OPQ32r Norm Update: Technical Documentation

Technical Manual
OPQ32r Norm Update

Technical Documentation
Copyright © 2011 by SHL Group Ltd

OPQ32r Norm Update
Table of Contents
Table of Contents........................................................................................... 2
Executive Summary ....................................................................................... 3
Background .................................................................................................... 4
Norms/comparison groups .................................................................................................... 4
Norms and benchmarks ........................................................................................................ 5
Types of norm groups ............................................................................................................ 5
Population norm................................................................................................................. 5
User norm .......................................................................................................................... 6
Local norm ......................................................................................................................... 6
Process ........................................................................................................... 7
Criteria for creating norm groups ........................................................................................... 7
General population norms ................................................................................................. 9
General work population norms ......................................................................................... 9
Managerial and professional norms .................................................................................. 9
Senior manager norms ...................................................................................................... 9
Graduate norms ................................................................................................................. 9
Industry specific norms ...................................................................................................... 9
Issues .................................................................................................................................. 10
Overview of types of updates .............................................................................................. 11
Consistency Score ............................................................................................................... 12
Impact of changing to new norms........................................................................................ 14
Group comparisons ..................................................................................... 15
Gender Differences ............................................................................................................. 17
Education ............................................................................................................................. 18
Managers and non-managers ............................................................................................. 19
Age ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Ethnic background ............................................................................................................... 21
Industry clusters................................................................................................................... 22
References ................................................................................................... 25
Appendices .................................................................................................. 26
Appendix A: Overview of new norms................................................................................... 26
Appendix B: Group analyses ............................................................................................... 28
By Gender ........................................................................................................................ 28
By Age ............................................................................................................................. 33
By Job Level: Manager – non-manager .......................................................................... 37
By Industry cluster ........................................................................................................... 41
By Ethnic background ...................................................................................................... 49
By Education .................................................................................................................... 50
2
OPQ32r Norm Update
Executive Summary
This document describes the process of the 2011 OPQ32r norm update in which 92 norms
were created, spanning 24 languages and 37 countries/regions.
The key aim of the current norm update was to provide theta norms to cover the existing
OPQ32r language and norm group types, where there was sufficient data available to do so.
Completely new norm groups were only created where a review of the data suggested this
would make goodt use of the information available. These norms replace the previous norms
that were obtained through equating procedures to OPQ32i equivalent raw scores and which
were then normed using existing OPQ32i norm tables.
An overview of the new norms and updates is provided. In addition, group comparisons (e.g.
gender, age, managerial level, industry sector) are presented as well as impact analyses
showing the effect of switching from the old to the new norms.
Fact sheets that provide information on the language, country and demographic composition
(e.g. gender, age, managerial level, ethnic background if appropriate) are available for each
of the new norm groups on the SHL Central Product Library.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Background
This document is a supplement to the OPQ32r Technical Manual (2009-2011) and describes
the process of the 2011 OPQ32r norm update. The key aim of this norm update was to
provide theta norms to cover the existing OPQ32r language and norm group types, where
there was sufficient data available to do so, and to advance norms by using recent, theta
score based data and balancing demographics where possible. Completely new norm groups
were also created where a review of the data suggested additional possibilities to make best
use of the information available to meet client needs.
In total, 92 norms were updated, spanning 24 languages and 37 countries/regions. Twenty

one completely new norms were created (for example, OPQ32r Arabic General Population
2011 GCC). For 19 norms the old equated norm is still available. An overview of all OPQ32r
norms including sample size is provided in the Appendix. For each norm a separate one-page
summary is available that provides descriptions of the respective norm group which includes
gender, age, education, industry sector and, if available, ethnic composition.
Norms/comparison groups
Norms are part of the measurement procedure: they provide the scaling that is needed to
assign a value and meaning to the raw scores obtained from an instrument. These raw scores
are largely determined by a person's trait level. However, they also depend, to a greater or
lesser degree (Bartram, 2008), on:
 Demographics:
o Endogenous factors: biological characteristics such as gender, age, or race
o Exogenous factors: environmental characteristics such as educational level
and type, job level and type, organization, industrial sector, labour market,
language, culture
 Temporal factors (for example, generational effects)
 Assessment factors including format (e.g. supervised session, remote administration)
and setting (e.g. pre-screening, selection, development, research)
Any norm group (or reference or comparison group) can be thought of as reflecting a
particular profile of these factors, and hence enables us to relate a person's score to a well-
defined reference group. In practice, some of these factors may have little or no effect on
scores. For example, mode of administration (i.e. online and paper & pencil) has been shown
to have no significant effect on the psychometric properties of the OPQ32 (Bartram & Brown,
2004). In other cases factors such as demographic composition and culture might have more
substantial or consistent effects on the expressed levels of a trait.
The output scores from OPQ32r are theta values. Theta refers to the scale score in IRT
models that measure a latent trait, such as a personality construct, and typically ranges from
-3 to +3. The IRT-based methodology of recovering normative data and computing theta
scores from forced choice triplets as used in the OPQ32r is described in the OPQ32r
Technical Manual (SHL, 2009-2011) and Brown and Maydeu-Olivares (2011). Theta norms
provide the means of converting these theta values into more familiar sten scores, where
each scale has a mean of 5.5 and a standard deviation of 2.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Norms and benchmarks

Organizations may be interested in having custom norms based on a job group or business
function, or their organization. For norms we are aiming at samples with a good distribution
that are representative of the applicant population, not the job holder population; the norm
should consist of people with whom the applicant should be compared – these are usually
other applicants applying for similar jobs. Creating very specialised customised norms (e.g.,
data collected with sales people) will, however, result in profiles that exaggerate differences.
For example, sales people tend to score higher on the OPQ scale persuasive. If normed on a
sales sample, an applicant for a sales job might come out as lower on persuasive (e.g. sten 4)
compared to other sales people because the distribution would be stretched at the top end.
Compared to a broader work population group the same person could be sten 7. Sten 4
would be misleading in this case as the person is more persuasive than most people in the
work population and sten 7 may indicate a level of persuasiveness that meets the job
requirement.
Job holder populations are more appropriate for benchmarks: once people are in the job, one
can compare them against other people in the same job in the same or other organizations.
Benchmarks describe the performance of some specific reference group, such as „top
performers in finance roles in organization X‟. These are typically defined in terms of a mean
and SD and may relate to quite small samples – i.e. less than those required to define a norm
group. Benchmarks are useful for seeing whether people are at, above, or below them.
Scores of individuals or groups (e.g. a sales team) can be compared against the mean of an
appropriate benchmark (e.g. data collected with successful sales people globally) without
rescaling or re-norming their scores. It is not appropriate to produce „norm‟ profiles (e.g.
scores or Stens), using a benchmark, as the score distributions are likely to be distorted.
However, one might use a 3-Grade or 5-Grade percentile-based system of classification.
When industry-specific norms such as Finance & Insurance are created, they should be
drawn from applicant samples with a good distribution. Customised norms can be developed
if the data collected with one particular organization has a good distribution. A potential issue
is that the client organization might attract a specific type of applicant group which could affect
the distribution of the data. Larger data sets drawn from a diverse applicant source are
generally more desirable.
Types of norm groups

There are three main 'types' of norm groups.
Population norm
This is produced by careful proactive sampling from a well-defined population (e.g. the
UKstandardisation sample for the OPQ32n). This type of norm requires a large sample and
careful control of the sampling. Weighting can be used to match proportions in the population
(e.g. if only 45% of the sample are male but 49% of the population are male, the weight given
to males' data can be increased to re-balance this). Genuine population norms which are
representative of a specific population are rare in the field of work and organizational
assessment, mainly because users are primarily interested in more focused reference groups.
One generally wants to know how someone who applies for a job in an organization
compares with people who apply for this sort of job in similar types of organization. One is
less likely to be interested in how they compare with people 'in general'.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
User norm
User norms refer to some particular user group, such as graduate applicants. The main
requirement here is to sample sufficient different organizations within the industry to be sure
that the final norm is representative of this group. These norms are described in terms of how
well they relate to the intended population, and are documented in terms of how the sampling
was carried out. User norms need to be based on a sufficient number of people to provide a
reliable distribution of scores. In practice caution is recommended when using norm groups
much smaller than 300 people, though in some cases, where specific norms are drawn from
very limited populations smaller samples may be appropriate. All new OPQ32r norms are
user norms, so these are the focus of the norm update.
Local norm
A local norm is based on a single client source. Similarly to the population norm, the local
norm group may be systematically sampled from that employer's workforce or applicant pool.
Local norms, too, need to be based on a sufficient number of people to provide a reliable
distribution of scores (see above).
OPQ32 norms are created based on three key factors:

 OPQ32 instrument language, for example, UK English, US English, Norwegian,
Hungarian, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese
 Key demographics category: the great majority of norms for the OPQ32r are based
on three key “job levels” of norms: Graduate, Managerial & Professional and General
(Work) Population. A small number of norms are based on data from a specific
industry (e.g. Customer Service & Sales, Finance and Insurance), however these are
very much the exception.
 Country: the country, group of countries or region in which the people who
completed the OPQ32r in a particular language are based (e.g. France, India, USA,
the Middle East).
There are a number of different possible combinations of OPQ32r instrument language and
Country, including:
 The language and country are directly linked. For example, “OPQ32r German
Graduate 2001 (Germany)”, is based on graduates in Germany who completed the
OPQ32r in the German language version.
 A language is used in a number of different countries that are close geographically or
form a region and there is one norm group across these countries. For example,
OPQ32r Arabic General Population (Middle East), reflects OPQ32r in Arabic used
across a range of middle eastern countries,
 A language is used in a range of different countries, and there are separate norm
groups for these countries. For example, the OPQ32r in UK English is also in a
number of countries other than Great Britain, including Australia, India and Egypt. We
therefore have norms such as: OPQ32r UK English General Population (Australia);
OPQ32r UK English General Population (India); OPQ32r UK English General
Population (Egypt).
For each norm group a fact sheet is provided with information on the language, country and
demographic composition (e.g. gender, age, managerial level, ethnic background if
appropriate). These can be found on the SHL Central Product Library. The criteria used for
creating new norm groups are described below under the process section.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Process
The OPQ32r norms were created by following clearly defined standards such as
appropriateness for use (whether local or international norms), appropriateness for intended
applications, sample size and providing information on effects of age and gender and
minority/protected group differences where appropriate, based on the European Federation of
Psychologists Associations (EFPA) Test Review Criteria, Version 3.4 (EFPA, 2005).
As stated earlier, a norm should be representative of the applicant population and therefore
consist of people with whom the applicant will be compared (Cronbach, 1990). The updated
norms are based on data collected with individuals who completed the OPQ32r for
assessment purposes in a selection or development context. Most of the data was collected
between September 2009 and February 2011. Norms were directly generated from OPQ32r
1
theta score distributions using standard transformation procedures .
Criteria for creating norm groups

Criteria for creating different types of norm groups are outlined below. These were in line with
the defined standards above.
Sample size
For general work population norms a sample size of N ≥ 600 was set and for specific user
norms such as managerial & professional and graduates it was N ≥ 300. These are in line
with the Test Review Criteria of the European Federation of Psychologists Associations
(EFPA) Test Review Criteria. However, there are a small number of norms that did not meet
these criteria (e.g. OPQ32r Traditional Chinese General Population for Hong Kong & Taiwan):
N=564). There are also some norm groups that have relatively small sample sizes in relation
to what would be expected in relation to the overall population size (e.g. OPQ32r Traditional
Chinese Graduate for Greater China - China, HK, Taiwan: N=306). These smaller sample
sizes are the result of missing demographics data (bio data) which is required for creating
such norms: data which did not have suitable demographics information (see below) could not
be included in the norm group. For most norms data was excluded when gender and industry
were not available.
Demographics data (bio data)

For all norms information on gender and industry sector was required and it was deemed
desirable to provide information on age, education, managerial level and ethnic composition
where appropriate. This was not always possible, so additional steps were taken for a small
number of norms where information on gender and industry sector was only available for
some of the data (see Issues).
Gender: the ratio of male to female is about 60:40 for most norm groups, which is
representative of OPQ32r applicant data for most language or country versions. If the male
female ratio exceeded 65:35, the data was cut down to reflect 60:40, unless another ratio was
more appropriate for a region or specific sample such as the general work population norm for
Saudi Arabia (89:11).
1 Sten scores were obtained by normalising data using percentile cut points that divide the distribution
into percentile bands corresponding to the appropriate standard score intervals.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Industry sector: for most of the data information on industry sector was available based on the
industry classification in Table 1. Industry sectors were grouped into the following six
overarching industry clusters, as these showed some differences on OPQ scale scores:
1. Consulting & Professional Services (PS)
2. Finance and Insurance
3. Technology and Telecoms
4. Education, government, health, non profit
5. Consumer Services
6. Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation and Utilities
Analyses were carried out for some of the norm groups to examine differences on OPQ scale
scores by industry cluster. These are described in the Group Comparisons section. Most
OPQ32 scales showed only small differences when compared by industry sector (small
overall effect size). When industry clusters were compared, however, by the lowest and
highest OPQ scores, effect sizes were larger. Mean sten scores by industry cluster are
provided in the Appendix.
Table 1: Overview of industry sectors by industry cluster.

Industry Sectors Industry Clusters
Consulting Consulting and Professional Services (PS)
Professional Services Consulting and Professional Services (PS)
Partner Consulting and Professional Services (PS)
Recruitment Consulting and Professional Services (PS)
Distributor Consulting and Professional Services (PS)
Financial Services Finance and Insurance
Insurance Finance and Insurance
Telecommunications Technology and Telecoms
Technology Technology and Telecoms
Software Manufacturing Technology and Telecoms
Education Education, Government, Healthcare, Non Profit
Government and Policy Education, Government, Healthcare, Non Profit
Healthcare Education, Government, Healthcare, Non Profit
Non-profit Education, Government, Healthcare, Non Profit
Media Consumer Services
Entertainment Consumer Services
Travel & Tourism Consumer Services
Hotels and Restaurants Consumer Services
Leisure Consumer Services
Food and Beverage Consumer Services
Retail and Wholesale Consumer Services
Transportation Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation and Utilities
Manufacturing Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation and Utilities
Construction Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation and Utilities
Utilities Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation and Utilities
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OPQ32r Norm Update
General population norms

As described earlier, a general population norm needs to be sampled carefully and, if
necessary, stratified to make it representative of a given population. The OPQ32n general
population norm (1999) is based on a representative sample of the British population
collected by the Office of National Statistics in parallel to their Labour Force Survey. This
survey sampled people from all socio-economic, educational and occupational backgrounds
throughout the UK. In the current norm update no general population norms were created that
meet these criteria.
General work population norms

All OPQ32r norm groups that are labelled „general population norm‟ are work population
norms. They are user norms as they may not be representative of the general work
population of a given country or regional group, but they are drawn from a diverse applicant
and job incumbent group. The general work population norms include people actively seeking
employment and people in employment; it is therefore a generic norm of people who can be
employed, including people not currently in employment, students, and graduates (varying
employment length and all education levels).
A minimum sample size of N=600 was aimed for. Most norm groups achieved this. However,
for a small number of countries this was not possible, given the data and demographics
obtained. Three general population norms have a sample size smaller than 600, including
OPQ32r in Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong and Taiwan): N=564, OPQ32r in Thai (Thailand):
N=527 and OPQ32r in UK English (Egypt): N=531. These will be updated as and when
sufficient new data is available. For some countries demographics were not available for the
full data set. In these cases, norm composition is described for a subset of the overall norm.
To ensure that the norm composition of this subset was representative of the overall sample,
analyses were carried out comparing the subset of data where demographics where available
to the overall sample where data was missing (see also section on Issues). Results of these
analyses are provided in the Appendix. Thirty nine General Work Population norms were
created.
Managerial and professional norms

These include people in employment (executive, senior manager, manger, supervisor, team
leader, employee or self employed) and graduates with at least 2 years work experience
(where information was available) and excluded students. The minimum sample size for this
norm was 300. Based on these criteria, 31 Managerial & Professional norms were created.
Senior manager norms

These are based on data collected with managers at senior level and above and have a
minimum sample size of 300. One senior manager norm was created.
Graduate norms
These include individuals with at least an undergraduate level of education who were not
employed or had work experience of less than 5 years and were in a non-managerial position.
The minimum sample size for this norm was 300. 18 Graduate norms were created.
Industry specific norms

These were general work population norms with high proportion of candidates from one
particular industry sector or cluster. The minimum size for this norm was 600 and three such
norms were created (customer services and sales, finance and insurance, financial services).
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 2 provides an overview of sample sizes by norm type. Sample sizes ranged from 300 to
22617 and the average sample size across all 92 norms was 2208.
Table 2: Overview of sample sizes by norm type.

