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    Blood Agents and Their Countermeasures-2018

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    Rajib Amin
    This document discusses blood agents and their countermeasures. It provides lethal dose values for various blood agents including hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, sodium cyanide, and cyanogen bromide. It explains that blood agents produce cyanide ion which binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing cells from using oxygen and producing energy. Symptoms of hydrogen cyanide poisoning range from mild effects like headaches to respiratory and cardiac arrest at very high doses. Several countermeasures are outlined that work by oxidizing iron, binding to cyanide, or displacing cyanide from heme to reverse its toxic effects. These include sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, 4-DMAP, hydroxocobalamin, dicobalt ED

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    Blood Agents and Their Countermeasures-2018

    Uploaded by

    Rajib Amin
    45 views1 page
    This document discusses blood agents and their countermeasures. It provides lethal dose values for various blood agents including hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, sodium cyanide, and cyanogen bromide. It explains that blood agents produce cyanide ion which binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing cells from using oxygen and producing energy. Symptoms of hydrogen cyanide poisoning range from mild effects like headaches to respiratory and cardiac arrest at very high doses. Several countermeasures are outlined that work by oxidizing iron, binding to cyanide, or displacing cyanide from heme to reverse its toxic effects. These include sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, 4-DMAP, hydroxocobalamin, dicobalt ED

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    A document about blood agents

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    Blood Agents and their Countermeasures-2018

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    This document discusses blood agents and their countermeasures. It provides lethal dose values for various blood agents including hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, sodium cyanide, and cyanogen bromide. It explains that blood agents produce cyanide ion which binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing cells from using oxygen and producing energy. Symptoms of hydrogen cyanide poisoning range from mild effects like headaches to respiratory and cardiac arrest at very high doses. Several countermeasures are outlined that work by oxidizing iron, binding to cyanide, or displacing cyanide from heme to reverse its toxic effects. These include sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, 4-DMAP, hydroxocobalamin, dicobalt ED

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views1 page

    Blood Agents and Their Countermeasures-2018

    Uploaded by

    Rajib Amin
    This document discusses blood agents and their countermeasures. It provides lethal dose values for various blood agents including hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, sodium cyanide, and cyanogen bromide. It explains that blood agents produce cyanide ion which binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing cells from using oxygen and producing energy. Symptoms of hydrogen cyanide poisoning range from mild effects like headaches to respiratory and cardiac arrest at very high doses. Several countermeasures are outlined that work by oxidizing iron, binding to cyanide, or displacing cyanide from heme to reverse its toxic effects. These include sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, 4-DMAP, hydroxocobalamin, dicobalt ED

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    ORGANISATION FOR THE

    PROHIBITION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS Working Together For a World Free of Chemical Weapons

    Blood Agents and their Countermeasures


    Hydrogen Cyanide Cyanogen Sodium Cyanide Cyanogen Bromide
    LD50* LD50* LD50* LD50*
    Inhalation 300 mg/kg Inhalation 350 mg/kg Ingestion 64 mg/kg Inhalation 39 –52 mg/kg
    Ingestion 50 – 200 mg/kg Skin 10 - 15 mg/kg Skin 77 mg/kg Ingestion 25-50 mg/kg
    Skin 100 mg/kg Skin 250-1000 mg/kg
    * LD50: Median lethal dose in humans extrapolated from animals, toxicological profile of Cyanide, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

    Effect Cyanide ion (CN-)


    Produced by blood agents

    Inhalation

    Ingestion Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin

    Skin
    (Adsorption)
    - Cyanide ion (CN-) binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in red
    Heme-Cyanide
    blood cells.
    Complex
    - It distributes throughout the body via the bloodstream where it binds to the
    metabolic enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. This prevents cells from using oxygen
    and producing energy.
    - Symptoms of hydrogen cyanide poisoning:
     Headache, nausea, dizziness (mild doses)

     Convulsions and coma (high doses)

     Respiratory and cardiac arrest (very high doses)

    Countermeasures including
    Structure Effect
    supportive measures
    Nitrite oxidizes iron from the ferrous (+2) state to
    the ferric (+3) state, increasing the concentration of
    circulating ferric ion which competes for cyanide
    Sodium nitrite/ Sodium Thiosulfate NaNO2/ Na2S2O3 binding to the ferric ion of cytochrome c oxidase.
    (administered intravenously) Sodium thiosulfate binds to cyanide to produce
    thiocyanate, which is less toxic and eliminated via
    the kidneys.

    4-Dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP) Oxidizes iron from ferrous (+2) to ferric (+3) state at
    (administered intravenously) a faster rate then sodium nitrite.

    Hydroxocobalamin
    (a form of Vitamin B12 , administered
    intravenously)
    Binds to cyanide to form a complex that can be
    cleared from the body via the kidneys.

    Dicobalt EDTA
    Caution: High incidents of side effects have
    been observed in patients receiving this
    treatment.

    Reverses cyanide inhibition of the enzyme


    Nitrocobinamide NO2-vitamin B12
    cytochrome c oxidase.
    Potentiates activity of other counter-measures by
    Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy O2 -
    displacing CN from heme.
    @OPCW
    www.opcw.org @OPCW_ST

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