within this coenotaxon, unlike the dominant Festuca
callieri. Four ruderal species indicate a reduced level of disturbance.
Key species: Festuca callieri (3; HPM).
Threatened species: Festuca callieri (3; HPM), Dianthus nardiformis (+;
HPM).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; HPM), Asperula tenella (+; HPM),
Chondrilla juncea (+; HPM), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; HPM), Eryngium
campestre (+; HPM), Leontodon crispus (+; HPM), Poa bulbosa (+; HPM),
Potentilla argentea (+; HPM), Sanguisorba minor (+; HPM), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; HPM), Stipa capillata (+; HPM), Teucrium polium (+; HPM),
Thymus pannonicus (+; HPM).
41.73723 Moesian Paeonia peregrina – white oak woods

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970, studied within
Coșlugea Hill (HC), has reduced species diversity and a low level of disturbance,
mainly due to grazing, within the grasses layer, where three ruderal species were
identified.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (3; HC), Quercus pubescens (2; HC).
Other species: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; HC), Brachypodium sylvaticum (+;
HC), Chenopodium album (+; HC), Dactylis polygama (+; HC), Geranium pusillum
(+; HC), Geum urbanum (+; HC), Stellaria media (+; HC).
41. 73724 Moesian Galium dasypodium-white oak woods

Galio dasypodi-Quercetum pubescentis Doniţă 1970 from the wooded
steppe of Boclugea Hill (HB), an endangered plant community, can be considered
as representative for its natural status, as the tree layer is not derived and no
alien/ ruderal taxa were recorded.
Key species: Quercus pubescens (3; HB).
Other species:
- trees: Pyrus pyraster (+; HB), Quercus dalechampii (1; HB);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; HB), Prunus spinosa (+; HB),
Rosa canina (+; HB);
- grasses: Achillea coarctata (+; HB), Agrimonia eupatoria (+; HB), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+; HB), Elymus hispidus (+; HB), Festuca valesiaca (+; HB), Fragaria
viridis (+; HB), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; HB), Vinca herbacea (+; HB).
53. 1111 Freshwater Phragmites beds

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 within this habitat can be assessed
as endangered in studied area of Horia Lake (HL) and Taiţa Valley (HT), where it
can be framed into a natural status category, as no ruderal/ alien taxa were
recorded.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; HT, HL), Typha latifolia (+; HT).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (+; HT).
53. 1121 Dry freshwater Phragmites beds

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 within this plant community,
endangered within Horia Lake (HL), is in its natural status, as no alien/ ruderal
taxa were recorded.
Key species: Phragmites australis (4; HL).
Other species: Myriophyllum spicatum (+; HL), Typha angustifolia (1; HL).
53.1122 Dry halophile Phragmites beds

Astero tripolii-Phragmitetum humilis Krisch (1972) 1974 plant
community, endangered within the Horia Lake (HL), has a low level of ruderal
plant invasion, as only two such species were recorded.
Key species: Aster tripolium (+; HL), Phragmites australis ssp. australis var.
humilis (5; HL).
Other species: Agrostis stolonifera (+; HL), Alisma plantago-aquatica (+;
HL), Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; HL), Lycopus europaeus (+; HL), Mentha
aquatica (+; HB), Plantago major (+; HL), Stachys palustris (+;HL), Typha
angustifolia (+; HL), Xanthium italicum (+; HL).
53.131 Great reed mace beds

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953, an endangered plant community
from Taiţa Valley (HT), has a low level of disturbance, indicated by the two ruderal
species.
Key species: Typha latifolia (4; HT).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (+; HT), Lythrum salicaria (+; HT),
Lycopus europaeus (1; HT), Mentha aquatica (+; HT), Myosoton aquaticum (+;
HT), Polygonum lapathifolium (+; HT), Xanthium italicum (+; HT).
53.132 Lesser reed mace beds

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953, from Horia Lake (HL) can be
estimated as endangered and representative for its natural status, due to the
absence of ruderal/ alien species.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (4; HL).
70 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Other species: Myriophyllum spicatum (+; HL), Phragmites australis (1; HL),
Typha angustifolia (1; HL).
FAUNA
Birds. Within the study avifauna of the administrative territory of the Horia
commune there were inventoried 57 bird species included in the Ordinance
57/2007, of which 28 species are strictly protected, being classified in the Annex 3
of the ordinance used to establish the Natura 2000 network: Ciconia nigra,
Ciconia ciconia, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
cyaneus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga,
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Sterna hirundo, Asio
Species of high conservation value from this area include: Pernis apivorus,
Circaetus gallicus, Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Oenanthe
isabellina, Oenanthe pleschanka, Sylvia nisoria, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus
campestris.
The other 29 species are protected, being classified in the Annex 4B of the
ordinance which includes animal and plant species requiring strict protection:
Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops
apiaster, Picus viridis, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Erithacus
rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus roseus,
regulus, Muscicapa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis,
Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis
cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes.
The rarest birds in this area from this appendix include: Jynx torquilla,
Motacilla cinerea, Prunella modularis, Sturnus roseus, Regulus regulus, Carduelis
flammea.
Bird species identified in the area that are not found in the two annexes of
the Ordinance 57/2007, but can be found in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are:
Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo
lagopus, Falco columbarius, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Hippolais pallida,
Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula
albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris,
Emberiza citrinella.
Within Horia commune the rocky habitats, the steppe and also the
agricultural and rural areas, lead to an abundance of species and populations
nesting in the area, among them being: Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dryocopus martius, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata,


of Isaccea town
ACCESS: Road E87 Tulcea-Galați

Măcin – Niculițel (Special Protection Area), Delta
Dunării (Site of Community Interest, Special Protection
Area)

The administrative territory of Isaccea town is characterized by the
Devonian deposits of the slate schists, quartzite and grey limestones which occur
in the northern part, on reduced areas. There can be found Paleozoic outcrops of
granite gneisses on the western part. On the central-southern part of the area the
Upper Triassic basalt veins and Carnian age diabase dikes occur among
limestones with intercalations of clay schists. These types of stones outcrop
through the Quaternary loess layers that cover the entire area. Alongside of the
Danube course (on the northern part of the area) the Holocene psamo-pelitic
deposits appear.
Resources – SR, 1998), on granite gneisses, Eutric litosols (Eutric Leptosols, after
World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-calcic
72 DELTA DUNĂRII V

Resources – SR, 1998), Typical luvosols (Haplic Luvisols, after World Reference
Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) occur. Along the Danube River, on the
alluvial deposits and alluvia, there were developed Calcareous alluvial soils,
Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils and Calcareous-alluvial gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
The town's territory is dominated by natural habitats, concentrated in its
northern part, being mainly represented by the extensive marshes of the Danube
floodplain. Their largest part is situated eastwards of Isaccea, where they have a
more natural status, being in free flooding regime which justifies their inclusion in
the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. Westwards of Isaccea the wetlands belong
to different fish farms, thus having a water level control regime and consequently
a less natural status.
Southwards of Isaccea the relief altitude increases gradually, the hills being
covered in steppe grasslands or supra-Mediterranean white oak forests in the
remnant narrow stripes of wooded steppe that border the compact Balkan forests
of sessile oak, lime, hornbeam or eastern hornbeam. The latest types of forest
occur on the highest hills with a maximum altitude of 222 m, situated in the south-
western part of the territory, within the Niculițel Plateau.

Except the reed bed habitats (53.1111), all the other ones described below
are framed into community interest habitats such as: 91Y0 (41.2C22), 91M0
(41.76831, 41.76833, 41.76834) including priority ones like: 62C0* (34.92), 91AA*
(41.73724).
Within the studied plant communities most show no sign of disturbance,
being closely followed by coenotaxa with a medium and low level of human
activities influence. Within these coenotaxa the endangered ones are dominant,
closely followed by vulnerable and less rare or sporadic plant communities.
The major part of these vegetation types has no threatened species within
the analysed plots. Still, three of them have one threatened species each, mostly
rare at the national level, respectively endangered in the respective phytocoe-
noses.
All the locations quoted for these vegetation types are situated within the
Danube Delta, respectively Podișul Nord Dobrogean sites of community interest.

community can be estimated as a vulnerable coenotaxon within the Isaccea
territory, being studied within the clearings of the Dealul Carapelit area (IDC). There
the vulnerable and rare threatened species Crocus chrysanthus was observed,
also as vulnerable taxa within these phytocoenoses. The absence of ruderal/ alien
species shows a natural status of these grasslands.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; IDC).
Threatened species: Crocus chrysanthus (1; IDC).

Other species: Achillea setacea (+; IDC), Carthamus lanatus (+; IDC),
Crataegus monogyna (+; IDC), Linaria genistifolia (+; IDC), Quercus pubescens
(+-1; IDC), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; IDC), Verbascum banaticum (+; IDC),
Xeranthemum annuum (+; IDC), Crataegus monogyna (+; IDC).
41.2C22 Tilio tomentosae-Carpinetum betuli Doniţă 1968

Tilio tomentosae-Carpinetum betuli Doniţă 1968, a rare plant community
within the Pădurea Capaclia (IPCA), can be considered as a medium disturbed
coenotaxon, as the tree layer is partially derived, while the herbaceous layer has
two ruderal species, but with a significant variation of their dominance (+-1).
Key species: Quercus dalechampii (1; IPCA), Tilia tomentosa (3; IPCA).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; IPCA), Carpinus betulus (1; IPCA);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; IPCA), Crataegus monogyna (+; IPCA),
Ligustrum vulgare (+; IPCA);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; IPCA), Brachypodium
sylvaticum (+; IPCA), Lamium purpureum (+; IPCA), Ranunculus ficaria (+; IPCA),
Veronica hederifolia (+; IPCA), Viola odorata (+; IPCA).

Galio dasypodi-Quercetum pubescentis Doniţă 1970 is an endangered
coenotaxon, observed within the Dealul Capaclia area (IDC), where one rare
threatened taxon was recorded in the plots. It is typical for a low disturbance level,
as only one ruderal taxon was observed.
Key species: Quercus pubescens (4; IDC).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; IDC).
Other species:
- trees: Tilia tomentosa (1; IDC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; IDC), Anthriscus cerefolium
(+; IDC), Festuca valesiaca (+; IDC), Poa nemoralis (+; IDC), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; IDC),Veronica hederifolia (+; IDC).

Fraxino orni-Quercetum dalechampii Doniţă 1970, a vulnerable plant
community that was studied within the Dealul Capaclia area (IDC), has a low
disturbed structure, as only one ruderal taxon was identified.
Key species: Fraxinus ornus (1; IDC), Quercus dalechampii (2; IDC).
Other species:
- trees: Carpinus orientalis (2; IDC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; IDC), Dactylis polygama (+;
IDC), Poa nemoralis (+; IDC), Veronica hederifolia (+; IDC), Viola suavis (+; IDC).

Querco pedunculiflorae-Tilietum tomentose Doniţă 1970, an
74 DELTA DUNĂRII V
endangered plant community within the studied area, registered from Pădurea
Capaclia area (IPCA), has a medium level of human activities impact, as the
canopy is partially derived. Still, in the grasses layer only one ruderal species was
observed.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (1; IPCA), Tilia tomentosa (3; IPCA).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; IPCA), Carpinus betulus (1; IPCA);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; IPCA), Arum orientale
(r; IPCA), Geum urbanum (+; IPCA), Ranunculus ficaria (+; IPCA), Veronica
hederifolia (+; IPCA), Viola odorata (+; IPCA).
41.76834 Western-Pontic sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-Galanthus

forests
Galantho plicatae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970 is an endangered
plant community which was analysed within the Dealul Capaclia area (IDC). This
pytocoenosis is typical for an undisturbed habitat, as no ruderal/ alien species was
noticed and the oak proportion in the canopy is optimal. The only threatened
species, Galanthus plicatus is rare, of European importance, being endangered
within the analysed phytocoenoses.
Key species: Galanthus plicatus (+; IDC), Quercus dalechampii (3, IDC),
Tilia tomentosa (2; IDC)
Threatened species: Galanthus plicatus (+; IDC).
Other species:
- trees: Carpinus orientalis (1; IDC), Cornus mas (+; IDC);
- shrubs/ lianas: Ligustrum vulgare (+; IDC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Brachyopodyum sylvaticum (+; IDC), Viola suavis
(+; IDC).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924, can be estimated as a vulnerable coenotaxon
within the Danube floodplain, where it was studied downstream of Isaccea (ILD).
The three non-native taxa with a significant dominance variation (+ -1) indicate a
medium disturbance.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; ILD), Salix alba (+; ILD).
Other species: Fraxinus americana (+; ILD), Morus alba (+; ILD), Rubus
caesius (+; ILD), Vitis sylvestris (+; ILD), Solanum dulcamara (+; ILD).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community is the dominant
vegetation type within the marshes of the Danube floodplain, being estimated as
sporadic within the Isaccea town's territory. The species inventory is
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; ILD), Typha angustifolia (+; ILD).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (+; ILD), Lythrum salicaria (+; ILD).
FAUNA
Birds. The studied avifauna of the administrative territory of the Isaccea
town consists of 70 bird species included in the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 38
species are strictly protected, being classified in its Annex 3, such as:
ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina,
peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Asio
Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Several species that confer a high conservation value to this area include:
Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus, Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco
peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Sylvia nisoria, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus
campestris.
The other 32 species are protected, being classified in the Annex 4B of the
ordinance, which represent animal and plant species which require strict
protection: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Athene noctua,
Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus,
striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra,
Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
The list of the rarest birds in this area included in this appendix is
represented by: Actitis hypoleucos, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla cinerea, Phoenicurus
ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Regulus
regulus, Muscicapa striata, Serinus serinus, Carduelis flammea.
the Ordinance 57/2007 but are listed in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are represented
by: Mergus albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo
schoeniclus.
Among the species with breeding populations in the area there can be
quoted: Ciconia ciconia, Aythya nyroca, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dryocopus martius, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata,
76 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Melanocorypha calandra, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius

collurio. Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster,
Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus
sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra,
Buteo buteo, Caprimulgus europaeus, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon
urbica, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia,
Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis,
Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris,
Research concerning the natural heritage of Jijila commune
ACCES: Road DN 22 Tulcea-Măcin

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE: Munții
Măcinului National Park
NATURA 2000 SITES: Munții Măcinului (Site of Community Interest), Măcin-
Niculițel (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Jijila commune is characterized by the pre-
Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite that
occur on reduced surfaces on the north-western part, as well as on the southern
part of the studied area. The Devonian deposits are confined in the south side and
are composed of the slate schists, quartzite and grey limestones and are crossed
by veins of Paleozoic igneous rocks. Within the outcrops of these types of
deposits, here also could be found the Paleozoic outcrops of granite gneisses.
These types of stones outcrop through the Quaternary loess layers which cover
eastern part of the area. On the central-western part were found Holocene psamo-
pelitic deposits.
Based on this geological substrata, the various types of territorial units of
soil such as Distric litosols (Dystric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols

alluvial soils, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils and Gleyed chernozems
LANDSCAPE
Within the Jijila commune area occur mainly artificial habitats, represented by
agriculture fields which have replaced mostly the former Danube floodplain
wetlands, in the northern and western part of this territory. To a lower extent also
the steppe grasslands of the hilly sector of this area were replaced by arable fields.
Still, in the hilly central part, certain steppe grasslands were conserved, some of
them were being protected at present within the Măcin Mountains National Park.
The latest represent also the highest altitudes, like the Pricopan Peak (370 m) of the
whole Jijila territory, here being concentrated the most spectacular landscapes,
where the steppe grasslands underline the barren massive granite megaliths. From
here the relief altitudes decrease gradually towards the west and north, where the
flat floodplain is now completely drained for agriculture, except the former Jijila Lake
which was recently colonized by white willow.

Despite their reduced area, the analysed natural plant communities have a
conservation value conferred by their framing into the priority community interest
habitat. Within the studied coenotaxa there is an equal percentage of low,
respectively medium disturbed by grazing vegetation type. The endangered plant
communities prevail, except one vulnerable coenotaxon.
Most of these vegetation types have no threatened species. The only exception
is Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi which has an outstanding conservation
importance, mainly due to the four rare threatened species, endangered within these
phytocoenoses, one of these being even critically endangered.

Medicagini-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941 plant community, an
endangered coenotaxa within the studied area, was analysed within Culmea
Pricopanului area (JCP) and Dealul Cadân (JDC). There can be assessed a
medium degree of disturbance, indicated by two ruderal species with dominance
indices framed between + and 1.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; JDC).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; JDC), Agropyron cristatum (+; JCP),
Convolvulus cantabricus (+; JCP), Eryngium campestre (+; JCP), Marrubium
peregrinum (+; JCP), Phlomis tuberosa (+; JCP), Stipa capillata (1; JCP),
Teucrium chamaedrys (+; JCP).
Botriochloetum ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977, an endangered plant
community, was studied within Dealul Cadân area (JDC), being a coenotaxon with a
reduced diversity, estimated as having a medium degree of disturbance, indicated
by the dominance variation (+-1) of two ruderal taxa.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; JDC).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; JDC), Convolvulus cantabricus (+;
78 DELTA DUNĂRII V
JDC), Cichorium intybus (+; JDC), Poa bulbosa (1; JDC), Sanguisorba minor (+;
JDC), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; JDC).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 is a vulnerable
coenotaxon, being studied within Dealul Cadân (JDC) and Valea Jijilei (JVJ).
Taking into account which half of the recorded species are ruderal and also the
high dominance of the key species, both ruderal, the high level of disturbance due
to grazing becomes obvious.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (2; JVJ), Poa bulbosa (2-3; JDC, JVJ).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; JVJ), Cynodon dactylon (+; JVJ),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; JDC), Erodium cicutarium (1; JDC), Eragrostis minor
(+; JDC), Festuca valesiaca (+; JDC), Plantago lanceolata (+; JVJ), Potentilla
argentea (+; JVJ).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 can be considered an
endangered plant community, being observed within the Culmea Pricopanului
area (JCP) where it has only a low level of disturbance, shown by one low
dominant ruderal species.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; JCP).
Other species: Alyssum murale (+; JCP), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; JCP),
Festuca valesiaca (+; JCP), Potentilla argentea (+; JCP), Sanguisorba minor (+;
JCP), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; JCP), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; JCP).

Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974, an
endangered plant community, was studied within Dealul Cadân (JDC) and
Culmea Pricopanului (JCP). Its outstanding conservation importance is also
confirmed by the four rare threatened species identified in the plots, of which
Campanula romanica is endemic and vulnerable, while Moehringia grisebachii is
sub-endemic, both having a European importance. All these four species are
endangered within these phytocoenoses, except the critically endangered
Moehringia grisebachii. A low disturbance is shown by the presence of one
ruderal species.
Key species: Polytrichetum piliferi (1; JDC, JCP).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; JCP), Festuca callieri (+;
JCP), Moehringia grisebachii (r; JDC, JCP), Thymus zygioides (+, JCP).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; JDC), Alyssum saxatile (+; JCP),
Chrysopogon gryllus (+; JCP), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; JDC), Erodium
cicutarium (+; JDC), Eragrostis minor (+; JDC), Poa bulbosa (+; JDC), Rumex
acetosella (+; JCP), Sanguisorba minor (+; JDC), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; JDC).
FAUNA
Birds. On the territory of the Jijila commune there were identified 66 species
of birds which are found in the Appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007.
The strictly protected bird species identified, which can be found in Appendix 3 (34
species) are represented by: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ciconia

nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus,
peregrinus, Asio flammeus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Coracias garrulus,
Melanocorypha calandra, Lulula arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus
Of the species listed above, the rarest, which give a high conservation value
to the area include: Circaetus gallicus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Aquila
clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco peregrinus, Asio flammeus, Sylvia nisoria,
Ficedula parva, Anthus campestris.
There were recorded 31 protected species which require strict protection,
found in the Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007, as follows: Falco tinnunculus,
Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx
torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Prunella modularis,
oriolus, Corvus corax, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris,
Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes. Some of the rarest birds in that annex for this area are: Motacilla
cinerea, Prunella modularis, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Muscicappa
striata, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis flammea.
Identified bird species not found in the two annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007
but listed in Annex II of Law 13/1993, are the following: Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter
nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius,
Dendrocopos major, Picoides tridactylus, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon
urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Hippolais pallida,
Hippolais icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus
caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella.
The bird species which nest on the territory of Jijila commune include:
Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Dryocopus
martius, Melanocorypha calandra, Lulula arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua,
Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Prunella modularis, Erithacus
rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita,
Muscicappa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus
carduelis, Buteo buteo, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola rubetra,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Hippolais pallida, Hippolais icterina,
Sylvia curruca, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus major,
80 DELTA DUNĂRII V

of Luncavița commune
ACCESS: Road E87 Tulcea-Galați

Niculiţel (Special Protection Area), Delta Dunării
(Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Luncavița commune is characterized by the
pre-Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite, to
which are added tufogene greenschist which occur in the western part together
with the Carapelit formation (Lower Carboniferous age), composed of
conglomerates, sandstones, tuffs, schists and siltites. Here also can be found the
Paleozoic outcrops of granite gneisses (between pre-Silurian metamorphic
deposits and Lower Carboniferous age deposits). On the eastern part of the area
the Upper Triassic basalt veins occur among limestones, with intercalations of
clay schists. These types of stones outcrop through the Quaternary loess layers
which cover entire area.
Based on these rock layers, the various types of territorial units of soil such
as Distric litosols (Dystric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Greic phaeozems (Greyi-luvic Phaeozems, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998) occurs. Along the Danube River on the alluvial deposits
and alluvia were developed Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial
soils and Calcareous-alluvial gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
Within this commune’s territory the natural habitats occur on large areas,
especially in the southern sector, where the Balkan forests cover a compact area,
which overlaps two major units, Măcin Mountains westwards and Niculiţel Plateau
eastwards. Several rocky summits, of maximum 433 m altitude, emerge from
these Balkan forests, having a mosaic vegetation of steppe grasslands
surrounded by wooded steppe and/ or sub-Mediterranean forests, as transitional
zones towards the Balkan forests. Within the last ones the outstanding relictary
forests from Valea Fagilor occur, in the most humid and cold valley of Dobrogea,
adjacent to Sorniac (Luncaviţa) rivulet. Along this permanent stream, several
artificial lakes and ponds increase the value of this forested mountains landscape,
unusual for the dry scenery of Dobrogea. The altitudes decrease gradually
northwards, where the forests are replaced by steppe grasslands on the hills and
cultivated fields which occur on large areas, including on the former wetlands of
the Danube floodplain, now mostly drained. Still, in the north-eastern part of this
territory the previous wetland landscape, with lakes surrounded by reed beds is
conserved nowadays in the area of Revărsarea and Rachelu localities.

The native vegetation has a high conservative value, most of it being framed
into the category of community interest habitats, like 62C0* (34.9211), 91Y0
(41.2C22), 91M0 (41.76831, 41.76834). Among these, the priority habitats have
an even higher importance, being represented by 1530* (15.A21275), 91X0*
(41.1F), 91AA* (41.73724), 91I0*(41.7A221).
Regarding the conservation status of these natural habitats, most of them
have a low level of disturbance, followed by a medium level, respectively by
coenotaxa representative for a natural status. Also the major part of them is
vulnerable, followed by endangered plant communities, only one coenotaxon
being sporadic. The high conservation value of these habitats is also indicated by
the fact that most of them have at least two threatened species, the maximum
recorded being of five such taxa.
All the locations mentioned below are framed within protected areas, like
Măcin Mountains National Park, included in the Munţii Măcinului Site of
Community Interest and Măcin-Niculițel Special Protection Area, or within Podișul
Nord Dobrogean Site of Community Interest, except the section of Valea Sorniac
where the habitat 15.A21275 was identified and the areas mentioned for the
53.1111 subtype.
Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958, an endangered
plant community within the Sorniac Valley (VS), is characterized by a low level of
ruderal species' presence, with only two taxa of this kind.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (2; VS), Trifolium fragiferum (2; VS).
Other species: Cichorium intybus (+; VS), Mentha aquatica (+; VS),
Myosoton aquaticum (+; VS), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; VS), Rumex palustris (+;
VS), Schoenoplectus lacustris (+; VS), Stellaria media (+; VS).
Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970
represents an endangered coenotaxon, observed within the rocky clearings of the
Culmea Pietrosu area – Măcin Mountains National Park (LCP). There, besides the
dominant Festuca callieri, other rare threatened taxon is Scorzonera mollis,
endangered within this phytocoenosis. A medium disturbance was noticed, taking
into account the dominance variation of the three ruderal taxa (+-1).
Key species: Festuca callieri (2; LCP).
Threatened species: Festuca callieri (2; LCP), Scorzonera mollis (+; LCP).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; LCP), Bombycilaena erecta (+; LCP),
Carpinus orientalis (+; LCP), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; LCP), Cruciata
82 DELTA DUNĂRII V
pedemontana (+; LCP), Lamium amplexicaule (+; LCP), Lamium purpureum (+;
LCP), Muscari neglectum (+; LCP), Myosotis stricta (+; LCP), Poa bulbosa (1;
LCP), Ranunculus illyricus (+; LCP), Scleranthus perennis (+; LCP), Trifolium
arvense (+; LCP), Verbascum banaticum (+; LCP), Viola kitaibeliana (+; LCP).
41.1F Dobrogea beech forest

Carpino-Fagetum Paucă 1941 subas. tilietosum tomentosae Mititelu et
alli 1977, an endangered plant community (F: +), was recorded from the relictary
beech stands from Valea Fagilor nature reserve – Luncavița commune (VF-
PNMM), included in the Măcin Mountains National Park. It can be considered as
representative for a natural status, as no ruderal/ alien species were recorded and
the tree layer is not derived. This phytocoenosis occurs here on deep soils of a
northern slope, close to a rivulet, in the most cold and humid conditions for the
climax vegetation within the continental Dobrogea.
Key species: Carpinus betulus (1; VF-PNMM), Fagus taurica (1; VF-
PNMM), Fagus sylvatica (2; VF-PNMM), Tilia tomentosa (1; VF-PNMM).
Other species:
- trees: Acer platanoides (+; VF-PNMM), Tilia cordata (+; VF-PNMM), Ulmus
glabra (+; VF-PNMM);
- shrubs/ lianas: Corylus avellana (+; VF-PNMM), Evonymus europaeus (+;
VF-PNMM), Hedera helix (+; VF-PNMM), Sambucus nigra (+; VF-PNMM);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alium ursinum (1; VF-PNMM), Anemone
ranunculoides (+; VF-PNMM), Asarum europaeum (+; VF-PNMM), Carex pilosa
(+; VF-PNMM), Corydalis solida (+; VF-PNMM), Dentaria bulbifera (+; VF-PNMM),
Galium odoratum (+; VF-PNMM), Geum urbanum (+; VF-PNMM), Isopyrum
thalictroides (+; VF-PNMM), Polygonatum odoratum (+; VF-PNMM), Ranunculus
ficaria (+; VF-PNMM), Scilla bifolia (+; VF-PNMM).

Tilio tomentosae-Carpinetum betuli Doniţă 1968, the most widespread
habitat within the natural areas of Luncavița commune (F: III), was analysed from
Valea Fagilor (VFAR), outside the nature reserve, but still within the Măcin
Mountains National Park. This phytocoenosis can be considered the most typical
for the coldest and humid climate recorded within this plant community throughout
continental Dobrogea, as it occurs close to the beech relictary forest, in more or
less similar conditions, also having Fagus sylvatica in a low proportion, as an
indicator for this type of environment. Two rare threatened species enhance the
conservation value of this phytocoenosis, both being critically endangered within
this coenotaxon. Taking into account the low oak proportion in the tree layer this
phytocoenosis can be estimated as having a medium level of disturbance due to
human activities. Still, in the other layers no disturbance can be noticed, from the
ruderal/ alien species point of view.
Key species: Carpinus betulus (2; VFAR), Quercus petraea (1; VFAR), Tilia
tomentosa (1; VFAR).
Threatened species: Galanthus elwesii (r; VFAR), Nectaroscordum siculum
subsp. bulgaricum (r; VFAR).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; VFAR), Acer platanoides (+; VFAR), Fagus
sylvatica (1; VFAR), Ulmus glabra (+; VFAR);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; VFAR), Corylus avellana (+; VFAR),
Crataegus monogyna (+; VFAR), Evonymus europaeus (+; VFAR), Evonymus
verrucosus (+; VFAR), Hedera helix (1; VFAR), Ligustrum vulgare (+; VFAR);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anemone ranunculoides (+; VFAR), Arum orientale
(+; VFAR), Carex pilosa (1; VFAR), Dentaria bulbifera (+; VFAR), Galium
odoratum (+; VFAR), Isopyrum thalictroides (+; VFAR), Polygonatum latifolium (+;
VFAR).

estimated as vulnerable (F: I), studied in the Rachelu forest area (PRL) – Podișul
Nord Dobrogean Site of Community Interest, has an enhanced conservation value
due to the presence of two rare threatened taxa, of which Corydalis solida subsp.
slivenensis is also sub-endemic. The phytocoenosis is not derived in the tree
layer, while the herbaceous layer has only one ruderal species with a reduced
dominance. Thus a low disturbance level can be estimated for this phytocoenosis.
Key species: Quercus pubescens (2; PRL).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida ssp. slivenensis (+; PRL), Galanthus
elwesii (+; PRL).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (3; PRL);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; PRL);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; PRL), Arum orientale (+; PRL),
Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; PRL), Corydalis solida (+; PRL), Dactylis polygama
(+; PRL), Festuca valesiaca (+; PRL), Geum urbanum (+; PRL), Tanacetum
corymbosum (+; PRL), Veronica hederifolia (+; PRL).

Fraxino orni-Quercetum dalechampii Doniţă 1970 is considered as
vulnerable, being observed in the area of Culmea Pietrosu – Măcin Mountains
National Park (LCP), where it has an outstanding conservation importance. Thus,
five rare threatened taxa were identified in the same plot, of which Corydalis solida
subsp. slivenensis is also sub-endemic. All these are endangered in these
phytocoenoses, except the vulnerable Smyrnium perfoliatum. Three ruderal
species indicate a low disturbance from this point of view.
Key species: Fraxinus ornus (1; LCP), Quercus dalechampii (2; LCP).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; LCP), Lunaria
annua subsp. pachyrhiza (+; LCP), Mercurialis ovata (+; LCP), Nectaroscordum
siculum subsp. bulgaricum (+; LCP), Smyrnium perfoliatum (1; LCP).
Other species:
- trees: Carpinus orientalis (2; LCP), Quercus polycarpa (1; LCP);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; LCP), Crataegus monogyna (+; LCP);
84 DELTA DUNĂRII V
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; LCP), Galium aparine (+;

LCP), Lamium purpureum (+; LCP), Scilla bifolia (+; LCP), Stellaria media (+;
LCP).

Querco pedunculiflorae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970 plant
community is endangered within the studied territory. Its conservation value is
enhanced by the presence of the sub-endemic threatened species Corydalis
solida subsp. slivenensis, identified within the Chiţău Forest (IPC). The only
ruderal taxon shows a low disturbance within this vegetation type.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (2; LPC), Tilia tomentosa (2; LPC).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; LPC).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (1; LPC);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (1; LPC), Crataegus monogyna (+; LPL);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; LPC), Arctium lappa (+; LPC),
Arum orientale (+; LPC), Corydalis solida subsp. solida (+; LPC), Gagea lutea (+;
LPC), Geum urbanum (+; LPC), Leonurus cardiaca (+; LPC), Ranunculus ficaria
(1; LPC), Scilla bifolia (+; LPC), Urtica dioica (+; LPC).
41.76834 Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests

Nectaroscordo-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970 can be considered a
vulnerable plant community, being inventoried from Culmea Pietrosu area – Măcin
Mountains National Park (LCP), where three rare threatened species were
identified, all endangered within these phytocoenoses. The canopy being partially
derived, this can be interpreted as a medium level of disturbance. In the other
layers there is a low degree of ruderal species presence, represented by two taxa
with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum (+; LCP), Quercus
dalechampii (1; LCP), Tilia tomentosa (3; LCP).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; LCP),
Galanthus elwesii (+; LCP), Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum (+; LCP).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; LCP), Acer platanoides (+; LCP), Carpinus
orientalis (1; LCP), Fraxinus excelsior (+; LCP), Sorbus torminalis (+; LCP);
- shrubs/ lianas: Evonymus verrucosus (+; LCP), Hedera helix (+; LCP);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; LCP), Carex pilosa (+; LCP),
Corydalis solida subsp.solida (+; LCP), Glechoma hirsuta (+; LCP), Lamium
purpureum (+; LCP), Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum (+; LCP), Polygonatum
latifolium (+; LCP), Scilla bifolia (+; LCP), Veronica hederifolia (+; LCP).
41.7A221 Pontic Acer tataricum-Quercus pedunculiflora steppe woods

Violo suavis-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Doniţă 1970 plant community,
estimated as vulnerable (F: I) within Rachelu Forest, Luncavița commune (PRL) –
Podișul Nord Dobrogean Site of Community Interest, has a high conservation
value also due to the three rare threatened species, among which Corydalis solida
subsp. slivenensis is also sub-endemic, all these being considered endangered in

the respective phytocoenosis. The grasses layer has only one ruderal species,
with reduced coverage, so there can be assessed a general low disturbance level.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (2; PRL).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; PRL),
Galanthus elwesii (+; PRL), Myrrhoides nodosa (+; PRL).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (1; PRL), Fraxinus ornus (2; PRL);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; PRL), Crataegus monogyna (+; PRL),
Evonymus verrucosus (+; PRL);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; PRL), Corydalis
solida subsp. solida (+; PRL), Geum urbanum (+; PRL), Veronica hederifolia (+;
PRL).

This habitat, represented by permanently flooded reed beds was identified
in the pond situated downstream of Cetăţuia Lake, but much larger areas occur in
the wetlands northwards of Revărsarea locality. As it was mono-dominant in the
analysed situations, no plots were inventoried. It can be assessed as vulnerable
within the Luncavița commune's territory and representative for a natural status,
as no ruderal/ alien species were observed.
FAUNA
Birds. Within the Luncaviţa commune's territory there were identified 87
species of birds mentioned in the appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007.
Strictly protected bird species identified, which can be found in Annex 3 (53
species) are represented by: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Botaurus stellaris,
Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus
onocrotalus, Egretta garzetta, Egreta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia
ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca,
Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Accipiter
brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus,
Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Porzana porzana, Porzana
parva, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Larus minutus, Sterna
hirundo, Chlidonias hybridus, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis,
Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus,
Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio,
Melanocorypha calandra, Anthus campestris, Phoenicurus phoenicurus. Among
the rare species, which give a high conservation value to this area, there can be
quoted: Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Luscinia svecica.
There were a total of 34 protected species which can be found in Annex 4B
of the Ordinance 57/2007, representing animal and plant species that require strict
86 DELTA DUNĂRII V
hypoleucos, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea,

Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia,
Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Prunella modularis, Serinus
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The rarest bird
species for the area are: Motacilla cinerea, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia,
Locustella luscinoides, Jynx torquilla.
Bird species which are not found in the two annexes of the Ordinance
57/2007, but are listed in the Annex II of the Law 13/ 1993, are: Podiceps
grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis (caspicus), Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo
dubius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta, Calidris ferruginea,
Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius
senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Luscinia
megarhynchos, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris,
Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida,
Hippolais icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula
albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major,
Here are some of the bird species which nest in the Luncaviţa area:
Botaurus stellaris, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Circus
aeruginosus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius,
Dryocopus martius, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio,
Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus, Locustella naevia, Locustella
luscinoides, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus,
Muscicappa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea,
Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis
chloris, Carduelis carduelis, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica,
Delichon urbica, Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallid, Sylvia curruca,
Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus
major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza schoeniclus, Oenanthe oenanthe, Alauda
arvensis, Melanocorypha calandra, Turdus philomelos, Turdus merula, Miliaria
calandra.

of Mahmudia commune
ACCESS: Road DJ 222C, Tulcea-Mahmudia

Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Dealurile Beștepe
nature reserve
Protection Area), Beștepe-Mahmudia (Special
Protection Area)

Found close to the Sf. Gheorghe fault, the administrative territory of
Mahmudia commune is characterized, on the mainland side, by the occurrence of
Devonian deposits these are composed of the silicolite, green phyllitic clay and
limestone, as well as the Middle Triassic outcrops of blackish-grey limestone and
micritic limestone. All these types of rocks outcrop through the layers of
Quaternary loess. Within this area, the riverbed of Danube is dug, along the Sf.
Gheorghe arm, in the bed of Holocene deposits of siltite. All these types of stones
are placed at the base of the current coating soils.
Within the mainland side, the great diversity of stones types is reflected in a
greater variety of territorial unity of soil such as Rendzinic litosols (Eutri-lithic
Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric
regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources –
SR, 1998), Subrendzinic chernozems (Endoleptic Chernozems, after World
Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-
calcic Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998),
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998). Within north-eastern side of Mahmudia county,
the alluvial deposits and alluvia of Danube river provided optimal conditions for the
development of wetland soil types such as Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-
gleyed alluvial soils, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils, Marshy-mollic alluvial gley
soils, Gleyed chernozems, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils, Calcareous-marshy
alluvial gley soils, Hemic-terric histosols etc.
LANDSCAPE
Within the Mahmudia commune's territory prevail the artificial habitats,
represented mainly by agriculture fields and less forestry plantations, largely
distributed in the northern sector, where they have replaced the former wetlands,
respectively in the southern zones of the studied area, where previously was the
domain of steppe grasslands. Thus, nowadays the natural habitats are concentrated
mainly in the central part of this territory, the wetland vegetation of the lowlands
88 DELTA DUNĂRII V
being represented by white willow forests along the Sf. Gheorghe branch, reed beds
in the lakes and marshes of the Danube floodplain southwards of the Danube.
In this general lowland aspect the Beștepe hills represent a major change in
the landscape with their inselberg aspect. These rocky summits, which reach about
200 m, represent an outstanding viewpoint over the Danube Delta to the north and
east, respectively upon the Razim Lagoon to the south. Their typical vegetation is
represented by steppe grasslands on the summits and the upper part of the
southern slopes. The lower areas of the southern slopes are covered in forestry
plantations and reduced areas of Paliurus spina-christi thickets. On the northern
slopes the forestry plantations occur on restricted areas, while the dominant
vegetation is represented by natural forests of white oak (Quercus pubescens) and
eastern hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis). The steppe grasslands also occur on the
slopes and ravines framed between the Beștepe hills and the Danube floodplain.
As a compensation for their relatively reduced area in comparison with the
artificial habitats, except the subtype 53.1111, all the native vegetation types are
framed into priority habitats of community interest like 1530* (15.A21275), 40C0*
(31.8B731), 62C0* (34.92, 34.9211), 91AA* (41.73723), 92A0* (44.1621).
Most of the plant communities are endangered within Mahmudia commune
territory, only a few being vulnerable. The major part of the coenotaxon is low
disturbed, followed by the ones where was observed a medium level of ruderal/
alien species invasive tendencies. Besides these only one coenotaxon is highly
disturbed while another can be considered as typical for a natural status. Their
conservation value is underlined by the fact that most of them have at least one
threatened species the maximum recorded being seven such taxa. The major part
of these endangered taxa is endangered within the analysed coenotaxa, only a
few being vulnerable or sporadic.
The locations mentioned within the studied habitats are all included in the
Danube Delta Site of Community Interest, the steppe grasslands, thickets and
white oak forests being included also in the Dealurile Beștepe nature reserve. The
only exception is the area of Salsovia archeological site and from this point
towards the Gaetic fortress from Beștepe, the sector that belongs to the
Mahmudia commune's territory, which is not included in any protected area.

was assessed as endangered (F: I) in the Danube floodplain framed within the
Mahmudia’s commune territory (MLD). It can be considered as an example of
medium disturbed phytocoenosis, as the eight ruderal species prevail largely
within its inventory.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4; MLD).
Other species: Bromus hordeaceus (+; MLD), Bromus sterilis (+; MLD),
Bromus tectorum (+; MLD), Cannabis sativa subsp. spontanea (+; MLD),
Convolvulus arvensis (+; MLD), Elymus repens (+; MLD), Polygonum aviculare (+;
MLD), Potentilla reptans (1; MLD), Xanthium italicum (+; MLD).