Job-level specific
General work norms
Industry
Sample size of All norms population
specific norms (e.g. managerial &
individual norms N=92 norms
N=3 professional)
N=39
N=50
Mean 2208 3193 2747 1408
Median 1103 1519 2747 740
Min 300 527 1670 300
Max 22617 22617 4456 8207
Issues
For some norm groups there was insufficient OPQ32r data available or demographics data
(bio data) was missing. In these cases additional steps were followed which are described
below.
Lack of OPQ32r data:

 OPQ32i data was rescored. The OPQ32r contains a subset of OPQ32i items which
was used to rescore the OPQ32i, thereby creating the OPQ32r equivalent theta
scores (see OPQ32r Technical Manual, 2009-2011 for details). There are 10 Norms
based on rescored OPQ32i data.
 OPQ32r and re-scored OPQ32i theta data were combined. Four norms are based on
a combined OPQ32r and re-scored OPQ32i data set.
 The existing equated norm was retained with the intention to replace it when data is
available.
Lack of demographics (bio data):

For any particular sample, there was generally some subset of the data where demographics
information was available. Where this subsample was large, the remaining data were ignored.
However, it is also possible to consider the subset lacking demographics and compare its
distribution to that for which demographics is available. Where the two are the same or very
similar, it can be concluded that the subset for which demographics are unknown is not a
biased sample and is likely to have had a similar demographic distribution. For this reason
data where no job level information was available, were compared to data with job level
information. For most norm groups where this analysis was conducted, the differences were
negligible. Where larger differences were found, further analysis suggested that this could be
explained by the differences between industry clusters. Were sufficient data were available,
the distribution of industry clusters was then balanced by removing some of the data (through
random selection). Data with and without the missing demographics (e.g. job level) were
compared again. In such cases data with missing demographics (e.g. job level) were included
in the general work population norm and information provided for the subset of data where
demographics were available (see Fact sheets for demographics by norm group).
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Overview of types of updates

Table 3 gives an overview of the type of updates carried out for the OPQ32r theta norms. An
overview of all new OPQ32r norms is provided in the Appendix.
Table 3: Overview of the types of norm updates.
Update Examples No. Old No. New

Explanation
Norms Norms
The new norm replaces an old norm 89 62

The old norm has
with the same type of sample
been replaced with a
Same Sample composition. For example, Danish
norm based on the
Type Managerial & Professional 2011
same type of sample
replaces Danish Managerial &
composition.
Professional 2007.
The new norm replaces an old norm 16 9

but has a slightly different sample
The old norm has
composition. Examples include (i) US
been replaced with a
English Senior Managers and
norm based on a
Executives 2011 (USA) replaces US
Similar slightly different
English (US) Executive Norm 2005;
Sample Type sample composition,
and (ii) Latin American Spanish
but is suitable for
General Population 2011 (Pan
replacing an old
America) replaces Latin American
norm.
Spanish (Venezuela) General
Population Norm 2006.
A newly created A newly created norm. Examples n/a 21

Entirely New norm, a norm of this include: (i) UKE Managerial &
Norm type was not Professional 2011 (Singapore) (ii) UKE
previously available. General Population 2011 (Egypt).
The old norm cannot be updated due to 19 n/a

The old norm will not
a lack of data, however it will be
Continue to be updated but will be
included in the latest theta norm sets, to
use old norm included in the latest
ensure coverage for that language
norm sets.
and/or level.
The old norm will be retired. Norms 35 n/a

were chosen for retirement based on a
number of factors, including: a newer
The old norm will be
Retired non-theta norm also being available,
retired.
very low usage of the norm, very limited
data available to update it, or a very
small original norm sample size.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Consistency Score
Rationale
For OPQ32r, a Consistency Score is provided to show whether a respondent has answered in
a consistent manner. Respondents who understood the task, and were motivated to answer
the questionnaire honestly and accurately, would tend to respond in a consistent manner
when presented with similar items. However, respondents who were trying to distort their
answers, or choosing those items they thought would be viewed most positively, or not paying
attention to the way they were answering, would tend to be inconsistent in their answers. The
logic of the Consistency Score is to measure how consistent the responses are with one‟s
true scores.
Scoring
To explore consistent responding with blocks of three items (“triplets”), first it is necessary to
recode responses into paired comparisons. When rank-ordering statements, respondents
perform mental paired comparisons of all available options, that is, every statement is
compared with every other one. For an item to qualify to be “most like me”, it has to be
compared with the two remaining items and “win”. Similarly, to be “least like me” the item has
to be compared with the two remaining items and “lose”. Responses to each triplet can be
recoded into three paired comparisons (i.e. responses to the triplet (A, B, C) are recoded into
paired comparisons {A, B}, {A, C} and {B, c}).
Responding consistently with one‟s true scores means that the probability of each observed
response (binary outcome of a paired comparison in the triplets) should be higher than the
chance level (higher than 0.5). Generally, this means preferring items from scales where one
has higher true scores to items from scales where one has lower true scores.
The probability of preferring one item to the other in a pair is determined by the respondent‟s
standing on the two associated underlying traits. After the optimum combination of trait scores
that maximises the probability of the observed response pattern for an individual is found, the
probability of each observed binary outcome is evaluated to see if it is above or below 0.5.
The probabilities are computed very precisely using IRT, taking into account item
characteristics in the pairs and the individual‟s trait standings. The scoring places no
importance on how likely the response is, as long as it is over the chance level of 0.5.
Counting responses with probability above 0.5 and calculating their ratio to all responses
provides the Consistency Ratio, which is the basis of the OPQ32r Consistency Score.
Conversion of the Consistency Ratio to the 10 point Consistency Score (Table 4) is designed
so that most random responding will obtain a Consistency Score of 1 (99.6%) and the
majority of real responding will obtain a Consistency Score of 5 or above (94.1%). Indeed, a
simulation study generated 1000 random response cases and 997 of them obtained a
Consistency Score of 1 (99.7%). This shows that the consistency score is very effective in
identifying random responding. An illustration of the converted Consistency Score
distributions is given in Figure 1, showing clear differentiation between random and real
responding.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 4. The Consistency Score

Consistency Score % of real responding % of random responding
1 0.62% 99.62%
2 0.81% 0.28%
3 1.60% 0.08%
4 2.87% 0.02%
5 4.66% 0.00%
6 33.91% 0.00%
7 38.98% 0.00%
8 14.69% 0.00%
9 1.79% 0.00%
10 0.07% 0.00%
Figure 1. Consistency Score distributions
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Random responding Real responding
Interpretation
The 10 point Consistency Score is not a Sten score and needs to be interpreted differently.
Table 5 provides some rough guidelines as to how to interpret the Consistency Score.
Table 5. Interpretation of the Consistency Score

Consistency score Interpretation
1  About 0.6% of real responding would obtain a Consistency Score
of 1.
 About 99.6% of random responding would obtain a Consistency
Score of 1.
 Random responding is almost guaranteed.
2–4  About 5% of real responding would obtain a Consistency Score
between 2 and 4.
 Less than 0.5% of random responding would obtain a Consistency
Score of 2 or above.
 Real responding is more likely but cannot rule out the possibility of
random responding completely.
5 – 10  About 94% of real responding would obtain a Consistency Score of
5 or above.
 Real responding is almost guaranteed.
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Impact of changing to new norms

The impact of changing from the old equated norms to the improved updated OPQ32r norms
is likely to be small; comparing the old and new norm, most people are likely to fall within the
same or one sten below or above the old equated sten score. As described above, the new
norms were created so that they matched the old norms in terms of demographics where
possible; for example, managerial & professional norm groups are based on data that
includes a similarly high percentage of managers as the old data (where this data was
available). Differences are attributable to some sample differences and the fact that the old
norms were equated. Figure 2 gives an example of the impact by plotting the OPQ32 mean
scores using the old equated norm and the new updated norm for a sample of 2473
individuals (based on the OPQ32r in US English, data collected in the US and Canada). A
new norm was created based on this sample in order to compare old and new sten scores.
The mean is 5.5 for the new norm as it is based on this data set. The same OPQ32r theta
scores were used with the two norms and as can be seen, differences between the old and
new norm are very small.
Figure 2: OPQ32 mean scores plotted using the old and new norm.
Sten score
10
New norm
9
Equated norm
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Affiliative
Worrying
Innovative
Outspoken
Caring
Decisive
Independent Minded
Conventional
Vigorous
Competitive
Evaluative
Socially Confident
Democratic
Conscientious
Outgoing
Behavioural
Adaptable
Relaxed
Controlling
Achieving
Conceptual
Tough Minded
Optimistic
Detail Conscious
Modest
Data Rational
Variety Seeking
Persuasive
Trusting
Forward Thinking
Rule Following
Emotionally Controled
OPQ32 scales
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OPQ32r Norm Update
Group comparisons
Group comparisons on OPQ32r scale scores were conducted for Gender, Education,
Managerial responsibility (manager and non-manager) and Ethnic group using effect sizes,
following conventions suggested by Cohen (1988): small, 0.2 (0.4 sten), medium, 0.5 (1 sten)
and large, 0.8 (1.6 sten). For practical applications a medium effect is defined here as equal
to or larger than 0.5 sten (0.25 d score) and a large effect as equal to or exceeding 1.5 sten
(0.75 d score). Rounding these stens would result in 1 sten for a medium and 2 stens for a
large effect. Effects smaller than 0.5 sten are considered as having little practical impact.
For relationships with age correlations were carried out and mean differences examined (for
over and under 40 years). To assess differences on OPQ32r scales by industry sector,
ANOVAs were conducted and effect sizes compared of the highest and lowest scoring
groups. Tables providing mean values, standard deviations, effect sizes or r values are
presented in the Appendix. Results are summarised in the following sections. Four samples
were used to examine group comparisons on the OPQ32r scales (see Table 6 for sample
descriptives):
 UK English (N= 22615)

 US English (N= 5437)
 Chinese simplified (N= 3322)
 A combined Northern European data set (Danish, German, Swedish, Dutch,
Norwegian, French Belgian, N= 46571)
Table 6: Overview of samples used for the group comparisons.
Sample
Sample
details China Northern Europe UK US
Subgroup
(Demographic
Category)
Sample % of Sample % of Sample % of Sample % of
Size (N) Sample Size (N) Sample Size (N) Sample Size (N) Sample
Male 2028 61.05 28664 61.54 13804 61.03 3457 63.58

Gender Female 1294 38.95 17911 38.46 8813 38.97 1980 36.42
Total 3322 100.00 46575 100.00 22617 100.00 5437 100.00
Under 18 1 0.03 14 0.03 3 0.01 0 0
18-20 0 0 208 0.45 907 4.01 27 0.50
21-24 99 2.98 2314 4.97 4304 19.03 685 12.60
25-29 318 9.57 5121 11.00 3141 13.89 317 5.83
30-34 349 10.51 5746 12.34 2713 12.00 390 7.17
35-39 285 8.58 6493 13.94 2716 12.01 529 9.73
Age 40-44 103 3.10 5916 12.70 2603 11.51 630 11.59
45-49 24 0.72 4165 8.94 2084 9.21 528 9.71
50-54 5 0.15 2440 5.24 1302 5.76 366 6.73
55-59 0 0 1047 2.25 500 2.21 183 3.37
60-64 0 0 189 0.41 89 0.39 45 0.83
65 or Older 0 0 4 0.01 13 0.06 11 0.20
Total 1184 35.64 33657 72.26 20375 90.09 3795 69.80
White 0 0 1280 2.75 12573 55.59 140 2.57
Ethnicity
Others 200 6.02 61 0.13 1792 7.92 38 0.70
15
OPQ32r Norm Update
Sample
Sample
details China Northern Europe UK US
Subgroup
(Demographic
Category)
Sample % of Sample % of Sample % of Sample % of
Size (N) Sample Size (N) Sample Size (N) Sample Size (N) Sample
Total 200 6.02 1341 2.88 14365 63.51 178 3.27

Degree Level or
799 24.05 15341 32.94 5818 25.72 3223 59.28
above
Education Below Degree
69 2.08 10215 21.93 3911 17.29 509 9.36
Level
Total 868 26.13 25556 54.87 9729 43.02 3732 68.64
Mangers or
463 13.94 8424 18.09 4618 20.42 1059 19.48
above
Job Levels
Non managers 378 11.38 15609 33.51 4913 21.72 2418 44.47
Total 841 25.32 24033 51.60 9531 42.14 3477 63.95

Consulting and
1234 37.15 25734 55.25 6005 26.55 1930 35.50
PS
Finance and
174 5.24 4792 10.29 2719 12.02 946 17.40
Insurance
Technology
221 6.65 3281 7.04 2891 12.78 208 3.83
and Telecoms
Education,
Government,
Industry 314 9.45 4143 8.90 3015 13.33 1775 32.65
Healthcare,
Clusters Non Profit
Consumer
200 6.02 3085 6.62 4341 19.19 377 6.93
Services
Manufacturing,
Construction,
1179 35.49 5540 11.89 3646 16.12 201 3.70
Transportation
and Utilities
Total 3322 100.00 46575 100.00 22617 100.00 5437 100.00
16
OPQ32r Norm Update
Gender Differences
Gender differences were found on a number of scales for all four language versions but the
magnitude of these differences is typically small with an average absolute effect size (across
all 32 scales) of 0.20 for the UK, 0.15 for the US, 0.19 for the European and 0.11 for the
Chinese data. The pattern of gender differences was generally similar across the four
samples but fewer and smaller differences were found in China (see Figure 3), which is in line
with previous studies showing that the magnitude of gender differences tends to be larger in
Western countries. For example, in all four samples men described themselves as more
competitive but effect sizes were 0.54, 0.39 and 0.53 for the UK, US and European data sets
respectively, compared to 0.26 in the Chinese data set.
Figure 3: Gender differences (effect sizes) plotted across the four samples
Effect size (d statistic)

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 UK
-0.40 US
European
-0.60
Chinese
-0.80
Controlling
Affiliative
Conventional
Rule following
Independent minded
Socially confident
Detail conscious
Tough minded
Vigorous
Outgoing
Forward thinking
Conscientious
Behavioural
Innovative
Caring
Persuasive
Emotionally controlled
Achieving
Adaptable
Worrying
Conceptual
Evaluative
Optimistic
Democratic
Decisive
Variety seeking
Relaxed
Competitive
Outspoken
Trusting
Modest
Data rational
Note: Reference group is female, so positive d-scores indicate females score higher than
males and negative d-scores males score higher than females.
17
OPQ32r Norm Update
Education
OPQ32r scores of individuals who obtained a university degree (or additional postgraduate
degrees) were compared to those without a degree for the UK, US, Chinese and European
data (Figure 4). Average absolute difference across all scales are very small (UK: 0.15, US:
0.20, China: 0.09, Europe: 0.16). The largest effect size was found for two scales in the US
sample: individuals with higher education described themselves as more persuasive (0.60)
and competitive (0.67).
Figure 4: Education differences (effect sizes) plotted across the four samples

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 UK
US
-0.40
Chinese
-0.60 European
-0.80
Worrying
Affiliative
Innovative
Outspoken
Caring
Conscientious
Achieving
Decisive
Vigorous
Competitive
Conventional
Democratic
Evaluative
Relaxed
Adaptable
Outgoing
Behavioural
Controlling
Detail Conscious
Optimistic
Tough Minded
Independent Minded
Modest
Data Rational
Socially Confident
Variety Seeking
Emotionally Controlled
Conceptual
Persuasive
Trusting
Forward Thinking
Rule Following
Note: Referent group are individuals with a degree, so positive d-scores indicate that those
with a degree score higher than those without.
18
OPQ32r Norm Update
Managers and non-managers

Comparing scores of managers with non-managers across the UK, US, Chinese and
European data sets, some consistent differences were found but most of these were of small
or medium effect size. For example, managers described themselves as more controlling
(more likely to take charge of situations) and more decisive than non-managers. Average
absolute effect sizes across all scales were 0.19 for the UK, 0.14 for the US, 0.13 for the
Chinese data set and 0.21 for the European data.
Figure 5: Differences (effect sizes) comparing managers and non-managers plotted across
the four samples

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 UK
US
-0.40
Chinese
-0.60 European
-0.80
Affiliative
Competitive
Decisive
Achieving
Democratic
Relaxed
Socially confident
Evaluative
Modest
Conceptual
Worrying
Innovative
Rule following
Persuasive
Detail conscious
Trusting
Outspoken
Outgoing
Conventional
Caring
Vigorous
Conscientious
Behavioural
Adaptable
Forward thinking
Controlling
Tough minded
Optimistic
Independent minded
Variety seeking
Data rational
Note: Referent group is managers, so positive d-scores indicate managers score higher than
non-mangers
19
OPQ32r Norm Update
Age
Correlations between age and scale scores of the OPQ32r were small in the UK, US, Chinese
and European data set (see Appendix). For the UK and US data mean scores of over and
under 40 year olds were also compared. Results showed differences of small effect size on
10 scales (see Appendix). Effect sizes for the UK and US are presented in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Effect Sizes plotted for under and over 40 year olds.
Effect Sizes
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
UK
-0.40 US
-0.60
-0.80
Independent minded
Conscientious
Socially confident
Competitive
Controlling
Democratic
Behavioural
Achieving
Adaptable
Modest
Affiliative
Optimistic
Rule following
Outgoing
Tough minded
Vigorous
Conventional
Innovative
Forward thinking
Conceptual
Persuasive
Detail conscious
Caring
Evaluative
Trusting
Decisive
Outspoken
Variety seeking
Relaxed
Worrying
Data rational
Note: Referent group is under 40 year olds, so positive d-scores indicate that 40 year olds
score higher than under 40 year olds.
20
OPQ32r Norm Update
Ethnic background
Only the UK English data set contained sufficient data for analysis. Sten scores of white and
white British citizens were compared to other ethnicities. Some differences are found but only
two scales show a medium effect size and 6 scales a small effect size. The two scales with
medium effect sizes indicate that non-white citizens perceive themselves as more data-
rational and rule-following (see Figure 7).
Figure 7: Effect Sizes plotted for two ethnics groups (white British and other background).
Effect Sizes
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
Conscientious
Socially Confident
Detail Conscious
Independent Minded
Competitive
Controlling
Behavioural
Conventional
Democratic
Achieving
Modest
Emotionally Controlled
Adaptable
Optimistic
Affiliative
Outgoing
Vigorous
Innovative
Tough Minded
Rule Following
Conceptual
Forward Thinking
Evaluative
Caring
Trusting
Decisive
Persuasive
Outspoken
Worrying
Relaxed
Variety Seeking
Data Rational
Note: Referent group is white British citizens, so positive d-scores indicate white British
citizens score higher than people from other ethnic backgrounds.
21
OPQ32r Norm Update
Industry clusters
Treating the 6 industry clusters as the independent variable and the OPQ32 scale scores as
the dependent variable, results of the ANOVAs show that the overall effect across industry
clusters is small for most scales and for some medium (see Appendix). Comparing industry
sectors with the highest and lowest scores, however, reveals differences that are of large
effect size (see Appendix). For example, candidates working in the Finance and Insurance
sector describe themselves as more data rational compared to other industries. Potential
differences by industry sector were also examined on the Great Eight competency potential
(composite) scores (Bartram, 2005). The composite scores were computed using standard
equations for the OPQ32 to predict the Great Eight competencies (SHL, 2005). Some distinct
patterns were found across industry sectors, for example, candidates from the Technology
and Telecommunications sector scored higher on Interacting & Presenting and Analysing &
Interpreting compared to industries comprising Education, Government, Healthcare and non
profit organizations in the UK sample. The pattern of results varied, however, by country.
OPQ based G8 competency potential scores are plotted by industry sector cluster for each of
the four samples (Figure 8 to 11).
UK data
Figure 8: Great 8 mean scores by industry cluster
Stens
7.00
1 Consulting and PS
6.00
2 Finance and Insurance
3 Technology and Telecoms

5.00
4 Education, Government, Healthcare, Non
Profit
5 Consumer Services
4.00
6
G7 Adapt & Cop
G1 Lead & Dec
G6 Org & Exec

G4 Analysing & Int
G2 Support & Coop
G5 Creat & Concept
G8 Entrepr & Perf

G3 Interact & Present
Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation

and Utilities
Note: PS refers to Professional Services.
22
OPQ32r Norm Update
US data
Effect size (d-statistic)

7.00
1 Consulting and PS
6.00

5.00
Profit
5 Consumer Services
4.00
6
G7 Adapt & Cop
G1 Lead & Dec
G6 Org & Exec

G4 Analysing & Int
G2 Support & Coop
G5 Creat & Concept
G8 Entrepr & Perf


and Utilities
Chinese data

Stens
7.00
1 Consulting and PS
6.00

5.00
Profit
5 Consumer Services
4.00
6
G7 Adapt & Cop
G1 Lead & Dec
G6 Org & Exec

G4 Analysing & Int
G2 Support & Coop
G5 Creat & Concept
G8 Entrepr & Perf


and Utilities
23
OPQ32r Norm Update
European data
Stens
7.00
1 Consulting and PS
6.00

5.00
Profit
5 Consumer Services
4.00
G7 Adapt & Cop
6
G1 Lead & Dec
G4 Analysing & Int
G6 Org & Exec

G2 Support & Coop
G5 Creat & Concept
G8 Entrepr & Perf

and Utilities
24
OPQ32r Norm Update
References
Bartram, D. (2011). Contributions of the EFPA Standing Committee on Tests and Testing to
Standards and Good Practice. European Psychologist, 16, 149-159
Bartram, D. (2008). Global Norms? Towards some guidelines for aggregating personality
norms across countries. International Journal of Testing, 8, 315-333.
Bartram, D. 2005. The great eight competencies: A criterion-centric approach to validation.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1185-1203.
Bartram, D., & Brown, A. 2004. Online testing: Mode of administration and the stability of
OPQ 32i scores. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 12, 278-284
Cronbach, L. J. (1990). Essentials of Psychological Testing (5th ed.). New York: Harper Row.
SHL (2009-2011). OPQ32r Technical Manual. Thames Ditton, UK: SHL Group.
SHL (2005). Great Eight Factor model OPQ32r report. OPQ32r Technical Manual
Supplement. Thames Ditton, UK: SHL Group.
25
OPQ32r Norm Update
Appendices
Appendix A: Overview of new norms
Table 1: Overview of all new norms (N=92)

Name Sample Size
OPQ32r Arabic General Population 2011 (GCC) 1168
OPQ32r Arabic General Population 2011 (MIE) 1494
OPQ32r Arabic Managerial & Professional 2011 (MIE) 330
OPQ32r Arabic General Population 2011 (SAU) 806
OPQ32r Belgian Dutch General Population 2011 (NEB) 2385
OPQ32r Belgian Dutch Graduate 2011 (NEB) 987
OPQ32r Belgian Dutch Managerial & Professional 2011 (NEB) 948
OPQ32r Belgian French General Population 2011 (NEB) 2529
OPQ32r Belgian French Graduate 2011 (NEB) 344
OPQ32r Belgian French Managerial & Professional 2011 (NEB) 731
OPQ32r Brazilian Portuguese General Population 2011 (BRA) 1006
OPQ32r Spanish General Population 2011 (ESP) 695
OPQ32r Spanish Managerial & Professional 2011 (ESP) 436
OPQ32r Danish General Population 2011 (DNK) 6809
OPQ32r Danish Graduate 2011 (DNK) 371
OPQ32r Danish Managerial & Professional 2011 (DNK) 2475
OPQ32r Dutch General Population 2011 (NLD) 6227
OPQ32r Dutch Graduate 2011 (NLD) 592
OPQ32r Dutch Managerial & Professional 2011 (NLD) 2492
OPQ32r Finnish General Population 2011 (FIN) 5381
OPQ32r Finnish Graduate 2011 (FIN) 542
OPQ32r Finnish Managerial & Professional 2011 (FIN) 2607
OPQ32r French General Population 2011 (FRA) 4225
OPQ32r French Graduate 2011 (FRA) 882
OPQ32r French Managerial & Professional 2011 (FRA) 6722
OPQ32r German General Population 2011 (DEU) 1381
OPQ32r German Graduate 2011 (DEU) 749
OPQ32r German Managerial & Professional 2011 (DEU) 802
OPQ32r German Graduate 2011 (GSA) 856
OPQ32r German Managerial & Professional 2011 (GSA) 1270
OPQ32r German General Population 2011 (GSA) 2336
OPQ32r Icelandic General Population 2011 (ISL) 729
OPQ32r Italian General Population 2011 (ITA) 4550
OPQ32r Italian Graduate 2011 (ITA) 1113
OPQ32r Italian Managerial & Professional 2011 (ITA) 8207
OPQ32r Korean General Population 2011 (KOR) 645
OPQ32r Latin American Spanish General Population 2011 (ELA) 971
OPQ32r Latin American Spanish Managerial & Professional 2011 (ELA) 424
26
OPQ32r Norm Update
Name Sample Size

OPQ32r Norwegian General Population 2011 (NOR) 4659
OPQ32r Norwegian Graduate 2011 (NOR) 330
OPQ32r Norwegian Managerial & Professional 2011 (NOR) 2354
OPQ32r Polish General Population 2011 (POL) 927
OPQ32r Portuguese General Population 2011 (PRT) 2248
OPQ32r Portuguese Graduate 2011 (PRT) 460
OPQ32r Portuguese Managerial & Professional 2011 (PRT) 2275
OPQ32r Simplified Chinese General Population 2011 (CHN) 3322
OPQ32r Simplified Chinese Graduate 2011 (CHN) 358
OPQ32r Simplified Chinese Managerial & Professional 2011 (CHN) 729
OPQ32r Swedish General Population 2011 (SWE) 13244
OPQ32r Swedish Graduate 2011 (SWE) 1148
OPQ32r Swedish Managerial & Professional 2011 (SWE) 6530
OPQ32r Thai General Population 2011 (THA) 527
OPQ32r Traditional Chinese Graduate 2011 (GCN) 306
OPQ32r Traditional Chinese Managerial & Professional 2011 (GCN) 502
OPQ32r Traditional Chinese General Population 2011 (HKT) 564
OPQ32r Turkish General Population 2011 (TUR) 1107
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (APAC) 1449
OPQ32r UK English Financial Services 2011 (AUS) 1670
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (AUS) 9123
OPQ32r UK English Graduate 2011 (AUS) 633
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (AUS) 1804
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (EGY) 531
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (GCC) 1757
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (GCC) 827
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (GCN) 1199
OPQ32r UK English Graduate 2011 (GCN) 509
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (GCN) 337
OPQ32r UK English Finance and Insurance 2011 (IND) 4456
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (IND) 1098
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (IND) 388
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (MYS) 829
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (MYS) 300
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (MIE) 2288
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (MIE) 973
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (NZL) 2818
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (NZL) 300
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (SGP) 1519
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (SGP) 300
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (ZAF) 4880
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (ZAF) 1267
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (GBR) 22617
27
OPQ32r Norm Update
Name Sample Size

OPQ32r UK English Graduate 2011 (GBR) 1136
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (GBR) 7921
OPQ32r UK English General Population 2011 (ARE) 1113
OPQ32r UK English Managerial & Professional 2011 (ARE) 539
OPQ32r US English General Population 2011 (CAN) 703
OPQ32r US English Managerial & Professional 2011 (CAN) 343
OPQ32r US English Customer Services and Sales 2011 (USA) 2115
OPQ32r US English General Population 2011 (USA) 4114
OPQ32r US English Graduate 2011 (USA) 405
OPQ32r US English Managerial & Professional 2011 (USA) 1667
OPQ32r US English Senior Managers and Executives 2011 (USA) 428
Appendix B: Group analyses
By Gender
Absolute Effect sizes are highlighted as follows:

Small: 0.2-0.5 Medium: 0.5-0.8 Large: >0.8
Table 2: Simplified Chinese data

Overall Sample Female Male Abs
Pooled Effect Eff
N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD SD Size size
Persuasive 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.51 1.94 2028 5.49 2.00 1.98 0.01 0.01
Controlling 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.46 1.91 2028 5.53 2.02 1.98 -0.03 0.03
Outspoken 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.61 2.01 2028 5.43 1.95 1.98 0.09 0.09
Independent
3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.43 1.99 2028 5.55 1.97 1.98 -0.06 0.06
Minded
Outgoing 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.81 1.86 2028 5.30 2.03 1.96 0.26 0.26
Affiliative 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.58 1.91 2028 5.45 2.02 1.98 0.06 0.06
Socially
3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.79 1.92 2028 5.32 1.99 1.97 0.24 0.24
Confident
Modest 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.42 1.99 2028 5.55 1.97 1.98 -0.06 0.06
Democratic 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.56 1.94 2028 5.46 2.00 1.98 0.05 0.05
Caring 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.75 1.91 2028 5.34 2.01 1.97 0.21 0.21
Data Rational 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.47 2.09 2028 5.52 1.90 1.98 -0.02 0.02
Evaluative 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.46 2.03 2028 5.53 1.95 1.98 -0.04 0.04
Behavioural 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.72 2.01 2028 5.36 1.94 1.97 0.18 0.18
Conventional 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.40 1.92 2028 5.56 2.01 1.98 -0.08 0.08
Conceptual 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.41 1.93 2028 5.56 2.00 1.98 -0.07 0.07
28
OPQ32r Norm Update
Innovative 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.39 2.01 2028 5.57 1.96 1.98 -0.09 0.09
Variety
3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.43 2.01 2028 5.55 1.96 1.98 -0.06 0.06
Seeking
Adaptable 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.77 1.89 2028 5.33 2.01 1.97 0.22 0.22
Forward
3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.45 1.99 2028 5.53 1.97 1.98 -0.04 0.04
Thinking
Detail
3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.62 1.98 2028 5.42 1.97 1.98 0.10 0.10
Conscious
Conscientious 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.67 1.92 2028 5.39 2.01 1.97 0.14 0.14
Rule Following 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.40 1.90 2028 5.56 2.02 1.98 -0.08 0.08
Relaxed 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.58 1.97 2028 5.45 1.98 1.98 0.07 0.07
Worrying 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.59 1.91 2028 5.44 2.02 1.98 0.07 0.07
Tough Minded 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.40 1.96 2028 5.56 1.99 1.98 -0.08 0.08
Optimistic 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.80 1.99 2028 5.31 1.95 1.96 0.25 0.25
Trusting 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.59 1.93 2028 5.44 2.01 1.98 0.07 0.07
Emotionally
3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.29 1.99 2028 5.63 1.96 1.97 -0.17 0.17
Controlled
Vigorous 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.81 1.91 2028 5.30 2.00 1.96 0.26 0.26
Competitive 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.19 1.98 2028 5.70 1.95 1.96 -0.26 0.26
Achieving 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.49 2.01 2028 5.51 1.96 1.98 -0.01 0.01
Decisive 3322 5.50 1.98 1294 5.53 1.99 2028 5.48 1.97 1.98 0.02 0.02
29
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 3: Northern European data

Pooled Effect Eff
Persuasive 46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.17 1.96 28662 5.70 1.97 1.96 -0.27 0.27
Controlling 46571 5.50 1.98 17911 5.25 2.00 28660 5.66 1.95 1.97 -0.21 0.21
Outspoken 46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.36 2.00 28662 5.59 1.96 1.98 -0.12 0.12
Independent
46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.52 1.97 28662 5.49 1.99 1.98 0.01 0.01
Minded
Outgoing 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.69 1.96 28661 5.38 1.98 1.97 0.16 0.16
Affiliative 46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.81 1.96 28662 5.30 1.97 1.96 0.26 0.26
Socially
46571 5.50 1.98 17908 5.45 1.99 28663 5.53 1.97 1.98 -0.04 0.04
Confident
Modest 46571 5.50 1.98 17907 5.59 1.95 28664 5.44 2.00 1.98 0.07 0.07
Democratic 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.62 1.96 28661 5.42 1.99 1.98 0.10 0.10
Caring 46571 5.50 1.98 17911 5.96 1.90 28660 5.21 1.97 1.95 0.38 0.38
Data Rational 46571 5.50 1.98 17908 5.21 2.07 28663 5.68 1.90 1.97 -0.24 0.24
Evaluative 46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.37 2.01 28662 5.58 1.96 1.98 -0.11 0.11
Behavioural 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.87 1.98 28661 5.27 1.95 1.96 0.31 0.31
Conventional 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.53 1.93 28661 5.48 2.01 1.98 0.02 0.02
Conceptual 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.47 1.94 28661 5.52 2.00 1.98 -0.02 0.02
Innovative 46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.33 2.02 28662 5.61 1.94 1.98 -0.14 0.14
Variety
46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.49 2.01 28662 5.50 1.96 1.98 -0.01 0.01
Seeking
Adaptable 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.64 1.93 28661 5.41 2.01 1.98 0.11 0.11
Forward
46571 5.50 1.98 17911 5.39 1.95 28660 5.57 2.00 1.98 -0.09 0.09
Thinking
Detail
46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.91 1.96 28661 5.24 1.95 1.95 0.34 0.34
Conscious
Conscientious 46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.86 1.94 28662 5.27 1.97 1.96 0.30 0.30
Rule Following 46571 5.50 1.98 17911 5.69 1.92 28660 5.38 2.00 1.97 0.15 0.15
Relaxed 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.20 1.92 28661 5.69 1.99 1.97 -0.25 0.25
Worrying 46571 5.50 1.98 17911 5.89 1.95 28660 5.25 1.96 1.95 0.33 0.33
Tough Minded 46571 5.50 1.98 17907 5.02 1.94 28664 5.80 1.94 1.94 -0.41 0.41
Optimistic 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.71 1.99 28661 5.37 1.96 1.97 0.17 0.17
Trusting 46571 5.50 1.98 17911 5.65 1.94 28660 5.41 2.00 1.98 0.13 0.13
Emotionally
46571 5.50 1.98 17908 5.22 1.97 28663 5.68 1.96 1.97 -0.24 0.24
Controlled
Vigorous 46571 5.50 1.98 17911 5.97 1.92 28660 5.21 1.96 1.94 0.39 0.39
Competitive 46571 5.50 1.98 17907 4.87 1.91 28664 5.89 1.92 1.92 -0.53 0.53
Achieving 46571 5.50 1.98 17910 5.43 2.02 28661 5.54 1.96 1.98 -0.05 0.05
Decisive 46571 5.50 1.98 17909 5.43 2.01 28662 5.55 1.96 1.98 -0.06 0.06
30
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 4: UK data