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et al. 1999 plant community is
endangered within the Dealurile Beştepe nature reserve – Mahmudia commune
(DBM) and also within the whole studied territory. There the only threatened
species is the dominant Paliurus spina-christi, vulnerable and rare. There can be
estimated a low invasive process of the non-native species (Alianthus altissima),
while the seven ruderal species with a significant dominance variation (+-1) show
a medium level of disturbance.
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (3; DBM).
Threatened species: Paliurus spina-christi (3; DBM).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Ailanthus altissima (+; DBM), Rhamnus cathartica (+;
DBM), Rosa canina (+; DBM);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Achillea setacea (+; DBM), Agrimonia eupatoria (+;
DBM), Artemisia austriaca (+; DBM), Bromus sterilis (1; DBM), Carthamus lanatus
(+; DBM), Crepis sancta (+; DBM), Cruciata pedemontana (+; DBM), Geranium
pusillum (+; DBM), Marrubium peregrinum (+; DBM), Medicago minima (+; DBM),
Orlaya grandiflora (+; DBM), Poa angustifolia (+; DBM), Stellaria media (+; DBM),
Teucrium chamaedrys (+; DBM), Thymus pannonicus (+; DBM), Vicia angustifolia
(+; DBM).

community is frequent (F: IV) within the Dealurile Beştepe nature reserve (DBM),
while it can be considered vulnerable at the scale of the entire studied territory.
The four rare threatened taxa enhance its importance for conservation, these
being endangered within this coenotaxon. Five ruderal species indicate a low
invasive trend from this point of view.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; DBM).
Threatened species: Astragalus ponticus (+; DBM), Echinops ritro subsp.
ruthenicus (+; DBM), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; DBM), Onobrychis gracilis (+;
DBM).
Other species: Campanula rapunculus (+; DBM), Crepis sancta (+; DBM),
Crataegus monogyna (+; DBM), Cichorium intybus (+; DBM), Dichanthium
ischaemum (1; DBM), Digitalis lanata (+; DBM), Eryngium campestre (+; DBM),
Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa (+; DBM), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; DBM),
Koeleria macrantha (+; DBM), Leontodon crispus (+; DBM),Orlaya grandiflora (+;
DBM), Sanguisorba minor (+; DBM), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; DBM), Teucrium
polium (+; DBM), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; DBM), Thymus pannonicus (+; DBM),
Trifolium campestre (+; DBM).
Agropyretum pectiniformae (Prodan 1939) Dihoru 1970 is a vulnerable
plant community (F: I) analysed from Dealurile Beștepe nature reserve –
Mahmudia commune (DBM), as well as between Salsovia archeological site and
the Gaetic fortress from Beștepe (CSA-BCG). Within the whole commune it can
be considered endangered. In the studied locations two rare threatened species
90 DELTA DUNĂRII V
were identified, both endangered within the respective phytocoenosis. The

influence of grazing obviously leads to a medium level of disturbance, indicated by
the 10 ruderal species with significant dominance (+-1).
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3; DBM).
Threatened species: Knautia macedonica (+; CSA-BCG), Conringia
austriaca (+; DBM).
Other species: Achillea nobilis subsp. neilreichii (+ CSA-BCG), Bromus
squarrosus (+; DBM), Convolvulus arvensis (+; DBM), Cichorium intybus (+;
DBM), Dactylis glomerata (+; DBM), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; DBM), Erodium
cicutarium (+; DBM), Eryngium campestre (+; DBM), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
DBM), Koeleria macrantha (+; DBM), Linum austriacum (+; DBM), Marrubium
peregrinum (+; DBM), Medicago minima (+; DBM), Orlaya grandiflora (+; DBM),
Plantago lanceolata (+; CSA-BCG), Poa bulbosa (1; DBM), Potentilla argentea (+;
CSA-BCG), Reseda lutea (+; DBM), Sanguisorba minor (+; DBM),Teucrium
polium (+; DBM), Thymus pannonicus (+; DBM), Tragopogon dubius (+; DBM),
Xeranthemum annuum (+; DBM).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 plant community can
be considered a vulnerable coenotaxon (F: I) within the Dealurile Beştepe nature
reserve (DBM) – Mahmudia commune, respectively endangered in the entire
studied area. Even though it has a secondary character its conservative value is
underlined by the presence of four rare threatened taxa, endangered within
analysed phytocoenosis. Due to grazing, there is a very intense degree of ruderal
plants invasive tendencies (five species), of which some are dominant or co-
dominant.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; DBM), Poa bulbosa (3; DBM).
Threatened species: Achillea leptophylla (+; DBM), Convolvulus lineatus (+;
DBM), Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; DBM), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+;
DBM).
Other species: Echium italicum (+; DBM), Eryngium campestre (+; DBM),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; DBM), Potentilla argentea (+; DBM), Stipa capillata (+;
DBM), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; DBM), Thymus pannonicus (+; DBM).
Koelerietum macranthae (Răv. et alii 1956) Popescu, Sanda 1988 is a
vulnerable plant community which was inventoried from the Dealurile Beștepe
nature reserve – Mahmudia commune (DBM), considered endangered within the
whole studied area. Two rare threatened species were observed, both being
endangered within this phytocoenosis. There can be estimated a low level of
disturbance both due to the non-native species (Elaeagnus angustifolia), as well
as from the ruderal taxa point of view, the six such species having a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Koeleria macrantha (3; DBM).
Threatened species: Onobrychis gracilis (+; CF), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+;
DBM).
Other species: Acinos arvensis (+; DBM), Agrimonia eupatoria (+; DBM),
Ajuga chamaepytis (+; DBM), Bromus tectorum (+; DBM), Bromus squarrosus (+;
DBM), Dactylis glomerata (+; DBM), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; DBM),
Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; DBM), Cichorium intybus (+; DBM), Euphorbia

seguieriana (+; DBM), Festuca valesiaca (1; DBM), Medicago minima (1; DBM),
Plantago lanceolata (+; DBM), Sanguisorba minor (+; DBM), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; DBM), Teucrium polium (+; DBM), Thymus pannonicus (+; DBM),
Tragopogon dubius (+; DBM), Veronica prostrata (+; DBM).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958, an endangered
(F: I) plant community, was recorded at Salsovia archaeological site – Mahmudia
commune (CSA), where a medium degree of ruderal species invasive trend can
be deduced from the presence of five such species with a significant dominance
variation (+ - 1).
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3; CSA), Bassia prostrata (+; CSA).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (1; CSA), Bassia prostrata (+; CSA),
Bromus squarrosus (+; CSA), Cynanchum acutum (+; CSA), Centaurea solstitialis
(+; CSA), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; CSA), Eryngium campestre (+; CSA),
Festuca valesiaca (+; CSA), Marrubium peregrinum (+; DD), Phlomis pungens (+;
CSA), Stipa capillata (+; CSA), Teucrium polium (+; CSA).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970 plant community was
identified within the Dealurile Beştepe nature reserve sector which belongs to the
Mahmudia commune (DBM) where it can be considered vulnerable (F: I), being
endangered within the whole studied territory. It can be considered as having the
highest conservation value among the coenotaxa inventoried within the Mahmudia
territory, as, besides its priority habitat status, it also shelters the most numerous
threatened species (seven taxa). Among these Dianthus nardiformis is vulnerable
and of European importance at the national level, while within this coenotaxon all
are endangered, except the first that is vulnerable. Even though they are
numerous, the ten ruderal species still have a reduced dominance and
consequently they place this community within the low disturbed category.
Key species: Agropyron ponticum (1; DBM), Thymus zygioides (3; DBM).
Threatened species: Achillea leptophylla (+; DBM), Dianthus nardiformis (+;
DBM), Festuca callieri (+; DBM), Koeleria lobata (+; DBM), Potentilla bornmuelleri
(+; DBM), Thymus zygioides (3; DBM).
Other species: Achillea nobilis subsp. neilreichii (+; DBM), Androsace maxima
(+; DBM), Artemisia austriaca (+; DBM), Bromus squarrosus (+; DBM),
Bombycilaena erecta (+; DBM), Convolvulus arvensis (+; DBM), Coronilla varia (+;
DBM), Crepis sancta (+; DBM), Cichorium intybus (+; DBM), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+; DBM), Erodium cicutarium (+; DBM), Eryngium campestre (+; DBM),
Echium italicum (+; DBM), (+; DBM), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; DBM), Medicago
minima (+; DBM), Poa bulbosa (+; DBM), Potentilla argentea (+; DBM),
Sanguisorba minor (+; DBM), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; DBM), Teucrium
polium (+; DBM), Tragopogon dubius (+; DBM), Xeranthemum annuum (+; DBM).
Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 plant community was studied in the
Dealurile Beştepe nature reserve (DBM), where it can be estimated as vulnerable,
92 DELTA DUNĂRII V
being endangered within the whole studied territory. Five rare threatened species
were inventoried, all endangered within this coenotaxon. The four ruderal taxa
indicate a low level of disturbance.
Key species: Festuca callieri (3; DBM).
Threatened species: Achillea leptophylla (+; DBM), Festuca callieri (+;
DBM), Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; DBM), Onobrychis gracilis (+; DBM),
Thymus zygioides (+; DBM).
Alte specii: Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; DBM), Bromus squarrosus (+; DBM),
Bombycilaena erecta (+; DBM), Crataegus monogyna (+; DBM), Digitalis lanata
(+; DBM), Phleum phleoides (+; DBM), Eryngium campestre (+; DBM), Orlaya
grandiflora (+; DBM), Poa bulbosa (+; DBM), Potentilla argentea (+; DBM),
Sanguisorba minor (+; DBM), Senecio vernalis (+; DBM), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (1; DBM), Trifolium campestre (+; DBM), Teucrium chamaedrys (+;
DBM), Trifolium arvense (+; DBM).
41.73723 Moesian Paeonia peregrina-white oak woods

can be considered as sporadic (F: III) within the Dealurile Beștepe nature reserve
– Mahmudia commune (DBM), being endangered within the whole studied area.
From the two rare threatened species, both endangered within this phytocoenosis
Symphytum tauricum is only found in few protected areas in Dobrogea. The two
ruderal species with reduced contribution to the inventory of this coenotaxon show
a low disturbance from this point of view.
Key taxa: Carpinus orientalis (2; DBM), Quercus pubescens (2; DBM).
Threatened species: Myrrhoides nodosa (+; DBM), Symphytum tauricum (+;
DBM).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (1; DBM);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; DBM), Rhamnus cathartica (+;
DBM);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; DBM), Galium
aparine (+; DBM), Geum urbanum (+; DBM), Parietaria officinalis (+; DBM), Poa
nemoralis (+; DBM), Polygonatum latifolium (+; DBM), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+;
DBM), Vinca herbacea (+; DBM).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 was observed as a vulnerable plant
community within the Mahmudia commune territory in the Danube floodplain
(MLD), along the river. Some of the stands are formed of old growth trees. There
can be estimated a low level of disturbance both from the non-native species
presence (Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus americana, Morus alba) as well as due to
the ruderal taxa invasive trends (three species).
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; MLD), Salix alba (3; MLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; MLD), Morus alba (+; MLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Arctium lappa (+; MLD), Artemisia annua (+; MLD),
Bidens tripartita (+; MLD), Elymus repens (+; MLD), Mentha pulegium (+; MLD),
Myosoton aquaticum (+; MLD), Potentilla reptans (+; MLD), Rorippa sylvestris (+;
MLD).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926, a vulnerable plant community
framed into this habitat, was observed in the marshes of the Danube floodplain,
southwards of the Sf. Gheorghe branch. These reed beds represent a recovered
habitat which replaced the former agriculture fields that were flooded by the
Danube. As they are mono-dominant in the analysed situations, no plots were
recorded. Due to the absence of ruderal/ alien species, they can be considered
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of the Mahmudia commune there were
identified 97 species of birds which are listed in the Appendices 3 and 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007.
The strictly protected bird species identified in the studied area, which can
be found in the Annex 3 (63 species) are represented by: Gavia stellata,
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax
nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Egretta
falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus olor, Cygnus cygnus, Aythya nyroca,
Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus
pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Recurvirostra
avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Burhinus
oedicnemus, Larus minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Sterna
(Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna caspia, Sterna sandvicensis, Sterna albifrons,
syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Sylvia nisoria,
Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Melanocorypha
calandra, Anthus campestris, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Oenanthe isabellina.
The rare species, which confer a high conservation value to this area
include: Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Pelecanus crispus, Platalea
leucorodia, Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus
macrourus, Circus pygargus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus,
Luscinia svecica.
There were identified 34 protected species which can be found in the Annex
4B of the Ordinance 57/2007, representing species that require a strict protection:
Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Picus
viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla
garrulus, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros,
94 DELTA DUNĂRII V
Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides,

Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The rarest bird species for the area are: Motacilla
cinerea, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Jynx torquilla.
The bird species not found in the two annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007,
but can be found in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are: Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps
nigricollis (caspicus), Mergus albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo
dubius, Tringa stagnatilis,Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta,
Calidris alpina, Calidris ferruginea, Calidris alba, Larus melanocephalus,
Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra,
Saxicola torquata, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
atricapilla, Ficedula albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major,
Some of the bird species which nest within the Mahmudia territory are:
Botaurus stellaris, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Circus
aeruginosus, Falco vespertinus, Porzana porzana, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias
hibridus, Chlidonias niger, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dendrocopos medius, Dryocopus martius, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius
minor, Lanius collurio, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Motacilla alba,
Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus, Locustella
naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita,
Regulus regulus, Muscicappa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus,
Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus, Carduelis
spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis. Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps
nigricollis, Buteo buteo, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica,
Delichon urbica, Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Acrocephalus
arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia
atricapilla Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris,
Emberiza schoeniclus, Oenanthe oenanthe, Alauda arvensis, Melanocorypha
calandra, Turdus philomelos, Turdus merula.
Mammals. On the Mahmudia commune territory there have been identified
18 species: Erinaceus concolor, Talpa europaea, Sorex araneus, Crocidura
suaveolens, Lepus europaeus, Spermophilus citellus, Ondatra zibethicus,
Apodemus uralensis, Mus musculus, Mus spicilegus, Rattus norvegicus, Spalax
leucodon, Canis aureus, Vulpes vulpes, Mustela putorius, Mustela nivalis, Lutra
lutra, Sus scrofa. Strictly protected species of mammals found in the area, which
can be found in Annex 3 of the Ordinance 57/2007, are represented by:
Spermophilus citellus, Lutra lutra. Spalax leucodon is the only species that
requires strict protection, included in Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007.

of Maliuc commune
ACCESS: Waterway Sulina branch

Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Maliuc commune is characterized by the
Holocene deposits of siltite underlying the following types of territorial units of soil
such as Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils, Calcareous-
gleyed alluvia, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils, Calcareous-mollic alluvial gley soils,
Semisubmerged-alluvial gley soils, Semisubmerged-mollic alluvial gley soils,
Calcareous-marshy alluvial gley soils, Marshy-mollic alluvial gley soils, Hemic-
terric histosols, as well as Coprogenic limnosols, Calcareous-histic limnosols etc.
LANDSCAPE
The whole territory of Maliuc commune is framed into the fluvial Delta,
where the wetland natural habitats prevail in comparison with artificial habitats, the
latest being represented mainly by agriculture fields or forestry plantations.
The native habitats are dominated by reed beds and aquatic vegetation, of
which the water-lily beds in bloom represent one of the main landscape
attractions, like also the white willow galleries. The latest are more extended in the
western part of the territory, more evolved, with more shallow waters, while
towards the east the levees and this vegetation type become narrower along the
channels, leaving place to the reed beds, reed mace beds and aquatic vegetation
of the deeper lakes. On some of the levees grasslands dominated by Elymus
repens also occur.

Even though the natural habitats occur on vast areas within this territory
nearly all the recorded subtypes are not protected at the national or European
level, except the community interest habitat 92A0 (44.1621).
The major part of these coenotaxa is vulnerable, the rest being framed
between rare and very frequent. The subtypes characteristic for a natural status
prevail, closely followed by low disturbed plant communities, while two other
coenotaxa have a medium, respectively high level of ruderal and/ or non-native
species invasive trends.
96 DELTA DUNĂRII V
In general these plant communities are bare of threatened species, except

the subtype 22.4311, where the only such taxon, Trapa natans, is endangered
within this coenotaxon.

Myriophillo verticillati-Nupharetum luteae W. Koch 1926 is an aquatic
plant community considered vulnerable (F: I), observed in the Eracle channel
(MER), as well as in the Stipoc area (MS). The only threatened taxon is Trapa
natans, protected by the Berne Convention. This can be considered a
representative coenotaxon, as no alien/ ruderal species were observed.
Key species: Nuphar lutea (5; MS, MER).
Threatened species: Trapa natans (+; MER).
Other species: Nymphaea alba (+; MER), Phragmites australis (+; MS),
Sagittaria sagittifolia (+; MS).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. plant community can be considered
sporadic (F: III) within the Maliuc commune area. There can be assessed a
medium degree of non-native species presence as Amorpha fruticosa reaches a
dominance index of 1. Two ruderal species, with a reduced dominance, indicate a
low disturbance level from this point of view.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (1; MV), Salix alba (4; MV).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Rubus caesius (+; MV);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Arctium lappa (+; MV), Butomus umbellatus (+;
MV), Lycopus europaeus (+; MV), Myosoton aquaticum (+; MV), Phragmites
australis (+; MV), Rorippa austriaca (+; MV), Rumex palustris (+; MV), Symphytum
officinale (+; MV), Typha angustifolia (+; MV), Urtica dioica (+; MV).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926, framed within this habitat, which
represents the permanently flooded reed beds, is the most widespread plant
community on the Maliuc commune territory (F:V), being studied along the Eracle
channel (MER). It can be considered representative, as no alien/ ruderal plants
were recorded.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; MER), Typha angustifolia (+; MER).
Other species: Lythrum salicaria (+; MER), Salix alba (+; MER), Salix
cinerea (+; MER), Senecio paludosus (+; MER).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 is a frequent plant community (F:IV)
in the Stipoc area (MS). The only ruderal species identified in this plant
community, Xanthium italicum, is a sign of a low disturbance, as it has a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; MS).
Other species: Bidens tripartita (+; MS), Calystegia sepium (+; MS), Mentha
aquatica (+; MS), Myosotis scorpioides (+; MS), Rorippa amphibia (r; MS), Rumex
hydrolapathum (+; MS), Senecio paludosus (+; MS), Sium latifolium (+; MS),
Typha angustifolia (+; MS), Xanthium italicum (+; MS).

Astero tripolii-Phragmitetum humilis Krisch (1972) 1974 is vulnerable in
the Stipoc area (MS), where the three ruderal species indicate a low disturbance.
Key species: Phragmites australis subsp. australis var. humilis(5; MS).
Other species: Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; MS), Calystegia sepium (+;
MS), Galega officinalis (+; MS), Elymus repens (+; MS), Myosotis scorpioides (+;
MS), Plantago major (r; MS), Potentilla reptans (+; MS), Trifolium fragiferum (+;
MS), Xanthium italicum (+; MS).
53.132 Lesser reedmace beds

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953, a rare (F: II) plant community, was
studied along the Eracle channel (MER) where no alien/ ruderal species were
identified.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (5; MER).
Other species: Nuphar lutea (+; MER), Salix alba (+; MER).
classification
Agropyretum repentis Felföldy 1942 is a vulnerable (F: I) plant community
identified in the Stipoc levee area (MS). If Elymus repens is considered a typical
ruderal species the level of disturbance is very high, due to its dominant position.
Still, this species may also occur on undisturbed ground so in this case, along with
Xanthium italicum, this would be an indication of low disturbance.
Key species: Elymus repens (4; MS).
Other species: Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; MS), Calamagrostis epigeios
(+; MS), Calystegia sepium (+; MS), Galega officinalis (+; MS), Iris pseudacorus
(+; MS), Lythrum salicaria (+; MS), Phragmites australis (1; MS), Potentilla
reptans (+; MS), Symphytum officinale (+; MS), Xanthium italicum (+; MS).
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of the Maliuc commune there were
inventoried 92 bird species which are classified within the annexes 3 and 4B of
the Ordinance 57/2007. Of these 58 species are strictly protected, being found in
the Annex 3 of the ordinance, like: Gavia stellata, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus,
Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides,
Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea
purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia,
Cygnus cygnus, Aythya nyroca, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus
albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus
macrourus, Circus pygargus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina,
98 DELTA DUNĂRII V

peregrinus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus
himantopus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias
hibridus, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna caspia, Sterna sandvicensis,
Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis, Coracias
garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus
martius, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius
collurio. Among these, several more rare species for this area are represented by:
Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Pelecanus crispus, Platalea leucorodia,
Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus
pygargus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Luscinia svecica.
There were inventoried 34 protected species which require strict protection,
listed in the Annex 4B of the ordinance: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus,
Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava,
Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus, Erithacus rubecula,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus
roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus,
striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus,
cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes. Some of the rarest birds in the area included in this appendix are:
Jynx torquilla, Motacilla cinerea, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella
luscinoides.
Bird species identified in the area not classified in the two annexes of the
Ordinance 57/2007 but listed in the Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are: Podiceps
grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis (caspicus), Bubulcus (Ardeola) ibis, Mergus
albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus,
Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Charadrius dubius, Tringa stagnatilis,Tringa
ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta, Calidris alpina, Calidris ferruginea,
Calidris alba, Larus melanocephalus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Dendrocopos
major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator,
Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Luscinia
megarhynchos, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris,
Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida,
Hippolais icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla,
Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus cristatus,
Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza
schoeniclus.
The great diversity of habitats in the area favours the nesting of a large
number of species and populations of bird species, of which the certain or
probable nesting in the area of the Maliuc commune is estimated for:
nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta garzetta, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis
falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Haliaeetus albicilla,
Circus aeruginosus, Falco vespertinus, Porzana porzana, Sterna hirundo,

Chlidonias hibridus, Chlidonias niger, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus,
Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Dryocopus martius, Sylvia nisoria,
Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Tachybaptus
ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata,
Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus,
Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus
collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos
caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus,
Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis. Podiceps grisegena,
Podiceps nigricollis, Buteo buteo, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo
rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus
arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia
atricapilla, Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris,
Emberiza schoeniclus.
Mammals. The total number of species found within the Maliuc area is of 17
taxa, like: Rhinolophus hiposideros, Myotis myotis, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus
pipistrellus, Lepus europaeus, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus
agrarius, Ondatra zibethicus, Mycromis minutus, Canis aureus, Vulpes vulpes,
Nyctereutes procyonoides, Mustela putorius, Lutra lutra, Mustela lutreola, Sus
scrofa, Capreolus capreolus. Within these a few are strictly protected species,
which are included in Annex 3 of the Ordinance no. 57/2007, such as:
Rhinolophus hiposideros, Myotis myotis, Lutra lutra, Mustela lutreola. Species
which require strict protection, included in the Annex 4A are represented by:
Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus.
Research concerning the natural heritage of Măcin town
ACCESS: Road DN 22 Tulcea-Măcin

Niculiţel (Special Protection Area), Brațul Măcin (Site of
Community Interest), Dunărea Veche – Brațul Măcin

The administrative territory of Măcin town is characterized by the pre-
Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite to
which are added tufogene greenschist which occur on reduced areas in the
100 DELTA DUNĂRII V
eastern part. The Devonian deposits are confined in the north-eastern part and
are composed of the slate schists, quartzite and grey limestones those are
crossed by veins of Paleozoic igneous rocks. The eastern part of the area is
occupied by the Carapelit formation (Lower Carboniferous age) that is composed
of conglomerates, sandstones, tuffs, schists and siltites. Here also can be found
the Paleozoic outcrops of granite gneisses (between pre-Silurian metamorphic
deposits and Lower Carboniferous age deposits). These types of stones outcrop
through the Quaternary loess layers that cover entire area.
Based on these categories of rock substrata, the various types of territorial
units of soil such as Distric litosols (Dystric Leptosols, after World Reference Base
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) – on granite gneisses, Eutric litosols (Eutric
Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric
regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources –
SR, 1998), Typical kastanozems (Calcaro-calcic Kastanozems, after World
Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) occur. Along the Danube River
on the alluvial deposits and alluvia there were developed Calcareous alluvial soils,
Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils and Calcareous-alluvial gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
The general aspect of the Măcin town's territory is characterized by
agriculture fields, instead of the former steppe grasslands, and by forestry
plantations, which have nearly replaced all the previous white willow riparian
forests and wetland vegetation. Natural habitats are still represented by reduced
areas of wetland vegetation, along the Danube, but also in the area of a former
salt lake (Lacul Sărat). Within the latest area, naturally drained in the last years,
occur reed beds and wormwood grasslands (Artemisia santonica), typical for
saline soils.
In the northern and eastern sectors, adjacent to this administrative limit of
the town, the relief altitudes increase gradually within a rocky chain of eroded
mountains, from Orliga Hill (114 m) up to Sulucu Mare Peak (370 m), the highest
elevation of Culmea Pricopanului, a secondary range of Măcin Mountains. Most of
this higher relief is covered in steppe grasslands, the natural thickets having a low
occurrence, while isolated oaks (Quercus pedunculiflora, Quercus pubescens),
grouped at the foothills, represent remnants of the former wooded steppes.
Unfortunately important areas of steppe grasslands were replaced by forestry
plantations, which induce a certain artificial aspect in some parts of this range, like
also the active or abandoned quarries, the first situated outside the Măcin
Mountains National Park, while the second are still visible on more restricted
areas inside this protected area. Most of this range has still an unspoiled and
spectacular mountain landscape, with characteristic natural megalithic granite
formations, underlined by the golden steppe grasslands. These peaks are also
outstanding viewpoints upon the Danube westwards and northwards, while to east
and south the forests and then steppes that occur on the other ranges of Măcin
Mountains are visible.

The conservation importance of the natural vegetation is obvious, as, except
one plant community, all the other are priority habitats of community importance
like 1530* (15.A211), 40C0* (31.8B721), 62C0* (34.92, 34.9211).
The major part of the plant communities are endangered within the Măcin
area, less being vulnerable and only one rare. Among them prevail the low
disturbed coenotaxa, closely followed by medium perturbed ones, only one plant
community being representative for a natural status.
Most of these plant communities have no threatened taxa in the analysed
situations, with the exception of the two coenotaxa from the rocky steppe, with
important values of four, respectively three threatened taxa, mostly endangered
within these phytocoenoses.
15.A211 Western Pontic saline steppes

Artemisietum santonici Soó 1947 corr. Guterm. et Mucina 1993 plant
community is endangered within the Măcin territory, being identified at the Lacul
Sărat area (LSM), where it can be framed into a medium level of ruderal plant
invasion (four species), as these represent more than half of the number of
species, some having also a significant dominance (1).
Key species: Artemisia santonica (3; LSM).
Other species: Cynodon dactylon (2; LSM), Elymus repens (1; LSM),
Lamium purpureum (+; LSM), Marrubium vulgare (+; LSM), Phragmites australis
(+; LSM), Stellaria media (+; LSM).
31.8B721 Ponto-Sarmatic hawthorn-blackthorn scrub)

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 plant community can be
estimated as vulnerable within the Măcin Mountains National Park, respectively in
the area of Pricopan Range (PRM), being overall endangered in the Măcin
territory. There it can be considered as having a low degree of disturbance,
indicated by the reduced dominance of the non-native Prunus cerasifera and of
the three ruderal taxa.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (5; PRM).
Other species:
- shrubs/ trees/ lianas: Cerasus mahaleb (+; PRM), Clematis vitalba (+;
PRM), Prunus cerasifera (+; PRM), Rosa canina (+; PRM);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Geum urbanum (+; PRM), Lamium purpureum (+;
PRM), Marrubium peregrinum (+; PRM), Poa angustifolia (+; PRM), Sanguisorba
minor (+; PRM), Urtica dioica (+; PRM).

Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977 is
the most common (F: IV) coenotaxon within Culmea Pricopanului (CPM),
respectively rare throughout Măcin territory. A medium level of ruderal plant
invasive trend can be deduced from the presence of seven such species with a
reduced dominance that represents half of the recorded species number.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; CPM).

Other species: Cynodon dactylon (+; CPM), Eryngium campestre (+; CPM),
Galium aparine (+; CPM), Cruciata pedemontana (+; CPM), Geranium
rotundifolium (+; CPM), Lamium amplexicaule (+; CPM), Onopordum acanthium
(r; CPM), Plantago lanceolata (+; CPM), Poa angustifolia (+; CPM), Potentilla
argentea (+; CPM), Sanguisorba minor (+; CPM), Teucrium polium (+; CPM),
Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; CPM).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 plant community, a
vulnerable coenotaxa (F: I) within the Pricopan Range (PRM), endangered in the
Măcin town territory, has a low disturbance level, as the five ruderal species have
a reduced dominance.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4 PRM).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; PRM), Alyssum murale (+; PRM),
Cichorium intybus (+; PRM), Echium italicum (+; PRM), Erodium cicutarium (+;
PRM), Eryngium campestre (+; PRM), Festuca valesiaca (1; PRM), Lamium
amplexicaule (+; PRM), Linaria genistifolia (+; PRM), Poa angustifolia (+; PRM),
Potentilla argentea (+; PRM), Ranunculus illyricus (+; PRM).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970 plant community is
considered vulnerable (F: I) within the Culmea Pricopanului sector that belongs to
Măcin Town (CPM) – Măcin Mountains National Park, being endangered within
the whole studied territory. It has a high conservation value, as four rare
threatened species at the national level were inventoried. Within this plant
community Thymus zygioides is dominant, while the other are endangered, except
the vulnerable Campanula romanica. This phytocoenosis can be considered
representative, as no ruderal/ alien species were recorded.
Key species: Thymus zygioides (2; CPM).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (1; CPM), Dianthus nardiformis
(+; CPM), Festuca callieri (+; CPM), Thymus zygioides (1; CPM).
Other species: Alyssum saxatile (+; CPM), Asperula tenella (+; CPM),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; CPM), Potentilla argentea (+; CPM), Rumex
acetosella (+; CPM), Sanguisorba minor (+; CPM), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; CPM), Stipa capillata (+; CPM).
Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970 is a rare
(F: II) plant community within Pricopan Range (PRM), respectively vulnerable
throughout the Măcin territory. Its conservation value is enhanced by the three
rare threatened taxa, among which Campanula romanica and Dianthus
nardiformis are vulnerable, of European importance, the first being also endemic.
Within the studied phytocoenosis Dianthus nardiformis can be considered
vulnerable, while the other two are endangered. There can be observed a low
disturbance level due to the alien species Ailanthus altissima, with a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Festuca callieri (3; PRM).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; PRM), Dianthus nardiformis
(1; PRM), Thymus zygioides (+; PRM).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; PRM), Ailanthus altissima (+; PRM),
Alyssum murale (+; PRM), Asperula tenella (+; PRM), Crataegus monogyna (+;
PRM), Phleum phleoides (+; PRM), Potentilla argentea (+; PRM), Ranunculus
illyricus (+; PRM), Rumex acetosella (+; PRM), Sanguisorba minor (+; PRM),
Stipa capillata (+; PRM), Teucrium polium (+; PRM).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. is an endangered plant community within
Măcin town territory, where it is located in narrow stripes along the Danube, in the
river floodplain (MLD). There can be estimated a low level of disturbance, due to
the reduced dominance of both alien (Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus americana)
and ruderal taxa (two species).
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; MLD), Populus alba (1; MLD), Salix alba
(5; MLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; MLD);
- shrubs/ lianas: Rubus caesius (+; MLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Elymus repens (+; MLD), Butomus umbellatus (+;
MLD), Xanthium italicum (+; MLD).

Astero tripolii-Phragmitetum humilis Krisch (1972) 1974 is a dominant
(F: V) plant community in the area of Lacul Sărat (LSM), still being vulnerable
within the whole studied area. The number of ruderal species (three taxa) reaches
50% of the total recorded taxa, indicating thus a medium disturbance level.
Key species: Aster tripolium subsp. pannonicus (1; LSM), Phragmites
australis (+; LSM).
Other species: Erophila verna (+; LSM), Lamium purpureum (+; LSM),
Puccinelia limosa (+; LSM), Stellaria media (+; LSM).
FAUNA
Birds. On the territory of the Măcin town there were identified 66 species of
birds which can be found in the appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007.
The list of the strictly protected bird species identified in the area, that can be
found in the Annex 3 (37 species) is the following: Ardeola ralloides, Egretta
garzetta, Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus albicilla,
Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus
pygargus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga,
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Sterna
hirundo, Chlidonias hybridus, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis,
Melanocorypha calandra, Anthus campestris, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Oenanthe isabelina. Among these several rare species are more typical for this
area: Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus.
There were recorded 29 protected species which can be found in the Annex
4B of the Ordinance 57/2007, like: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis
hypoleucos, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea,
Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus
Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Prunella modularis, Serinus
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Within the studied
area the rarest species listed in this annex are: Sturnus roseus, Motacilla cinerea,
Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides.
Another category includes the bird species not found in the two annexes of
the Ordinance 57/2007, but listed in the Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, these being
represented by: Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis (caspicus), Mergus
albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus,
Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Caprimulgus europaeus, Dendrocopos major,
Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes
troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Luscinia megarhynchos,
Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus
schoeniclus.
The bird species which nest in the Măcin town area are represented by:
Ciconia ciconia, Falco vespertinus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dendrocopos medius, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius
collurio, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Motacilla alba, Erithacus
Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus
europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus,
Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon
urbica, Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla Ficedula
albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Emberiza schoeniclus, Oenanthe
oenanthe, Alauda arvensis, Melanocorypha calandra, Turdus philomelos, Turdus
merula, Miliaria calandra.

of Mihai Bravu commune
ACCESS: Road DN22 Tulcea-Babadag, DC 229

NATURA 2000 SITES: Deniz Tepe (Site of Community Interest, Special
Protection Area)
The administrative territory of Mihai Bravu commune is characterized by the
Middle Triassic deposits of whitish, grey and reddish limestone, rich in ammonites`
fauna. The Early Jurassic deposits of loamy sandstone appear on a small surface
in the north-eastern part of the area. The Upper Cretaceous limestones deposits
which outcrop in the south south-western part of area are composed of the
Cenomanian deposits of organogenic limestones, sandy limestone and marl
limestones and these types of stones outcropping through the Quaternary loess
layers that cover entire area.
Based on this rock substrata, the various types of territorial units of soil such
as Eutric litosols (Eutric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources
– SR, 1998), Rendzinic litosols (Eutri-lithic Leptosols, after World Reference Base
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) – on limestone, Calcaric regosols (Calcaric
Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998),
Subrendzinic chernozems (Endoleptic Chernozems, after World Reference Base
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Typical kastanozems (Calcaro-calcic
Kastanozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998),
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Greic phaeozems (Greyi-luvic Phaeozems, after
World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) occur. Along the Taița
River on the alluvial deposits and alluvia there were developed Calcareous alluvial
soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils.
LANDSCAPE
Within this commune’s territory there can be noticed a certain contrast
between the flat and mainly cultivated lowlands from the northern sector, which
include also the Topraichioi Lake water body and the adjacent reed beds,
respectively the rolling hills with steppe and wooded steppe vegetation from the
southern sector. This last unit belongs to the Babadag Plateau, where the
limestone sandstone outcrops especially on the summits and slopes of the hills,
with a maximum altitude of 196 m, in the Aslamar Peak.
Nearly all the inventoried plant communities are framed community interest
habitats, such as: 1530* (15.A21275), 62C0* (34.92), 91AA* (41.73723).
Most of the analysed habitats show signs of a low disturbance due to the
human activities, in the case of steppe grasslands and reed beds. Still in the
mesophil grasslands and sub-Mediterranean forests the level of human impact is
medium, respectively high.
Some of the locations mentioned below are included in the Danube Delta
site of community interest, like Topraichioi Lake, respectively within the Podișul
Nord Dobrogean Site of Community Interest, such as Tâmpa Balar Bair Hill. The
hills situated eastwards of the Balar Bair Valley are not framed into protected
areas.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 plant community is
endangered (F: +), as it was only identified so far on reduced areas close to the
Toprachioi Lake. Even though the five ruderal species have a reduced
dominance, the fact that they overpass in number the other native species
indicates a medium disturbance due to grazing.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (5; MBT).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (+; MBT), Cichorium intybus (+; MBT),
Daucus carota subsp. carota (+; MBT), Phragmites australis (+; MBT), Plantago
major (+; MBT), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; MBT), Stellaria media (+; MBT),
Xanthium italicum (+; MBT).

community can be estimated as vulnerable (F: I) within this territory where it was
studied in the hills eastwards of Balar Bair Valley(VBB). The four rare threatened
species, of which Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. cadrilateri is also sub-endemic,
represent another aspect that underline the high conservation value of these
phytocoenoses, beside their priority community interest habitat status. A low
disturbance due to human intervention is indicated by the three ruderal species with a
reduced dominance.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; VBB), Medicago minima (+; VBB).
Threatened species: Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. cadrilateri (+; VBB),
Pimpinella tragium subsp. lithophila (+; VBB), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; VBB).
Other species: Acinos arvensis (+; VBB), Anthemis austriaca (+; VBB),
Asperula tenella (+; VBB), Bombycilaena erecta (+; VBB), Dichanthium
ischaemum (1; VBB), Eryngium campestre (+; VBB), Leontodon crispus (+; VBB),
Linum austriacum (+; VBB), Minuartia glomerata (+; VBB), Plantago lanceolata (+;
VBB), Stipa capillata (1; VBB), Teucrium polium (+; VBB), Thymus pannonicus (1;
VBB).
Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977 is a
vulnerable plant community (F: I) which was inventoried on the Tâmpa Balar Bair Hill
(MBB). Its conservation value is enhanced by the three threatened species of which
Crocus reticulatus is vulnerable, while the other two are rare at the national level.
Within this coenotaxon all these are considered endangered. The seven ruderal
species indicate a low disturbance level as their dominance is reduced.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3; MBB).
Threatened species: Centaurea napulifera (+; MBB), Crocus reticulatus (+;
MBB), Thymus zygioides (+; MBB).
Other species: Centaurea solstitialis (+; MBB), Crysopogon gryllus (+;
MBB), Crataegus monogyna (+; MBB), Cichorium intybus (+; MBB), Cynodon
dactylon (+; MBB), Erodium cicutarium (+; MBB), Erophila verna (+; MBB),
Eryngium campestre (+; MBB), Festuca valesiaca (2; MBB), Lamium amplexicaule
(+; MBB), Orlaya grandiflora (+; MBB), Poa angustifolia (+; MBB), Poa bulbosa (+;
MBB), Quercus pubescens (+; MBB), Stipa capillata (+; MBB), Taraxacum
erythrospermum (+; MBB), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; MBB).

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970 is estimated as a
vulnerable (F: II) coenotaxon within the Mihai Bravu commune, where it was
recorded within the wooded pasture from the Tâmpa Balar Bair Hill (MBB). As the
analyzed stand is totally derived there can be deduced a high disturbance at least
in the tree layer. Still in the herbaceous layer the disturbance is low as the three
ruderal species have a reduced dominance.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (4; MBB).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (+; MBB), Fraxinus ornus (1; MBB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; MBB), Dactylis polygama
(+; MBB), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; MBB), Festuca valesiaca (+; MBB),
Geranium rotundifolium (+; MBB), Geum urbanum (+; MBB), Lamium purpureum
(+; MBB), Leonurus cardiaca (+; MBB), Poa angustifolia (+; MBB), Ranunculus
ficaria (+; MBB), Scilla bifolia (+; MBB), Teucrium polium (+; MBB), Veronica
hederifolia (+; MBB), Viola suavis (+; MBB).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 is estimated as a vulnerable
coenotaxon within the Mihai Bravu commune where it occurs together with the
related habitat 53.1111 Freshwater Phragmites beds represented by the same
Phragmites community but mono-dominant, assessed also as vulnerable (F: I).
Both occur within and adjacent to the Balta Toprachioi Lake (BT). Within the first
habitat the only ruderal taxon Daucus carota subsp. carota, with a reduced
dominance, shows a low disturbance.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; MBT).
Other species: Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; MBT), Calystegia sepium (+;
MBT), Daucus carota subsp. carota (+; MBT), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; MBT),
Salix cinerea (+; MBT).
FAUNA
Birds. Within the studied avifauna of the administrative territory of the Mihai
Bravu commune there were inventoried 57 bird species included in the Ordinance
57/2007, 28 species are strictly protected, being classified in Annex 3: Ciconia
nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus,
Circus cyaneus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga,
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Sterna hirundo, Asio
Among these, several species which confer a high conservation value to the
area include: Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus, Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug,
Falco peregrinus, Oenanthe isabellina, Oenanthe pleschanka, Sylvia nisoria,
Emberiza hortulana, Anthus campestris.
The other 29 species, requiring strict protection, as they are classified in the
Annex 4, are: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Upupa epops,
Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus
Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer
hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis
chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea,
The rarest birds in this area included in this appendix are represented by:
Jynx torquilla, Motacilla cinerea, Prunella modularis, Sturnus roseus, Regulus
regulus, Carduelis flammea.
the Ordinance 57/2007 but listed in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are: Accipiter
gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco
columbarius, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon
urbica, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe
oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia
curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula albicollis, Parus
cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella.
Mihai Bravu commune has an abundance of species and populations
nesting in the area, among them being recorded: Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos


of Mihail Kogălniceanu commune
ACCESS: Road E87 Tulcea-Constanța

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE: Dealul
Deniztepe (nature reserve)
NATURA 2000 SITES: Deniz Tepe (Site of Community Interest, Special
Protection Area)

The administrative territory of M. Kogălniceanu commune is characterized
by the Middle Triassic deposits of whitish, grey and reddish limestone, rich in
ammonites fauna. The Paleozoic outcrops of granite gneisses occur on the
outskirts of the Middle Triassic deposits (in anticlines) and on top of these appear
the outcrop of the Upper Triassic (Carnian age) deposits of limestones with
intercalations of clay schists. The Early Jurassic deposits of loamy sandstone
appear on the south-western part of the area. These types of stones outcrop
through the Quaternary loess layers that cover the entire area.
World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Rendzinic litosols (Eutri-
lithic Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) – on
limestone, Calcaric regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World Reference Base for
Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Subrendzinic chernozems (Endoleptic Chernozems,
after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Typical kastanozems
(Calcaro-calcic Kastanozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources –
SR, 1998), Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-calcic Chernozems, after World
Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Kastanic chernozems (Calcaro-
calcic Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998)
occur. Along the Telița River on the alluvial deposits and alluvia were developed
Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils.
LANDSCAPE
The landscape of this territory is mainly represented by a low plain used for
agriculture, the natural habitats having a restricted distribution along several
permanent rivulets like Teliţa and Hagilar, where mesophylls grasslands occur on
soils with a low salt concentration.
Within this plain emerge inselberg type isolated hills, like Deniztepe (166 m),
or ranges of eroded mountains, the highest of them being Uzunbair (223 m). On
all hills occur steppe grasslands and very restricted thickets or forest remnants.

All the plant communities inventoried so far are framed into priority interest
habitats such as: 1530* (15.A21275), 40C0* (31.8B721), 62C0* (34.92), 91AA*
(41.73723).
Most of the analysed plant communities show a low disturbance level in the
case of the steppe grasslands, where the exceptions are represented by Artemisio
austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae and Thymio pannonici-Chrysopogonetum grylli with
very high, respectively medium levels of human impact. The mesophil grasslands
(Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum) have a medium level of disturbance, while the
thickets (Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum) are low disturbed. A medium disturbance is
also typical for the degraded forests (Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis).
The locations mentioned below, belong to the sites of community interest
Deniz Tepe (Dealul Deniztepe nature reserve), respectively Dealurile Agighiolului
(including Uzunbair Hill). The floodplain of the Hagilar rivulet and Dealul Găvana
Mare are situated outside protected areas.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 is a vulnerable
plant community that was studied in the floodplain of Hagilar rivulet, being also
observed close to Rândunica Village (MKH). Within this coenotaxon with a
restricted diversity, the two ruderal species represent half of the inventory, so they
indicate a medium disturbance due to grazing.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (5; MKH).
Other species: Cichorium intybus (+; MKH), Potentilla reptans (+; MKH),
Stellaria media (+; MKH).
31.8B721 Ponto-Sarmatic hawthorn-blackthorn scrub)

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 is considered a vulnerable
plant community, being registered from Uzunbair Hill (Dealul Uzunbair). Its
conservation value consists, among others, in the presence of three threatened
taxa, of which Crocus reticulatus and Paeonia peregrina are also vulnerable.
Three ruderal species with reduced dominance show a low degree of disturbance
from this point of view.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (3; MKU), Prunus spinosa (1; MKU).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; MKU), Crocus reticulatus (+;
MKU), Paeonia peregrina (+; MKU).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Carpinus orientalis (1; MKU), Cornus mas (+; MKU),
Evonymus verrucosus (+; MKU), Ligustrum vulgare (+; MKU), Rosa canina (+; MKU);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Agropyron cristatum (+; MKU), Artemisia

austriaca (+; MKU), Festuca valesiaca (1; MKU), Marrubium vulgare (+; MKU),
Scilla bifolia (+; MKU), Stellaria media (+; MKU), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; MKU),
Veronica hederifolia (+; MKU).