Pooled Effect Eff
Persuasive 22615 5.50 1.98 8811 5.31 1.95 13804 5.62 1.99 1.97 -0.16 0.16
Controlling 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.24 1.98 13802 5.66 1.96 1.97 -0.21 0.21
Outspoken 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.25 1.98 13803 5.66 1.96 1.97 -0.21 0.21
Independent
22615 5.50 1.98 8811 5.27 1.91 13804 5.65 2.01 1.97 -0.20 0.20
Minded
Outgoing 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.78 2.00 13802 5.32 1.95 1.97 0.23 0.23
Affiliative 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.86 1.95 13803 5.27 1.96 1.96 0.30 0.30
Socially
22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.53 1.97 13802 5.48 1.98 1.98 0.03 0.03
Confident
Modest 22615 5.50 1.98 8811 5.51 1.92 13804 5.50 2.02 1.98 0.01 0.01
Democratic 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.67 1.95 13802 5.39 1.99 1.97 0.14 0.14
Caring 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 6.06 1.90 13802 5.14 1.94 1.93 0.48 0.48
Data Rational 22615 5.50 1.98 8811 5.16 2.07 13804 5.72 1.89 1.96 -0.29 0.29
Evaluative 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.31 2.00 13802 5.62 1.96 1.97 -0.16 0.16
Behavioural 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.89 1.95 13803 5.25 1.96 1.96 0.32 0.32
Conventional 22615 5.50 1.98 8811 5.52 1.86 13804 5.49 2.05 1.98 0.01 0.01
Conceptual 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.40 1.91 13803 5.56 2.02 1.98 -0.08 0.08
Innovative 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.31 1.97 13803 5.62 1.98 1.97 -0.16 0.16
Variety
22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.46 1.99 13802 5.53 1.97 1.98 -0.04 0.04
Seeking
Adaptable 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.65 1.96 13803 5.40 1.99 1.98 0.12 0.12
Forward
22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.43 1.92 13802 5.55 2.02 1.98 -0.06 0.06
Thinking
Detail
22615 5.50 1.98 8811 5.94 1.95 13804 5.22 1.95 1.95 0.37 0.37
Conscious
Conscientious 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.82 1.96 13803 5.29 1.97 1.96 0.27 0.27
Rule Following 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.63 1.89 13803 5.42 2.03 1.98 0.10 0.10
Relaxed 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.15 1.89 13802 5.72 2.00 1.96 -0.29 0.29
Worrying 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.98 1.89 13803 5.19 1.97 1.94 0.41 0.41
Tough Minded 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 5.05 1.93 13803 5.79 1.96 1.95 -0.38 0.38
Optimistic 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.67 1.94 13802 5.39 1.99 1.97 0.14 0.14
Trusting 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.55 1.94 13802 5.47 2.00 1.98 0.04 0.04
Emotionally
22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.24 1.97 13802 5.67 1.97 1.97 -0.22 0.22
Controlled
Vigorous 22615 5.50 1.98 8812 6.04 1.91 13803 5.15 1.95 1.93 0.46 0.46
Competitive 22615 5.50 1.98 8811 4.87 1.88 13804 5.90 1.93 1.91 -0.54 0.54
Achieving 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.48 1.99 13802 5.51 1.97 1.98 -0.02 0.02
Decisive 22615 5.50 1.98 8813 5.36 1.96 13802 5.59 1.99 1.98 -0.12 0.12
31
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 5: US data
Pooled Effect Eff
Persuasive 5437 5.84 1.98 1980 5.64 2.01 3457 5.95 1.95 1.97 -0.16 0.16
Controlling 5437 5.57 1.96 1980 5.38 1.99 3457 5.68 1.94 1.96 -0.15 0.15
Outspoken 5437 5.43 1.97 1980 5.35 2.01 3457 5.48 1.95 1.97 -0.07 0.07
Independent
5437 5.45 1.98 1980 5.47 1.93 3457 5.44 2.01 1.98 0.01 0.01
Minded
Outgoing 5437 5.61 1.93 1980 5.82 1.94 3457 5.49 1.92 1.93 0.17 0.17
Affiliative 5437 5.49 1.97 1980 5.74 1.99 3457 5.35 1.95 1.96 0.20 0.20
Socially
5437 5.66 1.94 1980 5.62 1.90 3457 5.68 1.96 1.94 -0.03 0.03
Confident
Modest 5432 5.42 2.00 1977 5.27 1.97 3455 5.51 2.00 1.99 -0.12 0.12
Democratic 5437 5.44 1.96 1980 5.38 1.90 3457 5.47 1.98 1.95 -0.05 0.05
Caring 5437 5.56 1.97 1980 6.02 1.88 3457 5.29 1.97 1.94 0.37 0.37
Data Rational 5437 5.47 1.93 1980 5.25 1.96 3457 5.60 1.90 1.92 -0.18 0.18
Evaluative 5437 5.39 1.96 1980 5.27 1.94 3457 5.46 1.97 1.96 -0.10 0.10
Behavioural 5436 5.60 1.93 1980 5.89 1.90 3456 5.44 1.93 1.92 0.23 0.23
Conventional 5437 5.49 1.93 1980 5.51 1.82 3457 5.48 1.99 1.93 0.01 0.01
Conceptual 5437 5.36 1.96 1980 5.31 1.92 3457 5.39 1.98 1.96 -0.04 0.04
Innovative 5437 5.51 1.96 1980 5.40 1.98 3457 5.58 1.94 1.96 -0.09 0.09
Variety
5437 5.43 1.96 1980 5.41 1.97 3457 5.44 1.96 1.96 -0.02 0.02
Seeking
Adaptable 5437 5.64 2.00 1980 5.77 1.99 3457 5.57 1.99 1.99 0.10 0.10
Forward
5437 5.50 1.94 1980 5.59 1.93 3457 5.44 1.95 1.94 0.08 0.08
Thinking
Detail
5437 5.52 1.92 1980 5.90 1.88 3457 5.30 1.91 1.90 0.32 0.32
Conscious
Conscientious 5437 5.49 1.93 1980 5.77 1.90 3457 5.33 1.92 1.91 0.23 0.23
Rule
5437 5.66 1.96 1980 5.78 1.80 3457 5.59 2.04 1.95 0.09 0.09
Following
Relaxed 5437 5.43 1.96 1980 5.11 1.91 3457 5.62 1.97 1.95 -0.26 0.26
Worrying 5437 5.40 1.98 1980 5.83 1.91 3457 5.16 1.97 1.95 0.34 0.34
Tough
5437 5.46 1.96 1980 5.19 1.99 3457 5.62 1.93 1.95 -0.22 0.22
Minded
Optimistic 5437 5.60 1.97 1980 5.80 1.95 3457 5.48 1.97 1.97 0.16 0.16
Trusting 5436 5.53 1.96 1980 5.56 1.95 3456 5.51 1.97 1.96 0.03 0.03
Emotionally
5437 5.41 1.95 1980 5.13 1.98 3457 5.57 1.92 1.94 -0.22 0.22
Controlled
Vigorous 5437 5.44 1.95 1980 5.78 1.92 3457 5.24 1.94 1.93 0.28 0.28
Competitive 5437 5.82 1.97 1980 5.35 1.98 3457 6.10 1.92 1.94 -0.39 0.39
Achieving 5437 5.61 1.95 1980 5.65 1.98 3457 5.59 1.94 1.95 0.03 0.03
Decisive 5435 5.47 1.97 1980 5.34 1.98 3455 5.54 1.96 1.97 -0.10 0.10
32
OPQ32r Norm Update
By Age
Significance levels are highlighted as follows:
p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001

Correlation
OPQ32 Scales N Mean SD coefficient Sig.
Persuasive 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.05 0.115
Controlling 1184 5.5 1.98 0.02 0.550
Outspoken 1184 5.5 1.98 0.10 0.001
Independent Minded 1184 5.5 1.98 0.07 0.018
Outgoing 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.22 0.000
Affiliative 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.14 0.000
Socially Confident 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.16 0.000
Modest 1184 5.5 1.98 0.14 0.000
Democratic 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.09 0.001
Caring 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.01 0.656
Data Rational 1184 5.5 1.98 0.04 0.199
Evaluative 1184 5.5 1.98 0.03 0.272
Behavioural 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.12 0.000
Conventional 1184 5.5 1.98 0.10 0.001
Conceptual 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.06 0.044
Innovative 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.04 0.161
Variety Seeking 1184 5.5 1.98 0.03 0.317
Adaptable 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.22 0.000
Forward Thinking 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.03 0.258
Detail Conscious 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.05 0.092
Conscientious 1184 5.5 1.98 0.06 0.044
Rule Following 1184 5.5 1.98 0.15 0.000
Relaxed 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.03 0.343
Worrying 1184 5.5 1.98 0.04 0.206
Tough Minded 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.10 0.001
Optimistic 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.11 0.000
Trusting 1184 5.5 1.98 0.03 0.250
Emotionally Controlled 1184 5.5 1.98 0.00 0.945
Vigorous 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.12 0.000
Competitive 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.04 0.203
Achieving 1184 5.5 1.98 -0.14 0.000
Decisive 1184 5.5 1.98 0.14 0.000
33
OPQ32r Norm Update

Correlation
OPQ32 Scales N Mean SD coefficient Sig
Persuasive 33655 5.5 1.98 0.11 0.000
Controlling 33654 5.5 1.98 0.12 0.000
Outspoken 33655 5.5 1.98 0.02 0.000
Outgoing 33654 5.5 1.98 -0.06 0.000
Affiliative 33654 5.5 1.98 -0.09 0.000
Socially Confident 33653 5.5 1.98 0.03 0.000
Modest 33654 5.5 1.98 0.07 0.000
Democratic 33654 5.5 1.98 0.1 0.000
Caring 33655 5.5 1.98 0.07 0.000
Data Rational 33654 5.5 1.98 -0.08 0.000
Evaluative 33653 5.5 1.98 0.03 0.000
Behavioural 33656 5.5 1.98 0.05 0.000
Conventional 33654 5.5 1.98 0.02 0.000
Conceptual 33654 5.5 1.98 -0.09 0.000
Innovative 33654 5.5 1.98 0.12 0.000
Variety Seeking 33653 5.5 1.98 0.03 0.000
Adaptable 33655 5.5 1.98 -0.12 0.000
Forward Thinking 33653 5.5 1.98 0.08 0.000
Conscientious 33653 5.5 1.98 0 0.606
Rule Following 33654 5.5 1.98 -0.04 0.000
Relaxed 33655 5.5 1.98 0.06 0.000
Worrying 33655 5.5 1.98 -0.1 0.000
Tough Minded 33655 5.5 1.98 0.04 0.000
Optimistic 33655 5.5 1.98 0.09 0.000
Trusting 33653 5.5 1.98 0.21 0.000
Vigorous 33653 5.5 1.98 -0.11 0.000
Competitive 33653 5.5 1.98 -0.08 0.000
Achieving 33654 5.5 1.98 -0.12 0.000
Decisive 33655 5.5 1.98 0.17 0.000
34
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 8: UK data
Correlation
Persuasive 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.03 0.000
Controlling 20373 5.5 1.98 0.11 0.000
Outspoken 20374 5.5 1.98 0.05 0.000
Outgoing 20374 5.5 1.98 -0.14 0.000
Affiliative 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.11 0.000
Socially Confident 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.1 0.000
Modest 20373 5.5 1.98 0.13 0.000
Democratic 20373 5.5 1.98 0.1 0.000
Caring 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.05 0.000
Data Rational 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.1 0.000
Evaluative 20373 5.5 1.98 0 0.587
Behavioural 20373 5.5 1.98 0.03 0.000
Conventional 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.09 0.000
Conceptual 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.09 0.000
Innovative 20373 5.5 1.98 0.01 0.437
Variety Seeking 20374 5.5 1.98 0.18 0.000
Adaptable 20373 5.5 1.98 0 0.874
Conscientious 20374 5.5 1.98 -0.16 0.000
Rule Following 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.19 0.000
Relaxed 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.03 0.000
Worrying 20374 5.5 1.98 0.04 0.000
Tough Minded 20374 5.5 1.98 -0.07 0.000
Optimistic 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.01 0.351
Trusting 20374 5.5 1.98 0.11 0.000
Vigorous 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.17 0.000
Competitive 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.1 0.000
Achieving 20373 5.5 1.98 -0.24 0.000
Decisive 20373 5.5 1.98 0.14 0.000
35
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 9: US data
Correlation
Persuasive 3795 5.84 1.98 0.12 0.000
Controlling 3795 5.57 1.96 0.00 0.764
Outspoken 3795 5.43 1.97 -0.04 0.019
Outgoing 3795 5.61 1.93 0.05 0.003
Affiliative 3795 5.49 1.97 0.03 0.067
Socially Confident 3795 5.66 1.94 0.05 0.005
Modest 3790 5.42 2 -0.04 0.008
Democratic 3795 5.44 1.96 -0.02 0.135
Caring 3795 5.56 1.97 0.02 0.176
Data Rational 3795 5.47 1.93 -0.04 0.029
Evaluative 3795 5.39 1.96 -0.07 0.000
Behavioural 3794 5.6 1.93 0.05 0.004
Conventional 3795 5.49 1.93 -0.07 0.000
Conceptual 3795 5.36 1.96 -0.02 0.219
Innovative 3795 5.51 1.96 0.01 0.476
Variety Seeking 3795 5.43 1.96 0.04 0.024
Adaptable 3795 5.64 2 0.05 0.004
Conscientious 3795 5.49 1.93 -0.06 0.000
Rule Following 3795 5.66 1.96 -0.02 0.327
Relaxed 3795 5.43 1.96 -0.02 0.222
Worrying 3795 5.4 1.98 -0.05 0.002
Tough Minded 3795 5.46 1.96 -0.06 0.000
Optimistic 3795 5.6 1.97 0.08 0.000
Trusting 3794 5.53 1.96 0.02 0.344
Emotionally Controlled 3795 5.41 1.95 -0.03 0.115
Vigorous 3795 5.44 1.95 -0.04 0.010
Competitive 3795 5.82 1.97 0.12 0.000
Achieving 3795 5.61 1.95 0.04 0.008
Decisive 3793 5.47 1.97 0.03 0.040
36
OPQ32r Norm Update
By Job Level: Manager – non-manager
Absolute Effect size are highlighted as follows:
small medium large