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941, a vulnerable
plant community in the analyzed situations, within the northern part of Dealurile
Agighiolului site of community interest (MKA), shelters only one rare threatened
species the low disturbance is shown by only one ruderal species with a low
dominance.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (5; MKA).
Threatened species: Thymus zygioides (+; MKA).
Other species: Dichanthium ischaemum (1; MKA), Eryngium campestre (+;
MKA), Poa bulbosa (+; MKA), Sanguisorba minor (+; MKA), Stipa capillata (+;
MKA), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; MKA), Teucrium polium (+; MKA).
vulnerable plant community studied at Uzunbair Hill (MKU) and Dealul Deniztepe
nature reserve (DDt), but observed also close to Rândunica locality. The
conservation value of this coenotaxon is underlined mainly by the three threatened
species, considered rare at the national level of which Crocus reticulatus is
vulnerable. While for this coenotaxon Colchicum triphyllum is critically endangered,
the other two are endangered. A low level of disturbance is indicated by the seven
ruderal species with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4-5; MKU, DDt).
Threatened species: Centaurea napulifera (+; MKU), Colchicum triphyllum
(r; MKU), Crocus reticulatus (+; MKU, DDt), Paeonia peregrina (+; MKU).
Other species: Bombycilaena erecta (+; DDt), Chrysopogon gryllus (+; DDt),
Cichorium intybus (+; MKU), Cynodon dactylon (+; DDt), Digitalis lanata (+; DDt),
Eryngium campestre (+; MKU, DDt), Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa (+;
MKU), Festuca valesiaca (+-1; MKU, DDt), Lamium purpureum (+; DDt),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; MKU), Poa bulbosa (+; DDt), Stellaria media (+; DDt),
Stipa capillata (+; MKU), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; DDt), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; MKU), Teucrium polium (+; MKU), Thymus pannonicus (+; MKU).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 can be considered a
vulnerable plant community within the studied area, where it was identified on the
Găvana Mare Hill (Dealul Găvana Mare), close to Rândunica Village (MKG).
There only one rare threatened species was identified, this being endangered
within the respective coenotaxa. There can be observed a process of non-native
species (Elaeagnus angustifolia) invasion, with a low rate. A high level of ruderal
plants invasive tendencies can be deduced from the numerous such taxa that
prevail within the inventory (six species) of which Poa bulbosa and Artemisia
austriaca are dominant key species.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; MKG), Poa bulbosa (4; MKG).
Threatened species: Ornithogalum sibthorpii (1; MKG).
Other species: Bassia prostrata (+; MKG), Bombycilaena erecta (+; MKG),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; MKG), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; MKG), Erodium
cicutarium (+; MKG), Eryngium campestre (+; MKG), Marrubium peregrinum (+;
MKG), Ranunculus oxyspermus (+; MKG), Stellaria media (+; MKG).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 represents an
endangered plant community within the studied territory (F: +) where the two
ruderal species show a low level of invasive trend due to these kind of taxa.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; MKA).
Other species: Cynodon dactylon (+; MKA), Dichanthium ischaemum (1;
MKA), Eryngium campestre (+; MKA), Festuca valesiaca (1; MKA), Marrubium
peregrinum (+; MKA), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; MKA), Teucrium polium (+;
MKA).
Thymio pannonici-Chrysopogonetum grylli Doniţă et alii 1992 plant
community is considered endangered (F: +) within Deniztepe nature reserve, where
only one rare threatened species was identified, estimated as endangered within the
respective phytocoenosis. There can be deduced a low disturbance due to presence
of one non-native taxa. The five ruderal species with a significant dominance variation
(+-1) indicate a medium degree of this kind of species invasive tendencies.
Key species: Chrysopogon gryllus (3; DDt).
Threatened species: Gagea szovitzii (+; DDt).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; DDt), Ailanthus altissima (+; DDt),
Artemisia austriaca (+; DDt), Bombycilaena erecta (+; DDt), Dichanthium
ischaemum (1; DDt), Digitalis lanata (+; DDt), Erophila verna (+; DDt), Eryngium
campestre (+; DDt), Lamium amplexicaule (+; DDt), Poa bulbosa (1; DDt).
41.73723 Moesian Paeonia peregrina - white oak woods

can be considered an endangered coenotaxon within the Mihail Kogălniceanu
commune, where it was identified so far only on Uzunbair Hill (Dealul Uzunbair –
MKU) as a partially derived phytocoenosis. This indicates a medium level of
human impact, at least in the three layers. Still, in the herbaceous layer there is a
low level of ruderal species invasion, these being represented by two taxa with a
reduced dominance.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (4; MKU), Quercus pubescens (1; MKU).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; MKU).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; MKU), Evonymus verrucosus (+;
MKU), Rosa canina (+; MKU), Viburnum lantana (+; MKU);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Digitalis lanata (+; MKU), Festuca valesiaca (+;
MKU), Fragaria viridis (+; MKU), Poa angustifolia (+; MKU), Scilla bifolia (+; MKU),
Veronica hederifolia (+; MKU), Viola arvensis (+; MKU).
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of the Mihail Kogălniceanu commune
there were recorded 63 species of birds found in appendices 3 and 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007.
The strictly protected bird species identified in the area, which can be found
in the Annex 3 (31 species) are: Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus,
Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus,
Asio flammeus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos
syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Melanocorypha
calandra, Lulula arborea, Oenanthe isabellina, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Of the species listed above, the rarest for this area are: Circaetus gallicus,
Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus
pennatus, Falco peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Asio flammeus, Oenanthe
isabellina, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus campestris.
There were observed 32 protected species listed in the Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007, as follows: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene
noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla
flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus, Prunella modularis,
oriolus, Corvus corax, Passer hispaniolensis, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus,
Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Some of the rarest birds in this annex for this
area are: Jynx torquilla, Motacilla cinerea, Bombycilla garrulus, Prunella
modularis, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix,
Regulus regulus, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicappa striata, Serinus serinus,
Carduelis spinus, Carduelis flammea.
57/2007 but listed in the Annex II of the Law 13/ 1993, are: Accipiter gentilis,
Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco
columbarius, Apus melba, Dendrocopos major, Picoides tridactylus, Riparia
riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes,
Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos,
Luscinia luscinia, Hippolais pallida, Hippolais icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia
communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus caeruleus,
Of the bird species that nest in the Mihail Kogălniceanu area some of the
most important are: Burhinus oedicnemus, Asio flammeus, Coracias garrulus,
Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Lulula arborea, Sylvia
nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Falco tinnunculus, Athene
noctua, Upupa epops, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Muscicappa striata, Oriolus oriolus,

cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola rubetra,
Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia borin, Sylvia
atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Emberiza citrinella.

of Nufăru commune
ACCESS: Road DJ 222C Tulcea-Murighiol

Protection Area), Beștepe-Mahmudia (Special
Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Nufăru commune is characterized by the
Devonian deposits of silicolite (in the central part) and Lower Triassic outcrops
characterized by the presence of the green polymictic conglomerates, on the
north-western part. On the remaining area the green phyllitic clay and limestone
these are added to the Middle Triassic deposits of blackish-grey limestone and
micritic limestone those occur through the Quaternary loess layers.
Within the mainland side, the great diversity of rock types is reflected in a
greater variety of territorial units of soil such as Typical Kastanozems, Calcaric
chernozems (Calcaro-calcic Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil
Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols (Calcaric
Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998),
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), as well as Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-
gleyed alluvial soils, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils those were formed on Holocene
deposits of siltite along Sf. Gheorghe branch.
LANDSCAPE
Most of this commune's territory is represented by artificial habitats,
respectively agriculture fields or forestry plantations that have replaced the native
vegetation of wetlands, northwards of the Sf. Gheorghe branch of the Danube,
respectively the steppe grasslands, that previously occurred southwards, on
Tulcea hills unit, these being also affected by wind farms.
Important areas of natural habitats can still be observed northwards and

along the Danube, mainly represented by white willow forests, but also by white
poplar stands. Eastwards of the commune, the Danube floodplain recovered
wetlands are dominated by reed beds and reed mace beds, while on the
riverbanks meet grasslands of Elymus repens and Poa sylvicola. Natural steppe
grasslands occur on the slopes adjacent to these latest wetlands, but most of
them are found on the wooded steppe pastures from the hills that surround the
Curcuz Forest. This small forest is dominated by sub-Mediterranean white oak
woods on the slopes, respectively wooded steppe forest stands of Quercus
pedunculiflora along the valleys. This unexpected forest environment within a
wider steppe landscape, together with the restricted limestone outcrops areas,
which also include several small caves, has a major scenic importance within this
territory, like also the panorama of the Danube floodplain, visible from these hills.

Even if they occur on reduced areas the major part of the plant communities
recorded in this territory belongs to different habitats of community interest, such
as 92A0 (44.1621), mainly priority ones which include 40C0* (31.8B721), 62C0*
(34.92, 34.9211), 91AA* (41.73723), 91I0* (41.7A221).
The vulnerable habitats prevail within the recorded plant communities,
followed by the endangered coenotaxa. Most of the plant communities are low
disturbed, followed by the medium perturbed coenotaxa. There are only two plant
communities representative for a natural status, and just one that shows a high
disturbance. The major part of the plant communities has no threatened species.
The only exception is represented by five coenotaxa which have between one and
three threatened species, nearly all being endangered.
All the locations mentioned from the Danube floodplain are included in the
Danube Delta Site of Community Interest, while those indicated from the Curcuz
Forest area and the loess plateau adjacent to the Danube floodplain belong to the
Beștepe-Mahmudia special protection area.

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 plant community can be
estimated as endangered (F: +) within the Nufăru commune. It was analysed on
the slopes of the loess plateau adjacent to the Danube floodplain (NTL). Four
ruderal species with a low dominance indicate a low disturbance from this point of
view.
Key species: Prunus spinosa (4; NTL).
Other species:
- shrubs: Rhamnus cathartica (+; NTL), Ulmus procera (+; NTL);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Bromus japonicus (+; NTL), Coronilla varia (+;
NTL), Dactylis glomerata (+; NTL), Eryngium campestre (+; NTL), Euphorbia
agraria (+; NTL), Cruciata pedemontana (+; NTL), Iris variegata (+; NTL),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; NTL), Phragmites australis (+; NTL), Poa angustifolia
(+; NTL), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; NTL), Ulmus procera (+; NTL).

Botriochloetum ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977 is a vulnerable (F: II)
coenotaxon within Nufăru commune, where it is mainly concentrated in the
grasslands adjacent to Curcuz Forest (Pădurea Curcuz-NPC). There, only one rare
threatened species was identified, endangered within this coenotaxon. Grazing
effects are obvious in the medium level of disturbance indicated by the nine ruderal
species that represent more than half of the inventory, regardless of their reduced
dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (5; NPC).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; NPC).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; NPC), Artemisia austriaca (+; NPC),
Bassia prostrata (+; NPC), Berteroa incana (+; NPC), Chondrilla juncea (+; NPC),
Chelidonium majus (+; NPC), Convolvulus arvensis (+; NPC), Crataegus
monogyna (+; NPC), Cichorium intybus (+; NPC), Cynodon dactylon (+; NPC),
Eryngium campestre (+; NPC), Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa (+; NPC),
Fallopia dumetorum (+; NPC), Galium humifusum (+; NPC), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; NPC), Xanthium italicum (+; NPC).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961, an endangered plant
community, was identified on the loess plateau adjacent to the Danube floodplain
(NTL) – Nufăru commune, where one rare threatened species was observed, this
being endangered within the respective phytocoenosis. The five ruderal species
having a restricted dominance show a low degree of invasive trend from this point of
view.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; NTL).
Threatened species: Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; NTL).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; NTL), Agropyron cristatum (+; NTL),
Bromus japonicus (+; NTL), Campanula sibirica (+; NTL), Eryngium campestre (+;
NTL), Cruciata pedemontana (+; NTL), Marrubium peregrinum (+; NTL), Orlaya
grandiflora (+; NTL), Papaver dubium (+; NTL), Poa angustifolia (+; NTL),
Pastinaca graveolens (+; NTL), Phlomis pungens (+; NTL), Salvia nemorosa (+;
NTL), Senecio vernalis (+; NTL), Tragopogon dubius (+; NTL), Xeranthemum
annuum (1; NTL).
Agropyretum pectiniformae (Prodan 1939) Dihoru 1970 is considered a
vulnerable (F: I) plant community within the Nufaru commune. It was studied on
the loess plateau which borders the Danube floodplain (NTL). There were
observed two rare threatened species at the national level, endangered within the
respective phytocoenosis. The nine ruderal species have a reduced dominance,
so there can be estimated that the coenotaxon is at the upper limit of the low
invasive tendencies of this kind of taxa.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3; NTL).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; NTL), Echinops ritro subsp.
ruthenicus (+; NTL).
Other species: Bassia prostrata (+; NTL), Bromus japonicus (+; NTL),
Campanula sibirica (+; NTL), Centaurea solstitialis (+; NTL), Cichorium intybus (+;
NTL), Crataegus monogyna (+; NTL), Dactylis glomerata (+; NTL), Eryngium
campestre (+; NTL), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; NTL), Cruciata pedemontana (+;
NTL), Koeleria macrantha (+; NTL), Iris variegata (+; NTL), Marrubium peregrinum
(+; NTL), Poa bulbosa (+; NTL), Pastinaca graveolens (+; NTL), Phlomis pungens
(+; NTL), Plantago lanceolata (+; NTL), Sisymbrium orientale (+; NTL), Stipa
capillata (+; NTL), Sanguisorba minor (+; NTL), Tragopogon dubius (+; NTL),
Ulmus minor (+; NTL).

Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974 is an
endangered coenotaxon that was only identified in the limestone rocky areas of
Curcuz Forest (NPC). From the three rare threatened species Euphorbia
myrsinites is also vulnerable at the national level, being critically endangered in
the studied phytocoenosis, while the other two are endangered. The three ruderal
species having a reduced dominance indicate a low level of disturbance, like also
the presence of non-native taxon (Amaranthus retroflexus).
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (2; NPC).
Threatened species: Asphodeline lutea (+; NPC), Euphorbia myrsinites (+;
NPC), Myrrhoides nodosa (+; NPC).
Other species: Amaranthus retroflexus (+; NPC), Bromus sterilis (+; NPC),
Cerasus mahaleb (+; NPC), Cleistogenes serotina (1; NPC), Portulaca oleracea
(+; NPC), Tragus racemosus (+; NPC), Vinca herbacea (+; NPC).

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970 is a vulnerable
(F: I) plant community within Nufăru commune's territory, which forms most of the
compact stands of forest within Curcuz Forest area (NPC), where just one rare
threatened species was identified, this being endangered within the analysed
situations. As this coenotaxon is partially derived, it can be considered as medium
disturbed, at least in the tree layer, while in the herbaceous layer no ruderal/ alien
species were identified.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (3; NPC), Quercus pubescens (1; NPC).
Threatened species: Piptatherum virescens (+; NPC).
Other species:
- trees: Acer tataricum (+; NPC), Fraxinus ornus (1; NPC), Ulmus procera
(+; NPC);
- shrubs: Crataegus monogyna (+; NPC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; NPC), Dactylis
polygama (+; NPC), Glechoma hirsuta (+; NPC), Geum urbanum (+; NPC).

Violo suavis-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Doniță 1970 plant community is
endangered (F: +) within Nufăru commune' s territory, having a reduced distribution in
the Curcuz Forest area (NPC), where it can be estimated as having a low level of
disturbance due to the non-native species (Conyza canadensis). The five ruderal
species show a medium degree of invasive tendencies, as their dominance is +-1.
Key species: Acer tataricum (1; NPC), Quercus pedunculiflora (2; NPC).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (1; NPC), Carpinus orientalis (1; NPC), Ulmus
minor (+; NPC);
- shrubs: Cornus mas (+; NPC), Crataegus monogyna (+; NPC),
Sambucus nigra (+; NPC);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Arctium lappa (+; NPC), Ballota nigra (+; NPC),
Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; NPC), Conyza canadensis (+; NPC), Dactylis
polygama (+; NPC), Glechoma hirsuta (+; NPC), Leonurus cardiaca (+; NPC),
Lamium purpureum (+; NPC), Lychnis coronaria (+; NPC), Urtica dioica (+; NPC).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 plant community, considered vulnerable (F: I)
within the Nufăru commune's territory, was inventoried in the Danube floodplain, along
the Danube (NLD). The two non-native species (Fraxinus americana, Morus alba)
show a low disturbance from this point of view.
Key species: Salix alba (5; NLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; NLD), Morus alba (+; NLD);
- shrubs: Rubus caesius (+; NLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Bidens tripartita (+; NLD), Calystegia sepium (+;
NLD), Poa sylvicola (+; NLD), Solanum dulcamara (+; NLD).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community framed within this
habitat is represented by the reed beds permanently flooded, these being
observed in the Danube floodplain eastwards of the Nufăru locality, being
considered a vulnerable coenotaxon. As the analysed situations were all mono-
dominant, no plot was inventoried.

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community, vulnerable (F: I)
within the Nufăru commune’s territory, can be considered as representative, as no
alien/ ruderal taxa were inventoried.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; NLD).
Other species: Atriplex hastata (+; NLD), Alisma plantago-aquatica (+;
NLD), Calystegia sepium (+; NLD), Lycopus europaeus (+; NLD), Mentha
aquatica (+; NLD), Poa sylvicola (+; NLD), Rumex palustris (+; NLD),
Schoenoplectus lacustris (+; NLD), Typha angustifolia (+; NLD).
53.12 Common club rush beds

Schoenoplectetum lacustris Chouchard 1924 is a vulnerable
coenotaxon (F: I) within the Nufăru commune, identified in the Danube floodplain
(NLD). As no ruderal/ alien species were observed, this phytocoenosis could
represent an example of undisturbed vegetation.
Key species: Schoenoplectus lacustris (3; NLD).
Other species: Lycopus europaeus (+; NLD), Mentha aquatica (+; NLD),
Oenanthe aquatica (+; NLD), Poa sylvicola (+; NLD), Ranunculus sceleratus (+;
NLD), Rumex palustris (+; NLD), Solanum dulcamara (+; NLD), Typha angustifolia
(+; NLD).

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 is a vulnerable plant community (F:
I) that was studied within the Danube floodplain (NLD) – Nufăru commune. There
were inventoried a ruderal and a non-native species (Fraxinus americana) whose
reduced dominance shows a low level of disturbance.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (5; NLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; NLD), Morus alba (+; NLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; NLD), Butomus
umbellatus (+; NLD), Elymus repens (+; NLD), Fraxinus americana (+; NLD),
Stachys palustris (+; NLD), Lysimachia nummularia (+; NLD), Mentha aquatica (+;
NLD), Potentilla reptans (+; NLD), Rorippa sylvestris (+; NLD), Sium latifolium (+;
NLD), Teucrium scordium (+; NLD).
Plant communities which are not framed into the Palaearctic habitat
classification
Agropyretum repentis Felföldy 1942 plant community can be considered a
vulnerable coenotaxon within the Danube floodplain (NLD) of Nufăru commune.
There can be estimated a high level of disturbance due to the ruderal species which
prevail in the inventory, while they also reach a dominant position (Elymus repens).
Key species: Elymus repens (4; NLD).
Other species: Hordeum murinum (+; NLD), Lysimachia nummularia (+;
NLD), Mentha pulegium (+; NLD), Plantago major (+; NLD), Poa sylvicola (+;
NLD), Potentilla reptans (+; NLD), Sisymbrium orientale (+; NLD), Vicia
angustifolia (+; NLD), Xanthium italicum (+; NLD).
Poëtum sylvicolae Buia et Al. 1959 is a vulnerable (F: I) plant community
in the Nufăru commune territory that was inventoried within the Danube floodplain
(NLD). There the ruderal species (four taxa) are more numerous than the other
native ones and so they indicate a medium disturbance level, despite their
reduced dominance.
Key species: Poa sylvicola (5; NLD).
Other species: Dactylis glomerata (+; NLD), Hordeum murinum (+; NLD),
Ononis arvensis (+; NLD), Taraxacum officinale (+; NLD), Verbena officinalis (+;
NLD), Xanthium italicum (+; NLD).
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of the Nufăru commune there were
identified 96 bird species included in the appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance
57/2007. Of these, a total number of 59 species are strictly protected, being listed into
the Appendix 3, such as: Gavia stellata, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus

Pelecanus crispus, Botaurus stellaris, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea
purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia,
Cygnus cygnus, Anser erythropus, Branta ruficollis, Aythya nyroca, Pernis apivorus,
Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus
Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Pandion haliaetus, Falco
vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus
minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hybridus, Sterna caspia, Sterna albifrons,
syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Lulula arborea,
parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Some of the rarest species listed above which give a high conservation
value to this area are: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Pelecanus
onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Egretta
alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Platalea leucorodia, Anser erythropus,
Branta ruficollis, Aythya nyroca, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
macrourus, Circus pygargus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus
pennatus, Falco peregrinus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus,
Larus minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Asio flammeus, Dendrocopos
medius, Lulula arborea, Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon,
Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica.
There were identified 37 protected species, from the Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007, representing animal and plant species which require strict
hypoleucos, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx
torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus
roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus,
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata,
Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer
The rarest species in the area, included in this appendix include: Motacilla
cinerea, Bombycilla garrulus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus roseus, Locustella
luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Muscicapa striata,
Corvus corax, Passer hispaniolensis, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis flammea.
A number of bird species observed here are not included in the two annexes
of the Ordinance 57/2007, but can be found in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, such as:
Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis, Bubulcus (Ardeola) ibis, Mergus albellus,
Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo
lagopus, Falco columbarius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta,
Hirundo daurica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola

rubetra, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia,
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus scripaceus,
Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus
major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza schoeniclus.
Species which certainly or probably nest in the Nufăru commune's territory
include: Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus
olor, Aythya nyroca, Circus aeruginosus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias niger, Alcedo
athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Cuculus
canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata, Dryocopus martius, Acrocephalus
paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Lanius minor, Lanius
collurio, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops,
Remiz pendulinus, Locustella naevia, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita,
Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria
calandra, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Riparia
riparia, Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica, Delichon urbica, Oenanthe oenanthe,
Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus major,
Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza schoeniclus.
Mammals. Within the Nufăru commune's territory, 15 species were
observed, respectively: Myotis myotis, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus,
Lepus europaeus, Ondatra zibethicus, Mycromis minutus, Mus musculus, Rattus
norvegicus, Apodemus agrarius, Canis aureus, Vulpes vulpes, Nyctereutes
procyonoides, Mustela putorius, Sus scrofa, Capreolus capreolus. Strictly
protected species of mammals identified there, which can be found in Annex 3 of
the Ordinance 57/2007, are: Myotis myotis şi Lutra lutra. The species which
require a strict protection, included in Annex 4A, are represented by: Nyctalus
noctula and Pipistrellus pipistrellus.

of Ostrov commune
ACCESS: Road DN22A, DN22F and DN22D Tulcea-Cerna, DJ222B Cerna-

Ostrov
NATURA 2000 SITES: Braţul Măcin (Site of Community Interest), Dunărea
Veche-Braţul Măcin (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Ostrov commune is characterized by the
Upper Proterozoic metamorphic deposits of green schist or greenish phyllite these
outcropping through the Quaternary loess layers which cover central-southern
part of the area. The western part of the area is occupied by the Holocene psamo-
pelitic deposits.
Based on these substrata types, the various territorial units of soil occur in
this area, such as Eutric litosols (Eutric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for
Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World
Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Typical kastanozems (Calcaro-calcic
Kastanozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998). Along
the Danube River on the alluvial deposits and alluvia there were developed
Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils and Calcareous-alluvial
gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
The artificial habitats prevail within the territory of the commune, being
mainly represented by arable fields and forestry plantations in the area of the
former steppe grasslands and wetlands of the Danube floodplain. The remaining
natural habitats are represented by white willow and black or white poplars
adjacent to the Danube or reed beds along the rivulets. The slopes of the hills or
loess terraces which were not used for agriculture still conserve steppe
grasslands adjacent to the Danube floodplain, or concentrated in the north-
eastern sector on the feet of the Ghiunghiurmez Hill or in the southern part of this
territory, mainly along the Valea Roştilor rivulet, where also some more mesophil
grasslands of Poa pratensis occur.

Most of the plant communities that were identified within this territory are
framed into community interest habitats like 92A0 (44.1621 and 44.6612),
*
including priority ones like 62C0 (34.92, 34.9211).
As they are spread on restricted areas, the major part of the plant
communities is considered endangered or vulnerable coenotaxa, except the rare
Agropyro-Kochietum prostratae. Most of them have no threatened species, except
four plant communities which have between one and five such taxa, mostly
endangered locally. The influence of grazing is obvious, as the majority of the
plant communities have a medium level of disturbance, followed by low,
respectively highly disturbed coenotaxa.

Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae Rapaics ex Soó 1957 can be considered
a vulnerable plant community within the Ostrov commune, there being analysed
within the Valea Roștilor (VRO) area. A medium disturbance is shown by the six
ruderal taxa that prevail within the inventory, with dominance variation of +-1.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (1; VRO), Poa angustifolia (4; VRO).
Other species: Bromus tectorum (+; VRO), Cichorium intybus (+; VRO),
Convolvulus arvensis (+; VRO), Carduus thoermeri (+; VRO), Galium humifusum
(+; VRO), Plantago lanceolata (+; VRO), Poa pratensis (1; VRO).
Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977, a
vulnerable plant community, was studied within Movila Mavrodin (MM) and close to
the Dealul Ghiunghiurmez areas (DGO). Its conservation value is enhanced by three
rare threatened species, of which Ornithogalum amphibolum has a European
importance, all being endangered within these phytocoenoses. The reduced
dominance of the nine ruderal species indicates still a low influence of grazing.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; MM, DGO), Echinops ritro subsp.
ruthenicus (+; MM), Ornithogalum amphibolum (+; MM), Thymus zygioides (+; DGO).
Other species: Acinos arvensis (+; MM), Bassia prostrata (+; MM),
Campanula sibirica (+; MM), Cichorium intybus (+; DGO), Crepis sancta (+; MM),
Eryngium campestre (+; DGO), Erysimum diffusum (+; MM, DGO), Euphorbia
agraria (+; MM), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; DGO), Festuca valesiaca (1; MM,
DGO), Galium aparine (+; MM), Haplophyllum suaveolens (+;DGO), Koeleria
macrantha (+; DGO), Leontodon crispus (+; DGO), Linum austriacum (+; MM),
Melica ciliata (+; DGO), Phleum phleoides (+; MM), Poa bulbosa (+; MM), Senecio
vernalis (+; MM, DGO), Tragopogon dubius (+; DGO), Verbascum phoeniceum (+;
DGO), Viola arvensis (+; MM).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970, considered a
vulnerable plant community within the studied territory, was observed in the Valea
Roștilor area (VRO), being typical for a high level of disturbance due to grazing,
indicated by the nine ruderal species, of which two are dominant/ key taxa.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; VRO), Poa bulbosa (2; VRO).
Other species: Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; VRO), Bombycilaena erecta (+;
VRO), Bromus tectorum (1; VRO), Cerastium dubium (+; VRO), Cerastium
pumilum (+; VRO), Eryngium campestre (+; VRO), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
VRO), Galium humifusum (+; VRO), Hordeum murinum (+; VRO), Lamium
amplexicaule (+; VRO), Medicago minima (+; VRO), Senecio vernalis (+; VRO),
Veronica dilenii (+; VRO).
Agropyretum pectiniformae (Prodan 1939) Dihoru 1970 is an endangered
coenotaxon in this territory, being studied within Movila Mavrodin area (MM), where
Ornithogalum amphibolum, a threatened species of European importance, was
identified. A medium degree of ruderal taxa invasive tendencies can be observed,
as the seven such species have a significant dominance variation (+-1).
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3; MM).
Threatened species: Ornithogalum amphibolum (+; MM).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; MM), Bromus tectorum (+; MM),
Bassia prostrata (+; MM), Bromus squarrosus (+; MM), Crepis sancta (+; MM),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; MM), Erysimum diffusum (+; MM), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; MM), Festuca valesiaca (+; MM), Galium aparine (+; MM), Linaria
genistifolia (+; MM), Linum austriacum (+; MM), Medicago minima (+; MM), Poa
bulbosa (+; MM), Senecio vernalis (+; MM), Xeranthemum annuum (+; MM).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958 a rare plant
community within the studied territory, was analysed at Movila Mavrodin (MM),
where one threatened species of European importance was identified, this being
locally endangered within these phytocoenoses. A medium level of disturbance
can be observed as shown by the presence of four ruderal species with a
dominance of +-1.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (1; MM), Bassia prostrata (2; MM).
Threatened species: Ornithogalum amphibolum (1; MM).
Other species: Bromus squarrosus (+; MM), Cynanchum acutum (+; MM),
Euphorbia seguieriana (+; MM), Erysimum diffusum (+; MM), Linum austriacum
(+; MM), Medicago minima (+; MM), Bromus tectorum (+; MM), Poa bulbosa (1;
MM), Senecio vernalis (+; MM), Xeranthemum annuum (+; MM).

Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974 was
observed as an endangered coenotaxon within Valea Roștilor (VRO) and adjacent
to the Dealul Ghiunghiurmez nature reserve (DGO). Its outstanding conservation
importance is underlined by five rare threatened species of which the endemic
Campanula romanica and Dianthus nardiformis have a European value, all these
being locally endangered, except the vulnerable Thymus zygioides. Six ruderal
species with a reduced dominance indicate a low disturbance level.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (2; VRO), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (1; VRO).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; DGO), Dianthus nardiformis
(+; VRO), Festuca callieri (+; DGO), Koeleria lobata (+; DGO), Thymus zygioides
(+1; VRO).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; DGO), Arenaria serpyllifolia (+-; VRO),
Bombycilaena erecta (+; VRO), Bromus squarrosus (+; VRO), Bromus tectorum
(+; VRO), Cichorium intybus (+; DGO), Crataegus monogyna (+; DGO),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; VRO), Erodium cicutarium (+; VRO), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; VRO), Gypsophila pallasii (+; VRO), Lithospermum arvense (+;
VRO), Medicago minima (+; VRO), Scleranthus perennis (+; DGO), Senecio
vernalis (+; DGO), Thymus pannonicus (+; VRO), Verbascum banaticum (+;
DGO), Veronica dillenii (+; DGO).

Ostrov territory, where it occurs along the Danube floodplain, being studied in the Piatra
area (OLD). The non-native species influence is low, these being represented by
Fraxinus americana and Amorpha fruticosa, with a reduced contribution to the canopy,
indicating a low disturbance, as well as the only ruderal species, Elymus repens.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; OLD), Salix alba (5; OLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; BLD);

- grasses/ undershrubs: Elymus repens (+; OLD), Mentha aquatica (+; OLD),
Rorippa amphibia (+; OLD), Solanum dulcamara (+; OLD), Stachys palustris (+; OLD).

Populetum nigro-albae Slavnic 1952, an endangered vegetation type in
this territory, was identified within the Danube floodplain, northwards of Ostrov
(DVN). A low disturbance is indicated by ruderal (three species) and non-native
species (Fraxinus americana).
Key species: Populus alba (2; DVN), Populus nigra (3; DVN).
Other species:
- grasses/ undershrubs: Amorpha fruticosa (+; DVN), Rubus caesius (+;
DVN), Elymus repens (+; DVN), Glechoma hederacea (+; DVN), Lysimachia
nummularia (+; DVN), Myosoton aquaticum (+; DVN), Potentilla reptans (+; DVN),
Rorippa sylvestris (+; DVN), Solanum dulcamara (+; DVN).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 is an endangered coenotaxon within
this commune, where it was studied along the Valea Roştilor rivulet (VRO). There
it is nearly mono-dominant, no alien/ruderal taxa were identified that could indicate
disturbance.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; VRO).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (5; VRO).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926, framed into this habitat, is
endangered and medium disturbed within Valea Roştilor (VRO), as ruderal taxa
prevail in its inventory, also with a significant dominance variation (+; 1).
Key species: Phragmites australis (4; VRO).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (+; VRO), Bromus sterilis (+; VRO),
Cynanchum acutum (+; VRO), Sambucus ebulus (1; VRO), Urtica dioica (+; VRO).
classification
Poëtum pratensis Răvăruţ, Căzăceanu et Turenschi 1956, a vulnerable
plant community inventoried within Valea Roştilor (VRO), has a high disturbance
level, as it is dominated by ruderal species, that include the key taxon Poa
pratensis.
Key species: Poa pratensis (5; VRO).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; VRO), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; VRO),
Convolvulus arvensis (+; VRO), Cichorium intybus (+; VRO), Galium humifusum
(+; VRO), Hordeum murinum (+; VRO), Mentha longifolia (+; VRO), Plantago
lanceolata (+; VRO), Urtica dioica (+; VRO).
FAUNA
Birds. On the territory of the Ostrov commune there were identified 66
species of birds mentioned in the appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007.
The strictly protected bird species identified in this territory, which can be found in
Appendix 3 (34 species) are: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus,
Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ciconia
nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
peregrinus, Asio flammeus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Coracias garrulus,
Melanocorypha calandra, Lulula arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus
Of the species listed above, the rarest, which give a high conservation value
to this area include: Circaetus gallicus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Aquila
clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco peregrinus, Asio flammeus, Sylvia nisoria,
Ficedula parva, Anthus campestris.
There were observed a total of 31 protected species which can be found in
Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007, representing animal and plant species that
require strict protection, as follows: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene
noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla
flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Prunella modularis, Erithacus rubecula,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus
trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Regulus
ignicapillus, Muscicappa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Corvus corax,
Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Within
this annex, some of the rarest for this area are: Motacilla cinerea, Prunella
modularis, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Muscicappa striata, Serinus
serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis flammea.
Bird species which are not listed in the two annexes of the Ordinance
57/2007, but can be found in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are: Accipiter gentilis,
columbarius, Dendrocopos major, Picoides tridactylus, Riparia riparia, Hirundo
rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra,
Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia,
atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella.
The bird species that nest on the territory of Ostrov commune, such as:
martius, Melanocorypha calandra, Lulula arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua,
Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Prunella modularis, Erithacus
rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus
collybita, Muscicappa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra,

Carduelis carduelis, Buteo buteo, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola
rubetra, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos, Hippolais pallida, Hippolais
icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus
major, Emberiza citrinella.

of Smârdan commune
ACCESS: Road DN22/E87 Tulcea-Măcin

NATURA 2000 SITES: Brațul Măcin (Site of Community Interest) Dunărea Veche
- Brațul Măcin (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Smârdan commune is characterized by the
Holocene psamo-pelitic deposits these underlying the alluvial deposits and alluvia
where there were developed Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-gleyed alluvial
soils, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils and Gleyed chernozems.
LANDSCAPE
Most of the Smârdan territory represents agriculture fields which have
replaced the former wetland vegetation of the Danube floodplain. The natural
habitats occur on a very restricted surface, mainly in the western part of the
commune, in the free flooding areas situated between the riverbanks of the
Danube and the dikes. Even in these areas most of the habitats are artificial,
being represented by forestry plantations. The remaining natural habitats are
represented only by a few plant communities with a low diversity of species,
mainly represented by willow forests and several types of wetland meadows.

Even though the natural habitats occur on restricted areas, most of them are
framed into community interest habitats, such as 3270 (24.52) and 90A0 (44.1621),
some of them being priority ones, like 1530* (15.A21275). Still, their overall
conservation status can be estimated as unfavourable, as they occur on restricted
areas, all being vulnerable in the analysed territory. Also half of them are highly
disturbed, while the other half shows a medium level from the ruderal species
invasive trend point of view. The non-native species proportion and dominance are
low for most of them, these being absent from only one plant community.
The locations where the habitats were inventoried are situated outside
protected areas/Natura 2000 sites.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 is a vulnerable
plant community within the free flooding Danube floodplain (SLD). A medium level
of disturbance due to grazing can be estimated as the ruderal taxa prevail in the
species inventory, with a significant dominance variation (+-1). To this it can be
added a low level of invasion of the alien species, these being represented by
Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Conyza canadensis, both with a low dominance.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4;SLD), Trifolium fragiferum (+; SLD).
Other species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia (+; SLD), Artemisia annua (+; SLD),
Chenopodium album (+; SLD), Conyza canadensis (+; SLD), Mentha pulegium (+;
SLD), Plantago major (1; SLD), Polygonum aviculare (+; SLD), Potentilla reptans
(+;SLD), Pulicaria dysenterica (+; SLD), Rorippa sylvestris (+; SLD), Xanthium
italicum (1; SLD).
24.52 Euro-Siberian annual river mud communities

Echinochloo-Polygonetum lapathifolii Soó et Esiirös 1974 is a
vulnerable coenotaxon within the Danube floodplain (SLD), highly disturbed as the
dominant species are considered ruderal. Together with Xanthium italicum, these
three species represent half of the species inventory that shows a medium
disturbance level.
Key species: Echinochloa crus-galli (5;SLD), Polygonum lapathifolium (+;
SLD).
Other species: Bidens tripartita (+; SLD), Salix alba (+; SLD), Stachys
palustris (+; SLD), Xanthium italicum (+; SLD).

Smârdan territory, where it was mainly observed and studied in the free floodplain
regime part of the Danube floodplain (SLD). There can be estimated a medium
disturbance, indicated by the dominance variation (+-1), as well as by five ruderal
species which are equal in number with the typical taxa for this plant community.
The two alien species, Amorpha fruticosa and Fraxinus americana show a low
invasion process.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; SLD), Salix alba (4; SLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; SLD);
- grasses: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; SLD), Bidens tripartita (+; SLD),
Echinochloa crus-galli (1; SLD), Elymus repens (+; SLD), Mentha aquatica (+;
SLD), Polygonum lapathifolium (+; SLD), Rorippa sylvestris (+; SLD), Solanum
dulcamara (+;SLD), Xanthium italicum (+;SLD).
Plant communities which are not framed within the Palaearctic

habitats classification
Xanthietum italicii Timár 1950, studied in the Danube floodplain (SLD),
represents a vulnerable plant community, typical for a high degree of disturbance,
as it contains two ruderal species, of which one is dominant. There can be

deduced also a low invasive trend of the non-native taxa like Ambrosia
artemisiifolia and Amorpha fruticosa, both with a low dominance.
Key species: Xanthium italicum (4; SLD).
Other species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia (+; SLD), Amorpha fruticosa (+;
SLD), Glycyrrhiza echinata (+; SLD), Mentha pulegium (+; SLD), Plantago major
(+; SLD), Pulicaria dysenterica (+; SLD).
FAUNA
Birds. Within the Smârdan area there were identified 81 species of birds
which are found in the appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007. The strictly
protected bird species recorded in the area, listed in the Annex 3 (48 species), are:
ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Egretta garzetta, Egreta alba, Ardea purpurea,
Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus
olor, Aythya nyroca, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus
pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Porzana porzana, Larus minutus,
Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis,
Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio,
Melanocorypha calandra, Anthus campestris, Phoenicurus phoenicurus.
Among the rare species, which give a high conservation value to the area,
there can be quoted: Ixobrychus minutus, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus,
Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Luscinia svecica.
There were observed 33 protected species which can be found in the Annex
4B of the Ordinance 57/2007, that represent animal and plant species requiring
strict protection: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis
hypoleucos, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla
alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz
pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus
trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus,
Muscicappa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea,
Oriolus oriolus, Prunella modularis, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis
Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The rarest bird species therein for the area are:
Motacilla cinerea, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides.
57/2007, but listed in the Annex II of Law 13/ 1993 which ratifies the Berne
Convention,are represented by: Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis
(caspicus), Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus,
Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Charadrius dubius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa
glareola, Calidris minuta, Calidris ferruginea, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia,
Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes,
Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus

arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Hippolais icterina, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia
communis, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Parus
cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris, Emberiza citrinella,
Emberiza schoeniclus.
Some of the bird species which nest in the Smârdan area are represented
by: Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos
syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Dryocopus martius, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Falco tinnunculus, Motacilla alba, Erithacus
Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus
regulus, Muscicappa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus,
carduelis, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica,
Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallid, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis,
Sylvia atricapilla Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia
familiaris, Emberiza schoeniclus, Oenanthe oenanthe, Alauda arvensis,
Melanocorypha calandra, Turdus philomelos, Turdus merula, Miliaria calandra.
Research concerning the natural heritage of Sulina town

ACCESS: Waterway Sulina branch

NATURA 2000 SITES: Danube Delta (Site of Community Interest, Special
Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Sulina town is characterized by the Late
Pleistocene sands and pelite deposits and Holocene deposits of siltite those
underlying the following types of territorial units of soil such as Calcareous
partially shifting sands, Calcareous psammosols, Calcareous marshy peaty
psammosols, Calcareous-marshy alluvial gley soils, Semisubmerged-histic alluvial
gley soils, Potentially sulfatic acid histosols, Potentially acid hemic-fibric histosols
on continental part, as well as Calcareous sandy limnosols and Sali-sodic
limnosols in the Musura Bay.
LANDSCAPE
Sulina territory is framed within the fluvial-maritime delta, being dominated
by extensive reed beds. These include some of the largest floating reed beds in
the Danube Delta, developed adjacent to the numerous lakes, usually larger and
deeper than in the more evolved fluvial delta. This dominant fixed or floating reed
beds and lakes, with narrow riparian forests of white willow Salix alba or grey
willow Salix cinerea scrubs, are mainly typical for the areas situated southwards of
the Sulina branch of the Danube.
Northwards of this branch the lakes are nearly absent, the typical landscape
being an alternation of reed beds and parallel sand levees. The sandy seashore is
very narrow or absent northwards of the Sulina channel, while southwards of it,
especially eastwards of Sulina town the beach and sandy levees, much larger, are
the main biotope for the pioneer beach vegetation, with typical species like
Eryngium maritimum, followed towards the inland areas by other plant
communities dominated by Leymus racemossus subsp. sabulosus, typical for the
shifting dunes, Tamarix ramosissima or Hippophaȅ rhamnoides scrubs,
characteristic for the fixed dunes. Towards the town of Sulina, to the mosaic of
vegetation types other plant communities are added, generally dominated by
species typical for saline soils, like Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, Juncus
littoralis, Plantago coronopus etc. Southwards, the sandy seashore gradually
becomes narrower, also due to the intense coastal erosion.

Most of the Sulina territory is represented by natural habitats, the larger part
of them being the reed beds, which are not community interest habitats. Still,
regardless of their area, the community interest habitats exceed in number the
unprotected habitats, which underline the overall high conservation value of the
studied territory. Besides the most important of them, the priority habitats like
1530* (15.A21271, 15.A21275), numerous other community interest habitat
subtypes occur in this area, such as: 1310 (15.11521, 15.145), 2120 (16.2124),
92A0 (44.6622), 92D0 (44.81412), 2190 (53.133).
The major part of the habitat subtypes is vulnerable. They are followed by
endangered habitats, among these the most threatened being the grasslands
framed into the 1530* (15.A21275) where the endemic threatened species
Centaurea pontica occurs.
Most of the habitats are representative for a natural status, followed by low
and less medium disturbed subtypes, taking into account the degree of ruderal
species invasive trends. From the 16 habitat subtypes which were recorded in the
area, only four subtypes contain non-native species. The disturbance level from
this point of view is medium for two of them and high, respectively low for the
other two.
All the mentioned locations are framed within the Danube Delta Biosphere
Reserve and its corresponding Site of Community Interest.
15.11521 Western Pontic glasswort-seablite-saltwort swards

Salicornietum prostratae Sanda, Popescu 1999, a vulnerable plant
community within the păşunea Sulina (SPS) area is typical for a natural status,
especially due to its specific biotope extreme conditions, that prevent the
occurrence of ruderal/ alien taxa.
Key species: Salicornia europaea (4; SPS).
Other species: Aster tripolium subsp. pannonicus (+; SPS), Argusia sibirica
(+; SPS), Juncus maritimus (+; SPS), Puccinelia limosa (+; SPS), Spergularia
media (+; SPS), Suaeda maritima (+; SPS).
Suaedetum maritimae Soó 1927, observed within the Păşunea Sulina
area (SPS) as a vulnerable plant community, being devoid of ruderal/alien
species, is representative for a natural status.
Key species: Suaeda maritima (2; SPS).
Other species: Aster tripolium subsp. pannonicus (+; SPS), Juncus
maritimus (+; SPS), Puccinelia distans subsp. limosa (+; SPS), Spergularia media
(+; SPS), Salicornia europaea (1; SPS), Tamarix ramosissima (+; SPS).
15.145 Western Pontic Bassia hirsuta communities

Suaedo-Bassietum hirsutae (Br.-Bl. 1928) Ţopa 1939 was observed as a
pioneer vegetation endangered within the Sulina beach (SPL), a low disturbance
being obvious, taking into account the presence of one ruderal and one non-native
(Conyza canadensis) species, both with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Bassia hirsuta (2; SPL).
Other species: Althaea officinalis (+; SPL), Atriplex prostrata (r; SPL),
Conyza canadensis (+; SPL), Corispermum nitidum (+; SPL), Cynodon dactylon
(+;SPL), Gypsophila perfoliata (+; SPL), Phragmites australis (+; SPL), Salicornia
europaea (+; SPL), Solanum dulcamara (+; SPL), Xanthium italicum (+; SPL).
15.A21271 Western Pontic tall rush salinebeds

Juncetum littoralis Popescu et al. 1992 is a vulnerable plant community,
including in the area where it was studied, păşunea Sulina (SPS), where a low
degree of ruderal and alien species invasion can be observed by the presence of
one taxon for each of these categories, Cynanchum acutum, respectively
Elaeagnus angustifolia. Its conservation importance is also underlined by the
presence of one rare threatened species, endangered within these
phytocoenoses.
Key species: Juncus littoralis (5; SPS).
Threatened species: Plantago coronopus (+; SPS).
Other species: Atriplex hastata (+; SPL), Cynanchum acutum (+; SPL),
Cynodon dactylon (+; SPL), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; SPL), Lactuca tatarica (+;
SPL), Spergularia media (+; SPL), Tamarix ramosissima (+; SPL).