0.2-0.5 0.5-0.8 >0.8

Overall Sample Managers Non-Managers Effect Pooled Absolute
N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD Size SD Effsize
Persuasive 841 5.73 1.88 463 5.78 1.84 378 5.67 1.92 0.057 1.88 0.06
Controlling 841 5.86 1.83 463 6.23 1.72 378 5.41 1.86 0.462 1.78 0.46
Outspoken 841 5.65 2.01 463 5.86 1.95 378 5.39 2.06 0.231 2.00 0.23
Independent
841 5.80 1.96 463 5.84 1.94 378 5.75 1.99 0.048 1.97 0.05
Minded
Outgoing 841 5.46 1.92 463 5.30 1.88 378 5.66 1.95 -0.186 1.91 0.19
Affiliative 841 5.25 1.96 463 5.02 1.96 378 5.53 1.94 -0.264 1.95 0.26
Socially
841 5.51 1.85 463 5.37 1.80 378 5.69 1.90 -0.175 1.84 0.18
Confident
Modest 841 5.46 2.00 463 5.53 1.95 378 5.37 2.05 0.081 2.00 0.08
Democratic 841 5.41 1.93 463 5.33 1.90 378 5.51 1.97 -0.093 1.93 0.09
Caring 841 5.51 2.00 463 5.53 2.07 378 5.49 1.91 0.018 2.00 0.02
Data Rational 841 5.61 2.07 463 5.70 2.16 378 5.50 1.94 0.100 2.07 0.10
Evaluative 841 5.70 1.95 463 5.90 1.92 378 5.45 1.96 0.234 1.94 0.23
Behavioural 841 5.82 1.91 463 5.82 1.90 378 5.82 1.92 -0.001 1.91 0.00
Conventional 841 5.41 1.93 463 5.35 1.93 378 5.48 1.92 -0.064 1.93 0.06
Conceptual 841 5.64 1.89 463 5.65 1.98 378 5.62 1.78 0.020 1.89 0.02
Innovative 841 5.59 1.90 463 5.75 1.84 378 5.39 1.95 0.186 1.89 0.19
Variety
841 5.73 1.98 463 5.91 1.92 378 5.51 2.02 0.204 1.97 0.20
Seeking
Adaptable 841 5.38 1.90 463 5.18 1.90 378 5.63 1.88 -0.241 1.89 0.24
Forward
841 5.62 2.07 463 5.75 2.04 378 5.45 2.08 0.146 2.06 0.15
Thinking
Detail
841 5.58 1.97 463 5.55 1.94 378 5.61 2.01 -0.032 1.97 0.03
Conscious
Conscientious 841 5.51 1.97 463 5.56 1.97 378 5.44 1.98 0.060 1.97 0.06
Rule Following 841 5.59 2.08 463 5.64 2.06 378 5.52 2.11 0.059 2.08 0.06
Relaxed 841 5.42 1.92 463 5.42 1.93 378 5.43 1.90 -0.006 1.92 0.01
Worrying 841 5.39 1.93 463 5.31 1.86 378 5.49 2.01 -0.096 1.93 0.10
Tough Minded 841 5.30 2.01 463 5.16 1.98 378 5.48 2.04 -0.161 2.01 0.16
Optimistic 841 5.42 2.02 463 5.46 2.01 378 5.38 2.03 0.040 2.02 0.04
Trusting 841 5.30 1.90 463 5.35 1.93 378 5.25 1.85 0.050 1.90 0.05
Emotionally
841 5.53 1.95 463 5.47 1.96 378 5.59 1.94 -0.061 1.95 0.06
Controlled
Vigorous 841 5.33 1.88 463 5.19 1.86 378 5.52 1.90 -0.176 1.88 0.18
Competitive 841 5.47 1.99 463 5.54 1.99 378 5.38 1.99 0.083 1.99 0.08
Achieving 841 5.61 1.97 463 5.68 1.99 378 5.53 1.93 0.077 1.97 0.08
Decisive 841 5.91 1.90 463 6.27 1.82 378 5.46 1.92 0.432 1.86 0.43
37
OPQ32r Norm Update

Persuasive 24031 5.51 1.99 8424 5.98 1.84 15607 5.26 2.03 0.370 1.96 0.37
Controlling 24030 5.52 1.98 8424 6.45 1.67 15606 5.02 1.96 0.768 1.86 0.77
Outspoken 24031 5.48 1.98 8423 5.82 1.87 15608 5.30 2.01 0.263 1.96 0.26
Independent
24030 5.47 1.98 8424 5.55 1.95 15606 5.42 2.00 0.065 1.98 0.07
Minded
Outgoing 24030 5.52 1.98 8423 5.53 1.92 15607 5.51 2.02 0.011 1.98 0.01
Affiliative 24031 5.52 1.98 8423 5.33 1.94 15608 5.62 1.99 -0.148 1.97 0.15
Socially
24029 5.50 1.99 8423 5.65 1.87 15606 5.42 2.04 0.114 1.98 0.11
Confident
Modest 24030 5.51 1.99 8423 5.42 1.92 15607 5.56 2.02 -0.071 1.98 0.07
Democratic 24031 5.51 2.00 8424 5.83 1.98 15607 5.34 1.99 0.245 1.98 0.24
Caring 24031 5.50 1.97 8424 5.50 1.91 15607 5.50 2.01 -0.004 1.97 0.00
Data Rational 24030 5.52 1.97 8424 5.65 1.85 15606 5.45 2.04 0.103 1.97 0.10
Evaluative 24030 5.47 1.97 8424 5.75 1.88 15606 5.32 2.01 0.218 1.96 0.22
Behavioural 24033 5.48 1.97 8424 5.72 1.83 15609 5.35 2.03 0.188 1.96 0.19
Conventional 24030 5.52 1.98 8423 5.21 1.96 15607 5.68 1.97 -0.241 1.97 0.24
Conceptual 24030 5.46 1.97 8423 5.41 1.94 15607 5.49 1.99 -0.037 1.97 0.04
Innovative 24031 5.53 1.98 8424 5.88 1.90 15607 5.35 1.99 0.267 1.96 0.27
Variety
24030 5.49 1.97 8424 5.77 1.85 15606 5.35 2.02 0.214 1.96 0.21
Seeking
Adaptable 24031 5.51 1.98 8424 5.31 1.93 15607 5.61 2.00 -0.156 1.97 0.16
Forward
24031 5.52 1.99 8424 6.08 1.96 15607 5.22 1.94 0.440 1.95 0.44
Thinking
Detail
24031 5.50 1.99 8423 5.24 1.91 15608 5.64 2.02 -0.202 1.98 0.20
Conscious
Conscientious 24029 5.50 1.99 8424 5.37 1.94 15605 5.57 2.01 -0.097 1.98 0.10
Rule Following 24031 5.52 1.98 8423 5.36 1.98 15608 5.61 1.97 -0.129 1.98 0.13
Relaxed 24031 5.52 1.97 8423 5.55 1.92 15608 5.51 1.99 0.023 1.97 0.02
Worrying 24032 5.46 1.97 8424 5.07 1.85 15608 5.66 2.00 -0.304 1.95 0.30
Tough Minded 24032 5.48 1.97 8424 5.68 1.90 15608 5.37 2.00 0.161 1.97 0.16
Optimistic 24031 5.55 1.96 8424 5.79 1.91 15607 5.42 1.97 0.190 1.95 0.19
Trusting 24029 5.55 1.98 8424 5.77 1.97 15605 5.43 1.98 0.171 1.98 0.17
Emotionally
24031 5.49 1.98 8422 5.39 1.92 15609 5.54 2.01 -0.079 1.98 0.08
Controlled
Vigorous 24030 5.54 1.97 8424 5.27 1.87 15606 5.69 2.01 -0.212 1.96 0.21
Competitive 24029 5.51 2.00 8424 5.85 1.90 15605 5.32 2.02 0.263 1.98 0.26
Achieving 24031 5.50 1.99 8424 5.94 1.90 15607 5.27 1.99 0.340 1.96 0.34
Decisive 24032 5.54 1.98 8423 6.14 1.90 15609 5.22 1.94 0.479 1.93 0.48
38
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 12: UK data

Persuasive 9530 5.48 1.96 4618 5.57 1.92 4912 5.40 2.00 0.086 1.96 0.09
Controlling 9530 5.51 1.98 4618 6.02 1.83 4912 5.02 1.99 0.522 1.92 0.52
Outspoken 9531 5.44 1.98 4618 5.73 1.96 4913 5.18 1.96 0.281 1.96 0.28
Independent
9530 5.48 1.98 4618 5.80 1.96 4912 5.18 1.95 0.318 1.96 0.32
Minded
Outgoing 9531 5.55 1.98 4618 5.51 2.00 4913 5.58 1.96 -0.037 1.98 0.04
Affiliative 9530 5.54 1.98 4617 5.37 2.02 4913 5.71 1.93 -0.173 1.97 0.17
Socially
9530 5.52 1.99 4618 5.36 1.98 4912 5.67 1.99 -0.157 1.98 0.16
Confident
Modest 9530 5.50 1.96 4617 5.56 1.98 4913 5.43 1.94 0.065 1.96 0.06
Democratic 9531 5.48 1.98 4618 5.68 2.03 4913 5.29 1.91 0.198 1.97 0.20
Caring 9529 5.62 1.99 4616 5.43 1.96 4913 5.80 2.00 -0.185 1.98 0.19
Data Rational 9529 5.44 1.96 4618 5.36 1.92 4911 5.51 1.99 -0.076 1.96 0.08
Evaluative 9530 5.40 1.97 4618 5.55 1.96 4912 5.27 1.97 0.142 1.96 0.14
Behavioural 9531 5.57 1.99 4618 5.69 1.95 4913 5.46 2.01 0.116 1.98 0.12
Conventional 9530 5.49 1.96 4617 5.11 2.00 4913 5.85 1.86 -0.383 1.93 0.38
Conceptual 9529 5.46 1.98 4616 5.43 2.03 4913 5.48 1.93 -0.026 1.98 0.03
Innovative 9529 5.44 1.95 4618 5.61 2.01 4911 5.29 1.88 0.167 1.94 0.17
Variety
9530 5.47 1.99 4618 5.91 1.92 4912 5.07 1.97 0.430 1.95 0.43
Seeking
Adaptable 9530 5.56 1.99 4618 5.61 1.95 4912 5.50 2.02 0.055 1.98 0.06
Forward
9529 5.46 1.98 4617 5.66 2.02 4912 5.28 1.92 0.193 1.97 0.19
Thinking
Detail
9531 5.50 2.02 4618 5.10 1.99 4913 5.87 1.97 -0.385 1.98 0.39
Conscious
Conscientious 9531 5.51 2.01 4618 5.16 2.01 4913 5.84 1.95 -0.343 1.98 0.34
Rule Following 9530 5.50 1.99 4617 5.01 1.99 4913 5.95 1.89 -0.484 1.94 0.48
Relaxed 9531 5.49 1.98 4618 5.34 2.01 4913 5.63 1.93 -0.148 1.97 0.15
Worrying 9531 5.53 1.96 4618 5.47 1.94 4913 5.58 1.98 -0.056 1.96 0.06
Tough Minded 9530 5.50 1.99 4617 5.40 1.96 4913 5.59 2.02 -0.094 1.99 0.09
Optimistic 9529 5.50 1.96 4618 5.60 1.98 4911 5.41 1.95 0.095 1.96 0.10
Trusting 9530 5.55 1.96 4618 5.69 1.97 4912 5.43 1.95 0.133 1.96 0.13
Emotionally
9530 5.51 1.99 4617 5.53 2.02 4913 5.49 1.96 0.022 1.99 0.02
Controlled
Vigorous 9530 5.62 2.00 4617 5.26 1.93 4913 5.96 2.00 -0.357 1.96 0.36
Competitive 9531 5.43 1.98 4618 5.56 1.99 4913 5.31 1.96 0.128 1.97 0.13
Achieving 9530 5.48 1.97 4617 5.45 1.95 4913 5.50 2.00 -0.021 1.97 0.02
Decisive 9531 5.52 1.96 4618 5.87 1.99 4913 5.20 1.87 0.349 1.93 0.35
39
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 13: US data

Persuasive 3477 6.01 1.96 1059 5.90 1.91 2418 6.06 1.98 -0.083 1.96 0.08
Controlling 3477 5.61 1.95 1059 6.10 1.87 2418 5.39 1.95 0.369 1.92 0.37
Outspoken 3477 5.39 1.95 1059 5.64 1.90 2418 5.28 1.96 0.183 1.95 0.18
Independent
3477 5.42 1.99 1059 5.41 1.98 2418 5.42 2.00 -0.005 1.99 0.01
Minded
Outgoing 3477 5.63 1.89 1059 5.44 1.89 2418 5.71 1.88 -0.143 1.88 0.14
Affiliative 3477 5.48 1.96 1059 5.32 1.96 2418 5.55 1.95 -0.116 1.96 0.12
Socially
3477 5.72 1.89 1059 5.55 1.91 2418 5.79 1.88 -0.128 1.89 0.13
Confident
Modest 3473 5.35 1.99 1059 5.55 2.01 2414 5.25 1.98 0.151 1.99 0.15
Democratic 3477 5.45 1.95 1059 5.82 1.93 2418 5.29 1.94 0.272 1.94 0.27
Caring 3477 5.53 1.95 1059 5.59 1.90 2418 5.50 1.98 0.049 1.95 0.05
Data Rational 3477 5.59 1.92 1059 5.52 1.82 2418 5.62 1.97 -0.055 1.92 0.06
Evaluative 3477 5.40 1.95 1059 5.53 1.87 2418 5.35 1.99 0.095 1.95 0.09
Behavioural 3476 5.63 1.88 1059 5.77 1.82 2417 5.56 1.90 0.111 1.88 0.11
Conventional 3477 5.46 1.92 1059 5.26 2.00 2418 5.55 1.88 -0.155 1.92 0.15
Conceptual 3477 5.38 1.95 1059 5.36 1.97 2418 5.39 1.94 -0.016 1.95 0.02
Innovative 3477 5.55 1.95 1059 5.77 1.97 2418 5.46 1.92 0.163 1.94 0.16
Variety
3477 5.41 1.98 1059 5.60 1.91 2418 5.32 2.00 0.142 1.97 0.14
Seeking
Adaptable 3477 5.69 1.98 1059 5.59 1.91 2418 5.74 2.01 -0.072 1.98 0.07
Forward
3477 5.50 1.94 1059 5.61 1.88 2418 5.45 1.96 0.082 1.93 0.08
Thinking
Detail
3477 5.53 1.89 1059 5.26 1.88 2418 5.65 1.88 -0.206 1.88 0.21
Conscious
Conscientious 3477 5.49 1.88 1059 5.17 1.87 2418 5.63 1.86 -0.245 1.87 0.24
Rule Following 3477 5.72 1.94 1059 5.48 2.04 2418 5.83 1.88 -0.180 1.93 0.18
Relaxed 3477 5.43 1.93 1059 5.37 1.89 2418 5.46 1.95 -0.044 1.93 0.04
Worrying 3477 5.33 1.96 1059 5.19 1.85 2418 5.38 2.00 -0.097 1.96 0.10
Tough Minded 3477 5.47 1.94 1059 5.35 1.87 2418 5.52 1.97 -0.086 1.94 0.09
Optimistic 3477 5.60 1.96 1059 5.77 1.93 2418 5.52 1.97 0.127 1.96 0.13
Trusting 3476 5.52 1.93 1059 5.92 1.79 2417 5.34 1.97 0.303 1.92 0.30
Emotionally
3477 5.38 1.94 1059 5.31 1.93 2418 5.40 1.94 -0.047 1.93 0.05
Controlled
Vigorous 3477 5.43 1.92 1059 5.15 1.89 2418 5.56 1.92 -0.215 1.91 0.22
Competitive 3477 5.97 1.91 1059 5.87 1.92 2418 6.01 1.90 -0.075 1.91 0.07
Achieving 3477 5.69 1.92 1059 5.60 1.89 2418 5.73 1.93 -0.064 1.92 0.06
Decisive 3475 5.43 1.97 1059 5.89 1.97 2416 5.23 1.93 0.338 1.94 0.34
40
OPQ32r Norm Update
By Industry cluster
Partial Eta Squared (effect size) highlighted as follows:
Small Medium Large