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 can be considered
an endangered plant community, at least the coenotaxa where Centaurea pontica
occur, which were only identified on very restricted locations within the Păşunea
Sulina (SPS) area, between the Sulina Town and the channel adjacent to Sulina
beach. These grasslands show a medium level of ruderal species invasive
tendencies, being represented by six taxa which are equal in number with the
typical species for this plant community, regardless of their reduced dominance.
There can be deduced also a low disturbance due to the only non-native species,
Conyza canadensis. The only threatened taxa, Centaurea pontica, has an
exceptional importance as it is endangered and endemic within Romania, where it
was only identified at Sulina and Sf. Gheorghe. Within this plant community it can
be estimated as endangered to vulnerable, but taking into account the very
restricted areas of the coenotaxa where this species occur, it can be considered
as critically endangered within Sulina territory. It should be underlined that this
species is mainly threatened by the tourism developments, roads etc.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (3; SPS).
Threatened species: Centaurea pontica (+-1; SPS).
Other species: Conyza canadensis (+; SPS), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
SPS), Gypsophila perfoliata (+; SPS), Melilotus albus (+; SPS), Onopordum
acanthium (+; SPS), Portulaca oleracea (+; SPS), Salsola soda (+; SPS), Tragus
racemosus (+; SPS), Tribulus terrestris (+; SPS), Tamarix ramosissima (+; SPS),
Xanthium italicum (+; SPS).
was also studied separately, in other areas where Centaurea pontica does not
occur in the respective phytocoenoses, at Sulina beach (SPL). There it can be
considered as rare, a low disturbed status being indicated by the reduced
dominance of a ruderal and two non-native species (Conyza canadensis,
Elaeagnus angustifolia). The only threatened taxon, Plantago coronopus, slightly
enhances the conservation importance.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4; SPL).
Threatened species: Plantago coronopus (+; SPL).
Other species: Apera spica-venti (+; SPL), Conyza canadensis (+; SPL),
Cynanchum acutum (+; SPL), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; SPL), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; SPL), Gypsophila perfoliata (+; SPL), Juncus littoralis (+; SPL),
Pulicaria dysenterica (+; SPL), Tamarix ramosissima (+; SPL).
16.2124 Pontic white dunes

Elymetum gigantei Moraru 1957, a vulnerable plant community within the
Sulina beach (SPL), is characterized by a medium disturbance level, both induced
by one ruderal species, respectively by two non-native taxa (Amorpha fruticosa,
Elaeagnus angustifolia), with a characteristic dominance variation (+-1). As
compensation three rare threatened species, of which Leymus racemosus subsp.
sabulosus is also vulnerable, confer a high conservation value to this coenotaxon.
Key species: Leymus racemosus subsp. sabulosus (2; SPL).
Threatened species: Eryngium maritimum (+; SPL), Leymus racemosus
subsp. sabulosus (2; SPL), Petasites spurius (+; SPL).
Other species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; SPL), Cynodon dactylon (1; SPL),
Elaeagnus angustifolia (+-1; SPL), Hippophaë rhamnoides (+; SPL), Salsola soda
(+;SPL), Secale sylvestre (+; SPL), Xanthium italicum (+; SPL).
22.4312 Water chestnut carpets

Trapetum natansis V. Karpati 1963, a vulnerable plant community, was
observed as endangered in the channel adjacent to Sulina Town – Prospect area
(SP). Within its much reduced inventory the threatened plants are represented by
two taxa protected by the Berne Convention. Thus, within the studied
phytocoenosis, besides the dominant Trapa natans, Salvinia natans can be
estimated as vulnerable. Globally, this coenotaxon can be considered as
representative for its natural status.
Key species: Trapa natans (4; SP).
Threatened species: Salvinia natans (1; SP), Trapa natans (4; SP).
Other species: Typha latifolia (+; SP).
44.6622 Danube Delta Hippophaë -Populus canescens galleries

Calamagrostio epigei-Hippophaëtum rhamnoides Popescu, Sanda,
Nedelcu 1986 plant community is vulnerable in the Sulina beach area (SPL)
where a medium level of non-native species invasion was estimated from the
dominance variation (+-1) of Conyza canadensis and Elaeagnus angustifolia.
Key species: Calamagrostis epigeios (1; SPL), Hippophaë rhamnoides (4;
SPL).
Threatened species: Eryngium maritimum (+; SPL), Trapa natans (4; SP).
Other species: Conyza canadensis (+; SPL), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+;
SPL), Eupatorium cannabium (+; SPL), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; SPL), Tamarix
ramosissima (+; SPL).
44.81412 Western Pontic coastal Tamarix smyrnensis stands

Calamagrostio-Tamaricetum ramosissimae Simon et Dihoru (1962)
1963, synonymous (Sanda, Vicol, Ştefănuţ 2008) with Tamaricetum pallasi
Borza 1931 n.n., a vulnerable plant community, was studied in the areas adjacent
to the Sulina beach (SPL). There, the only ruderal species, Cynanchum acutum,
shows a low invasive trend of the ruderal taxa. A high disturbance is indicated by
the non-native species Elaeagnus angustifolia. Despite this unfavourable
conservation level, two rare threatened species occur in the analysed plot, where
they are both endangered.
Key species: Tamarix ramosissima (3; SPL).
Threatened species: Leymus racemosus subsp. sabulosus (+; SPL),
Scolymus hispanicus (+; SPL).
Other species: Althaea officinalis (+; SPL), Conyza canadensis (+; SPL),
Cynanchum acutum (+; SPL), Cynodon dactylon (+; SPL), Gypsophila perfoliata
(+;SPL), Juncus littoralis (+; SPL), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; SPL), Pulicaria
dysenterica (+; SPL).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community framed into this
habitat is the most widespread type of vegetation within the Sulina territory (F:V)
in the studied areas the reed beds were mono-dominant, devoid of ruderal or non-
native plants.
53. 1121 Dry freshwater Phragmites beds

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 represents a sporadic plant
community within the Sulina Nord area (SN), adjacent to the road Cardon-Sulina,
at the limit between Sulina and C.A. Rosetti territories. The analysed coenotaxon
can be considered as typical for a natural status, taking into account the absence
of ruderal/ alien species.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; SN).
Other species: Althaea officinalis (+; SN), Calystegia sepium (+; SN),
Eupatorium cannabium (+; SN), Lycopus europaeus (+; SN), Lythrum salicaria (+;
SN), Mentha aquatica (+; SN), Pulicaria dysenterica (+; SN), Stachys palustris (+;
SN), Symphytum officinale (+; SN).

Typhetum latifoliae Lang 1973, a vulnerable coenotaxon recorded from
the channel adjacent to Sulina Town – Prospect area (SP), is typical for a natural
status as no ruderal/ alien species were identified. It has a certain conservation
importance due to the presence of two taxa protected by Bern Convention.
Key species: Typha latifolia (5; SP).
Threatened species: Salvinia natans (1; SP), Trapa natans (+; SP).
Other species: Gratiola officinalis (+; SP), Lycopus europaeus (+;SP),
Mentha aquatica (+, SP), Solanum dulcamara (+;SP), Tanacetum vulgare
(+;SP),Typha angustifolia (+; SP).

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti1953, a vulnerable plant community, was
identified along the channel situated southwards of the Sulina beach (SPL), in
connection with the sea. This can be considered as typical for a natural status.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (4; SPL).
Other species: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; SPL), Calystegia sepium (+;
SPL), Sparganium ramosum (+; SPL), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (+; SPL),
Typha latifolia (+; SPL).
53.133 Laxmann`s reed mace beds

Typhetum laxmannii Nedelcu 1969 was identified so far only in a low dune
slack adjacent to the road Cardon-Sulina (SN), thus being framed as endangered.
A low disturbance is indicated by the only ruderal species Xanthium italicum with a
reduced dominance. Only one rare threatened species, locally endangered, was
observed in the plots.
Key species: Typha laxmannii (3; SN).
Threatened species: Samolus valerandi (1; SN).

Other species: Althaea officinalis (+; SN), Aster tripolium (+; SN), Cynodon
dactylon (+; SN), Eupatorium cannabium (1; SN), Lythrum salicaria (+; SN),
Mentha aquatica (+; SN), Pulicaria dysenterica (+; SN), Xanthium italicum (+; SN).
classification
Plantaginetum coronopi R. Tüxen 1937, an endangered plant community
within the Sulina beach (SPL) shows a low level of alien species invasive trend,
these being only represented by Elaeagnus angustifolia. The dominant Plantago
coronopus is also considered rare threatened taxon at the national level.
Key species: Plantago coronopus (2; SPL).
Threatened species: Plantago coronopus (1; SPL).
Other species: Apera spica-venti (+; SPL), Cynodon dactylon (1; SPL),
Gypsophila perfoliata (+; SPL), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; SPL), Juncus littoralis
(+; SPL), Plantago arenaria (+;SPL), Linum austriacum (+; SPL), Tamarix
ramosissima (+; SPL).
Eryngium maritimum phytocoenosis cannot be framed into the plant
communities described so far in synthesis works concerning the vegetation of
Dobrogea (Sanda, Arcuş 1989), or Romania (Sanda, Vicol, Ştefănuţ 2008) and
thus neither in the Palaearctic habitat classification. It was inventoried within the
pioneer vegetation of Sulina beach (SPL), where it has a vulnerable character. A
low disturbance is visible, taking into account the reduced dominance of one
ruderal taxon, respectively of the non-native Amorpha fruticosa. Its high
conservation value is underlined by the occurrence of three rare threatened
species, of which Leymus racemosus subsp. sabulosus and Corispermum
marschalii are also vulnerable at the national level. Within this phytocoenosis,
besides the dominant Eryngium maritimum, the other two are endangered.
Key species: Eryngium maritimum (3; SPL).
Threatened species: Eryngium maritimum (3; SPL), Leymus racemosus
subsp. sabulosus (+; SPL), Corispermum marschallii (+; SPL).
Other species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; SPL), Cynodon dactylon (+; SPL),
Salsola soda (+; SPL), Xanthium italicum (+;SPL).
FAUNA
Birds. The studies conducted within the territory of Sulina led to the
identification of a number of 107 species of birds found in the annexes 3 and 4B of
the Ordinance 57/2007. From these taxa 68 species are strictly protected, being
classified in the Annex 3 of this ordinance: Gavia stellata, Gavia arctica, Gavia
immer, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax,
Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Botaurus stellaris,
Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia,
Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Aythya nyroca, Pernis
apivorus, Milvus migrans, Milvus milvus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus,
Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus,

Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Porzana pussilla, Crex crex, Recurvirostra
avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus minutus,
Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibrido, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna caspia,
Sterna sandvicensis, Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo
athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus
canus, Dryocopus martius, Lulula arborea, Acrocephalus paludicola,
Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica,
Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
The rarest of the species listed above, which give a high conservation value
to this area are: Gavia arctica, Gavia immer, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,
Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Aquila
pomarina, Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Porzana porzana,
Porzana parva, Porzana pusilla, Crex crex, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus
himantopus, Glareola pratincola, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus minutus, Sterna
hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna caspia, Sterna
sandvicensis, Sterna albifrons, Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus
melanopogon, Luscinia svecica.
A total of 39 species identified in the area are protected, being found in
Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007, representing animal and plant species that
require strict protection: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo,
Limicola falcinellus, Actitis hypoleucos, Arenaria interpres, Athene noctua, Upupa
cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus
phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Locustella naevia,
Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus
collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos
caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra,
Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
Among the rarest birds in this area, which are included in this Annex,
remember: Limicola falcinellus, Arenaria interpres, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla
cinerea, Bombycilla garrulus, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Locustella naevia,
Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Muscicapa
striata, Sitta europaea, Passer hispaniolensis, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis
cannabina, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
Bird species identified in the area but not classified in the two annexes of
Ordinance 57/2007, which are included in the Annex II of Law 13/ 1993, are:
Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps auritus, Podiceps nigricollis, Mergus albellus, Accipiter
gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco
columbarius, Charadrius dubius, Tringa stagnatilis, Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola,
Calidris minuta, Calidris temminckii, Calidris alpina, Calidris ferruginea, Calidris alba,
Phalaropus lobatus, Larus melanocephalus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Dendrocopos
major, Picoides tridactylus, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius
senator, Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia

megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus
Sylvia curruca, Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula
hypoleuca, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris,
Black Sea coastal area and the vast diversity of habitats in the area favour
the nesting of a large number of species and populations of bird species, of which
the certain or probable nesting in the Sulina area is estimated for: Phalacrocorax
pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Botaurus
stellaris, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis
falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Circus aeruginosus,
Falco vespertinus, Porzana porzana, Porzana parva, Porzana pussilla,
Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus
minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Chlidonias niger, Alcedo athis,
martius, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata, Lulula arborea,
parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio. Tachybaptus ruficollis,
Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops
apiaster, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus
phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides,
Phylloscopus collybita, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos
caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus,
Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis, Podiceps grisegena,
Podiceps nigricollis, Buteo buteo, Caprimulgus europaeus, Dendrocopos major,
Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola rubetra, Oenanthe
oenanthe, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus
Sylvia curruca, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus, Parus major,
Certhia familiaris, Emberiza schoeniclus.
Research concerning the natural heritage of Tulcea town

ACCESS: Road E87

NATURA 2000 SITES: Delta Dunării (Site of Community Interest, Special Pro-
tection Area), Dealurile Agighiolului (Site of Community
Interest)

Within Tulcea town and the surrounding areas, Lower Triassic outcrops
occur, characterized by the presence of the green polymictic conglomerates on
the top of the green phyllite and quartz-sandstone, being well studied by
specialists. These types of stones outcropping through the Quaternary loess
layers on small areas, especially in the Horea Hill area are accompanied by the
very frequent outcrops of grey-blackish limestone. Along the Danube River
(Tulcea arm) were found layers of Holocene deposits of siltite, placed at the base
of the current coating soils.
Based on this rock substrata, the various types of territorial units of soil such
as Rendzinic litosols (Eutri-lithic Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric regosols (Calcaric Regosols, after World
Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) to which is added Mixic entiantrosols
(Anthropic Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998),
Garbic entiantrosols (Garbic Regosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998) an various types of Antrosols in Tulcea town were
developed on the mainland side. Within north-eastern side of Tulcea town, the
alluvial deposits and alluvia of Danube River provided optimal conditions for the
development of wetland soil types such as Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-
gleyed alluvial soils, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils, Marshy-mollic alluvial gley
soils, Hemic-terric histosols etc.
LANDSCAPE
The artificial habitats represent most of the Tulcea town administrative territory,
the largest areas being found southwards of this locality, within the former steppe and
wooded steppe area from the Tulcea hills unit. In this area, among the extensive
arable fields, vineyards and forestry plantations, the native steppe grasslands or
thickets still occur, especially on steep or rocky slopes that were not suitable for
agriculture, mainly on the highest elevations of this territory, like the limestone hills
Marca (207 m), Redi (205 m), Stânca Mare (186 m), Colina Carierei (135 m) etc.
From these summits the relief's altitude is decreasing towards the Danube
floodplain and the Danube Delta. At present most of the natural wetland habitats
are replaced by agricultural polders and less by forestry plantations. Still, in the
northern sector of this territory, northwards of the Tulcea branch of the Danube
and westwards of it, at Dunărea Veche, the native vegetation occur on more or
less compact areas, being mainly represented by white willow and white poplar
riparian forests, wetland grasslands and reed or reed mace beds.

Despite the reduced area of the natural habitats, some of them are framed
into habitats of community importance, like: 92 A0 (44.1621, 44.6611), including
priority ones, such as 62C0*(34.92).
As they have a restricted distribution within the studied territory, most of the
plant communities can be considered as endangered, while the rest are
vulnerable. There were identified so far two threatened species both endangered
in the respective phytocoenoses. The general disturbance level, mainly due to
grazing, can be estimated as low, the high and medium values being noticed in
only one coenotaxon each, while also only one plant community is representative
for a natural status.

Nymphaetum albae Vollmar 1947 plant community is an endangered
coenotaxon in the Dunărea Veche area (TDV). There it can be considered as
representative for a natural status, as no ruderal/ alien taxa were observed.
Key species: Nymphaea alba (3; TDV).
Other species: Lemna minor (2; TDV), Sagittaria sagittifolia (+; TDV), Typha
angustifolia (+; TDV).

Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae Rapaics ex Soó 1957 plant community
can be estimated as endangered at the scale of the inventoried area. There is a
low level of disturbance within this coenotaxa from the ruderal taxa point of view
(four species).
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4; TDV).
Other species: Bromus sterilis (1; TDV), Bromus tectorum (+; TDV),
Cardaria draba (+; TDV), Dactylis glomerata (+; TDV), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
TDV), Hordeum geniculatum (+; TDV), Lolium perenne (+; TDV), Medicago
lupulina (+; TDV), Tamarix ramosissima (+; TDV), Vicia angustifolia (+; TDV).
Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941 is an
endangered plant community which was identified on the slopes of the limestone
hills southwards of Tulcea. The only rare threatened species identified in the plots is
Potentilla bornmuelleri, endangered within the studied phytocoenosis. The
dominance indices (+-1) of the five ruderal taxa indicate a medium influence of
grazing.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; TS).
Threatened species: Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; TS).
Other species: Androsace elongata (+; TS), Androsace maxima (+; TS),
Artemisia austriaca (+; TS), Erophila verna (+; TS), Inula oculus-christi (+; TS),
Lamium amplexicaule (+; TS), Marrubium vulgare (+; TS), Muscari neglectum (+-;
TS), Poa bulbosa (1; TS), Stipa capillata (+; TS), Teucrium chamaedrys (1; TS),
Teucrium polium (+; TS).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958 is an endangered
plant community in the Tulcea area, where it was identified within Dealul Taberei
area (TT) steppe grasslands. The medium level of disturbance is obvious when
taking into account that ruderal species prevail within this inventory of the
coenotaxon (eight species) and also their dominance limits are significant in this
sense (+-1).
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (2; TT), Bassia prostrata (1; TT).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; TT), Artemisia austriaca (+; TT), Bromus
squarrosus (+; TT), Bromus tectorum (+; TT), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; TT),
Euphorbia seguieriana (+; TT), Kohlrauschia prolifera (+; TT), Hordeum murinum
(+; TT), Linaria genistifolia (+; TT), Marrubium peregrinum (+; TT), Plantago
lanceolata (+; TT), Poa bulbosa (1; TT), Thymus pannonicus (+; TT).

Sedo hillebrandtii – Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974, an
endangered plant community was observed on the rocky slopes of Colnicul Hora
within Tulcea town (TCH), as well as eastwards of Tulcea, on a rocky promontory,
at the contact with the Danube floodplain (TE). Two threatened species were
identified, of which Campanula romanica is an endemic taxon of international
importance, both endangered within the analysed phytocoenoses. Four ruderal
species indicate a low disturbance, taking into account their reduced dominance.
Key species: Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (1; TCH), Polytrichum
piliferum (1; TCH);
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; TCH), Ephedra distachya (+;
TE);
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; TCH), Artemisia austriaca (+; TCH),
Asperula tenella (+; TCH), Malva sylvestris (+; TCH), Marrubium peregrinum (+;
TCH), Medicago falcata (+; TCH Poa bulbosa (+; TCH), Stipa capillata (+; TCH).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. plant community can be considered a
vulnerable coenotaxon within the Dunărea Veche area, within the territory of Tulcea
town (TDV). It has a low degree of ruderal plant invasion, as only one such species was
identified here, with a restricted dominance.
Key species: Salix alba (5; TDV).
Other species:
- shrubs: Rubus caesius (+; TDV);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Bidens tripartita (+; TDV), Bromus sterilis (+;
TDV), Iris pseudacorus (+; TDV), Lycopus europaeus (+; TDV), Myosoton
aquaticum (+; TDV), Poa sylvicola (+; TDV), Rumex palustris (+; TDV), Rumex
hydrolapathum (+; TDV), Stachys palustris (+; TDV).

Populetum albae (Br.-Bl. 31 pp.) Borza 37 plant community is vulnerable
(F: I) within the Tulcea territory (TDV). The three non-native species (Fraxinus
americana, Morus alba, Amorpha fruticosa), with a reduced dominance, indicate a
low level of disturbance, but close to its upper limit, as they are nearly as
numerous as the native non-ruderal taxa. The two ruderal species, by their
restricted dominance, show also a low level of invasive trend from this point of
view.
Key species: Populus alba (5; TDV).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; TDV), Morus alba (+; TDV), Salix alba (+;
TDV);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; TDV), Rubus caesius (+; TDV),
Vitis sylvestris (+; TDV);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Bidens tripartita (+; TDV), Chenopodium album
(+; TDV), Elymus repens (+; TDV), Lysimachia nummularia (+; TDV), Potentila
reptans (+; TDV), Vicia angustifolia (+; TDV).

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 plant community is evaluated as a
vulnerable coenotaxon in the studied area. It has a low level of disturbance only
indicated by the two non-native species (Fraxinus americana, Amorpha fruticosa),
with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (4; TDV).
Other species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; TDV), Fraxinus americana (+; TDV),
Lythrum salicaria (+; TDV), Lysimachia nummularia (+; TDV), Mentha aquatica (+;
TDV), Myosotis scorpioides (+; TDV), Oenanthe aquatica (+; TDV), Phragmites
australis (+; TDV), Sagittaria sagittifolia (+; TDV), Schoenoplectus lacustris (+;
TDV), Senecio paludosus (+; TDV), Sium latifolium (+; TDV), Solanum dulcamara
(+; TDV).
54.14B Iris beds

Iretum pseudacori Eggler 1933, an endangered coenotaxon (F: +) within
the Dunărea Veche area (TDV), has a low level of disturbance due to invasive
species, both non-native (Amorpha fruticosa) and ruderal (Bromus sterilis).
Key species: Iris pseudacorus (3; TDV).
Other species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; TDV), Bidens tripartita (+; TDV),
Bromus sterilis (1; TDV), Poa sylvicola (+; TDV), Rubus caesius (+; TDV), Stachys
palustris (+; TDV), Typha angustifolia (+; TDV).
classification
Convolvulo-Agropyro repentis Felföldy 1942 is an endangered plant
community (F: +), inventoried at Dunărea Veche (TDV). The high number of
ruderal species (six taxa) and their maximal dominance indicate an intense
disturbance due to human activities.
Key species: Convolvulus arvensis (+; TDV), Elymus repens (5; TDV).
Other species: Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; TDV), Hordeum murinum (+;
TDV), Medicago lupulina (+; TDV), Mentha aquatica (+; TDV), Plantago major (+;
TDV), Potentilla reptans (+; TDV), Rorippa sylvestris (+; TDV), Rumex palustris (+;
TDV), Teucrium scordium (+; TDV), Xanthium italicum (+; TDV).
Poëtum sylvicolae Buia et al. 1959 can be estimated so far as being
endangered (F: I) within the Tulcea’s territory (TDV), where the only ruderal
species observed in the plot is Xanthium italicum, that corresponds to a low

disturbance level from this point of view.
Key species: Poa sylvicola (5; TDV).
Other species: Althaea officinalis (+; TDV), Cynodon dactylon (1; TDV),
Phragmites australis (+; TDV), Rumex palustris (+; TDV), Senecio paludosus (+;
TDV), Xanthium italicum (+; TDV).
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of Tulcea town there were identified
102 species of birds listed in the Annex 3 and 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007. Of
these, a total of 63 species are strictly protected, being mentioned in the Annex 3,
their presence being though important for the design of the Natura 2000 network,
such as: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax,
Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Botaurus stellaris, Egretta garzetta,
Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus,
Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Anser erythropus, Branta ruficollis, Aythya
nyroca, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus,
Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus,
pennatus, Pandion haliaetus, Falco vespertinus,Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus,
Some of the rarest species listed above which give a high conservation value
to this area are: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Pelecanus
alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Platalea leucorodia, Anser erythropus, Branta
ruficollis, Aythya nyroca, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus macrourus,
Circus pygargus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Pandion
haliaetus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus
himantopus, Larus minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hybridus, Asio flammeus,
Dendrocopos medius, Lulula arborea, Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus
melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica.
There were identified 39 protected species requiring strict protection listed
within the Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007:Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco
Merops apiaster, Picus viridis Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea,
Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Remiz pendulinus, Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia,
Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus,
Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Corvus corax, Passer

Coccothraustes coccothraustes. From this appendix the rarest species in the area
are represented by Motacilla cinerea, Bombycilla garrulus, Phoenicurus ochruros,
Sturnus roseus, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus
sibilatrix, Muscicapa striata, Corvus corax, Passer hispaniolensis, Carduelis
cannabina, Carduelis flammea.
A number of bird species observed here are not framed in the two annexes
of the Ordinance 57/2007 but can be found in Annex II of the Law 13/ 1993, like:
Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis, Mergus albellus, Accipiter gentilis,
Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Tringa ochropus,
Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta, Caprimulgus europaeus, Dendrocopos major,
Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes
troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos,
Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris,
Acrocephalus scripaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia
curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Parus cristatus,
schoeniclus.
Bird species nesting certainly or probably in the Tulcea area there can be
quoted: Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Circus
aeruginosus, Porzana pusilla, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias niger, Coracias garrulus,
Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Cuculus canorus, Alauda arvensis,
Galerida cristata, Dryocopus martius, Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus
melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Tachybaptus ruficollis,
Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba,
Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz pendulinus, Locustella
naevia, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Panurus biarmicus,
Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Carduelis
chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Podiceps grisegena, Podiceps
nigricollis, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica,
arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus
caeruleus, Parus major, Emberiza citrinella.
Mammals. The total number of species identified in the city of Tulcea is of
15 taxa: Myotis myotis, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Lepus
europaeus, Ondatra zibethicus, Mycromis minutus, Mus musculus, Rattus
procyonoides, Mustela putorius, Sus scrofa, Capreolus capreolus. Strictly
protected species of mammals identified in the area, which can be found in the
Annex 3 of the Ordinance 57/2007, are: Myotis myotis and Lutra lutra. Species
requiring strict protection included in Annex 4A, are: Nyctalus noctula and
Pipistrellus pipistrellus.

of Turcoaia commune
ACCES: Road DN22 Tulcea-Măcin, DN 22D and DJ222H

NATURA 2000 SITES: Brațul Măcin (Site of Community Interest), Dunărea
Veche-Brațul Măcin (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Turcoaia commune is characterized by the
pre-Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite, to
which are added tufogene greenschist which occur in the south-east part. The
Silurian deposits of sandstones, limestones and marls occupy also the south-
eastern part of the area, along with the Devonian deposits (which also occur in the
north-western part of the area) of the slate schists, quartzite and grey limestones.
The Carapelit formation (Lower Carboniferous age) which is composed of
conglomerates, sandstones, tuffs, schists and siltites occurs on reduced areas.
Also there can be found the Paleozoic outcrops of alkaline granite, in frame the
outcrops of these types of deposits. These types of stones outcrop through the
Quaternary loess layers that cover the entire area.
Based on theserock substrata, the various types of territorial units of soil
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) occur. Along the Danube River on the alluvial
deposits and alluvia there were developed Calcareous alluvial soils, Calcareous-
gleyed alluvial soils and Calcareous-alluvial gley soils.
LANDSCAPE
The landscape of this territory is dominated by artificial habitats, like
agriculture fields, forestry plantations and extensive stone quarries. The natural
habitats are mainly represented by steppe grasslands, their largest areas being
concentrated on Iacobdeal Hill, the highest elevation (341 m), which is also a
viewpoint westwards upon the Danube, respectively eastwards towards the Măcin
Mountains. Unfortunately this hill is spoiled by quarries which have replaced large
areas of the previous steppe grasslands and thickets. Some other steppe
grasslands also occur eastwards of Iacobdeal, in the area of Bujorul Românesc
(161 m), as well as northwards, around the Troesmis roman fortress and in the
Iglița area. The latest also represents an attractive viewpoint over the Danube
bend and the massive silhouette of Iacobdeal Hill.
The wetland vegetation was mainly observed in the area of the Turcoaia
ponds, northwards of the locality, in the Danube floodplain, while in the free
flooding area between the Danube riverbanks and the adjacent dikes most of the
former white willow forests were replaced by forestry plantations.

All the steppe grasslands and thickets which were identified in this area are
priority habitats of community interest, like 40C0* (31.8B731) and 62C0* (34.92,
34.9211), the wetland forest being framed into the community interest habitat
92A0 (44.162, 44.6612), unlike the other types of wetland vegetation that are not
protected.
Within the analysed plant communities prevails the endangered ones, while
the vulnerable coenotaxa have a lower importance. Among the wetland plant
communities two are representative for a natural status, two are medium
disturbed, while one is low disturbed. Among the four steppe grassland and
thicket types two are medium disturbed, the other two being characteristic for a
high, respectively low degree of ruderal species invasive trend.
While the wetland communities have no threatened species, the steppe
grasslands and thickets, except Botriochloetum ischaemi, contain at least one
such species, the maximum recorded being of four taxa of this type.

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et al. 1999, an endangered plant
community analysed from Iacobdeal Hill – Turcoaia commune (TI), can be framed
into the medium disturbance category, due to the eight ruderal species which are
the most numerous within this phytocoenosis inventory versus the other taxa. The
only threatened species is the dominant Paliurus spina-christi, vulnerable and rare
within the coenotaxa.
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; TI).
Threatened species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; TI).
Other species:
- shrubs: Crataegus monogyna (+; TI);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Agropyron cristatum (+; TI), Artemisia austriaca (+;
TI), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; TI), Erodium cicutarium (+; TI), Galium aparine
(+; TI), Geranium rotundifolium (+; TI), Lamium amplexicaule (+; TI), Poa bulbosa
(+; TI), Ranunculus oxyspermus (+; TI), Senecio vernalis (+; TI), Stellaria media
(+; TI).

vulnerable plant community from Iacobdeal Hill, Turcoaia commune (TI), show a
medium degree of disturbance, underlined by the numerous ruderal species (nine
taxa) and their dominance variation (+-1).
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3; TI).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; TI), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; TI),
Cerastium dubium (+; TI), Cichorium intybus (+; TI), Eryngium campestre (+; TI),
Festuca valesiaca (+; TI), Geranium rotundifolium (+; TI), Lamium amplexicaule
(+; TI), Poa bulbosa (1; TI), Scleranthus annuus (+; TI), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; TI), Senecio vernalis (+; TI), Stellaria media (+; TI), Teucrium
polium (+; TI).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970, an endangered plant
community from Iacobdeal Hill, Turcoaia commune (TI), is in this case a typical
indicator of an intense grazing, that allows the significant invasive development of
the key species, but also of other two ruderal taxa. Despite grazing, two rare
threatened species were identified. Among these, Dianthus nardiformis is
vulnerable taxa of European importance. Both species are endangered in the
area, at least within the studied phytocoenosis.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; TI), Poa bulbosa (2; TI).
Threatened species: Dianthus nardiformis (+; TI), Thymus zygioides (+; TI).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; TI), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; TI),
Eryngium campestre (+; TI), Erophila verna (+; TI), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; TI), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; TI).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970, considered endangered,
has the highest conservation value among the studied coenotaxa, especially due to
the four rare threatened species. Within these Dianthus nardiformis is vulnerable and
of European importance. All these can be considered endangered within this plant
community, except the dominant Thymus zygioides. There can be estimated a low
level of the ruderal species (four taxa) invasive trend.
Key species: Thymus zygioides (3; TI).
Threatened species: Dianthus nardiformis (+; TI), Festuca callieri (+; TI),
Koeleria lobata (+; TI), Thymus zygioides (3; TI).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; TI), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; TI),
Eryngium campestre (+; TI), Erophila verna (+; TI), Myosotis stricta (+; TI), Poa
bulbosa (+; TI), Scleranthus perennis (+; TI), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+;
TI), Stipa capillata (+; TI).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. was inventoried as a vulnerable
vegetation type, in the Danube floodplain (TLD), as well as on a recently formed
island on the river (TON). There can be deduced a medium disturbance, taking
into account the reduced dominance of the only alien taxon, Amorpha fruticosa,
but mainly the significant dominance index of Xanthium italicum.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; TLD, TON), Populus nigra (+-1; TON,
TLD), Salix alba (4; TON, TLD).
Other species:
- trees: Ulmus laevis (+; TLD);
- shrubs/ lianas: Rubus caesius (1; TLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Bidens tripartita (+1; TLD), Bryonia alba (+1; TLD),
Solanum dulcamara (+; TLD), Symphytum officinale (+; TLD), Xanthium italicum (1;
TON).

Populetum nigro-albae Slavnic 1952 plant community can be considered
vulnerable within the Danube floodplain (TLD), framed within the Turcoaia territory.
There a medium influence of human activities is obvious, due to the occurrence of
two alien species with a significant variation of their dominance (+-1), despite the
low contribution of ruderal species, represented by only one species.
Key species: Populus nigra (3; TLD).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (1; TLD), Salix alba (1; TLD);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; TLD), Rubus caesius (+; TLD);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Elymus repens (+; TLD), Calystegia sepium (+; TLD),
Solanum dulcamara (+; TLD).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community was mainly
observed as an endangered coenotaxon within the ponds northwards of Turcoaia
(TE) where this coenotaxon is nearly mono-dominant. It can be estimated as
representative for a natural status, as no ruderal/ alien species were identified.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; TE), Typha angustifolia (1; TE).

Typhetum latifoliae Lang 1973 can be considered an endangered
coenotaxon within the studied area, where the only ruderal species, Echinochloa
crus-galli, indicates a reduced disturbance.
Key species: Typha latifolia (4; TLD).
Other species: Echinochloa crus-galli (+; TLD), Lycopus europaeus (+;
TLD), Typha angustifolia (1; TLD).

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953, an endangered plant community
has a very low diversity within the ponds northwards of Turcoia (TE) and no alien/
ruderal species.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (5; TE).
Other species: Phragmites australis (1; TE), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; TE).
FAUNA
Birds. The studied avifauna of the administrative territory of the Turcoaia
commune includes 75 bird species from the appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance
57/2007 of which 44 species are strictly protected, being classified in the Annex 3 of
the ordinance, used to establish the Natura 2000 network, such as: Gavia stellata,
ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Haliaeetus albicilla,
Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo
rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus,
Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias
hibridus, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Caprimulgus europaeus,
Melanocorypha calandra, Oenanthe isabellina, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Emberiza hortulana, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Species which confer a high conservation value to the area include: Gavia
stellata, Tadorna tadorna, Pernis apivorus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus,
Aquila clanga, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus, Oenanthe
isabellina, Oenanthe pleschanka, Sylvia nisoria, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus
campestris.
The other 31 species are protected, being classified in Annex 4B of the
ordinance, representing animal and plant species requiring strict protection: Falco
Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Sitta europaea,
Oriolus oriolus, Passer hispaniolensis, Miliaria calandra, Serinus serinus,
The rarest birds in this area, included in Appendix 4B include: Actitis
hypoleucos, Motacilla cinerea, Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus roseus,
Phylloscopus trochilus, Regulus regulus, Muscicapa striata, Serinus serinus,
Carduelis flammea.
Bird species identified in the area which are not listed in the two annexes of the
Ordinance 57/2007, but can be found in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993 are: Mergus
lagopus, Falco columbarius, Tringa ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta, Apus
melba, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica,
Troglodytes troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe,
pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus
ignicapillus, Ficedula albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia
Aquatic and steppe habitats along with the agricultural and rural areas, lead
to an abundance of species and populations nesting in the area like: Ixobrychus
minutus, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna tadorna, Alcedo
athis, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dryocopus martius, Cuculus
canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata, Melanocorypha calandra, Sylvia
nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio. Falco tinnunculus, Athene
noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Oriolus

oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis
cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Buteo buteo, Caprimulgus europaeus, Riparia
riparia, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola torquata, Oenanthe oenanthe,
pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Parus
caeruleus, Parus major, Emberiza citrinella.

of Văcăreni commune
ACCESS: Road DN 22/E87 Tulcea-Măcin

PROTECTED AREAS OF NATIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE: Danube
Delta Biosphere Reserve
NATURA 2000 SITES: Danube Delta (Special Protection Area), Măcin-Niculițel

The administrative territory of Văcareni commune is characterized by the
pre-Silurian metamorphic deposits of the grey or greenish phyllite and quartzite
that occur on small surfaces on the southern part of the studied area. Also here
are represented Paleozoic outcrops of granite gneisses, as well as Upper Triassic
deposits of limestones with intercalations of clay schists. These types of stones
outcrop through the Quaternary loess layers that cover the central-southern part
of the area. On the north side there were found Holocene psamo-pelitic deposits.
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric chernozems (Calcaro-calcic
Resources – SR, 1998) occur. On the alluvial deposits and alluvia of the northern
area, the following types of soils were developed: Calcareous alluvial soils,
Calcareous-gleyed alluvial soils, Calcareous-alluvial gley soils and Gleyed
chernozems.
LANDSCAPE
The commune's territory lies mostly in the former Danube floodplain, drained
at present, a flat low area situated in the northern part of this zone. The only
natural or semi-natural habitats in this sector have very reduced areas, being
mainly represented by artificial water bodies in the drainage channels.
From these lowlands, in the southern sector of this territory, the altitudes
increase to a maximum of 128 m in the peak of Dealul Cadân. On its slopes and
also on the declivities of the low hills and plateaux, between the floodplain and the
foothills of the Măcin Mountains, restricted areas of steppe grasslands still occur,
heavily fragmented by agricultural fields.
Even though the natural habitats represent a reduced proportion within the
studied territory all of the observed plant communities are framed into priority
habitats of community importance, such as 1530* (15.21275), 40C0* (31.8B721),
62C0* (34.92).
The restricted surface of the natural habitats is visible also in the dominance
of the endangered plant communities, followed by vulnerable ones. No threatened
species was identified within the studied situations.There is generally a low
disturbance of the of the vegetation types, medium and high levels being recorded
in only one type plant community for each.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 is an endangered
coenotaxon which was studied in the area of the former Gârla Ciulinețu (VGC). A
medium disturbance due to grazing can be observed. Thus, except the key
species Cynodon dactylon, all the other are ruderal, their dominance variation
being also significant for this level (+-1).
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4; VGC).
Other species: Artemisia annua (1; VGC), Geranium pusillum (+; VGC),
Lamium purpureum (+; VGC), Malva pusilla (+; VGC), Stellaria media (+; VGC),
Xanthium italicum (+; VGC).

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931, an endangered plant
community within the commune’s area, was identified within Valea Jijilei area
(VVJ), where it is low disturbed, as only one ruderal taxa was observed in the
respective location.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (3; VVJ).
Other species:
- trees: Ulmus minor (+; VVJ).
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VVJ), Calamagrostis epigeios
(+; VVJ), Corydalis solida subsp. solida (+; VVJ), Fragaria viridis (+; VVJ), Geum
urbanum (+; VVJ), Marrubium vulgare (+; VVJ), Scilla bifolia (+; VVJ), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; VVJ), Viola odorata (+; VVJ).

Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae Rapaics ex Soó 1957, an endangered
plant community within the Văcăreni area, was studied within the Dealul Cadân
(VDC) area, where grazing induces a low disturbance, visible in the presence of
four ruderal taxa.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (2; VDC), Poa angustifolia (2, VDC).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; VDC), Dichanthium ischaemum (+;
VDC), Erodium cicutarium (+; VDC), Euphorbia seguieriana (+, VDC), Geranium
pusillum (+; VDC), Potentilla argentea (+; VDC), Plantago lanceolata (+; VDC),
Thymus pannonicus (+; VDC).
community can be considered vulnerable within the whole studied territory, where
it was recorded from Dealul Cadân (VDC), being also observed in the Valea Jijilei
area. Grazing influence is obvious, taking into account the six ruderal taxa, even
with a reduced dominance, which is at the upper limit of the low disturbance level.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (5; VDC).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+-2; VDC), Artemisia annua (+; VDC),
Artemisia austriaca (+, VDC), Cichorium intybus (+; VDC), Erodium cicutarium (+;
VDC), Festuca valesiaca (+; VDC), Medicago minima (+; VDC), Plantago
lanceolata (+; VDC), Poa bulbosa (+; VDC), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+;
VDC), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; VDC).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970, a vulnerable
coenataxon that was observed within Dealul Cadân area (VDC), as usual is an
indicator of a high level of disturbance due to grazing, taking into account the
dominance indices of the three ruderal species (+-2) of which two are key taxa.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (-1; VDC), Poa bulbosa (2; VDC).
Other species: Artemisia annua (1; VDC), Asperula tenella (1; VDC),
Cynodon dactylon (1; VDC), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; VDC), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; VDC), Medicago minima (+; VDC), Sanguisorba minor (+; VDC),
Thymus pannonicus (+; VDC).
FAUNA
Birds. On the administrative territory of the Văcăreni commune there were
observed 94 bird species included in the Ordinance 57/2007. Of these, 57 species
are strictly protected being listed on the Annex 3: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus,
Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Pelecanus
onocrotalus, Pelecanus crispus, Botaurus stellaris, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba,
Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea
leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Branta ruficollis, Aythya nyroca, Pernis apivorus,
Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Pandion haliaetus, Falco
vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus
minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Sterna caspia, Sterna albifrons,
syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Lulula arborea,

parva, Luscinia svecica, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
Some of the rarest species listed above which give a high conservation
value to the area are: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Pelecanus
alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra, Platalea leucorodia, Branta ruficollis, Aythya
nyroca, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus macrourus, Circus
pygargus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco
peregrinus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus himantopus, Larus minutus,
Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Asio flammeus, Dendrocopos medius, Lulula
arborea, Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria,
Ficedula parva, Luscinia svecica.
There were identified 37 protected species, found in the Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007, such as: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco
subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster,
Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba,
regulus, Muscicapa striata, Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta
carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The rarest species
in the area from this appendix include: Motacilla cinerea, Bombycilla garrulus,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Sturnus roseus, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus
trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Muscicapa striata, Corvus corax, Passer
hispaniolensis, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis flammea.
A number of bird species observed here are not included in the two annexes
of the Ordinance 57/2007, but can be found in Annex II of Law 13/ 1993: Podiceps
grisegena, Podiceps nigricollis, Mergus albellus, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus,
Buteo buteo, Buteo buteo vulpinus, Buteo lagopus, Falco columbarius, Tringa
ochropus, Tringa glareola, Calidris minuta, , Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia,
Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes
troglodytes, Saxicola rubetra, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia megarhynchos,
Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus palustris,
Acrocephalus scripaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia
curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla, Regulus ignicapillus, Parus cristatus,
schoeniclus.
Bird species which certainly or probably nest in the Văcăreni territory
include: Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia ciconia, Cygnus olor, Aythya
nyroca, Circus aeruginosus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias niger, Alcedo athis,
Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Cuculus
canorus, Alauda arvensis, Galerida cristata, Dryocopus martius, Acrocephalus
paludicola, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Lanius minor, Lanius

collurio, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Athene noctua, Upupa epops,
Remiz pendulinus, Locustella naevia, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus
collybita, Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra,
Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Riparia riparia,
Hirundo rustica, Hirundo daurica, Delichon urbica, Oenanthe oenanthe, Luscinia
megarhynchos, Luscinia luscinia, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus
scirpaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia
atricapilla, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza
schoeniclus.
Mammals. On the territory of Văcăreni commune were observed 15
mammal species like: Myotis myotis, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus,
Lepus europaeus, Ondatra zibethicus, Mycromis minutus, Mus musculus, Rattus
procyonoides, Mustela putorius, Sus scrofa, Capreolus capreolus.
Strictly protected species of mammals identified in this area, which are listed
in the Annex 3 of the Ordinance 57/2007, are: Myotis myotis şi Lutra lutra.
Species requiring strict protection, included in Annex 4A, are: Nyctalus noctula
and Pipistrellus pipistrellus.

of Valea Teilor commune
ACCESS: Road E87 Tulcea-Niculițel, DJ229

Carasan-Teke nature reserve, Edirlen nature reserve
(partially)
Măcin-Niculițel (Special Protection Area)

The administrative territory of Valea Teilor commune is characterized by the
two types of geological subunits as follows Consul Sub-unit and Niculiţel Sub-unit.
The Consul Sub-unit is composed of pre-Alpine formations (volcanic breccia,
conglomerates polygenic, red silt, jasper red porphyritic tuffs) and Alpine Triassic
formations (Middle Triassic Age which consist of limestone, dolomitic limestone
and dolomite with different colours). Of pre-Alpine formations (consist of volcanic
breccia, polygenic conglomerates, red siltite, porphyritic tuffs) and Alpine Middle
Triassic formations (consist of limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolomite with
different colours). The Consul Sub-unit consists of Middle Triassic formations of
limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolomite with different colours. These types of
stones outcrop through the Quaternary loess layers which cover the entire area.
such as Eutric litosols (Eutric Leptosols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998) – on limestone, Calcaric regosols
for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Greic phaeozems (Greyi-luvic Phaeozems, after
World Reference Base for Soil Resources – SR, 1998), Calcaric chernozems
(Calcaro-calcic Chernozems, after World Reference Base for Soil Resources –
SR, 1998), Typical luvosols (Haplic Luvisols, after World Reference Base for Soil
Resources – SR, 1998) occurs.
LANDSCAPE
The Valea Teilor commune's territory lies within the Niculițel Plateau, a
forested hilly area which surrounds the locality, with maximum altitudes situated in
its western part, on Boclugea Hill highest peaks (411 m). The latest, together with
some other summits, are rocky, usually devoid of compact forest vegetation,
replaced either by steppe grasslands or mosaic wooded steppe vegetation like
Carasan Hill (352 m) or other lower ones – Teke, Malciu etc. Other high hills are
mainly covered with more or less compact forest like Dealul Bujorilor (352 m). The
commune's territory is dominated by natural habitats, mainly represented by
Balkan forests of sessile oak, lime, hornbeam or eastern hornbeam. These forest
massifs have an overall horseshoe distribution, partially surrounding the Valea
Teilor locality towards east, north and west. In the adjacent areas of these forests
also occur, on less extensive areas, steppe grasslands or wooded steppe
transitional zones. The few rivulets, like Lodzova, Valea Teilor, Alba, enhance the
landscape attractiveness, especially when crossing forested or steppe grasslands.