0.01-0.09 0.09-0.25 >0.25
Industry Clusters
Minimum (lowest) Maximum (highest)
Note: minimum and maximum indicates which one of the 6 industry clusters had the lowest/ highest mean score on each OPQ scale.
6
4 Education, Effect
Manufacturing, Partial
1 Consulting 2 Finance and 3 Technology Government, 5 Consumer F size
Construction, Total F Eta Min Max
and PS Insurance and Telecoms Healthcare, Services Sig (max-
Transportation Squared
Non Profit Min)
and Utilities
N 1203 172 216 309 200 1169 3269
Scale Name Mean St.Dev Mean St.Dev Mean St.Dev Mean St.Dev Mean St.Dev Mean St.Dev Mean St.Dev
Persuasive 4.76 1.89 6.39 1.83 5.33 1.91 5.89 1.71 6.00 1.78 6.08 1.84 5.54 1.95 75.40 0.00 0.104 4.76 6.39 0.83
Controlling 4.84 1.89 6.16 1.79 5.40 1.77 5.67 1.72 6.12 1.71 6.09 1.90 5.55 1.94 62.24 0.00 0.087 4.84 6.16 0.68
Outspoken 5.24 2.01 5.55 1.97 5.56 1.97 5.87 1.85 6.23 1.80 5.59 1.94 5.52 1.97 12.49 0.00 0.019 5.24 6.23 0.50
Independent
5.26 1.98 5.70 1.94 5.83 2.07 5.43 2.04 5.81 1.97 5.64 1.90 5.51 1.97 7.32 0.00 0.011 5.26 5.83 0.29
Minded
Outgoing 5.20 2.02 6.09 1.80 4.84 1.91 5.51 1.61 5.67 1.80 5.91 1.94 5.53 1.96 25.12 0.00 0.037 4.84 6.09 0.64
Affiliative 5.67 2.07 5.26 1.77 4.95 2.00 5.47 1.86 5.13 1.82 5.57 1.91 5.51 1.97 7.45 0.00 0.011 4.95 5.67 0.37
41
OPQ32r Norm Update
Socially
5.19 2.04 5.99 1.96 4.84 1.74 5.63 1.58 5.50 1.79 5.95 1.91 5.54 1.95 26.59 0.00 0.039 4.84 5.99 0.59
Confident
Modest 5.63 1.96 5.10 2.08 5.72 1.92 5.22 1.97 5.43 1.91 5.39 1.96 5.47 1.97 5.07 0.00 0.008 5.10 5.72 0.32
Democratic 5.56 1.98 5.42 2.00 5.07 1.80 5.72 1.95 5.05 2.09 5.57 1.97 5.51 1.98 5.43 0.00 0.008 5.05 5.72 0.34
Caring 5.32 1.99 5.66 1.85 5.30 1.89 6.09 1.97 5.34 2.02 5.62 1.95 5.52 1.97 9.53 0.00 0.014 5.30 6.09 0.40
Data Rational 5.45 1.94 5.29 1.86 5.35 1.78 5.96 2.05 5.61 2.04 5.51 2.02 5.51 1.98 4.24 0.00 0.006 5.29 5.96 0.34
Evaluative 5.28 2.00 5.17 2.02 5.70 1.93 5.57 1.71 5.39 1.99 5.80 1.97 5.52 1.97 10.00 0.00 0.015 5.17 5.80 0.32
Behavioural 4.92 1.94 5.83 1.90 5.57 2.03 6.09 2.02 5.72 1.68 5.89 1.86 5.52 1.96 39.28 0.00 0.057 4.92 6.09 0.60
Conventional 5.95 1.93 5.23 1.76 5.44 1.97 5.32 1.86 5.37 1.72 5.11 2.00 5.48 1.96 23.80 0.00 0.035 5.11 5.95 0.43
Conceptual 5.51 2.08 5.34 1.90 5.53 2.10 5.63 1.72 5.39 1.94 5.53 1.88 5.51 1.96 0.64 0.67 0.001 5.34 5.63 0.15
Innovative 5.22 1.98 5.62 1.75 5.56 2.06 5.56 1.81 5.43 1.75 5.84 1.98 5.53 1.96 12.41 0.00 0.019 5.22 5.84 0.32
Variety
5.24 2.00 5.59 1.85 6.18 1.84 5.43 1.90 5.57 1.84 5.63 1.99 5.50 1.97 10.67 0.00 0.016 5.24 6.18 0.47
Seeking
Adaptable 5.42 2.06 5.80 1.73 5.31 1.92 5.61 1.88 5.16 1.76 5.62 1.97 5.51 1.97 3.90 0.00 0.006 5.16 5.80 0.33
Forward
5.31 1.90 5.58 1.85 5.28 2.06 5.72 1.82 5.32 2.09 5.80 2.00 5.54 1.96 9.31 0.00 0.014 5.28 5.80 0.26
Thinking
Detail
5.61 2.00 5.21 1.94 4.94 1.84 5.73 1.86 5.38 1.82 5.56 1.98 5.52 1.96 6.29 0.00 0.010 4.94 5.73 0.41
Conscious
Conscientious 5.63 1.99 5.15 1.99 5.24 1.88 5.83 1.89 5.49 1.80 5.46 1.98 5.53 1.96 4.67 0.00 0.007 5.15 5.83 0.35
Rule
5.68 1.93 5.46 1.91 5.19 1.87 5.65 1.96 5.81 1.81 5.29 2.02 5.50 1.96 7.10 0.00 0.011 5.19 5.81 0.31
Following
Relaxed 5.70 2.08 5.61 1.91 5.14 2.01 5.64 1.88 5.35 1.87 5.40 1.86 5.52 1.97 5.26 0.00 0.008 5.14 5.70 0.29
Worrying 5.73 2.02 4.94 2.04 6.02 1.90 5.31 1.78 5.27 1.68 5.21 1.90 5.45 1.95 15.55 0.00 0.023 4.94 6.02 0.55
Tough
5.57 2.00 5.47 1.98 5.05 2.09 5.33 1.95 5.54 2.01 5.58 1.91 5.51 1.97 3.51 0.00 0.005 5.05 5.58 0.27
Minded
Optimistic 5.60 1.92 5.99 2.10 4.73 2.00 5.79 1.95 5.47 1.82 5.47 1.97 5.53 1.96 10.82 0.00 0.016 4.73 5.99 0.64
Trusting 5.74 2.03 5.14 2.06 5.18 1.87 5.67 1.87 5.14 1.84 5.41 1.93 5.51 1.97 8.12 0.00 0.012 5.14 5.74 0.31
Emotionally
5.45 2.05 5.46 2.00 5.93 1.96 5.20 1.80 5.54 1.79 5.48 1.93 5.48 1.97 3.60 0.00 0.005 5.20 5.93 0.37
Controlled
Vigorous 5.64 2.01 5.26 2.05 4.87 1.98 5.35 1.62 5.25 1.69 5.68 1.97 5.53 1.96 9.24 0.00 0.014 4.87 5.68 0.42
Competitive 5.27 1.86 6.14 2.24 5.30 1.94 5.46 2.05 5.83 1.75 5.73 1.96 5.53 1.95 11.94 0.00 0.018 5.27 6.14 0.45
Achieving 5.20 1.84 5.90 2.03 4.93 2.01 5.73 1.75 5.42 1.88 5.92 2.01 5.54 1.95 23.12 0.00 0.034 4.93 5.92 0.51
Decisive 5.07 1.94 5.81 1.81 5.77 1.98 5.96 1.86 5.96 1.78 5.73 1.95 5.53 1.95 22.66 0.00 0.034 5.07 5.96 0.46
42
OPQ32r Norm Update