The Valea Teilor territory has an overall high conservation value, as there
prevail the natural habitats, nearly all the analysed plant communities being
framed into community interest habitats, priority ones, like 62C0* (34.92,
34.9211), 91AA* (41.73723, 41.73724), 91Y0* (41.2C22, 41.76834). Most of the
plant communities have at least one threatened taxon, the maximum being of
three such species. Most of these are endangered, followed by critically
endangered and less by vulnerable species within the studied situation.
The vulnerable plant communities prevail, while the endangered, rare and
sporadic have a lower importance. There can be observed an equal proportion of
medium respectively low disturbed plant communities, only one of these being
representative for a natural status. All the mentioned locations are framed within
the Podișul Nord Dobrogean Natura 2000 Site (SCI).

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941, a vulnerable
plant community studied at Muchea Goală (VTMG), has an enhanced conservation
importance due the two rare and vulnerable species identified in the plots. A slight
disturbance due to grazing is shown by the reduced dominance of two ruderal
species.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (4; VTMG).
Threatened species: Crocus chrysanthus (+; VTMG), Paeonia peregrina (+-
1; VTMG).
Other species: Chrysopogon gryllus (+; VTMG), Convolvulus cantabricus (+;
VTMG), Crataegus monogyna (+; VTMG), Dactylis glomerata (+; VTMG),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; VTMG), Eryngium campestre (+; VTMG), Filipendula
vulgaris (+; VTMG), Lamium purpureum (+; VTMG), Ranunculus illyricus (+;
VTMG), Stipa capillata (+; VTMG), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; VTMG), Veronica
jacquinii (+; VTMG).
community can be estimated as vulnerable within the studied area, there being
observed within the Valea Cișmelei (VTC) area. Two ruderal species with a reduced
dominance indicate a low disturbance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (5; VTC).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; VTC), Agrimonia eupatoria (+; VTC),
Cichorium intybus (+; VTC), Crataegus monogyna (+; VTC), Dactylis glomerata
(+; VTC), Eryngium campestre (+; VTC), Galium humifusum (+; VTC), Medicago
falcata (+; VTC), Potentilla argentea (+; VTC).

Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970 a plant
community vulnerable in the Valea Teilor commune's area, can be considered as
being disturbed, as indicated by the dominance variation limits of the ruderal
species. It should underlined the presence of two threatened species, rare at the
national level of which Crocus chrysanthus is also vulnerable, both endangered
within the plots.
Key species: Festuca callieri (3; VTM).
Threatened species: Crocus chrysanthus (+; VTM), Potentilla bornmuelleri
(+; VTM).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; VTM), Cichorium intybus (+; VTM),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; VTM), Echium italicum (+; VTM), Eryngium
campestre (+; VTM), Poa bulbosa (1; VTM), Potentilla argentea (+; VTM),
Sanguisorba minor (+; VTM), Teucrium polium (+; VTM), Thymus pannonicus (+;
VTM).
Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974 is an
endangered type of vegetation which was identified within Dealul lui Malciu (VTM)
area, where the only threatened taxon is the rare Festuca callieri, that can be
considered vulnerable within these phytocoenoses. A reduced influence of human
activities is indicated by just one ruderal species.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (1; VTM), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; VTM).
Threatened species: Festuca callieri (+1; VTM).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; VTM), Asperula tenella (+; VTM),
Thymus pannonicus (+; VTM).

Tilio tomentosae-Carpinetum betuli Doniţă 1968 plant community, the
most widespread type of forest, sporadic within the whole studied territory, was
inventoried within Piscul Părului (VTP), where a medium disturbance is suggested
by the reduced contribution to the herbaceous layer of ruderal species and mainly
by the partially derided canopy.
Key species: Carpinus betulus (2; VTP), Quercus dalechampii (1; VTP),
Tilia tomentosa (2; VTM).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus avium (+; VTP);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VTP), Dactylis polygama (+;
VTP), Geum urbanum (+; VTP), Veronica hederifolia (+-; VTP).

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970, a vulnerable
type of sub-Mediterranean forest which occur also on the Boclugea Hill (VTB), has
a conservation value not only as a priority community interest habitat, but also due
to the two rare threatened taxa recorded within the plots and outside these, of
which Crocus chrysanthus is also vulnerable, both species being endangered in
the plots. Its medium degree of disturbance is indicated by the partially derived
canopy.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (4; VTB), Quercus pubescens (1; VTB).
Threatened species: Crocus chrysanthus (+; VTB), Myrrhoides nodosa (+;
VTB).
Other species:
- shrubs: Cornus mas (1; VTB), Crataegus monogyna (+; VTB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; VTB), Brachypodium
sylvaticum (+; VTB), Geum urbanum (+; VTB), Stipa capillata (+; VTB), Verbascum
phoeniceum (+; VTB), Veronica hederifolia (+; VTB), Viola odorata (+; VTB).

Galio dasypodi-Quercetum pubescentis Doniţă 1970 is a vulnerable
plant community recorded within the wooded steppe area of Dealul Boclugea
(VTB), where its remarkable conservation importance is also obvious, taking into
account the three rare threatened taxa identified in the same plot, of which Crocus
chrysanthus is also vulnerable at the national level, still being critically
endangered within these phytocoenoses. The other two taxa are endangered
within the plots. This can be considered a typical example of an undisturbed
habitat, as no ruderal/alien taxon was observed, while the canopy is not derived.
Key species: Quercus pubescens (4; VTB).
Threatened species: Centaurea napulifera (+; VTB), Crocus chrysanthus (r;
VTB), Iris sintenisii (+; VTB).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; VTB), Fraxinus ornus (1; VTB);
- shrubs: Crataegus monogyna (+; VTB), Prunus spinosa (+; VTB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Festuca valesiaca (+; VTB), Filipendula vulgaris (+;
VTB), Fragaria viridis (+; VTB), Geum urbanum (+; VTB), Lithospermum
purpureocaeruleum (+; VTB).

Fraxino orni-Quercetum dalechampii Doniţă 1970 is a vulnerable
coenotaxon within this territory, being studied in the Dealul Boclugea area (VTB)
where it can be estimated as low disturbed as only one ruderal species was
observed in the analyzed situations.
Key species: Fraxinus ornus (1; VTB), Quercus dalechampii (2; VTB).
Other species
- trees: Carpinus orientalis (2; VTB);
- shrubs: Crataegus pentagyna (+; VTB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VTB), Brachypodium sylvaticum
(+; VTB), Geum urbanum (+; VTB), Ranunculus ficaria (+; VTB), Veronica
hederifolia (+; VTB).

Querco pedunculiflorae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970, a vulnerable
plant community, can be estimated as medium disturbed, taking into account the
partially derived canopy and the presence in one plot of the non-native species
Robinia pseudoacacia with a significant dominance (1). The herbaceous layer is
low disturbed, as only two ruderal taxa, with a low dominance, were observed.
The coenotaxon was analysed within the Piscul Părului area (VTP), where old
growth oak trees were recorded.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (1; VTP), Tilia tomentosa (2; VTP).
Other species:
- trees: Acer platanoides (+; VTP), Carpinus betulus (2; VTB), Cerasus
avium (+; VTP), Robinia pseudoacacia (1; VTP);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VTP), Anthriscus sylvestris (+;
VTP), Arum orientale (+; VTP), Lamium purpureum (+; VTP), Loranthus
europaeus (+; VTP), Ranunculus ficaria (+; VTP), Viola odorata (+; VTP).
41.76834 Western-Pontic sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-Galanthus forests

Galantho plicatae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970 is a rare type of
forest that occurs also within the Boclugea Hill (VTB), where the key species
Galanthus plicatus represents also the only rare threatened species that was
observed. Still, it contributes to the conservation value of this plant community
taking into account its European importance. Within this phytocoenosis it can be
considered as critically endangered in the analysed situations. There can be
assessed an overall medium degree of conservation, as the canopy is partially
derived. Still, in the herbaceous layer only one ruderal species was recorded.
Key species: Galanthus plicatus (r; VTB), Quercus dalechampii (1; VTB),
Tilia tomentosa (2; VTB).
Threatened species: Galanthus plicatus (r; VTB).
Other species:
- trees: Carpinus orientalis (2; VTB), Sorbus torminalis (+; VTB);
- shrubs: Crataegus pentagyna (+; VTB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VTB), Brachyopodium
sylvaticum (+; VTB), Potentilla micrantha (+; VTB), Ranunculus ficaria (+; VTB),
Veronica hederifolia (+; VTB).
classification
Populetum tremulae-Carpinetum Tűber 1991-1992 was recorded as an
endangered plant community with much reduced distribution in the studied
territory, the framing of these phytocoenoses. Within this coenotaxon is provisory
as, so far this is the only plant community described from Romania (Sanda, Vicol,
Stefănuț 2008) having Populus tremula as a key species. A low disturbance is
only shown by the ruderal species Poa bulbosa an accidental presence that
originates in the adjacent steppe meadows of the Boclugea Hill (VTB).
Key species: Carpinus betulus (+, VTB), Populus tremula (3; VTB).
Other species:
- trees: Quercus petraea (+, VTB);
- shrubs: Coryllus avellana (+, VTB), Crataegus monogyna (+; VTB), Rubus
caesius (+; VTB);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Agrimonia eupatoria (+, VTB), Brachypodium
sylvaticum (+; VTB), Geum urbanum (+; VTB), Festuca valesiaca (+, VTB), Poa
bulbosa (+; VTB), Potentilla micrantha (+; VTB).
FAUNA
Birds. On the territory of the Valea Teilor commune there were identified 62
species of birds which can be found in the Appendices 3 and 4B of the Ordinance
57/2007. Strictly protected bird species identified here, which can be found in the
Annex 3 (33 species) are: Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,
Haliaeetus albicilla, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Sterna
hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Alcedo athis,

Melanocorypha calandra, Anthus campestris, Phoenicurus phoenicurus.
Of the rare species, which give a high conservation value area, the most
representative are: Circaetus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus macrourus,
Circus pygargus.
There were recorded 29 protected species that can be found in the Annex
4B of the Ordinance 57/2007, like: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Picus
viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla alba, Erithacus
Coccothraustes coccothraustes.The rarest bird species therein for this area are:
pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Sturnus roseus, Motacilla cinerea.
57/2007 but listed in the Annex II of the Law 13/ 1993, are: Accipiter gentilis,
columbarius, Caprimulgus europaeus, Dendrocopos major, Riparia riparia,
Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Lanius senator, Troglodytes troglodytes,
Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais
pallida, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia borin, Sylvia atricapilla, Ficedula
albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia familiaris,
Bird species which nest in the Valea Teilor area include: Ciconia ciconia,
Falco vespertinus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos
medius, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio, Falco
tinnunculus, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Remiz
pendulinus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus sibilatrix,
Aegithalos caudatus, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Miliaria calandra, Serinus
serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis, Riparia riparia,
Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica, Saxicola rubetra, Luscinia megarhynchos,
Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Hippolais pallida, Sylvia
curruca, Sylvia communis, Sylvia atricapilla Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus,
Parus major, Emberiza schoeniclus, Oenanthe oenanthe, Alauda arvensis,
Melanocorypha calandra, Turdus philomelos, Turdus merula, Miliaria calandra.
Contributions to the knowledge of the natural heritage (...) in the Dobrogea Plateau 161
CHAPTER II
Contributions to the knowledge of the natural heritage

of some protected natural areas in the Dobrogea Plateau
This chapter presents the results of the research aiming at replenishing

proper data previously published (PETRESCU, 2007; PETRESCU et alii,
2006; CUZIC, PETRESCU, 2006 etc.) regarding the natural heritage of the
protected areas in Tulcea and Constanţa Counties, in order to reveal its
conservation value. Where data allow, the preliminary assessment of the
conservation status of the protected species and habitats, mainly of those that
not were inventoried within the previous studies, is presented. For Tulcea
County the amassed data allow mainly the presentation of flora, vegetation,
habitats and fauna related aspects. For Constanţa County only aspects
concerning the flora, vegetation and habitats will be mentioned. All the
protected areas are legally established, being of national importance, except
nature reserves which are still proposals for the national level, for which these
aspects are mentioned apart. All these protected areas, legally established or
proposed, are also protected at the European level, their territory being
included in the Natura 2000 network. For Tulcea County data on the territories
of the areas protected at the national level are presented, taking into account
that the remaining Natura 2000 sites surfaces are mentioned in chapter I,
within other studies conducted simultaneously for the administrative territories
of the communes and towns. For Constanţa County data both from the legally
established reserves, and from some proposed reserves included in the
Natura 2000 sites, are displayed. Even if the respective reserves are not yet
approved at the national level, the presentation of these natural areas under
these denominations allows strict comparison of data with those mentioned in
previous publications regarding the same areas (PETRESCU, 2007;
PETRESCU et alii, 2006; CUZIC, PETRESCU, 2006 etc.).

of some protected areas from Tulcea County
Mihai PETRESCU, Viorel CUZIC, Cristina DINU, Adina Maria RĂDULESCU
This paper presents the results of the recent research (2011-2013),

which represents additions and updates of the proper studies previously
conducted concerning the landscape, flora, habitats, bird species of 19
protected areas legally established or protected within the plateau part of
Tulcea County; they are mentioned in alphabetical order.
BEIDAUD
The landscape nature reserve, with an area of 1121.00 ha, framed within
the Beidaud commune's territory, was established by the Government
Decision 2151/ 2004. At present it is included in the Podișul Nord Dobrogean
Site of Community Interest. To the already published data (PETRESCU,
2007), results of the recent field investigations listed below can be added.
The endangered, vulnerable, respectively rare plant communities are
equal in number, followed by just one frequent coenotaxon. Most of the
analysed plant communities are low disturbed, closely followed by highly
perturbed coenotaxa, only one of them showing signs of a medium level of the
ruderal species invasion. Half of the coenotaxa have an enhanced
conservation value, as they contain between one and five threatened species,
most of these being endangered, the upper extreme value being sporadic.

31.A21111 Western Pontic sand pioneer grass swards
Brometum tectorum Bojko 1934 plant community is a vulnerable
coenotaxon, as result of a very intense grazing, being concentrated especially
close to rivulets or springs, on dry soils, within the Beidaud reserve (B).
Together with the dominant Bromus tectorum other seven ruderal taxa reach
more than half of the number of species in the plots, showing an intense
disturbance.
Key species: Bromus tectorum (3; B).
Other species: Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; B), Bombycilaena erecta (+; B),
Bromus hordeaceus (+; B), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; B), Carduus thoermeri
(+; B), Cichorium intybus (+; B), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; B), Erodium
cicutarium (+; B), Eryngium campestre (+; B), Festuca valesiaca (+; B),
Hordeum murinum (+; B), Medicago minima (1; B), Myosotis stricta (+; B), Poa
bulbosa (1; B), Ranunculus oxyspermus (+; B).

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 plant community,
vulnerable (F: I) within the Beidaud reserve (B), shows a low level of
disturbance, according to the presence of seven ruderal species with a
reduced dominance.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (4; B).
Other species:
- trees/ shrubs.: Carpinus orientalis (1; B), Ulmus minor (+; B);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Achillea setacea (+; B), Anthriscus caucalis (+;
B), Bryonia alba (+; B), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; B), Carduus thoermeri (+;
B), Convolvulus arvensis (+; B), Eryngium campestre (+; B), Festuca valesiaca
(+; B), Fragaria viridis (+; B), Geranium lucidum (+; B), Plantago lanceolata (+;
B), Poa nemoralis (+; B), Potentilla argentea (+; B), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; B), Stellaria media (+; B), Thymus pannonicus (+; B), Urtica
dioica (1; B), Viola suavis (1; B).

Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae Rapaics ex Soó 1957 plant
community, that can be estimated as an endangered coenotaxon within the
Beidaud reserve (B), has a low disturbance level, both from the point of view
of non-native species, represented by Vicia sativa, as well as regarding the
ruderal species invasive trend (seven taxa).
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (1; B), Poa angustifolia (4; B).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; B), Bromus hordeaceus (+; B),
Bromus tectorum (+; B), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; B), Carduus thoermeri (+;
B), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; B), Festuca valesiaca (+; B), Galium
humifusum (+; B), Cruciata pedemontana (+; B), Geranium pusillum (+),
Lamium amplexicaule (+; B), Medicago minima (+; B), Myosotis stricta (+; B),
Plantago lanceolata (+; B), Potentilla argentea (+; B), Ranunculus oxyspermus
(+; B), Vicia sativa (+; B).
community is dominant (F: IV) within the Beidaud reserve (B), where within this
plot there was only identified Sedum caespitosum as a rare threatened plant,
endangered at the local level. A medium level of ruderal plant invasion is
indicated by the five such species and their dominance variation.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; B), Medicago minima (1; B).
Threatened species: Sedum caespitosum (+; B).
Other species: Bromus tectorum (1; B), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; B),
Carpinus orientalis (+; B), Cerastium pumilum (+; B), Dichanthium ischaemum
(+; B), Erodium cicutarium (+; B), Eryngium campestre (+; B), Galium
humifusum (+; B), Cruciata pedemontana (+; B), Myosotis stricta (+), Poa
bulbosa (+), Vicia sativa (+; B).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 plant community,
rare within Beidaud reserve (B), shelters two rare threatened species, both
endangered at the local level, despite the intense grazing, obvious from the
dominance (+ - 2) of the six ruderal species.
Key species: Poa bulbosa (2; B).
Threatened species: Festuca callieri (+; B), Sedum caespitosum (+; B).
Other species: Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; B), Bombycilaena erecta (+; B),
Bromus tectorum (1; B), Cerastium pumilum (1; B), Cichorium intybus (+; B),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; B), Eryngium campestre (+; B), Hordeum
murinum (+; B), Medicago minima (1; B), Senecio vernalis (+; B), Silene
conica (+; B), Thymus pannonicus (+; B).

Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970, a
rare plant community from Beidaud reserve (B), shelters three rare threatened
species, among which Campanula romanica is also vulnerable and of
European importance. A low level of ruderal plants invasive tendencies can be
estimated, these being represented by three species with a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Festuca callieri (3; B).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (1; B), Dianthus nardiformis (+;
B), Festuca callieri (3; B).
Other species: Cichorium intybus (+; B), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; B),
Eryngium campestre (+; B), Herniaria glabra (+; B), Phleum phleoides (+; B),
Potentilla argentea (+; B), Pulsatilla balcana (+; B), Rumex acetosella (1; B),
Scleranthus perennis (+; B), Scorzonera austriaca (+; B), Senecio vernalis (+;
B), Thymus pannonicus (+; B).
endangered (F: +) plant community, inventoried within the Beidaud reserve
(B), has an enhanced conservation value due to the presence of five rare
threatened species. Within these, Campanula romanica and Moehringia
grisebachii are vulnerable, of European importance, the first being also
endemic while the second is sub-endemic. Within the analysed plot all these
can be considered endangered, except Festuca callieri which is vulnerable.
This phytocoenosis can be also estimated as having a low level of ruderal
species invasion, as only Poa bulbosa fits into this category.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (2; B).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; B), Festuca callieri (+; B),
Moehringia grisebachii (+; B), Sedum caespitosum (+; B).
Other species: Bombycilaena erecta (+; B), Myosotis stricta (+; B), Poa
bulbosa (+; B), Potentilla argentea (+; B), Ranunculus illyricus (+; B), Rumex
acetosella (+; B).

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970, a rare plant
community from Beidaud reserve (B), has one rare and sub-endemic
threatened plant Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis, endangered within this
phytocoenosis. The coenotaxon has a high level of disturbance as is totally
derived, but has a low level of disturbance due to the ruderal species invasion,
indicated by the seven such species with reduced dominance.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (5; B).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; B).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (+; B);
- grasses/ undershrubs : Arum orientale (+; B), Bromus sterilis (+; B),
Bromus tectorum (+; B), Corydalis solida subsp. solida(+; B), Cichorium
intybus (+; B), Festuca valesiaca (+; B), Lamium purpureum (+; B) Poa
nemoralis (+; B) Ranunculus illyricus (+; B), Scilla bifolia (+; B), Senecio
vernalis (+;B), Stellaria media (1; B), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; B),
Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; B), Viola arvensis (+; B).
37.242 Floodswards
Junco inflexi-Menthetum longifoliae Lohmeyer 1953, an endangered
coenotaxon, is typical for the water fringe vegetation of the rivulets within the
Beidaud reserve (B), along which it forms narrow phytocoenosis, low disturbed by
grazing, where only one ruderal species with reduced dominance was identified.
Key species: Mentha logifolia (4; B).
Other species: Glyceria plicata (+; B), Lycopus europaeus (+; B), Mentha
aquatica (+; B), Mysoton aquaticum (+; B), Plantago major (+; B), Potentilla
reptans (+; B), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; B).
Plant communities that are not framed into the Palaearctic classification
Poëtum pratensis Răvăruţ, Căzăceanu et Turenschi 1956, a
vulnerable plant community, occurs on the humid stripes of soil situated along
the rivulets in the Beidaud reserve (B), the most suitable areas for grazing.
Thus there is an obvious intense level of disturbance also underlined by this
phytocoenosis inventory where, except Achillea setacea, all the species are
ruderal, including the dominant Poa pratensis.
Key species: Poa pratensis (5; B).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; B), Capsella bursa-pastoris (+; B),
Hordeum murinum (+; B), Lamium amplexicaule (+; B), Lamium purpureum (+;
B), Plantago major (+; B), Poa bulbosa (+; B), Sclerochloa dura (+; B).
BIRDS
In the Beidaud reserve, of the 47 identified species of birds that can be
found in annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007, 25 are strictly protected, being
classified in Annex 3: Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
peregrinus, Crex crex, Burhinus oedicnemus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos
syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Melanocorypha calandra, Lulula
arborea, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
There are identified a total of 22 protected species, species that are
found in Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco
subbuteo, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla flava, Motacilla cinerea,
Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus
ochruros, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Muscicappa striata,
Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis
DEALUL CĂLUGĂRU-IANCINA
Framed within the Jurilovca commune, with an area of 126.01 ha, this
protected area was established by the Government Decision 2151/ 2004. The
landscape reserve is situated on the rocky slopes adjacent to the Razim lagoon,
that reach 61,6 m on the highest hill summits, being framed within the Delta
Dunării Site of Community Interest. The recent field researches were concentrated
on the habitats listed below, several other being already published from this area
(PETRESCU, 2007).
Among the studied vegetation types the most frequent are the vulnerable
coenotaxa, to which a rare, respectively a sporadic plant community can be
added. Except one highly disturbed coenotaxon, all the others are low disturbed.
While half of the plant communities have no threatened species, the others
contain generally one such taxa. Only one plant community has a conservation
value enhanced by three species, endangered within these phytocoenoses, like all
the others threatened taxa.

15.A21273 Western Pontic Agropyron elongatus saline beds
Agropyretum elongati I. Șerbănescu 1965 plant community, analyzed
as vulnerable within Dealul Călugăru-Iancina nature reserve (DCI), has a low
participation of ruderal species (three taxa).
Key species: Elymus elongatus (3; DCI).

Other species: Achillea setacea (+; DCI), Artemisia santonica (+; DCI),
Cichorium intybus (+; DCI), Cynodon dactylon (2; DCI), Dactylis glomerata (+;
DCI), Daucus carota subsp. carota (+; DCI), Ononis spinosa (+; DCI), Phragmites
australis (+; DCI), Teucrium scordium (+; DCI), Verbena officinalis (+; DCI).

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941, a sporadic
plant community, analysed within the Dealul Călugăru-Iancina nature reserve
(DCI), can be considered representative for a very low impact of human activities,
as it only includes one ruderal species with a reduced dominance. Beside this, the
three rare threatened species observed in the plot enhance its conservation value.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (4; DCI).
Threatened species: Convolvulus lineatus (+; DCI), Echinops ritro subsp.
ruthenicus (+; DCI), Thymus zygioides (+; DCI).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; DCI), Campanula sibirica (+; DCI),
Carduus thoermeri (+; DCI), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; DCI), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; DCI), Koeleria macrantha (+; DCI), Linaria genistifolia (r; DCI),
Medicago falcata (+; DCI), Stipa capillata (+; DCI), Teucrium polium (+ DCI).
Artemisio austriacae-Poёtum bulbosae Pop 1970, a secondary plant
community, vulnerable in this area, was studied within the Dealul Călugăru-
Iancina nature reserve (DCI), Jurilovca commune. This represents the result of
overgrazing, obvious in the case of the key species dominance (1-2). These occur
together with other four ruderal species. Altogether these indicate an intense
ruderal species invasion process, as they also represent more than half of this
phytocoenosis inventory.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; DCI), Poa bulbosa (2; DCI).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (1; DCI), Asperula tenella (+; DCI),
Bassia prostrata (+; DCI), Centaurea solstitialis (+; DCI), Eryngium campestre (+;
DCI), Festuca valesiaca (1; DCI), Marrubium peregrinum (+; DCI), Medicago
minima (+; DCI), Onopordum acanthium (+; DCI).
Agropyretum pectiniformae (Prodan 1939) Dihoru 1970, a rare (F: II)
plant community, was inventoried within Dealul Călugăru-Iancina nature reserve
(DCI), where the seven ruderal species recorded within the plot indicate a low
influence of grazing.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3: DCI).
Other species: Elymus elongatus (+; DCI), Artemisia annua (+; DCI),
Artemisia santonica (+; DCI), Bassia prostrata (+; DCI), Carduus thoermeri (+;
DCI), Centaurea solstitialis (+; DCI), Consolida regalis (+; DCI), Cynodon dactylon
(2; DCI), Chondrilla juncea (+; DCI), Crataegus monogyna (+; DCI), Eryngium
campestre (+; DCI), Galium humifusum (+; DCI), Phragmites australis (r; DCI),
Salvia nemorosa (+; DCI), Teucrium polium (+; DCI), Sambucus ebulus (+; DCI).
inventoried as vulnerable within Dealul Călugăru-Iancina nature reserve (DCI),
has a medium level of ruderal species contribution to its structure, underlined by
the dominance variation (+-1) within the seven such taxa. Only one rare
threatened species, endangered at least within this phytocenosis, was identified.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; DCI).
Threatened species: Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; DCI).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; DCI), Agropyron cristatum (+; DCI),
Artemisia austriaca (+; DCI), Carduus thoermeri (+; DCI), Carthamus lanatus (+;
DCI), Consolida regalis (+; DCI), Eryngium campestre (+; DCI), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; DCI), Festuca valesiaca (+; DCI), Inula oculus-christi (+; DCI),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; DCI), Medicago minima (+; DCI), Poa bulbosa (1; DCI),
Teucrium polium (+; DCI), Thymus pannonicus (+; DCI).
34.9211Western Pontic thyme steppes

Teucrio polii-Melicetum ciliatae V. Puşcaru et alii 1978, a vulnerable
plant community, studied within Dealul Călugăru-Iancina nature reserve (DCI),
has a low dominance of ruderal species, five taxa being framed in this category.
There is just one rare threatened species in the recorded plot, endangered within
the respective phytocoenosis.
Key species: Melica ciliata (3; DCI), Teucrium polium (+; DCI).
Threatened species: Thymus zygioides (+; DCI).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; DCI), Agropyron cristatum (1; DCI),
Asperula tenella (+; DCI), Bromus squarrosus (+; DCI), Carduus thoermeri (+;
DCI), Carthamus lanatus (+; DCI), Cichorium intybus (+; DCI), Convolvulus
cantabricus (+; DCI), Echium italicum (+; DCI).
BIRDS
Within the reserve Călugăru-Iancina were inventoried 83 species of birds
that are found in the Annexes of Ordinance 57/2007, of which 58 species are
strictly protected and listed in Annex 3: Gavia stellata, Gavia arctica, Gavia immer,
falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Anser erythropus, Branta
ruficollis, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna ferruginea, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,
pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Pandion haliaetus, Falco
vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Crex crex, Charadrius alexandrinus,
Sterna caspia, Sterna sandvicensis, Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Coracias
garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Melanocorypha
calandra, Sylvia nisoria, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
There have been identified 25 protected species, species that are found in
Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus,
Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla
flava, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus
ochruros, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus trochilus,
Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicappa striata, Panurus

biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Oriolus oriolus, Corvus corax, Carduelis spinus,
Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis.
CAPUL DOLOȘMAN
Even though it is included in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve and

within the Danube Delta Site of Community Interest, the strictly protected area
Capul (Cape) Doloșman (125 ha), belongs to the Dobrogea Plateau, being
represented by a rocky promontory situated between the Razim, respectively the
Golovița lagoons. Most of the plant communities are vulnerable within this
protected area, followed by endangered, respectively rare coenotaxa.
Due to grazing the major part of the plant communities have a medium level
of disturbance, closely followed by low perturbed coenotaxa, only one vegetation
type being highly influenced by human activities. Half of the analysed coenotaxa
have one threatened species each, mainly endangered within these plant
communities. The only exception is Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi plant community
where a high level of five threatened taxa was recorded.

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931, a vulnerable (F: I) plant
community from Cape Doloșman (CDO), taking into account that the five ruderal
species are more numerous than the other taxa, can be estimated as having a
medium level of disturbance.
Key species: Prunus spinosa (4; CDO).
Other species:
- shrubs/ trees: Pyrus pyraster (1; CDO), Rhamnus cathartica (1; CDO),
Rosa canina (+; CDO);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Agropyron cristatum (+; CDO), Anthriscus
cerefolium (+; CDO), Bromus sterilis (+; CDO), Carduus thoermeri (+; CDO),
Crepis sancta (+; CDO), Geranium pusillum (+; CDO).
31.8B731 Western Pontic jasmine Christ`s thorn scrub

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et alii 1999 can be estimated as
an endangered coenotaxon at Cape Doloșman (CDO). The only threatened
species, vulnerable and rare is the dominant Paliurus spina-christi. It can be
considered a low disturbed habitat, taking into account the reduced dominance of
the four ruderal species.
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; CDO).
Threatened species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; CDO).
Other species :
- shrubs/ trees (within the shrub layer)/ lianas: Evonymus verrucosus (+;
CDO), Rosa canina (+; CDO);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Agropyron cristatum (+; CDO), Anthriscus
cerefolium (+; CDO), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; CDO), Geranium rotundifolium
(+; CDO), Marrubium vulgare (+; CDO), Poa angustifolia (+; CDO), Stellaria media
(+; CDO), Veronica hederifolia (+; CDO).

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941 is a
vulnerable plant community at Cape Doloșman (CDO). Six ruderal taxa that
represent half of this phytocoenosis species inventory, with a low dominance,
indicate a medium disturbance.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (4; CDO).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (1; CDO), Artemisia dzevanovskyi (+;
CDO), Bassia prostrata (+; CDO), Erodium cicutarium (+; CDO), Erophila verna
(+; CDO), Geranium rotundifolium (+; CDO), Lamium purpureum (+; CDO),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; CDO), Poa bulbosa (+; CDO), Taraxacum
erythrospermum (+; CDO).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop1970 represents a vulnerable
coenotaxon within Cape Doloșman (CDO). There was identified only one rare
threatened taxa, estimated as endangered within this plant community. Due to the
eight ruderal taxa, that include the dominant/ co-dominant Artemisia austriaca and
Poa bulbosa, this coenotaxon can be considered as highly disturbed.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; CDO), Poa bulbosa (2; CDO).
Threatened species: Astragalus dolichophyllus (+; CDO).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; CDO), Arenaria serpyllifolia (+;
CDO), Bassia prostrata (+; CDO), Convolvulus arvensis (+; CDO), Erodium
cicutarium (+; CDO), Eryngium campestre (+; CDO), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
CDO), Festuca valesiaca (+; CDO), Geranium pusillum (+; CDO), Lamium
amplexicaule (+; CDO), Marrubium peregrinum (+; CDO), Medicago minima (+;
CDO), Silene conica (+; CDO), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; CDO).
Agropyretum pectiniformae (Prodan 1939) Dihoru 1970, a vulnerable
plant community within Cape Doloșman (CDO) has a low disturbance level due to
the ruderal species invasion, indicated by the seven such species with a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3; CDO).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; CDO), Artemisia dzevanovskyi (+;
CDO), Crepis sancta (+; CDO), Eryngium campestre (+; CDO), Euphorbia
seguieriana (+; CDO), Galium aparine (+; CDO), Geranium pusillum (+; CDO),
Cruciata pedemontana (1; CDO), Lamium amplexicaule (+; CDO) Marrubium
peregrinum (+; CDO), Medicago minima (+; CDO), Myosotis stricta (+; CDO),
Senecio vernalis (+; CDO).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958, a rare plant
community, studied within the Cape Doloșman (CDO), where it can be considered
rare, has one rare threatened species, endangered within this coenotaxa. A low
level of ruderal species invasion can be observed, taking into account the five
such taxa with reduced dominance.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (1; CDO), Bassia prostrata (3; CDO).
Threatened species: Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; CDO).

Other species: Artemisia dzevanovsky (+; CDO), Calystegia sepium (+;
CDO), Cynanchum acutum (+; CDO), Falcaria vulgaris (+; CDO), Hyoscyamus
niger (r; CDO), Lactuca tatarica (+; CDO), Papaver dubium (+; CDO), Urtica dioica
(+; CDO).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970, a vulnerable
coenotaxon at Cape Doloșman (CDO), has a high conservation value, enhanced
by five mostly rare threatened taxa, of which Centaurea jankae is also
endangered and endemic for Dobrogea. Two ruderal species with a reduced
dominance indicate a low disturbed coenotaxon.
Key species: Thymus zygioides (2; CDO).
Threatened species: Centaurea jankae (+; CDO), Festuca callieri (1; CDO),
Koeleria lobata (+; CDO), Pimpinella tragium subsp. lithophila (+; CDO), Thymus
zygioides (2; CDO).
Other species: Artemisia dzevanovskyi (+; CDO), Bassia prostrata (+;
CDO), Cerastium pumilum (+; CDO), Crepis sancta (+; CDO), Gypsophila pallasii
(+; CDO), Lamium amplexicaule (+; CDO), Medicago minima (+; CDO),
Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; CDO).

Fraxino-Ulmetum Oberdorfer 53 is a vulnerable plant community within
Cape Doloșman (CDO). There the five ruderal taxa, that represent half of the
species inventory, indicate a medium degree of ruderal plant invasive trend.
Key species: Ulmus minor (5; CDO).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; CDO), Evonymus europaeus (+;
CDO);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; CDO), Anthriscus
sylvestris (+; CDO), Chelidonium majus (+; CDO), Lamium purpureum (+; CDO),
Ligustrum vulgare (+; CDO), Urtica dioica (+; CDO), Veronica hederifolia (+;
CDO).
Plant communities that are not framed within the Palaearctic habitat
classification
Ziziphus jujuba phytocoenosis occurs on very restricted areas within
Cape Doloșman area (CDO) thus being framed into the endangered category.
There the only threatened species, Asparagus verticillatus, is rare within the
phytocoenosis. The dominant Ziziphus jujuba shrubs avoid grazing, thus only four
ruderal species with a low dominance being observed.
Key species: Ziziphus jujuba (4; CDO).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (2; CDO).
Other species: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; CDO), Ballota nigra (+; CDO),
Consolida regalis (+; CDO), Elymus hispidus (+; CDO), Lithospermum
purpurocaeruleum (+; CDO), Marrubium peregrinum (+; CDO), Onopordum

acanthium (+; CDO), Taraxacum serotinum (+; CDO).
Artemisia dzevanovskyi phytocoenosis, vulnerable within the protected
area, has a high conservative value, the dominant species being quoted in
Romania only within Cape Doloșman (CDO). The medium level of disturbance
due to grazing can be estimated by the analysis of the abundance-dominance (+-
1) of the seven ruderal species.
Key species: Artemisia dzevanovskyi (4; CDO).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; CDO), Agropyron cristatum (+; CDO),
Artemisia annua (+; CDO), Artemisia austriaca (1; CDO), Bromus squarrosus (+;
CDO), Centaurea diffusa (+; CDO), Carduus thoermeri (+; CDO), Convolvulus
cantabricus (+; CDO), Cichorium intybus (+; CDO), Linaria genistifolia (+; CDO),
Medicago minima (+; CDO), Phleum phleoides (+; CDO), Stipa capillata (+; CDO),
Teucrium polium (+; CDO), Tragopon dubius (+; CDO), Xeranthenum annuum (+;
CDO).
BIRDS
Within the Capul Doloşman reserve there were identified 81 species of birds
that can be found in annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 56 species are
strictly protected and contained in Annex 3: Gavia stellata, Gavia arctica,
falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Anser erythropus, Branta
ruficollis, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna ferruginea, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,
vespertinus, Falco cherrug, Falco peregrinus, Crex crex, Charadrius alexandrinus,
Sterna caspia, Sterna sandvicensis, Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Coracias
garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Picus canus, Melanocorypha calandra, Sylvia
nisoria, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
A total number of 24 protected species, that are found in Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007, were also observed: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco
tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis hypoleucos, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster,
Motacilla flava, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phoenicurus ochruros, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus
trochilus, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicappa striata,
Panurus biarmicus, Aegithalos caudatus, Oriolus oriolus, Carduelis spinus,
Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis.
CASIMCEA
Established by the Government Decision 2151/2004 on 137 ha, the

geological and landscape reserve conserves the oldest traces of life discovered in
Romania. The protected area is located on several rocky and loess slopes
adjacent to the Casimcea River, framed between 145 and 230.4 m.
All the studied coenotaxa are framed into priority habitats of community
importance 62C0* (34.92; 34.9211), being from very frequent to endangered. Most
of them have an enhanced conservation importance by the presence of four to
five threatened species, mostly endangered within the analysed situations. There
is an overall low influence of grazing, except Medicagini minimae-Festucetum
valesiacae, with a medium level of disturbance.

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941, a very frequent
vegetation type, the most widespread plant community within the grasslands of the
reserve, is obviously affected by a medium level of grazing, underlined by the four
ruderal species with a significant dominance variation (+-1).
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; C), Medicago minima (+; C).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; C), Agropyron cristatum (+; C), Artemisia
austriaca (+; C), Berteroa incana (+; C), Cynodon dactylon (+; C), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+; C), Erodium cicutarium (+; C), Eryngium campestre (1; C).

Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970 is a rare
coenotaxon within the reserve with a remarkable conservation importance
indicated by the five rare threatened species, of which Dianthus nardiformis,
Campanula romanica and Moehringia grisebachii are also of European
importance. Within these phytocoenoses all these are considered endangered,
except the dominant Festuca callieri. The three ruderal species with a reduced
dominance indicate a low influence of grazing.
Key species: Festuca callieri (3; C).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; C), Dianthus nardiformis (+; C),
Festuca callieri (+; C), Moehringia grisebachii (+; C), Thymus zygioides (+; C).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; C), Asperula tenella (+; C), Centaurea
diffusa (+; C), Chondrilla juncea (+; C), Dichantium ischaemum (+; C), Eryngium
campestre (+; C), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; C), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii
(+; C), Stipa capillata (+; C), Thymus pannonicus (+; C).
endangered coenotaxon, has a high ecological importance also due to the four
rare threatened species of which Dianthus nardiformis and Moehringia grisebachii
are vulnerable, of European importance. All these are endangered in the analysed
situations. A low disturbance is indicated by the three ruderal species.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (2; C).
Threatened species: Dianthus nardiformis (+; C), Festuca callieri (1; C),
Moehringia grisebachii (+; C), Thymus zygioides (+; C).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; C), Digitaria sanguinalis (+; C),
Eragrostis minor (+; C), Eryngium campestre (+; C), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; C),
Stipa capillata (+; C).
BIRDS
In the Casimcea reserve were identified 34 species of birds found in the
annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 20 species are strictly protected and
listed in Annex 3: Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina,
Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus,
Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Melanocorypha calandra, Ficedula
parva, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
A total of 14 protected species are found in Annex 4B of the Ordinance
57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Upupa epops,
Merops apiaster, Motacilla flava, Motacilla alba, Phoenicurus phoenicurus,
Phylloscopus collybita, Muscicappa striata, Oriolus oriolus, Carduelis chloris,
Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis.
COLȚANII MARI
The landscape nature reserve, established by the Government Decision

2151/2004 on 53.04 ha protects one of the most spectacular green schist cliffs of
Central Dobrogea, that border several rocky hills of around 100 m altitude
adjacent to the Casimcea River.
All studied coenotaxa are framed into priority community interest habitats
62C0* (34.92; 34.9211), ranking from frequent to vulnerable within the reserve.
The high conservation value can be deduced also from the presence of four to five
threatened taxa identified within most of the plant communities. There is a general
low degree of ruderal/ non-native species invasive tendencies, characteristic for
the coenotaxa accessible for grazing, while Medicagini minimae-Festucetum
valesiacae shows a medium level of disturbance from this point of view.

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941 is a frequent
plant community within the reserve, where it represents the most widespread
coenotaxon. The medium level of grazing is reflected by the six ruderal species
and Ailanthus altissima, a non-native taxon, that represent together more than half
of the recorded species within these phytocoenoses, still having a low dominance.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; CoM), Medicago minima (+; CoM).
Other species: Ailanthus altissima (+; CoM), Artemisia austriaca (+; CoM),
Cichorium intybus (+; CoM), Chondrilla juncea (+; CoM), Cichorium intybus (+;
CoM), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; CoM), Echium italicum (+; CoM), Eryngium
campestre (+; CoM), Poa bulbosa (+; CoM), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; CoM).

Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970 a
sporadic coenotaxon, has a high ecological value also due to the five rare
threatened species identified in the studied situations. Of these two are
vulnerable, having European importance (Dianthus nardiformis and Campanula
romanica), the last being also endemic and of community interest. A low influence
of grazing is shown by the presence of only one ruderal taxon with a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Festuca callieri (3; CoM).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (1; CoM), Dianthus nardiformis
(2; CoM), Festuca callieri (3; CoM), Sempervivum zeleborii (+; CoM), Stachys
angustifolia (+; CoM).
Other species: Alyssum murale (+; CoM), Asperula tenella (+; CoM),
Dichanthium ischaemum (1; CoM), Eryngium campestre (+; CoM), Filipendula
vulgaris (+; CoM), Linaria genistifolia (+; CoM), Melica ciliata (+; CoM), Potentilla
argentea (+; CoM), Stipa capillata (+; CoM).
Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974, a
vulnerable plant community, has an outstanding conservation value, mainly due to
the five rare threatened species of which the vulnerable Campanula romanica and
Moehringia grisebachii have European importance. Being typical for rocky
substrata, less accessible for grazing, there can be observed a low level of ruderal
taxa invasion, as only one such species was identified.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (1; CoM), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (1; CoM).
Threatened species: Allium saxatile (+; CoM), Campanula romanica (+;
CoM), Festuca callieri (+; CoM), Moehringia grisebachii (+; CoM), Silene
compacta (+; CoM).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; CoM), Asperula tenella (+; CoM),
Asplenium septentrionale (+; CoM), Chelidonium majus (+; CoM), Cotoneaster
integerrimus (+; CoM), Polypodium vulgare (+; CoM), Potentilla argentea (+;
CoM), Rosa canina (+; CoM), Sedum maximum (+; CoM).
BIRDS
From the 20 species of birds that are found in annexes of the Ordinance
57/2007, identified in the area, 12 are strictly protected and mentioned in Annex 3:
Pernis apivorus, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Accipiter
brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco
vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
A total of eight species identified are quoted in Annex 4B of the Ordinance
57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster,
Motacilla alba, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis.
COȘARU MARE
The nature reserve is a proposal of a protected area at the national level on

a reduced surface of only 5.263 ha close to Slava Rusă village. Even though it
was not, so far, legally established at the national level, its territory is nevertheless
protected at the European scale, as it belongs to the Podişul Nord Dobrogean
Natura 2000 site (SCI).
The reserve lies on a hill slope with a reduced declivity where the limestone
substratum outcrops. This favours the development of numerous threatened
species, having in the same time a palaeontological importance.
All the studied plant communities are framed into the 34.92 Ponto-Sarmatic
steppes habitat, included in the 62C0* Ponto-Sarmatic steppes habitat of
community importance. They are representative for their natural status, as no
alien/ ruderal taxon was recorded in the analysed plots. It is important also to
underline that their conservation value is outstanding due to their abundant
threatened species, among which the most important is the endemic and
endangered Centaurea jankae, which was not quoted before from this location.

Stipo ucrainicae-Festucetum valesiacae Dihoru (1969) 1970 plant
community is dominant within the nature reserve, being one of the best preserved
samples of this kind throughout the Dobrogea Plateau. Thus, no alien/ ruderal
taxon was identified within the studied areas. Its conservation value is
outstanding, due to the identification in only one plot of seven threatened species,
mostly rare, of which Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. dobrogensis is sub-endemic
and Centaurea jankae is endemic and endangered at the national level. Within
this plant community all the threatened taxa can be considered as rare.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; CM).
Threatened species: Achillea clypeolata (+; CM), Centaurea jankae (+; CM),
Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; CM), Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. dobrogensis
(+; CM), Globularia punctata (+; CM), Koeleria lobata (+; CM), Onosma visianii (+;
CM), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; CM).
Other species: Convolvulus cantabricus (+; CM), Crataegus monogyna (+;
CM), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; CM), Fraxinus ornus (+; CM), Jurinea mollis (+;
CM), Melampyrum arvense (+; CM), Stachys recta (+; CM), Stipa pulcherrima (1;
CM), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; CM).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970 can be estimated as a
vunerable vegetation type within reserve, where its conservation importance is
enhanced by the five taxa recorded in the same plot, of which Euphorbia nicaeensis
subsp. dobrogensis is also sub-endemic. These species are rare at the national level,
while within the analysed phytocoenosis they are also mostly rare. Still among them
Satureja coerulea is vulnerable and Thymus zygioides rare. This phytocoenosis is
typical for its natural status, as no alien/ ruderal species were recorded.
Key species: Thymus zygioides (2; CM).

Threatened species: Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. dobrogensis (+; CM),
Globularia punctata (+; CM), Pimpinella tragium subsp. lithophila (+; CM), Satureja
caerulea (1; CM), Thymus zygioides (2; CM).
Other species: Campanula sibirica (+; CM), Cotinus coggygria (+; CM),
Fraxinus ornus (+; CM), Koeleria brevis (+; CM), Leontodon crispus (+; CM),
Onosma visianii (+; CM), Linum tenuifolium (+; CM), Stipa pulcherrima (+; CM).
DEALUL BUJORULUI
The nature reserve, with an area of 50.8 ha, shared by Ciucurova and
Nalbant communes, was legally established through the Law 5/2000. Framed
between 100-200 m altitudes the reserve is situated on a southern slope in the
northern part of the Babadag limestone plateau. Even though it is dominated by
supra-Mediterranean and wooded steppe white oak forest, in the reserve also
occur isolated fragments of steppe grasslands within the areas with shallow soils,
where also the limestone substrata outcrops.
The studied plant communities rank from endangered to very frequent. Most
of the coenotaxa have at least two threatened species, all endangered in the
analysed situations. A general low disturbance level can be noticed, the most
widespread forest type, Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis being even
undisturbed in the analysed plots. All coenotaxa belong to priority community
interest habitats, respectively 62CO* (34.92), 91AA* (41.73723), 91I0* (41.7A221).

34.92. Ponto-Sarmatic steppes
vulnerable plant community within the reserve, where its conservation importance
is also underlined by the two rare threatened species, both endangered within the
studied plots. A possible slight disturbance is indicated by only one ruderal taxon.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3; DBu).
Threatened species: Achillea clypeolata (+; DBu), Asparagus verticillatus (+;
DBu).
Other species: Adonis vernalis (+; DBu), Chrysopogon gryllus (1; DBu),
Cleistogenes serotina (+; DBu), Digitalis lanata (+; DBu), Festuca valesiaca (+;
DBu), Linaria genistifolia (+; DBu), Marrubium peregrinum (+; DBu), Melica ciliata
(+; DBu), Orlaya grandiflora (+; DBu), Phlomis tuberosa (+; DBu), Pyrus pyraster
(+; DBu), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; DBu), Teucrium polium (+; DBu), Verbascum
banaticum (+; DBu).

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970 is a very frequent
coenotaxon dominant within the protected area. It can be considered as typical for
a natural status as no ruderal/ alien taxa were recorded.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (2; DBu), Quercus pubescens (2; DBu).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; DBu), Cerasus mahaleb (+; DBu), Fraxinus
ornus (1; DBu);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; DBu), Evonymus verrucosus (+;
DBu), Ligustrum vulgare (+, DBu);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; DBu), Dactylis
polygama (+; DBu).

Violo suavis-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Doniţă 1970, an endangered
forest type mainly found as narrow stripes on the deep soils of the valley that
borders the lower part of the reserve. Its conservation value is enhanced by two
rare threatened species, endangered locally within these phytocoenoses. A low
level of ruderal species influence is indicated by three such species.
Key species: Acer tataricum (2; DBu), Quercus pedunculiflora (2; DBu).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; DBu), Mercurialis ovata (+;
DBu).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (1; DBu), Fraxinus excelsior (+; DBu);
- shrubs/ lianas: Clematis vitalba (+; DBu), Cornus mas (+; DBu), Crataegus
pentagyna (+; DBu), Evonymus europaeus (+; DBu), Leonurus cardiaca (+; DBu),
Ligustrum vulgare (+; DBu);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Ballota nigra (+; DBu), Urtica dioica (+; DBu), Viola
odorata (+; DBu).
BIRDS
From the 48 species of birds that are found in annexes of theOrdinance

57/2007, 21 species are strictly protected and listed in Annex 3: Pernis apivorus,
Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo
rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco
peregrinus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Lulula arborea, Sylvia
nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
There were identified 27 protected species, mentioned in Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Otus
scops, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla alba,
Prunella modularis, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus
trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus,
Muscicappa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Corvus corax, Passer
hispaniolensis, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina,
DEALUL DENIZTEPE
The landscape nature reserve, established by the Government Decision

2151/ 2004 on an area of 305 ha represents an isolated sandstone hill that
dominates with its 278 m altitude the surrounding low plains.
Besides the dominant and medium disturbed Botriochloetum ischaemi plant
community, the other analysed coenotaxon, Artemisio austriaca-Poëtum
bulbosae, is vulnerable and highly disturbed by overgrazing. Both coenotaxa
belong to priority habitats of community importance 62C0* (34.92).

very frequent coenotaxon within the reserve, where it represents the most
widespread vegetation type, can be framed into the medium disturbed category,
the grazing influence being obvious in the high percentage of ruderal species that
represent more than half of the inventory.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (5; DDt).
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; DDt), Ceratocarpus arenarius (+;
DDt), Chondrilla juncea (+; DDt), Cichorium intybus (+; DDt), Cynodon dactylon
(+; DDt), Eragrosis minor (+; DDt), Erodium cicutarium (+; DDt), Galium
humifusum (+; DDt), Poa bulbosa (+; DDt), Potentilla argentea (+; DDt),
Taraxacum erythrospermum (+; DDt).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970, a vulnerable plant
community within the nature reserve, typical for overgrazing, has a high level of
disturbance, indicated by the dominance of the ruderal species that also include
the key species.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (2; DDt).
Other species: Bromus squarrosus (+; DDt), Centaurea diffusa (+; DDt),
Ceratocarpus arenarius (+; DDt), Cynodon dactylon (+; DDt), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+; DDt), Eryngium campestre (+; DDt), Festuca valesiaca (+; DDt).
BIRDS
A total of 46 species of birds identified in this reserve are included in the
annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007; 26 of theses are strictly protected, being found
in Annex 3: Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,
Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Circus pygargus, Accipiter
brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus,
Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Crex crex, Burhinus oedicnemus, Asio
flammeus, Coracias garrulus, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Melanocorypha
calandra, Lulula arborea, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
The other 20 species are protected and can be found in Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Upupa
epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla flava, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Sturnus roseus, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus
regulus, Muscicappa striata, Oriolus oriolus, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus,

Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes.
DEALUL LUNG
This represents a proposal of geological and landscape reserve on an area

of 2.347 ha, within the Slava Cercheză commune, in the central part of the
Babadag Plateau. It is protected at the European level as it represents a fragment
of the Podișul Nord Dobrogean Natura 2000 site. Besides the dominant
Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi plant community, the other two are
endangered, respectively vulnerable. All the analysed plant communities have a
high conservation importance mainly due to the presence of at least two
threatened species with an outstanding maximum of six such taxa. These
vegetation types are undisturbed, except Stipo ucrainicae-Festucetum valesiacae
with a low level of ruderal species invasion. All these phytocoenoses are framed
into priority habitats of community importance, respectively 62C0* (34.92,
34.9213).

Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977 can
be considered as a very frequent plant community within the nature reserve where
it represents the main vegetation type. Its conservation value is remarkable taking
into account also the three rare threatened species of which Euphorbia nicaeensis
subsp. dobrogensis is also sub-endemic. As no ruderal/ alien taxa were observed
it can be estimated as a sample of undisturbed grassland of this type.
Key species: Dichantium ischaemum (3; DL).
Threatened species: Achillea clypeolata (+; DL), Euphorbia nicaeensis
subsp. dobrogensis (+; DL), Sternbergia colchiciflora (r; DL).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; DL), Cephalaria uralensis (+; DL),
Chrysopogon gryllus (+; DL), Cleistogenes bulgarica (+; DL), Convolvulus
cantabricus (+; DL), Festuca valesiaca (1; DL), Linaria genistifolia (+; DL), Orlaya
grandiflora (+; DL), Prunus spinosa (+; DL), Stipa capillata (+; DL), Sideritis
montana (+; DL), Teucrium polium (+; DL), Thymus pannonicus (+; DL).
Saturejetum coeruleae Cristurean et Ionescu-Țeculescu 1970 an
endangered coenotaxon that occurs on the outcrops of the limestone substrata,
has the highest conservation value within the reserve, as it concentrates six rare
threatened species, all endangered within the studied areas, except the dominant
Satureja coerulea. It can be considered a typical example of an undisturbed
phytocoenosis of this kind.
Key species: Satureja coerulea (2; DL).
subsp. dobrogensis (2; DL), Koeleria lobata (+; DL), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+;
DL), Satureja coerulea (+; DL), Thymus zygioides (+; DL).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; DL), Cephalaria uralensis (+; DL),
Cleistogenes bulgarica (+; DL), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; DL), Fraxinus ornus
(+; DL), Teucrium polium (+; DL).
34.9213 Western Pontic feathergrass steppes

Stipo ucrainicae-Festucetum valesiacae Dihoru (1969) 1970, is a
vulnerable coenotaxon with an enhanced conservation value due to the two rare
threatened species, locally endangered. It has a low degree of ruderal species
invasive tendencies, these being represented by three such taxa with a low
dominance.
Key species: Achillea clypeolata (+; DL), Festuca valesiaca (3; DL).
subsp. dobrogensis (+; DL.
Other species: Artemisia austriaca (+; DL), Cephalaria uralensis (+; DL),
Cleistogenes bulgarica (+; DL), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; DL), Dichanthium
ischaemum (1; DL), Eryngium campestre (+; DL), Medicago falcata (+; DL),
Prunus spinosa (+; DL), Sideritis montana (+; DL), Stipa capillata (1; DL),
Teucrium polium (+; DL) Thymus pannonicus (+; DL), Tragus racemosus (+; DL),
Verbascum banaticum (+; DL).
DEALUL MÂNDREȘTI
The landscape nature reserve, with an area of 5.00 ha, framed within the
Niculiţel commune, is situated on the western slopes of the Mândrești Hill, having
a maximum altitude of 60 m. Established by the Government Decision 2151/
2004, it is included in the Podișul Nord Dobrogean Site of Community Interest.
Within the recent field studies, beside the already published data (PETRESCU,
2007), there were made several observations on the habitats listed below.

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et al. 1999 can be considered a
rare (F: II) plant community within the Dealul Mândrești nature reserve, even
though Paliurus spina-christi is widespread in this area, but as isolated shrubs, not
as compact phytocoenosis. Besides the dominant Paliurus spina-christi, another
vulnerable and rare threatened species is Paeonia peregrina, endangered within
the analysed phytocoenosis. There can be assessed a low level of disturbance
from the alien species point of view (Ailanthus altissima), while the dominance
variation (+-1) of the seven ruderal taxa indicates a medium level of their invasive
trend.
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (3; DM).
Threatened species: Paeonia peregrina (+; DM), Paliurus spina-christi (3; DM).
Other species:
- shrubs/trees/ lianas: Ailanthus altissima (+; DM), Artemisia austriaca (+; DM);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Achillea setacea (+; DM), Galium aparine (+; DM),
Geranium rotundifolium (+; DM), Lamium purpureum (+; DM), Phlomis tuberosus
(+; DM), Poa bulbosa (1; DM), Potentilla taurica (+; DM), Marrubium peregrinum
(+; DM), Medicago minima (1; DM), Sideritis montana (+; DM), Taraxacum
erythrospermum (+; DM), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; DM), Teucrium polium (+;
DM), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; DM), Vinca herbacea (+; DM).

Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941 is a vulnerable
(F: I) coenotaxa in the Dealul Mândrești nature reserve (DM), where three rare
threatened species were observed, of which Paliurus spina-christi is also
vulnerable. While the last is also vulnerable, the other two are endangered within
this phytocoenosis. Taking into account the limits of variation (+-1) of the five
ruderal species dominance, there can be deduced a medium level of human
activities impact.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (2; DM), Medicago minima (+; DM).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; DM), Paliurus spina-christi
(1; DM), Potentilla bornmuelleri (+; DM).
Other species: Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; DM), Cerastium dubium (+; DM),
Convolvulus cantabricus (+; DM), Crataegus monogyna (+; DM), Dichanthium
ischaemum (+; DM), Erodium cicutarium (+; DM), Lamium purpureum (+; DM),
Muscari neglectum (+; DM), Poa bulbosa (1; DM), Sanguisorba minor (+; DM),
Sideritis montana (+; DM), Stipa capillata (1; DM), Taraxacum erythrospermum (+;
DM), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; DM), Teucrium polium (+; DM), Thlaspi
perfoliatum (+; DM), Vinca herbacea (+; DM).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 is the most widespread
(F: III) plant community within the Dealul Mândrești nature reserve (DM). The
threatened species identified so far are represented by two rare taxa of which
Paliurus spina-christi is vulnerable and rare at the national level, both being
endangered within this coenotaxon. The seven ruderal species have a significant
variation of the dominance (+-2) that indicates a high level of disturbance.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (+; DM), Poa bulbosa (2; DM).
Threatened species: Paliurus spina-christi (+; DM), Potentilla bornmuelleri
(+; DM).
Other species: Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; DM), Asperula tenella (+; DM),
Bombycilaena erecta (+; DM), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; DM), Crataegus
monogyna (+; DM), Crepis sancta (+; DM), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; DM),
Erodium cicutarium (+; DM), Eryngium campestre (+; DM), Festuca valesiaca (1;
DM), Medicago minima (+; DM), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; DM),
Senecio vernalis (+; DM), Sideritis montana (+; DM), Taraxacum erythrospermum
(+; DM), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; DM), Thymus pannonicus (+; DM), Vinca
herbacea (+; DM).
classification
Fraxino-Ulmetum Oberdorfer 53 is an endangered (F: +) plant community

represented by an isolated phytocoenosis that occurs in a small depression,
slightly more humid than the general conditions of the reserve. It is not adjacent to
the Danube or other major river, so it cannot be framed into the 44.4 habitat. A low
level of ruderal plants invasive tendencies can be deduced from the presence of
seven such species with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Ulmus minor (3; DM).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; DM), Paliurus spina-christi
(+; DM).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (1; DM);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; DM), Cichorium intybus
(+; DM), Erodium cicutarium (+; DM), Festuca valesiaca (+; DM), Galium aparine
(+; DM), Geranium rotundifolium (+; DM), Lamium purpureum (+; DM),
Ornithogalum orthophyllum (+; DM), Marrubium vulgare (+; DM), Phlomis
tuberosus (+; DM), Salvia nutans (+; DM), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; DM), Vinca
herbacea (+; DM), Viola arvensis (+; DM).
BIRDS
Of the 47 identified species of birds that can be found in annexes of the
Ordinance 57/2007, 17 are strictly protected, being included in Annex 3: Ciconia
ciconia, Haliaeetus albicilla, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus
macrourus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Falco vespertinus,
Coracias garrulus, Melanocorypha calandra, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva,
Emberiza hortulana, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
There were identified 18 protected species, listed in Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007: Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla flava, Motacilla
alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros,
Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicappa
striata, Oriolus oriolus, Corvus corax, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris,
Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea.
EDIRLEN
The mixed nature reserve was established by the Government Decision

2151/ 2004 on an area of 25.50 ha within the Frecăței and Valea Teilor
communes, Tulcea County. The protected area is located within the Niculițel
Plateau, within 189-340.7 m altitude, being dominated by Balkan forests. On
restricted areas the outcrops of massive magmatic rocks favour the occurrence of
steppe grasslands, usually surrounded by transition stripes of sub-Mediterranean
forests.
Most of the studied plant communities are endangered, this being the case
of the steppe grasslands and rock vegetation, while the Balkan forests are the
most frequent habitat, except Galantho plicatae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970

which is vulnerable. The major part of the coenotaxa has one threatened taxon,
with a maximum of four species in the case of the Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum
piliferi plant community. A low disturbance level is observed for most of the plant
communities, except the Botriochloetum ischaemi coenotaxon, with a medium
degree of ruderal species invasion. All coenotaxa are framed into the habitats of
community interest category, two of them being priority ones.

Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977, an
endangered plant community within the Edirlen reserve (E), has an endangered
conservation value due to the identification of one rare threatened taxon, critically
endangered,at least in these phytocenoses. The habitat is medium disturbed, as
indicated by the three species with dominance indices of +-1.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; E).
Threatened species: Sternbergia colchiciflora (r; E).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; E), Alyssum murale (+; E), Artemisia
austriaca (1; E), Bromus squarrosus (+; E), Carpinus orientalis (+; E), Chondrilla
juncea (+; E), Cotinus coggygria (+; E), Festuca valesiaca (1; E), Fragaria viridis
(+; E), Potentilla argentea (+; E), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; E), Teucrium polium
(+; E), Verbascum banaticum (+; E).
Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi Horeanu et Mihai 1974
coenotaxon can be considered endangered within the reserve. Its remarkable
conservation value is underlined by the four rare threatened species, of which
Moehringia grisebachii has European importance. All these are estimated as
endangered within these phytocoenoses. A low disturbance is shown by the three
ruderal species with reduced dominance.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (2; E).
Threatened species: Achillea ochroleuca (+; E), Festuca callieri (+; E),
Moehringia grisebachii (+; E), Silene compacta (+; E).
Other species: Achillea coarctata (+; E), Carpinus orientalis (+; E),
Chondrilla juncea (+; E), Cotinus coggygria (+; E), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; E),
Eryngium campestre (+; E), Fraxinus ornus (+; E), Poa bulbosa (+; E), Rosa
canina (+; E), Stachys recta (+; E), Verbascum banaticum (+; E).

Fraxino orni-Quercetum dalechampii Doniţă 1970, a very frequent
coenotaxon that represents the dominant vegetation type in the reserve, has one
rare threatened species, locally endangered within the plots where it was
identified. A very low degree of ruderal species invasive tendencies can be
deduced from the presence of only one such species.
Key species: Quercus dalechampii (2; E).
Threatened species: Piptatherum virescens (+; E).
Other species:
- trees: Carpinus orientalis (1; E), Fraxinus ornus (1; E), Quercus polycarpa
(+; E), Tilia tomentosa (+; E);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (1; E), Crataegus monogyna (+; E);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Asparagus tenuifolius (+; E), Dactylis polygama (+;
E), Fragaria viridis (+; E), Geum urbanum (+; E), Leonurus cardiaca (+; E), Poa
nemoralis (+; E), Viola odorata (+; E).
41.76834 Western-Pontic sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-Galanthus

forests
Galantho plicatae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970 plant community can
be considered vulnerable within the nature reserve. Only one ruderal taxon was
observed, that indicates a low invasive trend of this kind of species.
Key species: Quercus dalechampii (1; E), Tilia tomentosa (3; E).
Other species:
- trees: Acer platanoides (+; E), Carpinus orientalis (1; E), Cerasus mahaleb
(+; E);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (1; E), Evonymus verrucosus (+; E);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; E), Geum urbanum (+; E),
Poa nemoralis (+; E), Thlaspi perfoliatum (+; E), Viola odorata (+; E), Viola suavis
(+; E).
BIRDS
In the reserve there were identified 55 species of birds that are found in
annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 25 species are strictly protected,
being found in Annex 3: Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus,
Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Buteo rufinus, Aquila
Falco peregrinus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Asio flammeus, Coracias garrulus,
Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Melanocorypha
calandra, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus campestris, Lanius minor, Lanius
collurio.
There were identified 30 protected species found in Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua, Upupa
cinerea, Motacilla alba, Bombycilla garrulus, Prunella modularis, Erithacus
Locustella naevia, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus
ignicapillus, Muscicappa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Serinus serinus,
ENISALA NATURE RESERVE
The landscape nature reserve, with an area of 57.36 ha, is framed within
Sarichioi commune, being established by the Government Decision 2151/ 2004. It
lies on a limestone rocky hill that dominates the Razim Lagoon with its altitude of
110.01 m. From there are also visible the steppe and forest areas of the Babadag
Plateau. At present it is also included in the Danube Delta Site of Community
Interest. To the already published data (PETRESCU, 2007), the recent field studies
added the description of the following habitats. These habitats are mainly rare within
this reserve, the extreme values being framed between frequent and endangered.
Most of them are low disturbed, the medium and high levels being represented by
one plant community each. Except one coenotaxon half of the others have one
threatened species. The other half has an outstanding conservation importance,
mainly due to the high number of threatened taxa (3-13).

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et al. 1999 plant community was
identified on restricted areas within the Enisala nature reserve (En), thus being
considered endangered. It shelters three rare threatened species, from which
Paliurus spina-christi is also vulnerable, being dominant within the plot, where the
other two species can be considered endangered. The six ruderal species with a
reduced dominance indicate a low level of this kind of species invasive tendency.
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; En).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; En), Euphorbia myrsinites
(+; En), Paliurus spina-christi (4; En).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; En), Artemisia austriaca (+; En), Bromus
tectorum (+; En), Carduus thoermeri (+; En), Carthamus lanatus (+; En),
Convolvulus cantabricus (+; En), Elymus hispidus (+; En), Erodium cicutarium (+;
En), Eryngium campestre (+; En), Inula oculus-christi (+; En), Kohlrauschia
prolifera (+; En), Medicago minima (+; En), Thymus pannonicus (+; En).

community is the most widespread (F: IV) within the Enisala nature reserve, where
only one threatened species, the vulnerable and rare Euphorbia myrsinites was
observed, as a local endangered taxa. The six ruderal species with a low
dominance indicate a low invasive trend.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (4; En), Medicago minima (1; En).
Threatened species: Euphorbia myrsinites (+; En).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; En), Artemisia austriaca (+; En),
Bombycilaena erecta (+; En), Bromus squarrosus (+; En), Bromus tectorum (+;
En), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; En), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; En), Erodium
cicutarium (+; En), Eryngium campestre (+; En), Inula oculus-christi (+; En),
Plantago lanceolata (+; En), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; En), Teucrium polium (+;
En), Thymus pannonicus (+; En).
community, identified within the Enisala nature reserve (En), can be considered rare
(F: II). It has a low degree of both non-native species presence (Ailanthus altissima),
as well as of ruderal plant invasion, the six such species having a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3; En).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; En), Agropyron cristatum (+; En),
Ailanthus altissima (+; En), Artemisia austriaca (+; En), Asperula tenella (+; En),
Bassia prostrata (+; En), Bromus squarrosus (+; En), Chondrilla juncea (+; En),
Eryngium campestre (+; En), Festuca valesiaca (+; En), Marrubium peregrinum
(+; En), Medicago falcata (+; En), Nigella arvensis (+; En), Scabiosa ochroleuca
(+; En), Stipa capillata (1; En), Teucrium polium (+; En), Thymus pannonicus (+;
En), Xeranthemum annuum (+; En).
recorded within Enisala nature reserve (En), where it can be considered
endangered (F:+), has just one threatened species, the vulnerable and rare
Euphorbia myrsinites, endangered within this coenotaxon. There can be observed
a low level of invasion of alien species (Ailanthus altissima) and a medium degree
in the case of the ruderal species, the five such taxa having a significant
dominance variation (+-1).
Key species: Stipa capillata (1; En).
Threatened species: Euphorbia myrsinites (+; En).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (1; En), Artemisia austriaca (+; En),
Ailanthus altissima (+; En), Bassia prostrata (+; En), Bromus squarrosus (+; En),
Chondrilla juncea (+; En), Cynodon dactylon (+; En), Dichanthium ischaemum (+;
En), Eryngium campestre (+; En), Linaria genistifolia (+; En), Marrubium
peregrinum (1; En), Medicago falcata (+; En), Nigella arvensis (+; En), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; En), Teucrium polium (+; En), Thymus pannonicus (+; En),
Xeranthemum annuum (1; En).
Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 is a secondary plant
community, assessed as vulnerable within the Enisala nature reserve, where the
intense level of grazing is indicated by the significant dominance of ruderal key
species, as well as of the other ten such taxa, that largely prevail.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (1; En), Poa bulbosa (2; En).
Threatened species: Centaurea salonitana (r; En).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (1; En), Carduus thoermeri (+; En),
Erodium cicutarium (+; En), Eryngium campestre (+; En), Festuca valesiaca (+;
En), Kohlrauschia prolifera (+; En), Marrubium peregrinum (+; En), Plantago
lanceolata (+; En), Teucrium polium (+; En), Tragus racemosus (+; En), Tribulus
terrestris (+; En), Xeranthemum annuum (+; En).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970, a rare plant
community from Enisala nature reserve, has an outstanding conservation value
also due to the high number of threatened species (12 taxa), mostly rare like
Euphorbia myrsinites, Dianthus nardiformis and Campanula romanica, the last two
being of European importance. Beside the dominant Thymus zygioides within this
phytocoenosis all the other threatened taxa can be considered endangered. Two
ruderal species with a reduced dominance indicate a low level of invasive
tendencies.
Key species: Agropyron ponticum (1; En), Thymus zygioides (3; En).
Threatened species: Agropyron ponticum (1; En), Allium saxatile (+),
Artemisia alba (+; En), Campanula romanica (+; En), Dianthus nardiformis (+; En)
Euphorbia myrsinites (+; En), Festuca callieri (+; En), Koeleria lobata (+; En),
Minuartia adenotricha (+; En), Paronychia cephalotes (+; En), Pimpinella tragium
subsp. lithophila (+; En), Sempervivum zeleborii (+; En), Thymus zygioides (3;
En).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; En), Asplenium ruta-muraria (+; En),
Cephalaria uralensis (+; En), Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; En), Stachys
recta (+; En), Teucrium polium (+; En), Tribulus terrestris (+; En), Tragus
racemosus (+; En).
community can be considered rare within the Enisala nature reserve, where it has
a high conservation value, underlined by the six rare threatened taxa, among
which Euphorbia myrsinites, Dianthus nardiformis and Campanula romanica are
also vulnerable, the two latest being of European importance. All of them can be
framed into the “endangered” cathegory, at least within the analysed areas. There
can be observed a low invasive trend of both introduced species (Ailanthus
altissima) and ruderal ones (six taxa).
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (1; En), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (1; En).
Threatened: Allium saxatile (+; En), Campanula romanica (+; En), Dianthus
nardiformis (+; En), Euphorbia myrsinites (+; En), Paronychia cephalotes (+; En),
Pimpinella tragium subsp. lithophila (+; En).
Other species: Ailanthus altissima (+; En), Arenaria serpyllifolia (+; En),
Asperula tenella (+; En), Asplenium ruta-muraria (+; En), Bromus squarrosus (+;
En), Bromus tectorum (+; En), Convolvulus arvensis (+; En), Crepis sancta (+;
En), Melica ciliata (+; En), Minuartia glomerata (+; En), Poa bulbosa (+; En),
Sideritis montana (+; En), Stachys recta (+; En), Tribulus terestris (+; En).
BIRDS
In the Enisala reserve were inventoried 50 species of birds that are found in
annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 33 species are strictly protected and
contained in Annex 3: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Ixobrychus minutus, Egretta
garzetta, Ciconia nigra, Ciconia ciconia, Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans,

vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Larus minutus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias
hibridus, Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos
syriacus, Picus canus, Melanocorypha calandra, Anthus campestris, Lanius
minor, Lanius collurio.
There were identified 17 protected species found in Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Upupa epops, Merops
apiaster, Motacilla flava, Motacilla alba, Erithacus rubecula, Phoenicurus
phoenicurus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus ignicapillus,
Muscicappa striata, Oriolus oriolus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis
cannabina, Carduelis carduelis.
KORUM TARLA RESERVE
The botanical nature reserve was established on an area of 2.00 ha, by the
Law 5/ 2000, within the administrative territory of the Babadag town. Beside the
already published data (PETRESCU, 2007), the recent field studies have
identified the threatened plant Sophora jaubertii within Agropyretum repentis plant
community.
Agropyretum repentis Felföldy 1942 plant community, even though is not

framed into a community interest habitat, still has a conservation importance in the
analysed plot, due to the co-dominant Sophora jaubertii, a vulnerable and rare
threatened taxa, protected within Romania only in this nature reserve. The
dominant Elymus repens, together with other two ruderal species with a lower
dominance could be interpreted as indicators for an intensely disturbed
phytocoenosis.
Key species: Elymus repens (3; KT).
Threatened species: Sophora jaubertii (2; KT).
Other species: Agrimonia eupatoria (+; KT), Bombycilaena erecta (+; KT),
Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; KT), Bromus commutatus (+; KT), Digitalis lanata (+;
KT), Lathyrus tuberosus (+; KT), Lychnis coronaria (+; KT), Origanum vulgare (+;
KT), Plantago lanceolata (+; KT), Poa angustifolia (+; KT), Potentilla argentea (1;
KT), Trifolium campestre (+; KT).
LACUL TRAIAN
The nature reserve with an area of 326 ha is protected by the Government

Decision 2151/2004, being located in the Danube Floodplain, within the Cerna
commune's territory. It includes the Traian Lake, the reed beds, marshes,
halophilous and mesophil vegetation and a reduced area of steppe grasslands.
The major part of the identified coenotaxa is vulnerable within the reserve,
except the sporadic Scirpo-Phragmitetum. Only the two types of steppe
grasslands have an enhanced conservation value by the presence of one
threatened species for each one of them. These coenotaxa are also framed within
priority habitats of community importance, 62C0* (34.92). All the analysed plant
communities are low disturbed, especially by grazing.

plant community, estimated as vulnerable within the reserve, located on the loess
slopes in its southern part, has an enhanced conservation importance due to one
rare threatened species identified in the plots, locally endangered. Grazing
induces a low modification of the inventory by the presence of only one ruderal
plant with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; LT).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; LT), Artemisia austriaca (+; LT),
Cynodon dactylon (+; LT), Medicago falcata (+; LT), Stipa capillata (+; LT),
Teucrium polium (+; LT), Thymus pannonicus (+; LT), Xeranthemum annuum (+;
LT).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961, a vulnerable
coenotaxon has one rare threatened species identified in the plots. Three ruderal
species indicate a low alteration of the natural structure.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; LT).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; LT), Bassia prostrata (+; LT),
Carduus thoermeri (+; LT), Consolida regalis (+; LT), Cynodon dactylon (+; LT),
Eragrostis minor (+; LT), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; LT), Salvia nemorosa (+;
LT), Teucrium polium (+; LT), Xeranthemum annuum (+; LT).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W.Koch 1926 a sporadic plant community that
represents the dominant vegetation within the reserve, with a very poor species
inventory shows a low disturbance aspect due to the presence of one ruderal
species.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; LT), Typha angustifolia (1; LT), Typha
latifolia (+; LT).
Other species: Xanthium italicum (+; LT).

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 plant community framed in this
habitat is considered vulnerable (F: I) in the Mlaștina Hergheliei reserve (MH),
where a low degree of disturbance is only indicated by one ruderal and one alien
species (Elaeagnus angustifolia), both with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (5; LT).

Other species: Nymphoides peltata (+; LT), Phragmites australis (+; LT),
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (+; LT), Typha laxmannii (+; LT), Xanthium
italicum (+; LT).
BIRDS
In the Traian Lake reserve were identified 86 species of birds that are
included in annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007; 59 of these are strictly protected,
being found in Annex 3: Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus
Pelecanus crispus, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Ardea purpurea, Ciconia nigra,
Ciconia ciconia, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia, Cygnus cygnus, Anser
erythropus, Branta ruficollis, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna ferruginea, Pernis apivorus,
peregrinus, Porzana porzana, Crex crex, Recurvirostra avosetta, Himantopus
himantopus, Calidris alpina, Charadrius alexandrinus, Larus minutus, Sterna
hirundo, Chlidonias hibridus, Sterna (Gelochelidon) nilotica, Sterna sandvicensis,
Sterna albifrons, Chlidonias niger, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus,
Picus canus Melanocorypha calandra, Acrocephalus paludicola, Acrocephalus
melanopogon, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus
The other 27 species that are protected, fit into Annex 4B of the Ordinance
57/2007, are: Tachybaptus ruficollis, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Actitis
hypoleucos, Athene noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla flava,
Sturnus roseus, Locustella naevia, Locustella luscinoides, Phylloscopus collybita,
Regulus regulus, Regulus ignicapillus, Muscicappa striata, Panurus biarmicus,
Aegithalos caudatus, Oriolus oriolus, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis
chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis.
MĂGURELE
The landscape nature reserve was established on an area of 292.00 ha,

by the Government Decision 2151/ 2000, within Topolog commune, being
included in the Podișul Nord Dobrogean Site of Community Interest. Beside the
already published data (PETRESCU, 2007), the recent field inventories were
concentrated on the habitats listed below. While these plant communities are
framed between frequent and endangered, all of them are only low disturbed. Two
coenotaxa are framed into priority habitats of community interest 40C0*
(31.8B721) and 62C0* (34.92). No threatened plants were identified within these
inventories.

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 plant community is vulnerable
(F: I) within the reserve, where a low disturbance can be deduced from the presence
of the non-native taxa Ailanthus altisima, having a reduced dominance.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (4; M), Prunus spinosa (+; M).
Other species:
- shrubs/ lianas: Rosa canina (+; M);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alyssum murale (+; M), Berberis vulgaris (+; M),
Festuca valesiaca (1; M), Fragaria viridis (+; M), Poa angustifolia (+;M).

community dominates the steppe grasslands of the reserve, where the low
disturbance is shown by two ruderal species with reduced dominace.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (5; M).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; M), Alyssum murale (+; M),
Crataegus monogyna (+; M), Cichorium intybus (+; M), Eryngium campestre (+;
M), Festuca valesiaca (+; M), Koeleria macrantha (+; M), Poa angustifolia (+; M).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 is an endangered plant community
within the Măgurele nature reserve (M), with a low disturbance level, indicated by
only one ruderal species with a restricted dominance.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; M).
Other species: Ligustrum vulgare (+; M), Plantago major (+; M), Rosa
canina (+; M), Salix alba (+; M), Tussilago farfara (+; M).
BIRDS
Within the Măgurele reserve there were inventoried 46 species of birds that
can be found in the annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007; 22 species of these are
strictly protected and listed in Annex 3: Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus
gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus macrourus, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina,
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Caprimulgus europaeus,
Asio flammeus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius,
Picus canus, Melanocorypha calandra, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Anthus
There were identified 24 protected species, species that are found in Annex
4B of the Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene noctua,
Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Picus viridis, Motacilla flava, Motacilla alba,
ochruros, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Phylloscopus collybita, Muscicappa striata, Sitta
europaea, Oriolus oriolus, Serinus serinus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris,
Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis, Carduelis flammea, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes.
PECENEAGA
Located in the western part of Tulcea County, at the north-western limit of the
Casimcea Plateau, within the Peceneaga commune, the landscape nature reserve,
with an area of 132.00ha, was established by the Government Decision 2151/ 2004.
The highest summits of the reserve reach an altitude of 130 m in its central
part, these rocky heights being the most important viewpoint over the cloughs
developed in the surrounding loess deposits, framed by the loops of the adjacent
Brațul Măcin arm of the Danube River.
The most frequent plant community is Botriochloetum ischaemi, the other
two identified coenotaxa being vulnerable, respectively endangered. These are
framed within priority community interest habitats 62C0*, the first coenotaxon
corresponding to the 34.92 subtype. The other plant communities belong to the
34.9211 subtype. The first plant community has a low level of disturbance, unlike
the other two with a medium level. Still, the latest two have a higher number of
threatened species (5-6). Most of these threatened species are endangered
locally, except the vulnerable Festuca callieri and the rare Thymus zygioides.

Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi (Kist. 1937) Pop 1977 is the
most widespread plant community within this nature reserve, where it can be
considered frequent. In the studied plots one rare threatened species, Centaurea
gracilenta was identified, this being locally endangered within these phytocoenoses. A
general low degree of ruderal and non-native species invasive trend can be deduced
from the presence of two ruderal and one alien taxa, Ailanthus altissima, all having a
reduced dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (5; Pe).
Threatened species: Centaurea gracilenta (+; Pe).
Other species: Ailanthus altissima (+; Pe), Artemisia austriaca (+; Pe),
Cephalaria uralensis (+; Pe), Chondrilla juncea (+; Pe), Euphorbia seguieriana (+;
Pe), Gypsophila pallasii (+; Pe), Helichrysum arenarium (+; Pe), Linaria genistifolia
(+; Pe), Linum austriacum (+; Pe), Sideritis montana (+; Pe), Verbascum
banaticum (+; Pe), Xeranthemum annuum (+; Pe).

Agropyro-Thymetum zygioidi Dihoru (1969) 1970, estimated as
vulnerable within the reserve, has an outstanding conservation importance mainly
due to the six rare threatened species, of which Dianthus nardiformis is also
vulnerable having an European distribution and importance. These threatened
taxa are mainly endangered within the respective phytocoenosis, except the
vulnerable Festuca callieri and the rare Thymus zygioides. Grazing influence is
obvious, taking into account the medium level of disturbance indicated by the
three ruderal taxa with +-1dominance values.
Key species: Thymus zygioides(2; Pe).
Threatened species: Allium guttatum (+; Pe), Allium saxatile (+; Pe),
Centaurea gracilenta (+; Pe), Dianthus nardiformis (+; Pe), Festuca callieri (1; Pe),
Thymus zygioides (2; Pe).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; Pe), Bombycilaena erecta (+; Pe),
Cleistogenes bulgarica (+; Pe), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; Pe), Eragrostis minor
(+; Pe), Eryngium campestre (+; Pe), Poa bulbosa (1; Pe).
endangered coenotaxon has a conservation value comparable to Agropyro-
Thymetum zygioidi, with its five rare threatened taxa of which Dianthus
nardiformis is of European importance. All these are endangered within these
plots. A medium level of disturbance can be estimated from the presence of three
ruderal species with significant dominance indices (+-1) and of Ailanthus altissima,
non-native taxa.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (-1; Pe), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (-1; Pe).
Threatened species: Allium guttatum (+-; Pe), Centaurea gracilenta (+; Pe),
Dianthus nardiformis (+-; Pe), Festuca callieri (+-; Pe), Thymus zygioides (+; Pe).
Other species: Ailanthus altissima (+; Pe), Cynodon dactylon (+; Pe),
Dichanthium ischaemum (+; Pe), Eryngium campestre (+; Pe), Kohlrauschia
prolifera (+; Pe), Poa bulbosa (1; Pe), Portulaca oleracea (+; Pe), Sanguisorba
minor (+; Pe), Sideritis montana (+; Pe), Stipa capillata (+-; Pe), Teucrium
chamaedrys (+; Pe).
BIRDS
In the reserve there were identified 31 bird species in annexes of the
Ordinance 57/2007, 16 of which are strictly protected, being found in Annex 3:
Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus
macrourus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Aquila clanga,
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Burhinus oedicnemus,
Coracias garrulus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
A total of 15 species are protected and can be found in Annex 4B of the
Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Upupa epops, Merops
phoenicurus, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicappa striata, Oriolus
oriolus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis.
TROESMIS
This represents a proposed landscape nature reserve of 93.26 ha, that was
not yet approved at the national level. Still it is protected as part of Braţul Măcin
Site of Community Interest. Located within the Turcoaia commune, the reserve
lies on a loess plateau with steep slopes towards the Danube River. The
geological substrata, of different Palaeozoic rock formations are visible in the
outcrops of the Iglița Hill, continuously eroded by the Danube. The most frequent
plant community in the reserve is the sporadic Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum

bulbosae Pop 1970, which is also typical for a high disturbance due to grazing.
The other two coenotaxa are rare, respectively vulnerable, both having a medium
degree of ruderal plant invasive tendencies.

Trifolio fragifero-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 represents a
vulnerable plant community within the Troesmis nature reserve (T). A medium
disturbance can be estimated as the ruderal and no-native species prevail in its
inventory. These are represented by three ruderal and one alien taxon Amorpha
fruticosa, all with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (4; T).
Other species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; T), Mentha pulegium (+; T), Plantago
major (+; T), Potentilla reptans (+; T), Rorippa sylvestris (1; T), Pulicaria
dysentherica (+; T), Xanthium italicum (+; T).

Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970, a sporadic plant
community within the reserve, is the result of a high pressure of grazing upon the
steppe grasslands, confirmed by the ruderal taxa that exceed the other species,
while also the key species that belong to this category have a significant
dominance.
Key species: Artemisia austriaca (2; T), Poa bulbosa (2; T).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; T), Bassia prostrata (+; T), Chondrilla
juncea (+; T), Cynodon dactylon (2; T), Erodium cicutarium (+; T), Galium
humifusum (+; T), Portulaca oleracea (+; T), Thymus pannonicus (+; T), Tragus
racemosus (+; T), Tribulus terrestris (+; T).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958 a rare coenotaxon
within the reserve, is medium disturbed by grazing, most of the species being
ruderal with a dominance variation of +-1.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (+; T), Bassia prostrata (3; T).
Other species: Artemisia annua (+; T), Bromus squarrosus (+; T), Bromus
tectorum (+; T), Ceratocarpus arenarius (+; T), Tribulus terrestris (+; T).
BIRDS
There were identified 33 species of birds that are found in the annexes of
the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 19 species are strictly protected and listed in
Annex 3: Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus,
Circus macrourus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Hieraaetus
pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Coracias garrulus, Dendrocopos
syriacus, Melanocorypha calandra, Ficedula parva, Emberiza hortulana, Anthus
A total of 14 of the identified species are protected and can be found in
Annex 4B of the Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Athene

noctua, Upupa epops, Merops apiaster, Motacilla flava, Motacilla alba,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus collybita, Muscicappa striata, Oriolus
oriolus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis.
VALEA MAHOMENCEA
Being one of the most representative protected areas for the climax steppe
of Central Dobrogea, the reserve was established by the Government Decision
2151/2004 on 1029 ha. The reserve includes the loess or green schists slopes
adjacent to the Mahomencea rivulet and its tributaries, being located within the
Casimcea commune, within Central Dobrogea.
Among the studied coenotaxa prevails the endangered ones, followed by
vulnerable, rare and very frequently. Most of them have between one and three
species, being low disturbed by grazing, except Scirpo-Phragmitetum, with no
visible influence of this factor. The major part of them represent priority habitats of
community importance like 41AA* (31.8B721) and 62C0* (34.92; 34.9211).

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 is a vulnerable
coenotaxon mainly found in the valleys and ravines. The reduced accessibility for
grazing explains the low degree of ruderal species invasion.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (3; VM).
Other species:
- trees/ shrubs: Ligustrum vulgare (+; VM), Pyrus pyraster (+; VM),
Rhamnus cathartica (+; VM), Rosa canina (1; VM);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Achillea setacea (+; VM), Agropyron cristatum (+;
VM), Ballota nigra (+, VM), Vinca herbacea (+; VM), Xeranthemum annuum (+;
VM), Viola odorata (+; VM).

very frequent plant community, dominant within the grasslands, spread on most of
the reserve, has one rare threatened species identified within the plots. A low
influence of grazing is indicated by four ruderal taxa with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (4; VM).
Threatened species: Tanacetum millefolium (+; VM).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; VM), Agropyron cristatum (+; VM),
Carduus thoermeri (r; VM), Chondrilla juncea (+; VM), Cichorium intybus (+; VM),
Crataegus monogyna (+; VM), Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa (+; VM),
Euphorbia seguieriana (+; VM), Festuca valesiaca (+; VM), Linaria genistifolia (+;
VM), Stipa capillata (+; VM), Xeranthemum annuum (+; VM).
Stipetum capillatae (Hueck 1931) Krausch 1961 an endangered plant

community, has one vulnerable threatened species Dianthus nardiformis, of
European importance, locally endangered within these phytocoenoses. Two
ruderal species indicate a reduced level of disturbance due to grazing.
Key species: Stipa capillata (4; VM).
Threatened species: Dianthus nardiformis (3; VM).
Other species: Chondrilla juncea (+; VM), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; VM),
Eryngium campestre (+; VM), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; VM), Festuca valesiaca
(1; VM), Potentilla argentea (+; VM), Teucrium polium (+; VM), Thymus
pannonicus (+; VM).

Festucetum callierii Şerbănescu 1965 apud Dihoru (1969) 1970, a rare
vegetation type, has remarkable conservation value, as four rare threatened
species were identified in the plots, locally endangered, except the dominant key
species Festuca callieri. Of these, the endemic Campanula romanica has an
international importance, being also a species of community interest. Two ruderal
taxa indicate a low level of grazing.
Key species: Festuca callieri (2; VM).
Threatened species: Campanula romanica (+; VM), Festuca callieri (2; VM),
Sempervivum zeleborii (+; VM), Stachys angustifolia (+; VM).
Other species: Alyssum saxatile (+; VM), Asperula tenella (+; VM),
Chrysopogon gryllus (+; VM), Chondrilla juncea (+; VM), Crataegus monogyna (+;
VM), Dichanthium ischaemum (1; VM), Eryngium campestre (+; VM), Rosa canina
(+; VM), Verbascum banaticum (+; VM).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W.Koch 1926, an endangered plant community, is
represented by narrow water fringe vegetation adjacent to some rivulets. No
disturbance due to alien/ ruderal species was observed.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; VM).
Other species: Cornus sanguinea (+; VM), Mentha longifolia (+; VM), Rubus
caesius (+; VM), Xanthium italicum (1; VM).
BIRDS
In the reserve were identified 31 species of birds that can be found in the
annexes of the Ordinance 57/2007, 16 of which are strictly protected, being
quoted in Annex 3: Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus
Aquila clanga, Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus,
Burhinus oedicnemus, Coracias garrulus, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
There were identified 15 protected species that can be found in Annex 4B of
the Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Upupa epops, Merops
phoenicurus, Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicappa striata, Oriolus
oriolus, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis carduelis.
VALEA OILOR
One of the smallest nature reserves in the Dobrogea region northwards of

Ciucurova, with an area of 0.35 ha, this protected area was established by the
Law 5/2000 in order to insure the protection of a mixed oak wood of Quercus
pubescens with a shrub layer of Syringa vulgaris, but also of the threatened
species Paeonia peregrina. This white oak forest is framed into the priority habitat
of community interest 91AA* (41.73723).

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970 is the only plant
community identified in the reserve, while Syringa vulgaris occurs as a shrub layer
under the white oak canopy or at its edge. The presence of a non-native species
Prunus cerasifera and a ruderal taxon show a certain low disturbance.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (3; VO), Quercus pubescens (2; VO).
Threatened species: Paeonia peregrina (+; VO);
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (1; VO), Prunus cerasifera (+; VO), Quercus
pedunculiflora (+; VO), Ulmus procera (+; VO);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; VO), Evonymus europaeus (+;
VO), Prunus spinosa (+, VO), Syringa vulgaris (1; VO);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; VO), Althaea cannabina (+;
VO), Asparagus tenuifolius (+; VO), Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; VO), Geum
urbanum (+; VO), Leonurus cardiaca (+; VO), Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum
(+; VO), Polygonatum latifolium (+; VO).
BIRDS
In reserve were inventoried 56 species of birds that are found in the annexes of
the Ordinance 57/2007, of which 22 species are strictly protected and listed in Annex
3: Pernis apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus
macrourus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, Hieraaetus pennatus,
Falco vespertinus, Falco peregrinus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Coracias garrulus,
Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius, Picus canus, Dryocopus martius, Lulula
arborea, Sylvia nisoria, Ficedula parva, Lanius minor, Lanius collurio.
There were identified 24 protected species, species that are found in Annex 4B
of the Ordinance 57/2007: Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Upupa epops, Merops
apiaster, Picus viridis, Jynx torquilla, Motacilla alba, Prunella modularis, Erithacus
rubecula, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus trochilus, Phylloscopus sibilatrix,
Phylloscopus collybita, Regulus regulus, Muscicappa striata, Sitta europaea, Oriolus
oriolus, Corvus corax, Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina,

of some protected areas from Constanța County
Mihai PETRESCU, Viorel CUZIC, Cristina DINU,
Adina Maria RĂDULESCU, Mariana CUZIC
This paper presents the results of the recent research (2011-2013) which
represent additions and updates of the proper studies previously conducted
concerning the landscape, flora and habitats of 15 protected areas legally
established or protected within the plateau part of Constanța County; they are
mentioned in alphabetical order.
ALIMAN-URLUIA
Aliman-Urluia is a proposal of nature reserve (PETRESCU, 2007) that is at

present included in the Aliman-Urluia Site of Community Interest, being framed
within the Aliman and Ion Corvin communes' territories. Beside the already
published data (PETRESCU, 2007), the recent field inventories were focused on
several plant communities listed below.
Within the analysed coenotaxa two are rare, one sporadic and one
vulnerable. Most of the plant communities are low disturbed, while one is
considered representative for a natural status. The major part of the plots has
between one and two threatened taxa, of which all are endangered within the
respective plant communities, except the critically endangered Galanthus elwesii.

community, that was identified in the area of Dealul lui Pleașcă, between Urluia
and Adâncata (A) can be considered rare (F: II) within the site, where only one
vulnerable threatened species was identified so far, endangered within this
phytocoenosis. Four ruderal species, with a reduced dominance show a low level
of disturbance.
Key species: Festuca valesiaca (3; A).
Threatened species: Crocus reticulatus (+; A).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; A), Cichorium intybus (+; A), Dactylis
glomerata (+; A), Dichanthium ischaemum (2; A), Eryngium campestre (+; A),
Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa (+; A), Marrubium peregrinum (+; A), Rosa
canina (+; A), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; A), Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (+; A).
community, estimated as sporadic (F: III) within the site, was inventoried in the
Șarpu Valley (Valea Șarpu), there being observed one vulnerable threatened
species, endangered within the respective coenotaxon. A low degree of ruderal
species invasive tendencies is indicated by the five such taxa with a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3; VȘ).
Threatened species: Crocus reticulatus (+; VȘ).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; VȘ), Crataegus monogyna (+; VȘ),
Cichorium intybus (+; VȘ), Cynodon dactylon (1; VȘ), Dactylis glomerata (1; VȘ),
Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa (+; VȘ), Linaria genistifolia (+; VȘ),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; VȘ), Onopordum acanthium (+; VȘ), Quercus
pedunculiflora (1-2; VȘ), Rosa canina (+; VȘ), Stipa capillata (1; VȘ), Teucrium
polium (+; VȘ), Tragopogon dubius (+; VȘ).

is rare (F: II) within the Aliman-Urluia community interest site, but occurs on most of
the natural forest from Șarpu Valley (VȘ). The lack of ruderal/ non-native species
indicates a natural status.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (2; VȘ), Quercus pubescens (2; VȘ).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (+; VȘ), Fraxinus ornus (+; VȘ).
- shrubs/ lianas: Clematis vitalba (+; VȘ), Cornus mas (1; VȘ), Cornus
sanguinea (+; VȘ), Crataegus monogyna (+; VȘ), Evonymus verrucosus (+; VȘ),
Hedera helix (+; VȘ).
- grasses/ undershrubs: Arum orientale (+; VȘ), Brachypodium sylvaticum
(+; VȘ), Scilla bifolia (+; VȘ).

Violo suavis-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Doniţă 1970 is a vulnerable
coenotaxon within the Aliman-Urluia community interest site, where it was
inventoried in the lower part of the slopes in the Șarpu Valley (VȘ). Its conservation
value is enhanced by the two rare threatened species. While Mercurialis ovata is
endangered within this coenotaxon, Galanthus elwesii can be considered critically
endangered. A low disturbance is shown by the three ruderal taxa that occur in
the analysed plot.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (3; VȘ).
Threatened species: Galanthus elwesii (r; VȘ), Mercurialis ovata (+; VȘ).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; VȘ), Cerasus mahaleb (+; VȘ), Ulmus procera
(1; VȘ).
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (1; VȘ), Cornus sanguinea (+; VȘ), Crataegus
mogongyna (+; VȘ), Evonymus europaeus (+; VȘ), Hedera helix (1; VȘ),
Staphylea pinnata (+; VȘ).
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; VȘ), Arum orientale (+;
VȘ), Corydalis solida subsp. solida (+; VȘ), Lamium purpureum (+; VȘ),
Ranunculus ficaria (+; VȘ), Scilla bifolia (+; VȘ), Urtica dioica (+; VȘ), Veronica
hederifolia (+; VȘ).
BAȘPUNAR
The reserve represents a proposal of protected area that was not yet
approved at the national level. Still it is protected at the European level as a part
of the Natura 2000 site (SCI) Dumbrăveni-Valea Urluia, Lacul Vederoasa (18.714
ha). It is represented by the steppe grasslands, thickets, rocky areas and other
natural habitats within the valleys Bașpunar and Urluia framed between the
localities Independența, Fântâna Mare and Petroșani.
The vegetation has mainly a steppe aspect, the dry grasslands being found
both on the limestone plateaux and slopes, as well as in the valleys with a loess
substratum. A distinctive feature of the landscape is represented by the rocky
limestone cliffs with saxicolous vegetation, their associated screes being usually
covered by steppe thickets of Christ`s thorn (Paliurus spina-christi).
The natural habitats identified so far are community interest priority ones,
respectively 40C0* (31.8B731) and 62C0* (34.92). The dominant plant community
is Botriochloetum ischaemi, the other two being rare within the reserve. Among
the threatened plants at the national level, within the reserve Jasminium fruticans
and Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. dobrogensis can be estimated as endangered.
Most of the plant community are low disturbed, only one of them having a medium
level of ruderal species invasive tendencies.

Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum Sanda et alii 1999 can be considered a
rare coenotaxon within a studied area, these thickets being mainly found on the
rocky slopes of the valleys, where, besides the dominant Paliurus spina-christi,
another rare threatened species was identified, assessed as endangered within
these phytocoenoses. A low level of ruderal species invasion is indicated by three
species of this kind with a low dominance.
Key species: Paliurus spina-christi (4; Ba).
Threatened species: Jasminium fruticans (+; Ba), Paliurus spina-christi (4; Ba).
Other species: Artemisia annua (+; Ba), Carthamus lanatus (+; Ba),
Convolvulus cantabricus (+; Ba), Dichanthium ischaemum (+; Ba), Kohlrauschia
prolifera (+; Ba), Marrubium peregrinum (+; Ba), Melica ciliata (+; Ba), Sideritis
montana (+; Ba), Teucrium polium (+; Ba), Xeranthemum annuum (+; Ba).

belongs to the priority habitats of community importance, being the most frequent
within the steppe grasslands, with a wide distribution on all relief forms. In its
composition was identified the rare threatened species Satureja coerulea, locally
endangered. The dominance of Poa bulbosa (1) shows a medium intensity
grazing, even if the other four species have a low dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (3; Ba).
Threatened species: Satureja coerulea (+; Ba).
Other species: Acinos arvensis (+; Ba), Chondrilla juncea (+; Ba), Cynodon
dactylon (+; Ba), Eryngium campestre (+; Ba), Euphorbia glareosa subsp. glareosa
(+; Ba), Heliotropium europaeum (+; Ba), Nigella arvensis (+; Ba), Poa bulbosa (1;
Ba), Setaria viridis (+; Ba), Sideritis montana (+; Ba), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; Ba),
Teucrium polium (+; Ba), Thymus pannonicus (+; Ba), Xeranthemum annuum (+; Ba).
Saturejetum coeruleae Cristurean et Ionescu-Țeculescu 1970 is a rare
plant community, typical for the limestone plateaux, the upper part of the slopes
and in general for the shallow rocky soils, having a low dominance. In this subtype
of priority habitat of community interest there were recorded two rare threatened
taxa, respectively the dominant Satureja coerulea and the locally endangered
Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. dobrogensis. Three ruderal species show a reduced
level of disturbance due to grazing.
Key species: Satureja coerulea (3; Ba).
Threatened species: Euphorbia nicaeensis subsp. dobrogensis (+; Ba),
Satureja coerulea (3; Ba).
Other species: Adonis vernalis (+; Ba), Agropyron cristatum (+; Ba), Allium
inaequale (+; Ba), Asperula tenella (+; Ba), Convolvulus cantabricus (+; Ba),
Crataegus monogyna (+; Ba), Dichanthium ischaemum (1), Digitalis lanata (+;
Ba), Eryngium campestre (+; Ba), Euphorbia agraria (+; Ba), Euphorbia glareosa
subsp. glareosa (+; Ba), Salvia nutans (+; Ba), Sanguisorba minor (+; Ba),
Sideritis montana (+; Ba), Stipa capillata (+; Ba), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; Ba),
Teucrium polium (+; Ba), Thymus pannonicus (+; Ba), Tribulus terrestris (+; Ba),
Xeranthemum annuum (+; Ba).
PĂDUREA BRATCA NATURE RESERVE
The mixed nature reserve, established by the Government Decision 2151/

2004, on the basis of botany, zoology, forestry, landscape natural heritage
components, with an area of 66.7 ha, is framed within the Oltina commune. It is
situated on the slopes adjacent to the Danube River with a maximum altitude of
120 m, being included in the Canaralele Dunării Site of Community Interest.
Beside the already published data (PETRESCU, 2007), the recent field
researches led to the identification of the habitats listed below.

covers most of the Pădurea Bratca nature reserve (F: IV). The high conservative
value of the analysed areas is completed by four rare threatened taxa, of which
Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis is sub-endemic, Crocus reticulatus is
vulnerable and Ruscus aculeatus is of European importance. All these are
endangered within these phytocoenoses. While the canopy is not derived, in the
grasses layer there is only one ruderal species that shows a low disturbance.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (2; PBt), Quercus pubescens (2; PBt).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; PBt), Crocus

reticulatus (+; PBt), Piptatherum virescens (+; PBt), Ruscus aculeatus (+; PBt).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (1; PBt);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; PBt), Evonymus verrucosus (+; PBt),
Hedera helix (1; PBt);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Arabis turrita (+; PBt), Corydalis cava (+; PBt),
Corydalis solida subsp. solida (+; PBt), Dactylis polygama (+; PBt), Muscari
neglectum (+; PBt), Scilla bifolia (+; PBt), Veronica hederifolia (+; PBt).

Querco pedunculiflorae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970, recorded
from Pădurea Bratca nature reserve (PBt), can be estimated as a rare (F: II) plant
community. The grasses layer can be considered as representative for a natural
status, as no ruderal/ alien species were recorded. Still the tree layer is partially
derived, which indicates a medium level of disturbance.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (1; PBt), Tilia tomentosa (2; PBt).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; PBt), Carpinus orientalis (1; PBt), Cerasus
mahaleb (+; PBt), Fraxinus ornus (1; PBt), Sorbus torminalis (+; PBt);
- shrubs/lianas: Cornus mas (+; PBt), Hedera helix (1; PBt), Sambucus
nigra (+; PBt);
- grasses/undershrubs: Arabis turrita (+; PBt), Geum urbanum (+; PBt),
Polygonatum latifolium (+; PBt), Melica uniflora (+; PBt), Dactylis polygama (+; PBt).

Fraxino-Ulmetum Oberdorfer 53, identified within Pădurea Bratca nature
reserve (PBt), is a vulnerable plant community, where one rare threatened
species was observed, endangered within this phytocoenosis. The only ruderal
species, Ballota nigra, shows a low disturbance.
Key species: Ulmus procera (3; PBt).
Threatened species: Piptatherum virescens (+; PBt).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (1; PBt), Carpinus orientalis (1; PBt), Cerasus
mahaleb (+; PBt), Fraxinus ornus (+; PBt), Sambucus nigra (+; PBt);
- shrubs/lianas: Cornus mas (+; PBt), Crataegus monogyna (+), Ligustrum
vulgare (+; PBt);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Ballota nigra (+; PBt), Brachypodium sylvaticum (+;
PBt), Dactylis polygama (+; PBt), Geum urbanum (+; PBt).
CANARALELE DIN PORTUL HÂRŞOVA
The nature reserve with an area of 5.30 ha, are situated adjacent to the
Danube, on spectacular coral reef limestone formations that overlap the green
schist substrata of the Casimcea Plateau of Central Dobrogea, being framed
within the Hârşova townʼs territory – Constanţa County.
The limestone cliffs vegetation is represented by the rare plant community
Parietario serbicae-Alyssetum saxatilis, while the scree with shallow soils are
covered by steppe grasslands framed into the rare Agropyron cristatum
coenotaxon. While the first plant community has only a low level of ruderal/ non-
native species invasion, the second, being more accessible for grazing, shows a
medium disturbance. In each of these two coenotaxa only the same rare
threatened species, Allium flavum subsp. tauricum, was identified. Both plant
communities are framed into the same priority habitat of community interest 62C0*
(34.92).

Parietario serbicae-Alyssetum saxatilis (Mihai et alii 1964) Mititelu et
alii 1993 plant community, rare (F: II) within the Canaralele Hârşovei nature
reserve (CHS), has only one rare threatened plant in the analysed area. A low
influence of both ruderal and alien Amorpha fruticosa species can be deduced
from the presence of only one taxon in each of these two categories.
Key species: Alyssum saxatile (CHS).
Threatened species: Allium flavum subsp. tauricum (+; CHS).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; CHS), Asperula tenella (+; CHS),
Bassia prostrata (+; CHS), Cynodon dactylon (+; CHS), Linaria genistifolia (+;
CHS), Melica ciliata (+; CHS), Reseda lutea (+; CHS), Sedum maximum (+; CHS),
Verbascum banaticum (+; CHS), Amorpha fruticosa (+; CHS).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958 is a rare (F: II)
plant community within the Canaralele Hârşovei nature reserve, where just one
rare threatened species was observed so far. The medium level of invasive trend
of the ruderal plants is obvious, as despite their low dominance, the number of this
kind of taxa (seven species) exceeds the other species.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (+; CHS).
Threatened species: Allium flavum subsp. tauricum (+; CHS).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; CHS), Chenopodium album (+3; CHS),
Centaurea diffusa (+; CHS), Chondrilla juncea (+; CHS), Eryngium campestre (+;
CHS), Galium humifusum (+; CHS), Malva sylvestris (+; CHS), Onopordum
acanthium (+; CHS), Verbascum banaticum (+; CHS), Tribulus terrestris (+; CHS),
Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; CHS).
CANARAUA FETII
Established by the Law 5/ 2000, with an area of 168.30 ha, the nature
reserve is framed within Băneasa commune, being at present included in the
Pădurea și Valea Canaraua Fetii-Iortmac Site of Community Interest. Beside the
already published data (PETRESCU, 2007), the recent field researches led to the
updated description of the habitats listed below.
Most of the analysed plant communities can be considered vulnerable and
low disturbed, except the endangered Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi and
Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis, both representatives for a natural status.
All these plant communities have two threatened species, except Quercetum
pedunculiflorae-cerris, with three such taxa, endangered within this coenotaxon, this
being the most widespread threat category in the studied situations.

Rhamno catharticae-Jasminietum fruticantis (Mihai et alii 1964) Mititelu
et alii 1993, plant community can be estimated as vulnerable (F: I) within the
Canaraua Fetii nature reserve (CFR), where, besides the dominant Jasminium
fruticans, considered rare at the national level, another threatened taxa is the
vulnerable Crocus flavus, endangered within this phytocoenosis. The four ruderal
species with a reduced dominance indicate a low degree of disturbance.
Key species: Jasminium fruticans (4; CFR), Crocus flavus (+; CFR).
Threatened species: Jasminium fruticans (4; CFR), Crocus flavus (+; CFR).
Other species:
- grasses/ undershrubs: Cleistogenes serotina (+; CFR), Crepis sancta (+;
CFR), Elymus hispidus (1; CFR), Galium aparine (+; CFR), Lamium purpureum
(+; CFR), Orlaya grandiflora (+; CFR), Phleum phleoides (+; CFR), Polygonatum
latifolium (+; CFR), Vinca herbacea (+; CFR), Viola arvensis (+; CFR).

community is endangered within the reserve, where no ruderal/ alien species were
observed.
Key species: Polytrichum piliferum (1; CFR), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (2; CFR).
Other species: Alyssum saxatile (+; CFR), Arabis turrita (+; CFR), Asperula
tenella (+; CFR), Campanula sibirica (+, CFR), Cleistogenes serotina (+; CFR),
Convolvulus cantabricus (+; CFR), Cotinus coggygria (+; CFR), Koeleria
macrantha (+; CFR), Scleranthus perennis (1; CFR), Sedum maximum (+; CFR),
Sideritis montana (+; CFR), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; CFR).

Paeonio peregrinae-Carpinetum orientalis Doniţă 1970, a sporadic plant
community, shelters two threatened species, of which Crocus flavus is vulnerable.
This can be considered a representative sample of this habitat, as it is not derived

and no ruderal/ alien species were recorded.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (2; CFR), Quercus pubescens (3; CFR).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; CFR), Crocus flavus (+;
CFR).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (+; CFR), Fraxinus ornus (+; CFR);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cotinus coggygria (+; CFR), Crataegus monogyna (+;
CFR), Rosa canina (+; CFR);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Alliaria petiolata (+; CFR), Arabis turrita (+; CFR),
Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; CFR), Cleistogenes serotina (+; CFR), Dactylis
polygama (+; CFR), Galium aparine (+; CFR), Muscari neglectum (+; CFR),
Tanacetum corymbosum (+; CFR), Sedum maximum (+; CFR).
41.76812 Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam Quercus cerris forest

Carpino orientalis-Quercetum cerris Oberdorfer 1948, a vulnerable
plant community, has an enhanced conservation value due to the presence of four
rare threatened species, of which Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis is also sub-
endemic, while Crocus flavus is vulnerable. The three ruderal species with a
reduced dominance indicate a low level of disturbance from this point of view.
Key species: Carpinus orientalis (1; CFR), Quercus cerris (4; CFR).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; CFR), Crocus
flavus (+; CFR), Mercurialis ovata (+; CFR), Piptatherum virescens (+; CFR).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (+; CFR), Fraxinus ornus (1; CFR).
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; CFR), Ligustrum vulgare (+;
CFR).
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anthriscus cerefolium (+; CFR), Corydalis cava
subsp. marschalliana (+; CFR), Corydalis solida subsp. solida (1; CFR), Dactylis
polygama (+; CFR), Geranium rotundifolium (+; CFR), Geum urbanum (+; CFR),
Glechoma hirsuta (+; CFR), Lychnis coronaria (+; CFR), Muscari neglectum (+;
CFR), Polygonatum latifolium (+; CFR), Scilla bifolia (+; CFR), Stellaria media (+;
CFR), Veronica hederifolia (+; CFR), Viola suavis (+; CFR).

Querco pedunculiflorae-Tilietum tomentosae Doniţă 1970 plant
community is a vulnerable coenotaxon where two threatened species were
recorded, of these Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis being also sub-endemic.
One ruderal species with a reduced dominance indicate a low level of disturbance.
Key species: Quercus pedunculiflora (2; CFR), Tilia tomentosa (2; CFR).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; CFR),
Mercurialis ovata (+; CFR).
- trees: Acer campestre (1; CFR);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; CFR), Evonymus verrucosus (+; CFR),
Sambucus nigra (+; CFR);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Adoxa moschatellina (+; CFR), Anemone

ranunculoides (+; CFR), Arum orientale (+; CFR), Brachypodium sylvaticum (+;
CFR), Corydalis cava subsp. marschalliana (+; CFR), Corydalis solida subsp.
solida (+; CFR), Gagea lutea (+; CFR), Lamium purpureum (+; CFR),
Polygonatum latifolium (+; CFR), Ranunculus ficaria (1; CFR), Veronica
hederifolia (+; CFR).
41.7A223 Pontic Acer tataricum-Q.cerris-Q.pedunculiflora steppe woods

Quercetum pedunculiflorae-cerris (Morariu 1944) Doltu, Popescu,
Sanda 1980 can be considered a vulnerable plant community within the reserve,
where it worth to underline the presence of three rare threatened species, among
these Ruscus aculeatus being also listed in the Habitat Directive. It can be
considered a representative phytocoenosis, as this old-growth stand is not
derived, and it has a low level of ruderal species invasion, these being only
represented by Veronica hederifolia.
Key species: Quercus cerris (2; CFR), Quercus pedunculiflora (2; CFR).
Threatened species: Corydalis solida subsp. slivenensis (+; CFR),
Mercurialis ovata (+; CFR), Ruscus aculeatus (+; CFR).
Other species:
- trees: Acer campestre (+; CFR), Carpinus orientalis (1; CFR), Fraxinus
ornus (+; CFR), Tilia tomentosa (+; CFR);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (1; CFR), Hedera helix (+; CFR);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Anemone rannunculoides (+; CFR), Arum orientale
(+; CFR), Galium aparine (+; CFR), Geum urbanum (+: CFR), Polygonatum
latifolium (+; CFR), Ranunculus ficaria (+; CFR), Scilla bifolia (+; CFR), Veronica
hederifolia (+; CFR), Viola suavis (+; CFR).
DUNELE MARITIME DE LA AGIGEA
The botanical nature reserve, with an area of 25.00 ha, is framed within the
Constanța town administrative territory, being established by the Law 5/ 2000. At
present it is included within the Dunele marine de la Agigea Site of Community
Interest. So far there were inventoried the two habitats listed below. One of these
coenotaxa is included in priority habitats of community interest, respectively 6260*
(34.A2111).
16.2124 Pontic white dunes

Convolvuletum persici (Borza 1931 n.n.) Sanda et alii 1998 plant
community can be estimated as vulnerable (F: I) within the Dunele maritime de la
Agigea nature reserve (DMAG). There, besides the dominant Convolvulus
persicus, another rare threatened plant, also vulnerable, is Leymus racemosus
subsp. sabulosus, endangered within this coenotaxon. Three ruderal species
indicate a low disturbance from this point of view, as they have a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Convolvulus persicus (3; DMAG).

Threatened species: Convolvulus persicus (3; DMAG), Leymus racemosus
subsp. sabulosus (+; DMAG).
Other species: Bromus tectorum (+; DMAG), Chondrilla juncea (+; DMAG),
Consolida regalis (+; DMAG), Medicago falcata (+; DMAG), Scabiosa argentea (+;
DMAG), Secale sylvestre (+; DMAG), Stachys recta (+; DMAG).
34.A2111 Western Pontic sand pioneer swards

Secali sylvestris-Brometum tectorum Harghitai 1940 plant community
can be estimated as frequent (F: IV) within the Dunele maritime de la Agigea
nature reserve (DMAG). Two rare threatened species, Convolvulus persicus and
Ephedra distachya, were identified, the first being vulnerable, while the second is
endangered within this coenotaxa. A low degree of ruderal plant occurrence can
be deduced from the presence of only one such species, with a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Bromus tectorum (+; DMAG), Secale sylvestre (2; DMAG).
Threatened species: Convolvulus persicus (+; DMAG), Ephedra distachya
(+; DMAG).
Other species: Centaurea arenaria (+; DMAG), Cynanchum acutum (+;
DMAG), Euphorbia seguieriana (+; DMAG), Medicago falcata (+; DMAG), Melica
ciliata (+; DMAG), Scabiosa argentea (+; DMAG), Sideritis montana (+; DMAG).
LACUL DUNĂRENI
The mixed nature reserve was mainly established for the protection of the
landscape and fauna, being located within Aliman and Ion Corvin communes, with
an area of 703.00 ha. During the recent field studies a few plant communities
were described, beside the already published data (PETRESCU, 2007). Most of
these plant communities are vulnerable and representative for a natural status,
only one being rare and another low disturbed. One plant community is included in
the priority habitat of community interest 1530* (15.A21275). No threatened
species were identified in these coenotaxa.

estimated as vulnerable (F: I) within the Lacul Dunăreni nature reserve (LD). The
three ruderal species and the non-native Elaeagnus angustifolia indicate still a low
disturbance, as their dominance is reduced.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (3; LD), Trifolium fragiferum (1; LD).
Other species: Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; LD), Elymus repens (1; LD),
Potentilla reptans (1; LD), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; LD), Setaria viridis (+; LD),
Xanthium italicum (+; LD).

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 can be considered a vulnerable (F:
I) plant community, representative for its natural composition, as no alien/ ruderal
taxa were identified.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (5; LD).
Other species: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; LD), Cynodon dactylon (+; LD),
Lythrum salicaria (+; LD), Phragmites australis (+; LD).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community framed in this
habitat represents the reed beds located on humid soils of the Dunăreni Lake
(LD), where it can be considered a rare (F: II) coenotaxon, while the mono-
dominant reed beds, framed into the same plant community, but in the 53.1111
habitat, occur on larger areas, being sporadic (F: III) in the reserve.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; LD), Typha angustifolia (+; LD).
Other species: Calystegia sepium (+; LD), Potentilla reptans (+; LD),
Xanthium italicum (+; LD).
LACUL VEDEROASA
The landscape and zoological reserve, with an area of 517.00 ha, is

included in the Aliman commune's territory, respectively in the Dumbrăveni-Valea
Urluia-Lacul Vederoasa Site of Community Interest. Beside the already published
data (PETRESCU, 2007), within the recent field inventories there were detailed
the habitats listed below. The major part of these plant communities are
vulnerable and low disturbed, only two of them being rare, respectively typical for
a natural status. Two plant communities are included in the priority habitats of
community interest 1530* (15.A21275) and 62C0* (34.92). No threatened plants
were observed in the plots.

assessed as rare (F: II) within the Vederoasa Lake nature reserve (LV), where the
two ruderal species identified show a low disturbance level.
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (5; LV), Trifolium fragiferum (+; LV).
Other species: Elymus repens (+; LV), Bolboschoenus maritimus (+; LV),
Centaurea calcitrapa (+; LV), Mentha pulegium (+; LV), Potentilla reptans (+; LV),
Typha angustifolia (+; LV).

community from Vederoasa Lake nature reserve (LV) is considered vulnerable (F: I).
There can be deduced a low disturbance level from the reduced dominance of the
two non-native species (Ailanthus altissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia), as well as of the

three ruderal taxa.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (5; LV).
Other species: Achillea setacea (+; LV), Agrimonia eupatoria (+; LV),
Ailanthus altissima (+; LV), Cichorium intybus (+; LV), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+;
LV), Eryngium campestre (+; LV), Festuca valesiaca (+; LV), Minuartia glomerata
(+; LV), Poa bulbosa (+; LV), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; LV), Xeranthemum
annuum (+; LV).
44.921 Grey willow scrub

Calamagrosti-Salicetum cinereae Soó et Zólyomi in Soó 1955, a
vulnerable plant community within the Vederoasa Lake nature reserve (F: I), has a
low level of ruderal plant presence, these being only represented by a few
individuals of Urtica dioica.
Key species: Salix cinerea (3; LV).
Other species: Berula erecta (+; LV), Iris pseudacorus (+; LV), Phragmites
australis (+; LV), Typha angustifolia (+; LV), Typha latifolia (+; LV), Urtica dioica
(+; LV).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926 plant community, included in this
habitat represents the reed beds that occur on humid soils adjacent to the
Vederoasa Lake (LV), than can be considered rare (F: II) within the nature
reserve. Still the permanent mono-dominant flooded reed beds, included in the
same plant community, but in the 53.1111 habitat, represent the main vegetation
type of this reserve (F: IV). No alien/ ruderal species were identified.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; LV), Schoenoplectus lacustris (+; LV),
Typha angustifolia (+; LV), Typha latifolia (+; LV).
Other species: Berula erecta (+; LV), Mentha aquatica (+; LV), Salix cinerea
(+; LV).
53.13 Reed mace beds

Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 plant community is vulnerable (F:
I), within the Vederoasa Lake nature reserve (LV). It can be considered as close
to its natural status, as no alien/ ruderal taxa were observed.
Key species: Typha angustifolia (5; LV).
Other species: Alisma plantago-aquatica (+; LV), Berula erecta (+; LV),
Lythrum salicaria (+; LV), Mentha aquatica (+; LV), Ranunculus sceleratus (+; LV),
Salix alba (+; LV).
LOCUL FOSILIFER ALIMAN
The paleontological nature reserve, with an area of 15.00 ha according to

the Law 5/ 2000, belongs to the Aliman commune, being included in the Aliman-
Adamclisi Site of Community Interest. Even though it is not a botanical reserve,
within the recent studies one plant community was studied on the slopes situated
under the limestone cliffs of the reserve, framed into the priority community
interest habitat 62C0* (34.92).

community, identified within the Punctul (Locul) Fosilifer Aliman (PFAL), included in
the Aliman-Urluia proposed reserve and site of community interest, has no ruderal
species, but only one non-native taxon, Ailanthus altissima, with a reduced
dominance.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (2; PFAL).
Other species: Agrimonia eupatoria (+; PFAL), Ailanthus altissima (+; PFAL),
Brachypodium sylvaticum (1; PFAL), Calamagrostis epigeios (+; PFAL), Cerasus
mahaleb (+; PFAL), Clematis vitalba (+; PFAL), Clinopodium vulgare (+; PFAL),
Crataegus monogyna (1; PFAL), Dactylis glomerata (1; PFAL), Festuca valesiaca
(+; PFAL), Quercus pubescens (+; PFAL), Rosa canina (+; PFAL), Sanguisorba
minor (+; PFAL).
LOCUL FOSILIFER CREDINȚA
The paleontological reserve is framed within the Cobadin commune, with an

area of 6.00 ha, according to the Law 5/ 2000, being included in the Dumbrăveni-
Valea Urluia-Lacul Vederoasa Site of Community Interest. The vegetation of this
reserve is only represented by steppe grasslands, within which the recent studies
have described only one plant community, framed into the priority community
interest habitat 62C0* (34.92).

community, inventoried in the Punctul Fosilifer Credința nature reserve (PFC), shows
a low level of disturbance, as only two ruderal species with a reduced dominance
were identified.
Key species: Dichanthium ischaemum (2; PFC).
Other species: Asperula tenella (+; PFC), Festuca valesiaca (1; PFC),
Marrubium peregrinum (+; PFC), Poa bulbosa (+; PFC), Sedum urvillei subsp.
hillebrandtii (+; PFC), Sideritis montana (+; PFC), Teucrium chamaedrys (+; PFC),
Teucrium polium (+; PFC), Thymus pannonicus (1; PFC).
MLAȘTINA HERGHELIEI
Established by the Government Decision 1581/2005, the nature reserve,

with an area of 98 ha, lies within the Mangalia town`s administrative territory. It
includes the Mlaștina Hergheliei Lake and its surrounding wetlands. The dominant
plant community Scirpo-Phragmitetum W.Koch 1926 framed into two unprotected
habitat types, 53.1111 Freshwater Phragmites beds, a frequent vegetation type,
nearly mono-dominant and undisturbed, permanently flooded, respectively
53.1121 Dry freshwater Phragmites beds, a vulnerable type that occurs on humid
soils, that is low disturbed. The most accessible for grazing is Trifolio-
Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et Bolos 1958 a vulnerable plant community with a medium
level of ruderal species invasive tendencies. Still, it has a conservation value
being framed into the priority habitat of community interest 1530* (15.A21275).

can be estimated as vulnerable within the Mlaștina Hergheliei (MH). The ruderal
species prevail within the inventory (eight species) with a significant variation of
their dominance (+-1) that indicates a medium disturbance. There is still a low
level of alien species invasive tendencies (Elaeagnus angustifolia, Robinia
pseudoacacia).
Key species: Cynodon dactylon (2; MH), Trifolium fragiferum (1; MH).
Other species: Elymus repens (1; MH), Cichorium intybus (+; MH), Daucus
carota subsp. carota (+; MH), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; MH), Lolium perenne (+;
MH), Melilotus albus (+; MH), Plantago major (+; MH), Potentilla reptans (1; MH),
Robinia pseudoacacia (+; MH), Xanthium italicum (+; MH).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W.Koch 1926 plant community included in this
habitat holds most of the Mlaștina Hergheliei area (MH) (F: IV), where it is nearly
mono-dominant and undisturbed.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; MH).
Other species: Solanum dulcamara (+; MH).

Scirpo-Phragmitetum W.Koch 1926 plant community framed in this
habitat is considered vulnerable (F: I) in the Mlaștina Hergheliei reserve (MH),
where a low degree of perturbation is only indicated by one ruderal and one alien
(Elaeagnus angustifolia), both with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Phragmites australis (5; MH).
Other species: Althaea officinalis (+; MH), Arctium lappa (+; MH), Calystegia
sepium (+; MH), Elaeagnus angustifolia (+; MH), Lythrum salicaria (+; MH),
Potentilla reptans (+; MH), Pulicaria dysentherica (+; MH), Rubus caesius (+; MH),
Sium latifolium (+; MH).
OSTROAVELE TROINA MARE - BALABAN
This is a proposal of nature reserve that was not yet lawfully approved at the
national level, but it is protected within the Canaralele Dunării Site of Community
Interest. The reserve includes a sector of the Danube River adjacent to the
Constanța County, between the kilometric landmarks 296-274 and it includes the
islands Fasolele, Podul de Piatră, Balaban, Troina Mare, Ţării, Boascicul Mare.
Beside the already published data (PETRESCU, 2007), within the recent field
research there were described the habitats listed below. Within the reserve the
most frequent are the rare coenotaxa, followed by the vulnerable and endangered
ones. All plant communities have a medium level of disturbance due to the non-
native and ruderal species, in the only one case being also recorded a low level of
ruderal plant invasive trend. Half of the recorded coenotaxa include a rare
threatened species, Periploca graeca, endangered within the analysed plant
communities.

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l. plant community is rare in the nature reserve
and within the Ostrovul Țării Island (OȚ), respectively sporadic within Balaban Island
(Ostrovul Balaban-OB). Its conservation importance is enhanced by the presence of
the rare threatened species Periploca graeca, endangered within these
phytocoenoses. There can be estimated a medium level of non-native species
invasive tendencies, these being represented by five species (Amorpha fruticosa,
Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Gleditsia triacanthos, Conyza
canadensis) that together with the six ruderal ones overpass in number the native
typical species.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; OB, OȚ), Salix alba (5; OB, OȚ).
Threatened species: Periploca graeca (+; OȚ).
Other species:
- trees: Gleditsia triacanthos (+; OȚ);
- shrubs/ lianas: Rubus caesius (+; OȚ);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Amaranthus retroflexus (+; OB), Ambrosia
artemisiifolia (+; OB), Bidens tripartita (+; OB, OȚ) Conyza canadensis (+; OȚ),
Glechoma hederacea (+; OȚ), Plantago major (+; OȚ), Polygonum aviculare (+;
OȚ), Rorippa sylvestris (+; OB, OȚ), Solanum dulcamara (+; OȚ), Solanum nigrum
(+; OB, OȚ), Setaria pumila (+; OB), Xanthium italicum (+; OB, OȚ).

Fraxino-Ulmetum Oberdorfer 53 plant community is vulnerable (F: I) in the
reserve and rare (F: II) within the Podul de Piatră Island (Ostrovul Podul de Piatră-
OPP). There, a medium level of non-native species invasion can be estimated,
taking into account the four such species (Fraxinus americana, Morus alba,
Amorpha fruticosa, Prunus cerasifera) and their dominance variation limits (+-1).
Key species: Ulmus laevis (4; OPP).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (1; OPP), Morus alba (+; OPP);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; OPP), Cornus mas (+; OPP),
Crataegus monogyna (+; OPP), Prunus cerasifera (+; OPP), Rubus caesius
(+; OPP);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Aristolochia clematitis (+; OPP).

Populetum albae (Br.-Bl. 31 pp.) Borza 37 plant community is endangered
(F: I) in the reserve, respectively vulnerable (F: I) within the island Podul de Piatră
(OPP), where it is represented by an old growth stand. The only rare threatened
plant is Periploca graeca, endangered within the respective phytocoenosis. A
medium level of disturbance due to the non-native species is indicated by the two
such species (Fraxinus americana, Amorpha fruticosa) with a significant
dominance variation (+-1).
Key species: Populus alba (4; OPP).
Threatened species: Periploca graeca (+; OPP).
Other species:
- trees: Aristolochia clematitis (+; OPP), Fraxinus americana (+; OPP),
Morus alba (1; OPP), Rubus caesius (+; OPP), Ulmus laevis (1;OPP);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (1; OPP), Cornus sanguinea (+; OPP),
Crataegus monogyna (+; OPP);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Fallopia dumetorum (+; OPP), Glecoma hederacea
(+;OPP), Salix alba (+; OPP).