6
4 Education, Effect
Non Profit Min)
and Utilities
N 25734 4792 3281 4143 3085 5540 46575
Persuasive 5.65 1.97 5.48 1.96 5.73 1.88 4.99 1.81 5.85 1.91 5.21 1.93 5.54 1.95 134.02 0.00 0.014 4.99 5.85 0.44
Controlling 5.62 1.94 5.23 2.01 5.79 1.92 5.14 1.94 5.75 1.88 5.51 1.91 5.55 1.95 85.42 0.00 0.009 5.14 5.79 0.33
Outspoken 5.52 1.95 5.39 2.02 5.64 1.96 5.40 1.96 5.62 1.93 5.61 1.96 5.52 1.96 13.51 0.00 0.001 5.39 5.64 0.13
Independent
5.55 1.97 5.29 1.95 5.74 1.95 5.46 1.97 5.45 1.90 5.25 1.96 5.49 1.97 42.98 0.00 0.005 5.25 5.74 0.25
Minded
Outgoing 5.51 1.92 5.64 2.01 5.78 2.04 5.23 1.95 5.80 1.99 5.38 1.99 5.52 1.96 50.55 0.00 0.006 5.23 5.80 0.29
Affiliative 5.53 1.96 5.76 2.00 5.54 1.94 5.31 2.03 5.43 1.92 5.35 1.95 5.51 1.97 32.20 0.00 0.004 5.31 5.76 0.23
Socially
5.59 1.95 5.62 2.01 5.58 1.94 5.17 1.92 5.65 1.92 5.40 1.93 5.54 1.95 42.84 0.00 0.005 5.17 5.65 0.25
Confident
Modest 5.52 1.94 5.26 2.06 5.26 1.98 5.82 1.95 5.31 1.98 5.45 1.95 5.48 1.97 51.48 0.00 0.006 5.26 5.82 0.29
Democratic 5.55 1.97 5.25 1.95 5.33 2.06 5.69 1.91 5.11 2.03 5.73 1.93 5.51 1.97 70.37 0.00 0.008 5.11 5.73 0.32
Caring 5.52 1.95 5.38 1.99 5.51 1.96 5.73 2.10 5.45 1.93 5.41 1.92 5.51 1.97 18.39 0.00 0.002 5.38 5.73 0.18
Data Rational 5.46 1.95 6.08 2.07 5.34 1.89 5.12 1.98 5.72 1.93 5.58 1.93 5.52 1.97 127.24 0.00 0.014 5.12 6.08 0.49
Evaluative 5.60 1.95 5.51 2.02 5.39 2.02 5.40 1.96 5.20 1.96 5.59 1.98 5.53 1.97 30.93 0.00 0.003 5.20 5.60 0.20
Behavioural 5.59 1.96 5.35 2.01 5.60 1.98 5.59 2.05 5.32 1.87 5.24 1.96 5.51 1.97 42.88 0.00 0.005 5.24 5.60 0.18
Conventional 5.43 1.96 5.61 1.94 5.21 1.91 5.74 1.99 5.46 1.87 5.69 2.03 5.49 1.97 45.60 0.00 0.005 5.21 5.74 0.27
Conceptual 5.49 1.96 5.63 2.02 5.50 2.03 5.65 1.93 5.32 1.92 5.47 2.01 5.51 1.97 13.89 0.00 0.002 5.32 5.65 0.17
Innovative 5.64 1.95 5.12 2.02 5.65 1.92 5.34 1.96 5.57 1.89 5.41 1.97 5.53 1.96 70.56 0.00 0.008 5.12 5.65 0.27
Variety
5.60 1.95 5.34 2.06 5.65 1.89 5.38 2.02 5.17 1.87 5.35 1.96 5.50 1.97 48.77 0.00 0.005 5.17 5.65 0.24
Seeking
Adaptable 5.49 1.97 5.56 2.02 5.78 1.96 5.50 1.90 5.44 2.03 5.34 2.00 5.50 1.98 21.77 0.00 0.002 5.34 5.78 0.22
Forward
5.63 1.98 5.31 1.95 5.48 1.91 5.29 1.95 5.48 1.92 5.52 1.95 5.53 1.96 37.88 0.00 0.004 5.29 5.63 0.17
Thinking
Detail
5.48 1.96 5.69 1.96 5.22 1.96 5.53 1.91 5.80 1.91 5.67 1.92 5.53 1.95 43.89 0.00 0.005 5.22 5.80 0.30
Conscious
Conscientious 5.53 1.96 5.57 1.88 5.27 1.96 5.41 1.95 5.74 1.91 5.67 1.98 5.54 1.95 27.93 0.00 0.003 5.27 5.74 0.24
43
OPQ32r Norm Update
Rule
5.44 1.96 5.72 1.96 4.97 1.84 5.81 1.99 5.74 1.92 5.68 1.93 5.52 1.96 100.61 0.00 0.011 4.97 5.81 0.42
Following
Relaxed 5.54 1.98 5.60 1.97 5.48 1.93 5.41 2.03 5.48 1.89 5.48 1.90 5.52 1.97 5.61 0.00 0.001 5.41 5.60 0.10
Worrying 5.38 1.95 5.46 1.97 5.41 1.91 5.85 1.91 5.34 1.95 5.60 1.99 5.46 1.95 48.19 0.00 0.005 5.34 5.85 0.26
Tough
5.49 1.95 5.60 2.00 5.58 2.02 5.39 1.98 5.56 1.93 5.64 1.97 5.52 1.97 11.16 0.00 0.001 5.39 5.64 0.13
Minded
Optimistic 5.56 1.96 5.44 2.02 5.62 1.95 5.23 2.08 5.76 1.84 5.54 1.89 5.53 1.96 31.69 0.00 0.003 5.23 5.76 0.27
Trusting 5.53 1.94 5.32 1.97 5.47 2.04 5.47 2.07 5.36 1.96 5.73 1.99 5.51 1.97 27.46 0.00 0.003 5.32 5.73 0.21
Emotionally
5.48 1.96 5.42 2.03 5.42 1.98 5.59 2.03 5.44 1.92 5.53 1.92 5.48 1.97 5.00 0.00 0.001 5.42 5.59 0.09
Controlled
Vigorous 5.51 1.94 5.76 2.00 5.34 2.00 5.24 1.97 5.97 1.99 5.47 1.94 5.53 1.96 69.10 0.00 0.008 5.24 5.97 0.37
Competitive 5.49 1.96 5.89 1.95 5.98 1.92 4.79 1.82 6.04 1.96 5.39 1.87 5.53 1.96 235.46 0.00 0.025 4.79 6.04 0.64
Achieving 5.54 1.96 5.81 1.96 5.76 1.89 4.91 1.88 5.90 1.86 5.51 1.91 5.55 1.95 132.20 0.00 0.014 4.91 5.90 0.51
Decisive 5.64 1.95 5.23 2.02 5.71 1.94 5.24 1.97 5.56 1.86 5.36 1.95 5.53 1.96 70.97 0.00 0.008 5.23 5.71 0.25
44
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 16: UK data
6
4 Education, Effect
Non Profit Min)
and Utilities
N 5837 2649 2859 2947 4283 3578 22153
Persuasive 5.59 1.98 5.35 1.97 6.01 1.93 5.25 1.87 5.66 1.88 5.32 1.98 5.54 1.95 64.90 0.00 0.014 5.25 6.01 0.39
Controlling 5.65 1.98 4.96 1.97 5.54 1.90 5.52 1.94 5.76 1.90 5.57 1.91 5.54 1.95 61.89 0.00 0.014 4.96 5.76 0.41
Outspoken 5.59 1.98 5.29 2.01 5.67 1.89 5.43 1.95 5.41 1.92 5.63 1.97 5.51 1.96 18.35 0.00 0.004 5.29 5.67 0.19
Independent
5.84 1.99 5.29 1.93 5.28 1.94 5.55 1.96 5.26 1.91 5.46 1.99 5.49 1.97 62.79 0.00 0.014 5.26 5.84 0.30
Minded
Outgoing 5.53 2.02 5.51 1.96 5.69 1.81 5.27 1.98 5.67 1.90 5.34 1.97 5.51 1.96 25.09 0.00 0.006 5.27 5.69 0.22
Affiliative 5.50 2.03 5.66 1.93 5.61 1.88 5.32 1.99 5.66 1.92 5.25 1.97 5.50 1.97 27.93 0.00 0.006 5.25 5.66 0.21
Socially
5.41 1.99 5.59 1.96 5.80 1.86 5.28 1.98 5.76 1.92 5.45 1.94 5.54 1.95 38.15 0.00 0.009 5.28 5.80 0.26
Confident
Modest 5.57 2.03 5.45 1.99 5.12 1.86 5.87 1.89 5.32 1.89 5.50 1.99 5.48 1.97 52.55 0.00 0.012 5.12 5.87 0.39
Democratic 5.54 2.05 5.21 1.92 5.32 1.86 5.99 2.03 5.47 1.91 5.50 1.96 5.51 1.98 53.74 0.00 0.012 5.21 5.99 0.40
Caring 5.37 1.97 5.44 1.96 5.35 1.90 5.97 1.94 5.77 1.99 5.22 1.95 5.51 1.97 73.36 0.00 0.016 5.22 5.97 0.38
Data Rational 5.32 1.94 6.00 2.01 5.80 2.04 5.11 1.93 5.52 1.93 5.61 1.90 5.52 1.97 84.30 0.00 0.019 5.11 6.00 0.45
Evaluative 5.55 1.99 5.39 2.09 5.64 1.90 5.60 2.01 5.51 1.90 5.48 1.92 5.53 1.97 6.16 0.00 0.001 5.39 5.64 0.13
Behavioural 5.60 1.97 5.25 1.90 5.25 1.89 5.83 1.96 5.67 1.97 5.29 2.01 5.51 1.97 52.66 0.00 0.012 5.25 5.83 0.29
Conventional 5.23 1.97 5.78 2.02 5.59 1.91 5.37 1.98 5.54 1.81 5.72 2.04 5.50 1.96 47.42 0.00 0.011 5.23 5.78 0.28
Conceptual 5.42 2.00 5.48 2.00 5.79 1.80 5.49 2.05 5.50 1.89 5.48 2.00 5.51 1.96 14.51 0.00 0.003 5.42 5.79 0.19
Innovative 5.49 2.02 5.25 1.97 5.91 1.88 5.53 2.00 5.55 1.85 5.45 1.96 5.53 1.96 34.88 0.00 0.008 5.25 5.91 0.34
Variety
5.87 1.94 5.18 2.06 5.31 1.96 5.74 1.88 5.26 1.92 5.33 1.96 5.49 1.97 88.84 0.00 0.020 5.18 5.87 0.35
Seeking
Adaptable 5.58 1.94 5.39 1.99 5.28 1.92 5.60 1.92 5.63 2.02 5.37 2.01 5.50 1.97 19.22 0.00 0.004 5.28 5.63 0.18
Forward
5.52 1.97 5.32 1.97 5.86 1.93 5.50 2.02 5.59 1.89 5.44 1.96 5.54 1.96 24.82 0.00 0.006 5.32 5.86 0.28
Thinking
Detail
5.15 1.99 5.78 1.97 5.78 1.78 5.43 1.95 5.88 1.91 5.51 1.91 5.54 1.95 92.18 0.00 0.020 5.15 5.88 0.37
Conscious
45
OPQ32r Norm Update
Conscientious 5.18 1.97 5.67 1.89 5.82 1.83 5.46 1.98 5.91 1.94 5.48 1.89 5.55 1.94 88.92 0.00 0.020 5.18 5.91 0.38
Rule
5.10 1.94 5.91 2.01 5.89 1.91 5.33 1.92 5.64 1.84 5.65 2.00 5.52 1.95 109.00 0.00 0.024 5.10 5.91 0.41
Following
Relaxed 5.31 2.02 5.78 1.98 5.74 1.84 5.47 2.05 5.40 1.85 5.66 2.00 5.52 1.97 36.97 0.00 0.008 5.31 5.78 0.24
Worrying 5.54 1.96 5.38 1.98 5.02 1.91 5.86 1.91 5.43 1.90 5.43 1.96 5.46 1.95 58.21 0.00 0.013 5.02 5.86 0.43
Tough
5.34 1.98 5.56 1.95 5.74 1.86 5.45 2.01 5.54 1.94 5.63 2.00 5.52 1.97 19.80 0.00 0.004 5.34 5.74 0.20
Minded
Optimistic 5.50 2.03 5.43 1.95 5.72 1.94 5.56 2.03 5.59 1.88 5.39 1.91 5.53 1.96 12.12 0.00 0.003 5.39 5.72 0.17
Trusting 5.52 2.01 5.47 1.94 5.17 1.95 5.81 1.96 5.53 1.91 5.46 2.01 5.50 1.97 31.65 0.00 0.007 5.17 5.81 0.33
Emotionally
5.54 2.03 5.50 1.95 5.34 1.87 5.57 2.02 5.33 1.94 5.59 1.91 5.48 1.96 12.62 0.00 0.003 5.33 5.59 0.13
Controlled
Vigorous 5.28 1.95 5.80 1.97 5.49 1.97 5.51 1.94 5.92 1.95 5.34 1.91 5.53 1.96 70.83 0.00 0.016 5.28 5.92 0.33
Competitive 5.61 2.05 5.53 1.99 6.11 1.75 4.62 1.79 5.61 1.85 5.57 1.94 5.53 1.96 190.32 0.00 0.041 4.62 6.11 0.76
Achieving 5.38 1.93 5.54 1.93 6.24 1.85 5.00 1.91 5.92 1.90 5.30 1.93 5.55 1.95 179.81 0.00 0.039 5.00 6.24 0.64
Decisive 5.71 2.02 5.37 1.92 5.35 1.85 5.60 2.03 5.43 1.88 5.49 1.99 5.52 1.96 21.90 0.00 0.005 5.35 5.71 0.19
46
OPQ32r Norm Update
Table 17: US data
6
4 Education, Effect
Non Profit Min)
and Utilities
N 1880 939 203 1758 373 194 5347
Persuasive 5.61 1.99 5.19 1.85 6.02 1.61 6.87 1.57 4.71 1.69 4.56 1.82 5.87 1.95 197.30 0.00 0.156 4.56 6.87 1.19
Controlling 5.55 1.97 5.39 1.90 5.46 2.07 5.79 1.89 5.72 1.84 5.29 2.08 5.60 1.94 7.25 0.00 0.007 5.29 5.79 0.26
Outspoken 5.55 1.99 5.52 1.90 5.63 2.13 5.21 1.92 5.58 1.87 5.58 1.92 5.44 1.95 7.29 0.00 0.007 5.21 5.63 0.21
Independent
5.72 1.97 5.22 1.91 6.06 1.89 5.27 1.97 5.18 1.84 5.02 2.01 5.43 1.97 20.00 0.00 0.018 5.02 6.06 0.53
Minded
Outgoing 5.64 2.01 5.41 1.90 5.84 1.87 5.94 1.72 4.99 1.91 4.72 1.87 5.63 1.91 30.43 0.00 0.028 4.72 5.94 0.64
Affiliative 5.57 2.00 5.68 1.88 5.79 1.80 5.45 1.95 5.08 2.00 4.85 1.90 5.50 1.96 10.99 0.00 0.010 4.85 5.79 0.48
Socially
5.59 2.04 5.48 1.92 5.66 1.90 6.13 1.71 4.95 1.82 5.01 1.80 5.68 1.92 38.87 0.00 0.035 4.95 6.13 0.61
Confident
Modest 5.49 2.02 5.26 1.83 5.66 1.86 5.20 2.03 5.81 1.89 6.16 1.93 5.41 1.99 15.11 0.00 0.014 5.20 6.16 0.49
Democratic 5.37 2.00 5.76 1.94 5.20 2.00 5.23 1.88 5.93 1.88 5.71 1.93 5.44 1.95 15.62 0.00 0.014 5.20 5.93 0.37
Caring 5.54 2.00 5.45 1.97 4.96 1.94 5.73 1.92 5.62 1.82 5.34 2.01 5.56 1.96 7.63 0.00 0.007 4.96 5.73 0.39
Data Rational 5.09 1.91 6.54 1.89 4.60 1.80 5.42 1.75 5.74 1.88 5.56 1.71 5.50 1.92 90.26 0.00 0.078 4.60 6.54 1.01
Evaluative 5.32 1.98 6.25 1.91 5.21 2.07 5.04 1.86 5.46 1.77 5.62 1.80 5.41 1.96 50.73 0.00 0.045 5.04 6.25 0.62
Behavioural 5.60 2.01 5.37 1.91 5.21 1.93 5.92 1.75 5.37 1.91 4.89 2.16 5.61 1.92 20.66 0.00 0.019 4.89 5.92 0.53
Conventional 5.29 1.97 5.64 1.92 4.95 1.88 5.48 1.76 6.15 1.97 6.15 1.95 5.49 1.91 22.67 0.00 0.021 4.95 6.15 0.63
Conceptual 5.49 2.00 5.85 1.92 5.07 1.87 4.98 1.85 5.47 1.94 5.40 1.91 5.36 1.95 29.13 0.00 0.027 4.98 5.85 0.45
Innovative 5.60 2.05 5.40 1.91 5.51 2.00 5.57 1.88 5.49 1.79 5.36 1.81 5.53 1.95 1.81 0.11 0.002 5.36 5.60 0.12
Variety
5.75 1.95 5.18 2.05 6.14 1.74 5.21 1.88 5.08 1.87 5.23 1.78 5.42 1.95 26.34 0.00 0.024 5.08 6.14 0.55
Seeking
Adaptable 5.58 2.00 5.34 1.90 5.64 1.91 6.06 1.98 4.83 1.77 5.12 2.03 5.63 1.99 36.52 0.00 0.033 4.83 6.06 0.62
Forward
5.38 1.94 5.98 2.01 5.31 2.01 5.48 1.83 5.53 1.92 5.28 1.97 5.52 1.93 14.03 0.00 0.013 5.28 5.98 0.36
Thinking
Detail
5.30 2.01 6.04 1.75 4.65 1.76 5.58 1.74 5.92 2.01 5.54 2.05 5.55 1.90 31.99 0.00 0.029 4.65 6.04 0.73
Conscious
47
OPQ32r Norm Update
Conscientious 5.35 2.01 5.99 1.76 4.88 1.80 5.46 1.76 5.78 2.03 5.83 2.07 5.53 1.90 22.30 0.00 0.020 4.88 5.99 0.58
Rule
5.16 1.97 5.90 1.75 4.31 1.77 6.16 1.80 6.23 1.90 5.76 2.00 5.68 1.94 84.02 0.00 0.073 4.31 6.23 0.99
Following
Relaxed 5.37 1.96 5.81 1.95 5.01 2.11 5.25 1.89 5.91 1.85 5.72 1.97 5.45 1.95 17.93 0.00 0.017 5.01 5.91 0.46
Worrying 5.40 1.95 5.58 2.06 5.62 1.97 5.05 1.90 5.72 1.81 5.87 1.77 5.37 1.95 17.48 0.00 0.016 5.05 5.87 0.42
Tough
5.45 2.02 5.70 1.89 5.48 1.82 5.33 1.91 5.59 2.01 5.70 1.91 5.48 1.95 5.28 0.00 0.005 5.33 5.70 0.19
Minded
Optimistic 5.68 1.95 5.11 1.99 5.67 1.99 5.95 1.90 5.41 1.89 4.87 1.78 5.62 1.96 30.57 0.00 0.028 4.87 5.95 0.55
Trusting 5.61 2.02 5.16 1.85 5.34 2.00 5.63 1.91 5.70 1.92 5.58 1.97 5.53 1.96 9.33 0.00 0.009 5.16 5.70 0.28
Emotionally
5.48 2.02 5.43 1.98 5.65 1.92 5.16 1.83 5.59 1.85 6.03 1.89 5.40 1.94 11.71 0.00 0.011 5.16 6.03 0.45
Controlled
Vigorous 5.43 1.97 5.83 1.96 4.93 1.87 5.25 1.83 5.85 1.89 5.72 2.07 5.46 1.93 18.33 0.00 0.017 4.93 5.85 0.48
Competitive 5.55 2.04 5.28 1.71 6.19 1.66 6.83 1.59 4.57 1.73 4.55 1.72 5.84 1.95 193.16 0.00 0.153 4.55 6.83 1.17
Achieving 5.41 1.97 5.98 1.86 5.24 1.97 5.98 1.83 5.18 1.86 4.81 1.78 5.65 1.92 36.45 0.00 0.033 4.81 5.98 0.61
Decisive 5.74 1.98 5.08 1.86 5.80 1.94 5.35 1.92 5.50 1.92 5.58 1.99 5.47 1.95 17.74 0.00 0.016 5.08 5.80 0.37
48
By Ethnic background
Low Medium Large

0.2-0.5 0.5-0.8 >0.8
Table 18: UK data

Overall Sample White Others Effect Pooled Absolute
Persuasive 14363 5.36 1.98 12571 5.36 1.99 1792 5.38 1.95 -0.011 1.98 0.01
Controlling 14364 5.47 1.99 12572 5.51 2.01 1792 5.18 1.84 0.164 1.99 0.16
Outspoken 14364 5.53 1.99 12572 5.57 2.01 1792 5.25 1.87 0.160 1.99 0.16
Independent
14363 5.58 1.97 12571 5.62 1.97 1792 5.32 1.96 0.149 1.97 0.15
Minded
Outgoing 14364 5.43 2.01 12572 5.46 2.04 1792 5.21 1.78 0.125 2.01 0.12
Affiliative 14363 5.42 1.99 12571 5.46 2.01 1792 5.16 1.83 0.153 1.99 0.15
Socially
14363 5.40 1.99 12571 5.39 2.01 1792 5.49 1.83 -0.052 1.99 0.05
Confident
Modest 14363 5.60 2.00 12571 5.62 2.01 1792 5.45 1.92 0.083 2.00 0.08
Democratic 14363 5.55 2.00 12571 5.58 2.01 1792 5.32 1.88 0.131 2.00 0.13
Caring 14364 5.44 1.97 12572 5.44 1.99 1792 5.47 1.87 -0.016 1.97 0.02
Data Rational 14365 5.48 1.98 12573 5.40 1.97 1792 6.08 1.98 -0.350 1.97 0.35
Evaluative 14364 5.48 2.00 12572 5.49 2.01 1792 5.40 1.93 0.046 2.00 0.05
Behavioural 14363 5.48 1.97 12571 5.54 1.99 1792 5.09 1.80 0.226 1.97 0.23
Conventional 14364 5.49 2.02 12572 5.43 2.03 1792 5.94 1.89 -0.253 2.01 0.25
Conceptual 14363 5.46 2.01 12571 5.45 2.04 1792 5.54 1.78 -0.042 2.01 0.04
Innovative 14363 5.43 2.00 12571 5.43 2.02 1792 5.48 1.88 -0.025 2.00 0.02
Variety
14365 5.56 2.00 12573 5.63 2.00 1792 5.10 1.90 0.265 1.99 0.27
Seeking
Adaptable 14365 5.49 1.98 12573 5.50 2.00 1792 5.42 1.85 0.039 1.98 0.04
Forward
14363 5.41 1.99 12571 5.35 2.00 1792 5.82 1.86 -0.237 1.98 0.24
Thinking
Detail
14363 5.41 2.00 12571 5.36 2.01 1792 5.78 1.87 -0.210 2.00 0.21
Conscious
Conscientious 14364 5.38 1.99 12572 5.36 2.00 1792 5.53 1.88 -0.087 1.99 0.09
Rule Following 14364 5.41 2.00 12572 5.32 1.99 1792 6.09 1.96 -0.390 1.99 0.39
Relaxed 14363 5.51 2.02 12571 5.47 2.04 1792 5.80 1.86 -0.164 2.01 0.16
Worrying 14364 5.56 1.99 12572 5.61 2.01 1792 5.26 1.86 0.173 1.99 0.17
Tough Minded 14364 5.49 2.00 12572 5.48 2.02 1792 5.56 1.86 -0.036 2.00 0.04
Optimistic 14363 5.44 1.99 12571 5.41 2.00 1792 5.62 1.86 -0.104 1.98 0.10
Trusting 14365 5.54 2.00 12573 5.57 2.00 1792 5.32 1.99 0.125 2.00 0.12
Emotionally
14363 5.57 1.99 12571 5.56 2.02 1792 5.61 1.83 -0.024 1.99 0.02
Controlled
Vigorous 14363 5.41 1.96 12572 5.45 1.95 1791 5.15 1.98 0.154 1.96 0.15
Competitive 14363 5.37 2.01 12571 5.34 2.03 1792 5.57 1.81 -0.115 2.00 0.11
Achieving 14363 5.28 1.96 12571 5.23 1.97 1792 5.66 1.84 -0.220 1.95 0.22
Decisive 14363 5.55 2.01 12571 5.58 2.02 1792 5.36 1.89 0.109 2.01 0.11
By Education
Low Medium Large

0.2-0.5 0.5-0.8 >0.8
Overall Sample Degree Level or Above No Degree Effect Pooled Absolute