Populetum nigro-albae Slavnic 1952 plant community, rare within the
reserve and Podul de Piatră Island (Ostrovul Podul de Piatra – OPP) is
representative for a close to natural uneven structure with old-growth trees, that
reach about 1.00 m in diameter. Unfortunately the species composition is not that
representative as there was recorded a medium level of non-native species
invasion (Fraxinus americana, Amorpha fruticosa, Morus alba, Conyza
canadensis) with a significant dominance variation (+-1). To this it can be added a
low degree of ruderal species contribution to the inventory and dominance, these
being represented by four species. It is important to underline the presence of the
rare threatened species Periploca graeca, endangered within this phytocoenosis.
Key species: Populus alba (+; OPP), Populus nigra (4; OPP).
Threatened species: Periploca graeca (+; OPP).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus americana (+; OPP), Morus alba (+; OPP), Salix alba (+:
OPP);
- shrubs/lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (1; OPP);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Aristolochia clematitis (+; OPP), Bidens tripartita (+;
OPP), Chenopodium album (+; OPP), Conyza canadensis (+; OPP), Elymus
repens (+; OPP), Fallopia dumetorum (+; OPP), Glechoma hederacea (+; OPP),
Plantago major (+; OPP), Xanthium italicum (+; OPP).
PĂDUREA ESECHIOI
Established by the Law 5/ 2000 the nature reserve, with an area of 26.00
ha, is located within the south-western part of the Constanţa County, within the
Ostrov commune. It lies on the slopes situated southwards of the Bugeac Lake.
From the two plant communities studied there recently, Quercetum cerris is
the most frequent within the nature reserve, while Galio dasypodi-Quercetum
pubescentis is endangered, being mainly found in the upper part of the slopes, on
more dry soils. These are framed into community interest habitats like 91M0
(41.7691), even priority ones such as 91AA*(41.73724).
Only within Quercetum cerris plant community there were identified two rare
threatened taxa, endangered respectively vulnerable within the studied types of
vegetation. There can be estimated an overall favourable status of this reserve, as
the dominant Quercetum cerris is undisturbed, while Galio dasypodi shows only a
low level of ruderal/ alien species invasive tendencies.

Galio dasypodi-Quercetum pubescentis Doniţă 1970, an endangered
plant community within the Pădurea Esechioi nature reserve (PE) is considered
low disturbed, due to the three ruderal taxa with a reduced dominance.
Key species: Quercus pubescens (4; PE).
Other species:
- trees: Cerasus mahaleb (+-; PE), Pyrus pyraster (+; PE);
- shrubs/ lianas: Crataegus monogyna (+; PE), Rosa canina (+; PE),
Brachypodium sylvaticum (+; PE), Ballota nigra (+; PE), Dichanthium ischaemum
(+; PE), Euphorbia agraria (+; PE), Fragaria viridis (+-; PE), Geum urbanum (+;
PE), Leonurus cardiaca (+; PE), Teucrium chamaedrys (+- Es), Thalictrum minus
(+; PE).
41.7691 Getic white Cinquefoil quercus cerris forests

Quercetum cerris Georgescu 1941, the most widespread type of
vegetation within the nature reserve, has an endangered conservation value,
indicated by the two rare threatened species, of which Myrrhoides nodosa is
endangered, while Piptatherum virescens is vulnerable within the analysed
phytocoenoses. This coenotaxon also represents an example of an undisturbed
habitat, as no ruderal/alien taxa were identified.
Key species: Quercus cerris (4; PE).
Threatened species: Myrrhoides nodosa (+; PE), Piptatherum virescens
(+; PE).
Other species:
- trees: Fraxinus ornus (+; PE), Quercus pubescens (1; PE);
- shrubs/ lianas: Cornus mas (+; PE), Crataegus monogyna (+; PE);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Brachypodium sylyaticum (+; PE), Dactylis
polygama (+; PE), Poa nemoralis (+; PE), Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (+; PE).
PEREȚII CALCAROȘI DE LA PETROȘANI
The geological reserve, also considered a nature monument, with an area of

4.80 ha according to the Law 5/ 2000, is framed within the Deleni commune, being
included in the Dumbrăveni-Valea Urluia-Lacul Vederoasa Site of Community
Interest. Within preliminary recent studies there was studied one plant community
typical for the heavily grazed rocky slopes underneath the limestone cliffs of the
reserve. Still this coenotaxon is framed into the priority community interest habitat
62C0* (34.92).

Artemisio austriacae-Poëtum bulbosae Pop 1970 plant community,
identified within the Pereții Calcaroși de la Petroșani (PCP) nature reserve, has a
high level of ruderal plant invasion, among the five such species being also
included the dominant Poa bulbosa.
Key species: Poa bulbosa (2; PCP).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (1; PCP), Alyssum saxatile (+; PCP),
Asperula tenella (+; PCP), Cichorium intybus (+; PCP), Dichanthium ischaemum
(1; PCP), Erodium cicutarium (+; PCP), Eryngium campestre (+; PCP), Marrubium
peregrinum (+; PCP), Medicago minima (+; PCP), Muscari racemosum (+; PCP),
Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii (+; PCP), Teucrium polium (+; PCP),
Xeranthemum anuum (+; PCP).
POMAŞTELE – PUIUL ZĂTOACEI
This proposal of nature reserve is not yet approved at the national level, but
is already protected as part of the Canaralele Dunării Site of Community Interest.
The reserve is situated within and along the Danube River sector adjacent to the
Constanța County, being framed between the kilometric landmarks 259-251 and it
includes Varoş Hill (DV), as well as Pomaştele-Puiul Zătoacei and Varoş islands.
Within the recent field research, besides the already published data (PETRESCU,
2007), there were studied the habitats listed below.

Populetum nigro-albae Slavnic 1952 is estimated as a rare (F: II) plant
community within Ostrovul (island) Pomaştele-Puiul Zătoacei (OPPZ). The four
alien invasive taxa (Morus alba, Amorpha fruticosa, Conyza canadensis,
Ambrosia artemisiifolia) show a medium level of this factor, as they exceed in
number the native species typical for this phytocoenosis. The only ruderal species
Elymus repens, having a reduced dominance, indicate a low disturbance from this
point of view.
Key species: Populus nigra (5; OPPZ).
Other species:
- trees: Morus alba (+; OPPZ), Ulmus laevis (+; OPPZ);
- shrubs/ lianas: Amorpha fruticosa (+; OPPZ);
- grasses/ undershrubs: Ambrosia artemisiifolia (r; OPPZ), Conyza
canadensis (1; OPPZ), Elymus repens (+; OPPZ), Solanum dulcamara (+; OPPZ).

Salicetum albae Issler 1924 s.l., a rare plant community (F: II) within Ostrovul
(island) Pomaştele-Puiul Zătoacei (OPPZ), has a low invasive trend level regarding
the non-native species (Amorpha fruticosa). A medium degree of ruderal plants invasion
can be deduced from the presence of four such species that represent 50% of the
native species' inventory.
Key species: Amorpha fruticosa (+; OPPZ), Populus nigra (+ OPPZ), Salix
alba (5; OPPZ).
Other species:
- grasses/ undershrubs: Artemisia annua (+; OPPZ), Cyperus glomeratus
(+; OPPZ), Plantago major (+; OPPZ), Portulaca oleracea (+; OPPZ), Potentilla
reptans (+; OPPZ), Solanum nigrum (+; OPPZ), Xanthium italicum (+; OPPZ).
SEIMENII MARI
Established by the Law 5/2000, this paleontological reserve with an area of

only 0.50 ha, is situated on the Danube riverbank in southern Dobrogea,
Constanța County, within the Seimenii Mari commune. Only one native plant
community, Agropyretum repentis, was identified adjacent to the baren cliffs of the
reserve, the rest being covered in the adventive Lycium barbarum thickets.
Agropyretum repentis Felfőldy 1942 is frequent (F: IV) within the Seimenii
Mari nature reserve (SM), where it represents the dominant plant community,
having an unusual species inventory, a mixture of wetland and steppe taxa, as a
result of its transition character. There only the rare threatened species Echinops
ritro subsp. ruthenicus was identified so far, endangered locally. The two alien
species (Amorpha fruticosa, Lycium barbarum) and the six ruderal ones, due to
their low dominance, indicate a reduced influence of human activities.
Key species: Elymus repens (4; SM).

Threatened species: Echinops ritro subsp. ruthenicus (+; SM).
Other species: Agropyron cristatum (+; SM), Amorpha fruticosa (+; SM),
Artemisia austriaca (+; SM), Bassia prostrata (+; SM), Cichorium intybus (+; SM),
Consolida regalis (+; SM), Convolvulus arvensis (+; SM), Cynodon dactylon (+;
SM), Galium humifusum (+; SM), Lycium barbarum (+; SM), Melilotus albus (+;
SM), Nigella arvensis (+; SM), Poa angustifolia (+; SM), Rosa canina (+; SM),
Salvia nemorosa (+; SM), Sideritis montana (+; SM), Tragopogon dubius (+; SM).
VALUL LUI TRAIAN
This small nature reserve (5.00 ha), located within Valul lui Traian
commune, Constanţa Country, on the limestone plateaux of southern Dobrogea,
has a linear aspect, as it overlaps archaeological structures oriented east-west.
Thus the northern slopes and the plane summits are usually dominated by shrub
formations, like the frequent Pruno spinosae -Crataegetum plant community, while
on the southern declivities these are interrupted by steppe grasslands represented
by rare (Agropyretum pectiniformae), respectively endangered (Agropyro cristati-
Kochietum prostratae) coenotaxa. The only threatened species identified in the
studied phytocoenoses is Asparagus verticillatus, endangered locally. All these
coenotaxa show a medium disturbance level from the ruderal/ alien invasive trend
point of view, favoured by the vicinity of arable fields and other activities like
grazing. These plant communities are all included into priority habitats of
community interest.
31.8B721 Ponto-Sarmatic steppes

Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931 is a frequent plant
community in the reserve (VTR), at least in its eastern part, despite the medium
level of disturbance indicated by the ruderal species (five taxa) and alien taxon
(Amaranthus retroflexus), that represent together half of the inventory. One rare
threatened taxa Asparagus verticillatus was identified as endangered within the
plots.
Key species: Crataegus monogyna (2; VTR), Prunus spinosa (2; VTR).
Threatened species: Asparagus verticillatus (+; VTR).
Other species: Rhamnus cathartica (1; VTR), Humulus lupulus (+; VTR),
Viburnum lantana (+; VTR), Amaranthus retroflexus (+; VTR), Artemisia vulgaris
(+; VTR), Ballota nigra (+; VTR), Bromus sterilis (1; VTR), Consolida regalis (+;
VTR), Hyoscyamus niger (+; VTR), Sambucus ebulus (+; VTR), Thalictrum minus
(+; VTR).
Agropyretum pectiniformae (Prodan 1939) Dihoru 1970, a rare plant
community, has a medium level of disturbance, as the ruderal (six species) and
alien taxa (Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Amaranthus retroflexus), with a significant
variation of their dominance the (r-1), prevail within the analysed plots.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (3; VTR).

Other species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia (r; VTR), Artemisia vulgaris (+; VTR),
Amaranthus retroflexus (+; VTR), Abutilon theophrasti (r; VTR), Achillea setacea
(+; VTR), Artemisia austriaca (1; VTR), Centaurea solstitialis (+; VTR),
Ceratocarpus arenarius (+; VTR), Cynodon dactylon (1; VTR), Euphorbia agraria
(+; VTR), Marrubium peregrinum (+; VTR), Prunus spinosa (+; VTR).
Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958, an endangered
plant community, is characterized by a medium disturbance level that can be
estimated from the high number of ruderal (seven species), that, together with the
non-native Amaranthus retroflexus, represent half of the recorded taxa.
Key species: Agropyron cristatum (2; VTR), Bassia prostrata (1; VTR).
Other species: Amaranthus retroflexus (+; VTR), Artemisia vulgaris (+;
VTR), Artemisia austriaca (1; VTR), Centaurea solstitialis (+; VTR), Consolida
regalis (+; VTR), Cynodon dactylon (1; VTR), Elymus hispidus (+; VTR),
Euphorbia agraria (+; VTR), Limonium latifolium (+; VTR), Marrubium peregrinum
(+; VTR), Poa bulbosa (+; VTR), Salvia nemorosa (+; VTR), Prunus spinosa (+;
VTR), Thalictrum minus (+; VTR).
REZUMAT
Cuvinte cheie: arie protejată, asociație, amenințat, balcanic, cenotaxon,

dezvoltare durabilă, Dobrogea, floră, geologie, habitat, Natura 2000, sit, sol,
specie, stepic, submediteranean, peisaj, pedologie, pontic, ponto-sarmatic,
Tulcea, vegetație.
Dezvoltarea durabilă a județelor Tulcea și Constanța, având în vedere

importanța de prim rang din punct de vedere ecologic a Dobrogei presupune în
primul rând conservarea in situ, atât în interiorul, cât și în afara ariilor protejate, a
speciilor și habitatelor protejate, în special a celor de interes comunitar, pentru
care instituțiile administrative centrale și locale au numeroase responsabilități la
nivel național și european.
În acest context, deși județul Tulcea a constituit obiectul a numeroase
cercetări, acestea au fost concentrate îndeosebi în zona Deltei Dunării, pentru restul
acestei zone datele existente fiind mai puțin detaliate și/ sau actualizate. Din acest
motiv Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale "Gavrilă Simion" Tulcea a iniţiat realizarea
unei evaluări actualizate, de ansamblu, a patrimoniului natural al acestei regiuni,
defalcată în raport cu unitățile administrativ-teritoriale (orașe, comune). Pe lângă
importanța științifică a unor astfel de cercetări, ce pot servi ca bază în clarificarea,
detalierea și actualizarea unor date privind existența, răspândirea, starea de
conservare a unor specii și habitate protejate, un alt obiectiv îl constituie facilitarea
accesării de fonduri naționale și europene la nivelul fiecărei unități teritorial-
administrative, prin posibilităţile de utilizare a rezultatelor cercetărilor prezentate
parțial în lucrarea de față, pentru: administrarea pe baze științifice a patrimoniului
natural din zonele aflate sub jurisidicția autorităților locale, atât în interiorul, cât și în
afara ariilor protejate; realizarea capitolelor privind patrimoniul natural al fiecărei
comune/oraș în cadrul cererilor de finanțare; accesarea unor fonduri compensatorii
etc.
Pentru ariile protejate din Podișul Dobrogei, cercetate pe teritoriile
administrative ale localităţilor din județul Tulcea, în capitolul I sunt prezentate numai
datele rezultate în perioada derulării acestor cercetări, într-un singur an, alături de
inventarierile efectuate în afara acestor arii în perioada respectivă. În capitolul II,
pentru aceleași rezervații sunt prezentate mai amplu alte date din teren, rezultate în
cadrul unor cercetări efectuate în alte perioade decât cele expuse în capitolului I.
În cadrul capitolului II sunt prezentate cercetările ce au ca principale
obiective completarea şi detalierea datelor proprii publicate anterior (PETRESCU,
2007; PETRESCU et alii, 2006; CUZIC, PETRESCU, 2006 etc.) cu privire la
patrimoniul natural din cadrul ariilor protejate din judeţele Tulcea şi Constanţa,
reliefarea importanţei conservative şi supravegherea stării de conservare a

speciilor şi habitatelor protejate, cu prioritate a celor ce nu au fost semnalate în
studiile precedente. Pentru judeţul Tulcea, datele acumulate permit prezentarea în
principal a aspectelor privind flora şi habitatele, completate cu rezultatele
cercetărilor recente asupra faunei respectivelor arii protejate. În cazul judeţului
Constanţa vor fi expuse numai date referitoare la floră şi habitate.
Toate ariile protejate prezentate sunt legal constituite, fiind de importanţă
naţională, precum şi a rezervaţiilor aflate în stadiul de propunere, pentru care
acest aspect este menţionat la fiecare în parte. Aproape toate aceste arii
protejate, constituite sau propuse, sunt ocrotite legal şi la nivel european, teritoriul
acestora fiind inclus în reţeaua Natura 2000. Pentru judeţul Tulcea sunt expuse
date privind teritoriul ariilor protejate de nivel naţional, având în vedere că restul
suprafeţelor din siturile Natura 2000 sunt prezentate în alte studii, efectuate în
paralel asupra teritoriilor administrative ale comunelor şi oraşelor. În cazul
judeţului Constanţa sunt prezentate atât date din rezervaţiile naturale constituite
cât şi din afara acestora, din cadrul siturilor Natura 2000, ce includ şi unele
rezervaţii propuse. Chiar dacă respectivele arii protejate propuse nu sunt încă sau
nu vor fi aprobate la nivel naţional, prezentarea suprafeţelor naturale respective
sub aceste denumiri permite conectarea şi compararea riguroasă a datelor cu
cele prezentate în publicaţii anterioare (PETRESCU, 2007) privind aceleaşi zone.
METODE DE CERCETARE
Metodele utilizate în ambele capitole ale lucrării de față în descrierea
speciilor, habitatelor/cenotaxonilor, a aspectelor geologice și pedologice sunt
prezentate succint în continuare.
Floră, vegetație, habitate, peisaj. Cercetările de teren au constat în
observaţii pe itinerar şi în efectuarea de relevee conform metodei Braun-Blanquet,
în general în suprafeţe de inventariere de 100 mp. Cenotaxonii cu suprafețe mai
mici de 100 mp au fost considerați fragmente de asociații, în aceste situații nefiind
amplasate relevee. În foarte puține situații, în special în cazul unor habitate
forestiere cu arbori înalți, au fost amplasate și relevee de 200 mp, atunci când
distribuția spațială a principalelor specii edificatoare/dominante nu a putut fi
evidențiată în suprafețe de inventariere de 100 mp. În respectivele suprafețe de
inventariere abundența-dominanța speciilor este estimată conform scării Braun-
Blanquet (IVAN, 1979). Într-o anumită asociaţie, acoperirile speciilor identificate
numai în afara releveelor sunt subliniate în text, fiind înregistrată şi acoperirea
acestora în raport cu o suprafaţă de inventariere de 100 mp. De asemenea, sunt
subliniate şi siturile în care speciile au fost identificate numai în afara releveelor.
În cadrul lucrării, inventarul floristic al zonelor studiate este prezentat
sintetic, cumulat, fiind reprezentat prin listele de specii menţionate pentru fiecare
cenotaxon din cadrul habitatelor descrise. În cadrul asociaţiei respective, pentru
fiecare specie, în paranteză, sunt menţionate limitele de variaţie ale acoperirii,
urmate de indicarea siturilor în care a fost identificat taxonul.
Pentru fiecare habitat sunt prezentate asociaţiile componente, precum şi
speciile inventariate în cadrul acestora. Astfel, pentru fiecare asociaţie sunt

indicate în primul rând speciile cele mai importante pentru conservare, respectiv
cele caracteristice şi/sau edificatoare principale, apoi speciile ameninţate. Restul
speciilor, pentru păduri şi tufărişuri, sunt grupate în funcţie de principalele straturi
ale fitocenozelor ce corespund, în linii mari, şi celor mai importante grupe de
forme biologice (arbori, arbuşti/liane, ierburi/subarbuşti etc.), majoritatea acestora
fiind utilizate cu denumirile respective în lucrările de fitocenologie, inclusiv în cazul
tabelelor brute (IVAN, 1979).
Denumirile habitatelor corespund bazei de date PHYSIS (DEVILLIERS,
DEVILLIERS-TERSHUREN, LINDEN, 1996) în care este expusă clasificarea
habitatelor palearctice, pentru fiecare dintre acestea fiind menţionată şi
corespondenţa cu habitatele de interes comunitar, în conformitate cu Manualul de
Interpretare a habitatelor Uniunii Europene - EUR 27 (EUROPEAN COMISSION,
2007). Într-o altă categorie se încadrează cenotaxonii ce nu sunt cuprinşi încă în
sistemul de clasificare a habitatelor palearctice, aceştia fiind menţionaţi separat.
Corespondenţa între asociaţiile sinonime a fost efectuată în baza publicaţiilor
Vademecum ceno-structural privind covorul vegetal din România (SANDA, 2002),
Sintaxonomia grupărilor vegetale din Dobrogea şi Delta Dunării (SANDA, ARCUŞ,
1999), Biodiversitatea ceno-structurală a învelișului vegetal din România (SANDA,
VICOL, ȘTEFĂNUȚ, 2008). Nomenclatura botanică este în conformitate cu
lucrările Flora ilustrată a României (CIOCÂRLAN, 2000; CIOCÂRLAN, 2009),
Flora Deltei Dunării (CIOCÂRLAN, 1994); Conspectul cormofitelor spontane din
România (SANDA, 1998) şi Lista roşie a plantelor superioare din România
(OLTEAN et alii, 1994). Ultima lucrare a fost utilizată pentru denumirile speciilor
din Lista roşie naţională, menținându-se abrevierea “ssp.” conform acestei
publicații. Trebuie precizat că taxonii amenințați au fost determinați până la nivel
de subspecie, acolo unde acest lucru a fost necesar pentru încadrarea în listele
roșii naționale și europene. Restul taxonilor au fost determinați la nivel de specie,
pentru denumirile acestora fiind utilizate celelalte patru publicaţii. În text trimiterile
la Lista roşie naţională se referă la lucrarea Lista roşie a plantelor superioare din
România (OLTEAN et alii, 1994), iar cele privind Lista roşie europeană respectiv
la publicaţia European Red List of Globally Threatened Animals and Plants
(D46)(UNITED NATIONS, 1991).
Aprecierea preliminară a importanţei şi stării de conservare a speciilor
ameninţate, respectiv a cenotaxonilor/habitatelor, ca bază în estimarea priorităţilor
de conservare, s-a făcut prin stabilirea unor categorii de ameninţare la nivel local
(al zonelor studiate). Pentru primele trei trepte (periclitat, vulnerabil, rar)
denumirile corespund categoriilor IUCN (OLTEAN et alii, 1994). Pentru
următoarele trei trepte, ce pot fi asimilate categoriei de ameninţare IUCN
„neameninţat”, au fost utilizate categoriile de frecvenţă (sporadic, frecvent, foarte
frecvent) menţionate în lucrarea Flora ilustrată a României (CIOCÂRLAN 2000).
Pentru speciile ameninţate s-a stabilit în plus şi o corespondenţă între cele şase
categorii de ameninţare de mai sus şi scara Braun-Blanquet de evaluare a
abundenţei-dominanţei în cadrul releveelor, la care a fost adăugată şi o şaptea
treaptă, „periclitat critic”. Aceasta este aplicabilă în cazul speciilor ierboase cu
acoperire neglijabilă, cu mai puţin de cinci indivizi/releveu, pentru care se poate

considera că populaţiile sunt foarte slab reprezentate, fiind în pragul dispariţiei
locale. Pentru estimarea preliminară a categoriei de amenințare a habitatelor/
cenotaxonilor a fost utilizată o formă adaptată a scării Braun-Blanquet, cu şase
trepte (periclitat-foarte frecvent). Aceasta s-a făcut prin aprecierea limitelor
procentuale din traseul parcurs în zona cercetată între care a fost întâlnit
habitatul/cenotaxonul respectiv. Deși această metodă implică un grad ridicat de
subiectivism, ea este practică și expeditivă, în situația în care nu există posibilitatea
realizării unor lucrări de cartare.
Corespondenţa dintre indicii de abundenţă – dominanţă, frecvența

habitatului şi categoriile de ameninţare pentru specii şi cenotaxoni
Frecvența habitatului în
Indici de abundenţă – Categoria
zona studiată (% din traseul
dominanţă (specii) de ameninţare
parcurs)
r – <5 exemplare/releveu, -
cu acoperire neglijabilă periclitat critic
+ – ≤ 1 % acoperire periclitat + –≤1%
1 – 1-10 % acoperire vulnerabil I – 1-10 %
2 – 10-25 % acoperire rar II – 10-25 %
3 – 25-50 % acoperire sporadic III – 25-50 %
4 – 50-75 % acoperire frecvent IV – 50-75 %
5 – 75-100 % acoperire foarte frecvent V – 75-100 %
Starea de conservare a speciilor și habitatelor/cenotaxonilor a fost apreciată

preliminar prin încadrarea în categorii de amenințare. Astfel, cu cât o specie sau
un habitat/cenotaxon sunt încadrate într-o categorie de amenințare mai ridicată
(vulnerabil, periclitat etc.) cu atât starea de conservare poate fi considerată mai
scăzută, respectiv mai apropiată de nivelul nefavorabil. În plus, în cazul
habitatelor/cenotaxonilor, cu cât numărul de specii amenințate identificate în
cadrul acestora este mai mare, se poate estima că starea de conservare este mai
bună, având în vedere că, în general, acest fel de taxoni sensibili la impactul
activităților umane, sunt considerați indicatori ai stării mediului.
Descrierea peisajului urmărește după caz prezentarea principalelor
componente ale acestuia, respectiv a aspectelor geomorfologice și hidrologice,
corelate cu principalele caracteristici ale covorului vegetal, cu sublinierea
eventualelor zone de mare valoare estetică din aceste puncte de vedere.
Faună. Identificarea și inventarierea speciilor de păsări și mamifere s-a
efectuat prin metoda studiului pe itinerar, parcurgându-se același traseu din cadrul
zonelor cercetate la fiecare deplasare. Pentru efectuarea acestor operațiuni a fost
folosită aparatura optică de specialitate, respectiv binoclul și luneta pentru
observații ornitologice. Toate speciile au fost identificate prin studii proprii. Pentru
încadrarea taxonomică a speciilor s-au utilizat determinatoare de specialitate
(LINȚIA, 1954; MUNTEANU, 2000, 2001; WEBER et alii, 1994). Pentru fiecare
zonă studiată au fost menționate listele cu speciile de păsări care se regăsesc în
anexele cuprinse în O.U.G. nr. 57/ 2007 și în Legea nr. 13/1993.
Geologie, pedologie. Prezentul studiul s-a bazat pe materiale cartografice
tematice și imagini satelitare, în format digital, precum și pe date din studiile de
teren efectuate în diferite puncte ale județului Tulcea. Toate aceste date au fost
corelate între ele, în scopul obținerii unei imagini exacte a structurii geologice și a
învelișului de soluri, în zonele studiate. Datele digitale (care, în unele cazuri, nu
sunt disponibile în scopuri comerciale) au provenit din diferite surse, cum ar fi:
 Harta Geologică a României scara 1: 200000, foile: Focșani (L-35-XXII),
Brăila (L-35-XXVIII), Tulcea (L-35-XXIX), Sulina (L-35-XXX), Călărași
(L-35-XXXIV), Constanța (L-35-XXXV), Mangalia (K-35-V), publicate de
Institutul Geologic al României și oferite în format digital de geo-spatial.org
(earth.unibuc.ro);
 Mozaicul ASTER GDEM Ver2 produs de METI și NASA în cooperare cu
Japan-US ASTER Science Team (www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp);
 Harta unităților de relief (format shapefiles) oferită de geo-spatial.org
(earth.unibuc.ro);
 Harta atributelor (scara 1: 1000000) obținută pe baza European Soil
Database v2 (format de fișiere Google Earth) realizată de European Soil
Data Centre (ESDAC) și oferită prin intermediul European Soil Portal
(eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu);
 ESDB v2 – Raster Library 1kmx1km (format shapefiles) produs de
European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) și oferită prin intermediul European
Soil Portal (eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu);
 Hărțile CORINE Land Cover (format shapefiles) realizate de European
Environment Agency la scara1:100000 în 2006 (www.eea.europa.eu).
În primul rând, prelucrarea datelor s-a realizat prin conversia acestora din
WGS84 în sistemul de proiecție Stereo 70, asamblarea mozaicului ASTER GDEM
Ver2, a Hărții Geologice a României, precum și a straturilor tematice CORINE Land
Cover. Apoi, datele au fost încărcate ca straturi tematice în aplicația Quantum GIS și
analizate în corelație cu informațiile obținute în urma studiilor de teren.
DELTA DUNĂRII V 225
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CIOCÂRLAN, V., 2000, Flora ilustrată a României, Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti.
CIOCÂRLAN, V., 2009, Flora ilustrată a României, Ed. Ceres, Bucureşti.
COTEŢ, P., 1973, Geomorfologia României, Ed. Tehnică, Bucureşti.
CUZIC, V., PETRESCU, M., 2006, Studiul avifaunei şi habitatelor din Podişul
Dobrogean în scopul dezvoltării reţelei de arii protejate,
Delta Dunării III, 153-164.
DEVILLIERS, P., DEVILLIERS-TERSCHUREN, J., LINDEN, C.V., 1996,
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Institute of Natural Sciences.
DIHORU, Gh., DONIŢĂ, N., 1970, Flora şi vegetaţia Podişului Babadag, Ed.
Academiei R.S.R, Bucureşti.
FLOREA, N., MUNTEANU, I., 2003, Sistemul Român de Taxonomie a
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HOREANU, C., 1976A, Vegetaţia pajiştilor xerofile din Podişul Casimcea,
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HOREANU, Cl., 1976B, Vegetaţia pajiştilor xerofile din Podişul Casimcea,
Peuce V, Tulcea, 335-346.
IONESI, L., 1994, Geologia unităţilor de platformă şi a orogenului NORD-
DOBROGEAN, Ed. Tehnică, Bucureşti.
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LINŢIA, D., 1954, Păsările din R.P.R., I – III, Ed. Academiei R.S.R., Bucureşti.
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vârstă precambrian superior din cadrul Seriei şisturilor verzi
226 DELTA DUNĂRII IV
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Academiei Române, Bucureşti: 133-138.
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*** Ordonanţa de Urgenţă a Guvernului nr. 57/2007, M.O. nr. 442/29.06.2007.
Abbreviations
SCI - Site of Community Interest

SPA - Special Protection Area
PLATES
Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum and Festucetum callierii plant communities

– Valea Mahomencea nature reserve
Fraxino orni-Quercetum dalechampii plant community – Edirlen nature reserve

Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi plant community, with the

codominant Digitalis lanata – Mihail Kogălniceanu commune
Festucetum callierii plant community – Măcin town

Gymnospermium altaicae-Celtetum glabratae plant community

– Greci commune
Teucrio polii-Melicetum ciliatae plant community

– Dealul Călugăru-Iancina nature reserve
Carpino-Fagetum subas. tilietosum tomentosae plant community

– Luncavița commune
Stratiotetum aloidis plant community – Chilia commune

Salicetum albae plant community – Maliuc commune
Agropyretum pectiniformae plant community – Beștepe commune

Sedo hillebrandtii-Polytrichetum piliferi plant community on limestone cliffs

– Canaraua Fetii nature reserve
Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae plant community

– Mahmudia commune
Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum plant community - Enisala nature reserve
- Fraxino-Ulmetum and Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum plant communities -

Capul Doloșman nature reserve
Botriochloetum ischaemi and Scirpo-Phragmitetum plant communities- Lacul

Traian nature reserve
Botriochloetum ischaemi plant community with the codominant Paeonia

peregrina - Dealul Bujorului nature reserve
Centaurea napulifera - Cerna commune
Crocus chrysanthus – Isaccea town

Scorzonera mollis – Luncavița commune
Euphorbia myrsinites – Enisala nature reserve

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for DELTA DUNĂRII journal
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V., MIHĂILESCU, S. 1994, Lista roşie a plantelor superioare din
România, Studii, sinteze şi documentaţii de ecologie, nr. 1, Academiei
Române Publishing House, Bucharest.
POPESCU-GORJ, A., COSTEA, Elena, 1961, Cercetări hidrobiologice şi piscicole în

bălţile Oltinei, Hidrobiologia, 2, Academiei R.P.R. Publishing House,
Bucharest: 23-125.
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Publicaţiile Institutului de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale „Gavrilă Simion”,

Tulcea
Periodice
PEUCE
Peuce XI: Rapoarte şi cercetări arheologice, 1995, 418 p.

Peuce XII: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 1996, 407 p.
Peuce XIII: Lucrările Sesiunii ştiinţifice naţionale de conservare-restaurare, Tulcea, 1 - 4
oct. 1996, Tulcea, 2000, 438 p.
Peuce S.N. I (XIV): Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2003, 599 p.
Peuce S.N. II (XV): Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2004, 456 p.
Peuce S.N. III-IV: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2005-2006, 432 p.
Peuce S.N. V: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2007, 380 p.
Peuce S.N. VI: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2008, 395 p.
Peuce S.N. VII: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2009, 465 p.
Peuce S.N. VIII: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2010, 268 p.
Peuce S.N. IX: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2011, 644 p.
Peuce S.N. X: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2012, 338 p.
Peuce S.N. XI: Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, 2013, 378 p
DELTA DUNĂRII
Delta Dunării II: Studii şi cercetări de ştiinţele naturii şi muzeologie. 40 de ani de

activitate a Muzeului de Ştiinţele Naturii „Delta Dunării”, 2004, 237 p.
Delta Dunării III: Studii şi cercetări de ştiinţele naturii şi muzeologie, 2006, 220 p.
Delta Dunării IV: Studii şi cercetări de ştiinţele naturii şi muzeologie, 2012, 316 p.
Cărţi de autor
Steluţa Pârâu, Vasilica Topoleanu, Motive populare româneşti din judeţul Tulcea,
Tulcea, 1982, 78 p.
Florin Topoleanu, Ceramica romană şi romano-bizantină de la Halmyris (sec. I – VII
d.Ch.), Tulcea, 2000, 362 p.
Paul Lucian Tocanie, Colecţia de vase de aramă a Muzeului de Etnografie şi Artă
Populară, Constanţa, 2003,
Victor H. Baumann, Sângele martirilor, Constanţa, 2004, 240 p.
În colecţia BIBLIOTECA ISTRO-PONTICA
Seria Arheologie:
l. V. H. Baumann, Aşezări rurale antice în zona Gurilor Dunării. Contribuţii arheologice

la cunoaşterea habitatului rural (sec. I - IV. p. Chr.), Tulcea, 1995, 447 p.
2. Premier Âge du Fer aux Bouches du Danube et dans les régions autour de la Mer
Noire. Actes du Colloque International, Septembre 1993, Tulcea, Tulcea, 1997,
296 p.
3. La politique édilitaire dans les provinces de l'Empire romain IIème -IVème siècles
après J.-C. Actes du IIIe Colloque Roumano-Suisse, Tulcea, 8 - 15 octobre 1995,
Tulcea, 1998, 284 p.
4. Alexandru Suceveanu, Mihail Zahariade, Florin Topoleanu, Gheorghe Poenaru
Bordea, Halmyris I. Monografie arheologică, Cluj-Napoca, 2003, 320 p.
5. Gavrilă Simion, Culturi antice în zona gurilor Dunării. Vol. I – Preistorie şi protoistorie,
2003, Cluj-Napoca, 408 p.
6. Gavrilă Simion, Opaiţe greco-romane de bronz din România, 2003, Cluj-Napoca, 157 p.
7. Gabriel Jugănaru, Cultura Babadag, I, 2005, Tulcea, 144 p.
8. Sorin Cristian Ailincăi, Începuturile epocii fierului în Dobrogea. Cercetările arheologice
de la Revărsarea, Isaccea, judeţul Tulcea, Brăila, 2013, 238 p.
9. Sorin-Cristian Ailincăi, Alexandra Ţârlea, Cristian Micu (eds.), Din preistoria Dunării
de Jos. 50 de ani de la începutul cercetărilor arheologice la Babadag (1962-
2012). Actele conferinţei „Lower Danube Prehistory. 50 years of excavations at
Babadag”, Tulcea, 20-22 septembrie 2012, Brăila, 2013, 530 p.
Seria Patrimonium:
1. Gabriel Jugănaru (ed.), Aspecte privind prelucrarea şi circulaţia metalelor în

Dobrogea din Preistorie până în Evul Mediu, catalog expoziţie, Tulcea, 2005, 108 p.
2. Papa Elena, 100 de ştergare româneşti din colecţia Muzeului de Artă Populară şi
Etnografie. Motive zoomorfe şi avimorfe , Tulcea, 2007, 72 p.
3. Inventarierea siturilor arheologice din judeţul Tulcea. Studiu de caz: Mormintele
tumulare, I, ed. colectiv autori, Constanţa, 2007, 112 p.
4. The Museum Patrimony of the Lower Danube and the Carpathian Area, in
European Context, Constanţa, 2008, 106 p.
5. Victor H. Baumann, Noviodunum. Şantier arheologic 1995-2009, Bucureşti, 2010,
243 p.
6. Florin Topoleanu, Lămpile antice din colecţiile Muzeului Judeţean de Istorie şi
Arheologie Prahova - Ploieşti, Ploieşti, 2012, 286 p.
7. Iacob, M., Paraschiv, D., Nuţu, G., Mocanu, M., Catalogul expoziţiei „Romanii în
pontul stâng în perioada Principatului”, Tulcea, 2012, 206 p.
8. Lăcrămioara Manea, Circulația cărții vechi românești (manuscrisă și tipărită) în
spațiul nord-dobrogean, Brăila, 2013, 473 p.
Seria Artă:
1. Teodor Hrib, catalog expoziţie de grafică, pictură, sculpturi cinetice şi obiecte, ed.
Ibrahima Keita, Tulcea, 2007, 82 p.
2. Ibrahima Keita, Istoria colecţiilor Muzeului de Artă Tulcea, Brăila, 2014, 220 p.
Seria Monumente:
1. Mihaela Iacob, (L)Ibida. Slava Rusă, nr. 1, 2006, Tulcea, 36 p.
Seria Ştiinţele Naturii:
1. Mihai Petrescu, Cercetări privind biodiversitatea unor ecosisteme forestiere din

Dobrogea de Nord, 2004, Tulcea, 220 p.
2. Mihai Petrescu, Dobrogea şi Delta Dunării. Conservarea florei şi habitatelor, Tulcea,
2007, 354 p.
3.Ghidul ilustrat al mamiferelor sălbatice din România, coord. Mariana Cuzic, Dumitru
Murariu, Constanţa, 2008, 100 p.
Acte ale colocviilor de Arheologie Funerară

e
1. Tombes tumulaires de l’Âge de Fer dans le Sud-Est de l’Europe. Actes du II
Colloque International d’Archéologie Funéraire organisé à Tulcea, Brăila,
Călăraşi et Slobozia, 18 – 24 septembre 1995, Tulcea, 2000, 232 p.
e e e
2. Pratiques funéraires dans l’Europe des XIII – IV s. av. J.-C. Actes du III Colloque
International d’Archéologie Funéraire organisé à Tulcea, 15 – 20 septembre
1997, Tulcea, 2000, 249 p.
3. Pratiques funéraires et manifestations de l’identité culturelle (Âge du Bronze et Âge
e
du Fer. Actes du IV Colloque International d’Archéologie Funéraire, Tulcea,
2006, 276 p.
PUBLICAŢII DE ARTĂ
Dobrogea şi arta plastică, Tulcea, s.a., 178 p.

Ioana Kassargian in memoriam, album; ed. Anca Lulay-Rotărescu, Tulcea, 1997, 92 p.
Simpozionul de gravură contemporană românească. Tulcea, 2000, ed. Ibrahima Keita,
Tulcea, 2002, 198 p.
Marcel Chirnoagă, Cu ocazia împlinirii vârstei de 75 ani, ed. Ibrahima Keita, Tulcea,
2005, 114 p.
Tiberiu Nicorescu (1927 – 1995), ed. Ibrahima Keita, Tulcea, 2006, 61 p.
Cataloage expoziţie:
Teodor Hrib, ed. Ibrahima Keita, 1996, 6 p.

Ioana Balotă, ed. Anca Rotărescu, 1997, 8 p.
Centenar Ciucurencu (1903 – 1977), ed. Ibrahima Keita, Tulcea, 2003, 38 p.
Ştefan Iacobescu (1937 – 2001), ed. Ibrahima Keita, Tulcea, 2005, 14 p.
PUBLICAŢII ANIVERSARE
Istro-Pontica. Muzeul tulcean la a 50-a aniversare 1950 – 2000, eds. M. Iacob, E.

Oberländer-Târnoveanu, Fl. Topoleanu, Tulcea, 2000, 652 p.
Omagiu lui Gavrilă Simion la a 80-a aniversare, eds. S. Ailincăi, C. Micu, Fl. Mihail,
Tulcea, 2008, 298 p.
Istro-Pontica 2. Sesiunea Naţională de Comunicări Ştiinţifice - Secţiunea Etnografie,

eds. Steluţa Pârâu, Iuliana Titov, Brăila, 2014, 153 p.
Istro-Pontica II. Studii şi comunicări de istorie a Dobrogei. Actele sesiunii naţionale de

comunicări ştiinţifice "ISTRO-PONTICA. Tulcea 505 ani de la prima atestare
documentară", Tulcea, 28-30 septembrie 2011, eds. Aurel-Daniel STĂNICĂ,
Cristian Micu, Brăila, 275 p.

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DANUBE DELTA V

TULCEA COUNTY COUNCIL

Studies and research of natural sciences and museology

Corespondenţa, schimburile de carte şi comenzile se vor trimite la:

GAVRILĂ SIMION ECO-MUSEUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The authors bear full responsibility for

Cover illustration: I – Şontea channel – photo: Cristina Dinu

This volume represents an enhancement in value of researches

PhD. Eng. Mihai PETRESCU (scientific researcher II)

PhD. Eng. Viorel CUZIC (scientific researcher III)

PhD. Valentin PANAIT (scientific researcher III)

Eng. Mariana CUZIC (museograph IA)

PhD. Adina Maria RĂDULESCU (scientific researcher III)

PhD. Eng. Cristina DINU (scientific researcher III)

ECO-MUSEUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Danube Delta Ecotourism Museum Centre

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL

Research concerning the natural heritage of Beştepe commune

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE NATURAL

Rezumat ........................................................................................... 220

Contributions to the knowledge of the natural heritage

Flora, vegetation, habitats, landscape. The on-site research consisted in

necessary to separate Sedum urvillei subsp. hillebrandtii from Sedum urvillei

The correspondence between the dominance, habitat frequency

The conservation status was preliminary assessed by threat categories.

Research concerning the natural heritage

Mihai PETRESCU, Viorel CUZIC, Valentin PANAIT, Mariana CUZIC

ACCESS: Road DJ222C Tulcea-Beștepe

GEOLOGY AND PEDOLOGY

FLORA, VEGETATION, HABITATS

15. A2124 Western Pontic saltmarsh rush saline meadows

15. A21275 Western Pontic Cynodon saline beds

15. A2143 Western Ponto-Caspian saltmarsh grass swards

22.422 Small pond weeds communities

31.8B721 Ponto-Sarmatic hawthorn-blackthorn scrub

31.8B731 Western Pontic jasmine Christ’s thorn scrub

34. A2111 Western Pontic sand pioneer grass

34.92 Ponto-Sarmatic steppes

DBBE), Convolvulus arvensis (+; DBBE), Erysimum diffusum (+; DBBE),

34.9211 Western Pontic thyme steppes

44.4 Mixed oak-elm-ash forests of great rivers

53.1111 Freshwater Phragmites beds

53.1121 Dry freshwater Phragmites beds

53.132 Lesser reedmace beds

Ficedula albicollis, Parus cristatus, Parus caeruleus, Parus major, Certhia

Mammals. The total number of species found in the area Beştepe

Research concerning the natural heritage

ACCESS: Road DN22 Tulcea-Măcin, DJ222L Măcin-Carcaliu

GEOLOGY AND PEDOLOGY

FLORA, VEGETATION, HABITATS

endangered plant communities prevail, only one of them being vulnerable. No

46.1621 Lower Danube willow galleries

44.6611 Western Pontic white poplar galleries

44.6612 Western Pontic white-black poplar galleries

Butometum umbellatae Konczak 1968, an endangered plant community

Carduelis spinus, Carduelis chloris, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis carduelis,

Research concerning the natural heritage

ACCESS: Road DN22D Tulcea-Cerna