Size SD Effsize
N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD
Persuasive 868 5.75 1.89 799 5.73 1.90 69 5.88 1.69 -0.079 1.89 0.08
Controlling 868 5.85 1.83 799 5.87 1.83 69 5.67 1.76 0.111 1.83 0.11
Outspoken 868 5.63 2.00 799 5.60 2.00 69 5.90 2.07 -0.147 2.00 0.15
Independent
868 5.79 1.97 799 5.81 2.00 69 5.59 1.60 0.111 1.97 0.11
Minded
Outgoing 868 5.47 1.92 799 5.45 1.93 69 5.65 1.85 -0.105 1.93 0.10
Affiliative 868 5.24 1.96 799 5.21 1.97 69 5.58 1.78 -0.190 1.96 0.19
Socially
868 5.54 1.87 799 5.54 1.89 69 5.59 1.70 -0.029 1.88 0.03
Confident
Modest 868 5.47 2.00 799 5.46 2.00 69 5.61 1.98 -0.074 2.00 0.07
Democratic 868 5.40 1.95 799 5.40 1.96 69 5.38 1.84 0.012 1.95 0.01
Caring 868 5.49 2.00 799 5.51 2.02 69 5.35 1.87 0.079 2.00 0.08
Data Rational 868 5.63 2.06 799 5.62 2.04 69 5.70 2.24 -0.036 2.06 0.04
Evaluative 868 5.71 1.94 799 5.76 1.93 69 5.07 1.92 0.357 1.93 0.36
Behavioural 868 5.83 1.91 799 5.81 1.91 69 6.01 1.94 -0.104 1.91 0.10
Conventional 868 5.39 1.95 799 5.39 1.97 69 5.39 1.67 -0.001 1.95 0.00
Conceptual 868 5.65 1.88 799 5.63 1.90 69 5.81 1.75 -0.096 1.88 0.10
Innovative 868 5.62 1.91 799 5.64 1.93 69 5.38 1.65 0.136 1.91 0.14
Variety
868 5.72 1.98 799 5.73 2.00 69 5.64 1.75 0.046 1.99 0.05
Seeking
Adaptable 868 5.41 1.89 799 5.41 1.90 69 5.36 1.77 0.026 1.89 0.03
Forward
868 5.65 2.05 799 5.68 2.06 69 5.29 1.93 0.192 2.05 0.19
Thinking
Detail
868 5.59 1.96 799 5.57 1.96 69 5.80 2.00 -0.116 1.96 0.12
Conscious
Conscientious 868 5.50 1.97 799 5.52 1.96 69 5.33 2.13 0.094 1.97 0.09
Rule Following 868 5.55 2.08 799 5.52 2.09 69 5.88 1.92 -0.173 2.08 0.17
Relaxed 868 5.45 1.91 799 5.43 1.91 69 5.64 1.88 -0.108 1.91 0.11
Worrying 868 5.36 1.94 799 5.36 1.95 69 5.33 1.80 0.013 1.94 0.01
Tough Minded 868 5.34 2.00 799 5.35 2.02 69 5.17 1.77 0.088 2.00 0.09
Optimistic 868 5.45 2.02 799 5.44 2.03 69 5.48 1.89 -0.017 2.02 0.02
Trusting 868 5.29 1.87 799 5.29 1.88 69 5.29 1.86 -0.001 1.88 0.00
Emotionally
868 5.56 1.93 799 5.53 1.93 69 5.88 1.96 -0.181 1.93 0.18
Controlled
Vigorous 868 5.37 1.90 799 5.37 1.91 69 5.43 1.71 -0.037 1.90 0.04
Competitive 868 5.49 2.00 799 5.50 2.00 69 5.38 1.99 0.061 2.00 0.06
Achieving 868 5.63 1.97 799 5.65 1.99 69 5.42 1.78 0.117 1.97 0.12
Decisive 868 5.88 1.91 799 5.88 1.92 69 5.90 1.77 -0.011 1.91 0.01
OPQ32r norm update Page 50 of 53


Size SD Effsize
Persuasive 25554 5.52 1.99 15340 5.54 1.95 10214 5.48 2.04 0.031 1.99 0.03
Controlling 25553 5.52 1.97 15339 5.73 1.91 10214 5.21 2.00 0.268 1.95 0.27
Outspoken 25554 5.50 1.98 15340 5.50 1.94 10214 5.49 2.03 0.007 1.98 0.01
Independent
25553 5.50 1.99 15338 5.40 1.97 10215 5.65 2.00 -0.125 1.98 0.12
Minded
Outgoing 25553 5.52 1.98 15339 5.49 1.98 10214 5.57 1.98 -0.037 1.98 0.04
Affiliative 25554 5.54 1.98 15339 5.63 1.96 10215 5.41 1.99 0.112 1.98 0.11
Socially
25554 5.51 1.99 15340 5.61 1.95 10214 5.35 2.02 0.129 1.98 0.13
Confident
Modest 25553 5.50 1.98 15339 5.41 1.98 10214 5.63 1.99 -0.111 1.98 0.11
Democratic 25554 5.51 1.99 15340 5.76 1.97 10214 5.13 1.96 0.320 1.97 0.32
Caring 25554 5.52 1.98 15340 5.48 1.95 10214 5.58 2.01 -0.049 1.98 0.05
Data Rational 25553 5.52 1.98 15340 5.74 1.98 10213 5.18 1.94 0.283 1.96 0.28
Evaluative 25554 5.49 1.98 15341 5.87 1.90 10213 4.91 1.94 0.500 1.92 0.50
Behavioural 25556 5.50 1.97 15341 5.65 1.97 10215 5.28 1.95 0.187 1.96 0.19
Conventional 25553 5.50 1.98 15339 5.32 1.99 10214 5.78 1.92 -0.236 1.96 0.24
Conceptual 25553 5.48 1.98 15338 5.69 2.00 10215 5.17 1.91 0.265 1.96 0.26
Innovative 25554 5.55 1.97 15340 5.70 1.99 10214 5.32 1.93 0.190 1.96 0.19
Variety
25553 5.51 1.98 15339 5.72 1.95 10214 5.20 1.97 0.263 1.96 0.26
Seeking
Adaptable 25554 5.49 1.98 15340 5.56 1.96 10214 5.39 1.99 0.087 1.97 0.09
Forward
25554 5.52 1.99 15341 5.84 1.96 10213 5.04 1.94 0.410 1.95 0.41
Thinking
Detail
25554 5.48 1.99 15341 5.50 2.00 10213 5.45 1.97 0.028 1.99 0.03
Conscious
Conscientious 25552 5.49 1.98 15340 5.61 1.97 10212 5.32 1.99 0.147 1.98 0.15
Rule Following 25554 5.49 1.98 15340 5.36 1.98 10214 5.69 1.97 -0.171 1.97 0.17
Relaxed 25554 5.55 1.97 15341 5.48 1.95 10213 5.65 2.00 -0.085 1.97 0.09
Worrying 25555 5.45 1.97 15340 5.36 1.96 10215 5.59 1.98 -0.119 1.96 0.12
Tough Minded 25555 5.50 1.97 15341 5.46 1.98 10214 5.55 1.96 -0.045 1.97 0.05
Optimistic 25554 5.55 1.96 15340 5.61 1.97 10214 5.46 1.93 0.077 1.95 0.08
Trusting 25552 5.56 1.97 15341 5.68 1.92 10211 5.37 2.03 0.158 1.97 0.16
Emotionally
25554 5.46 1.98 15340 5.36 1.95 10214 5.62 2.01 -0.133 1.98 0.13
Controlled
Vigorous 25552 5.55 1.97 15341 5.49 1.96 10211 5.63 1.98 -0.067 1.97 0.07
Competitive 25552 5.50 1.99 15341 5.57 1.95 10211 5.41 2.05 0.080 1.99 0.08
Achieving 25554 5.52 1.98 15340 5.83 1.91 10214 5.06 1.99 0.396 1.94 0.40
Decisive 25555 5.54 1.98 15340 5.57 2.01 10215 5.49 1.92 0.043 1.98 0.04

Table 21: UK data

Size SD Effsize
Persuasive 9728 5.50 1.96 5818 5.46 1.94 3910 5.56 1.99 -0.056 1.96 0.06
Controlling 9728 5.50 1.98 5817 5.64 1.94 3911 5.29 2.02 0.179 1.97 0.18
Outspoken 9729 5.43 1.98 5818 5.53 1.96 3911 5.29 2.00 0.121 1.98 0.12
Independent
9728 5.47 1.98 5818 5.66 1.98 3910 5.18 1.94 0.242 1.97 0.24
Minded
Outgoing 9729 5.56 1.97 5818 5.49 1.98 3911 5.66 1.96 -0.086 1.97 0.09
Affiliative 9728 5.58 1.97 5817 5.60 1.99 3911 5.54 1.95 0.028 1.97 0.03
Socially
9728 5.55 1.99 5817 5.46 1.98 3911 5.69 1.99 -0.114 1.98 0.11
Confident
Modest 9728 5.48 1.96 5817 5.46 1.98 3911 5.51 1.93 -0.024 1.96 0.02
Democratic 9729 5.49 1.98 5818 5.64 1.99 3911 5.26 1.92 0.193 1.97 0.19
Caring 9727 5.65 1.99 5817 5.56 2.01 3910 5.77 1.96 -0.107 1.99 0.11
Data Rational 9727 5.44 1.96 5817 5.52 1.94 3910 5.33 1.99 0.096 1.96 0.10
Evaluative 9728 5.42 1.97 5817 5.76 1.95 3911 4.92 1.89 0.437 1.92 0.44
Behavioural 9729 5.59 1.99 5818 5.70 2.01 3911 5.43 1.95 0.136 1.98 0.14
Conventional 9728 5.50 1.96 5817 5.23 1.97 3911 5.89 1.89 -0.338 1.94 0.34
Conceptual 9727 5.47 1.98 5817 5.62 2.02 3910 5.25 1.90 0.189 1.97 0.19
Innovative 9727 5.46 1.95 5817 5.66 1.97 3910 5.17 1.88 0.251 1.93 0.25
Variety
9728 5.46 1.99 5817 5.76 2.00 3911 5.02 1.90 0.378 1.96 0.38
Seeking
Adaptable 9728 5.55 1.98 5818 5.60 1.97 3910 5.49 1.99 0.055 1.98 0.06
Forward
9727 5.47 1.97 5817 5.65 1.98 3910 5.20 1.94 0.228 1.96 0.23
Thinking
Detail
9729 5.52 2.01 5818 5.36 2.02 3911 5.76 1.97 -0.203 2.00 0.20
Conscious
Conscientious 9729 5.54 2.00 5818 5.44 2.04 3911 5.70 1.92 -0.130 2.00 0.13
Rule Following 9728 5.51 1.99 5817 5.22 1.98 3911 5.94 1.92 -0.370 1.96 0.37
Relaxed 9729 5.49 1.97 5818 5.39 1.98 3911 5.63 1.94 -0.122 1.96 0.12
Worrying 9729 5.52 1.95 5818 5.49 1.96 3911 5.57 1.94 -0.039 1.95 0.04
Tough Minded 9729 5.49 1.98 5818 5.43 1.99 3911 5.58 1.96 -0.074 1.98 0.07
Optimistic 9727 5.51 1.97 5817 5.54 2.02 3910 5.47 1.89 0.032 1.97 0.03
Trusting 9728 5.57 1.97 5817 5.66 1.95 3911 5.44 1.99 0.109 1.97 0.11
Emotionally
9728 5.48 1.98 5817 5.44 1.99 3911 5.55 1.97 -0.051 1.98 0.05
Controlled
Vigorous 9728 5.63 2.00 5817 5.51 2.01 3911 5.81 1.97 -0.149 1.99 0.15
Competitive 9729 5.44 1.97 5818 5.46 1.97 3911 5.41 1.98 0.020 1.97 0.02
Achieving 9728 5.51 1.97 5818 5.64 1.93 3910 5.30 2.01 0.173 1.96 0.17
Decisive 9729 5.50 1.97 5818 5.61 1.99 3911 5.34 1.92 0.138 1.96 0.14

Table 22: US data

Size SD Effsize
Persuasive 3732 6.01 1.96 3223 6.16 1.93 509 5.02 1.86 0.596 1.92 0.60
Controlling 3732 5.60 1.94 3223 5.64 1.93 509 5.35 1.96 0.150 1.94 0.15
Outspoken 3732 5.40 1.94 3223 5.38 1.96 509 5.52 1.86 -0.073 1.94 0.07
Independent
3732 5.40 1.98 3223 5.43 1.98 509 5.26 1.99 0.085 1.98 0.09
Minded
Outgoing 3732 5.64 1.88 3223 5.71 1.87 509 5.21 1.90 0.270 1.87 0.27
Affiliative 3732 5.51 1.96 3223 5.52 1.95 509 5.39 2.02 0.071 1.96 0.07
Socially
3732 5.74 1.88 3223 5.81 1.87 509 5.27 1.89 0.292 1.87 0.29
Confident
Modest 3727 5.34 1.98 3218 5.30 2.00 509 5.58 1.83 -0.142 1.98 0.14
Democratic 3732 5.45 1.95 3223 5.40 1.96 509 5.77 1.91 -0.186 1.95 0.19
Caring 3732 5.53 1.96 3223 5.54 1.96 509 5.49 1.97 0.026 1.96 0.03
Data Rational 3732 5.62 1.92 3223 5.57 1.92 509 5.89 1.91 -0.167 1.92 0.17
Evaluative 3732 5.43 1.96 3223 5.39 1.98 509 5.63 1.87 -0.118 1.96 0.12
Behavioural 3731 5.63 1.89 3222 5.70 1.87 509 5.21 1.93 0.261 1.88 0.26
Conventional 3732 5.48 1.92 3223 5.41 1.90 509 5.89 1.99 -0.252 1.91 0.25
Conceptual 3732 5.39 1.96 3223 5.35 1.94 509 5.67 2.01 -0.163 1.95 0.16
Innovative 3732 5.55 1.94 3223 5.60 1.94 509 5.22 1.91 0.194 1.94 0.19
Variety
3732 5.39 1.97 3223 5.41 1.96 509 5.24 2.01 0.088 1.97 0.09
Seeking
Adaptable 3732 5.69 1.98 3223 5.78 1.98 509 5.14 1.87 0.327 1.97 0.33
Forward
3732 5.53 1.93 3223 5.51 1.92 509 5.61 2.02 -0.052 1.93 0.05
Thinking
Detail
3732 5.55 1.87 3223 5.50 1.86 509 5.87 1.94 -0.196 1.87 0.20
Conscious
Conscientious 3732 5.51 1.86 3223 5.44 1.84 509 6.00 1.92 -0.305 1.85 0.31
Rule Following 3732 5.73 1.93 3223 5.70 1.94 509 5.92 1.83 -0.115 1.92 0.11
Relaxed 3732 5.44 1.93 3223 5.39 1.92 509 5.78 2.01 -0.203 1.93 0.20
Worrying 3732 5.33 1.96 3223 5.28 1.96 509 5.67 1.94 -0.200 1.96 0.20
Tough Minded 3732 5.46 1.94 3223 5.43 1.94 509 5.66 1.90 -0.116 1.93 0.12
Optimistic 3732 5.59 1.96 3223 5.65 1.97 509 5.26 1.92 0.197 1.96 0.20
Trusting 3731 5.51 1.93 3222 5.53 1.93 509 5.38 1.92 0.074 1.93 0.07
Emotionally
3732 5.36 1.93 3223 5.31 1.92 509 5.64 1.92 -0.169 1.92 0.17
Controlled
Vigorous 3732 5.44 1.92 3223 5.36 1.89 509 5.91 2.00 -0.288 1.91 0.29
Competitive 3732 5.95 1.91 3223 6.12 1.86 509 4.88 1.85 0.668 1.86 0.67
Achieving 3732 5.71 1.91 3223 5.76 1.91 509 5.38 1.90 0.198 1.91 0.20
Decisive 3730 5.43 1.97 3221 5.47 1.98 509 5.22 1.87 0.124 1.97 0.12

OPQ32r Norm Update: Technical Documentation

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Technical Manual

OPQ32r Norm Update

Copyright © 2011 by SHL Group Ltd

In total, 92 norms were updated, spanning 24 languages and 37 countries/regions. Twenty

Norms and benchmarks

Types of norm groups

OPQ32 norms are created based on three key factors:

Criteria for creating norm groups

Demographics data (bio data)

Table 1: Overview of industry sectors by industry cluster.

General population norms

General work population norms

Managerial and professional norms

Senior manager norms

Industry specific norms

Table 2: Overview of sample sizes by norm type.

Lack of OPQ32r data:

Lack of demographics (bio data):

Overview of types of updates

Table 3: Overview of the types of norm updates.

Update Examples No. Old No. New

The new norm replaces an old norm 89 62

The new norm replaces an old norm 16 9

A newly created A newly created norm. Examples n/a 21

The old norm cannot be updated due to 19 n/a

The old norm will be retired. Norms 35 n/a

Table 4. The Consistency Score

Figure 1. Consistency Score distributions

Table 5. Interpretation of the Consistency Score

Impact of changing to new norms

 UK English (N= 22615)

Table 6: Overview of samples used for the group comparisons.

Male 2028 61.05 28664 61.54 13804 61.03 3457 63.58

Total 200 6.02 1341 2.88 14365 63.51 178 3.27

Total 841 25.32 24033 51.60 9531 42.14 3477 63.95

Total 3322 100.00 46575 100.00 22617 100.00 5437 100.00

Effect size (d statistic)

Effect size (d statistic)

Managers and non-managers

Effect size (d statistic)

Figure 8: Great 8 mean scores by industry cluster

2 Finance and Insurance

3 Technology and Telecoms

G6 Org & Exec

G5 Creat & Concept

G8 Entrepr & Perf

Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation

Note: PS refers to Professional Services.

Figure 9: Great 8 mean scores by industry cluster

Effect size (d-statistic)

2 Finance and Insurance

3 Technology and Telecoms

G6 Org & Exec

G5 Creat & Concept

G8 Entrepr & Perf

Manufacturing, Construction, Transportation

Note: PS refers to Professional Services.

Figure 10: Great 8 mean scores by industry cluster

2 Finance and Insurance