PHY121 EM Chapter 02
PHY121 EM Chapter 02
PHY121 EM Chapter 02
PHY121 Physics I
1. The motion is along a straight line only. The line may be vertical, horizontal, or
slanted, but it must be straight.
2. We discuss only the motion itself and changes in the motion. What causes to this
motion will be discussed later.
Δx = x f − xi
Displacement can be either positive or negative
Δx = xs − xi
+ 2.2.Position and Displacement
Δx = x f − xi
+ 2.2.Position and Displacement
What is the displacement of a Formula 1 car after a Grand Prix with 40 laps ?
What is the total distance a Formula 1 car after a Grand Prix with 40 laps?
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Δx x f − xi
vavg. = vx = =
Δt t f − ti
The unit of average velocity is m/s in SI unit system
The average velocity of a particle moving in one dimension can be positive or
negative, depending on the sign of the displacement. (The time interval Δt is always
positive.)
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Rules for the sign of the velocity
Total distance
Average speed =
Total time
Δx = xs − xi = −53− 30 = −83
Δx xs − xi −53− 30
vx = = = = −1.7m / s
Δt t2 − t1 50 − 0
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Answer 1:
Graphical method to find the average velocity
Δx Slope=Δx/Δt
Δt
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Answer 1:
22 + 52 + 53
= = 2.5m / s
50
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Example 2:
a) Rank the five trips in order of average x-velocity from most
positive to most negative.
b) Which trips, if any, have the same average x-velocity?
c) For which trip, if any, is the average x-velocity equal to zero?
Discuss it!
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Example 3:
Δxnormal 5 km
Δvnormal = = = 0.5 km / min.
Δtnormal 10 min.
Δx 2 km
Δt2km = = = 0.1 h = 6 min.
Δvavg. 20 km / h Δttotal = Δt2km + Δt3km
Δx 3 km Δttotal = 6 + 6 = 12 min.
Δt3km = = = 6 min.
Δvnormal 0.5 km / min
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
t (second)
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
The instantaneous velocity equals the limiting value of average velocity as
Δt approaches zero.
Anlık hız:
Δx dx
vx = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt
Instantaneous velocity is a
vector quantity !
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2
x = 20 + 5t
a) Find the cheetah’s displacement between t=1 s and t= 2 s
b) Find its average velocity during that interval.
c) Find its instantaneous velocity at t=1 s by taking Δt= 0.1, Δt=0.01 ve
Δt=0.001 s
d) Derive an expression for the cheetah’s instantaneous velocity as a
function of time.
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 4:
x1 = 20 + 5(1)2 = 25 m
2
Δx = x2 − x1 = 40 − 25 = 15 m
x2 = 20 + 5(2) = 40 m
x2 − x1 40 − 25
Δvortalamaa = = = 15 m / s
t2 − t1 1
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 4:
c) With Δt=0.1 s the time interval is from t1=1 s to a new t2=1.1. At the
position is
x2 − x1 26.05 − 25
Δvavg. = = = 10.5 m / s
t2 − t1 1.1−1.0
for t=1, xi = -2 m
Δx = xs − xi = 6 − (−2) = 8m
for t=3 xf = 6 m
Δx 8m
vx = = = 4m / s
Δt 2s
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 5
Δx dx
vx = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt t=2.5
d 2
vx = (−4t + 2t ) t=2.5
dt
vx = (−4 + 4t ) t=2.5
vx = 6m / s
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 5
d)
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 5
d)
a) Position at any time can
be easily read from the
graph.
Δv v f − vi
aavg = a x = =
Δt t f − ti
İf velocity is …acceleration is
Δvx dvx
ax = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt
dvx d dx d 2 x
ax = = ( )= 2
dt dt dt dt
That is, in one-dimensional motion, the acceleration equals the second derivative of x
with respect to time.
+ 2.5. Acceleration
Finding Acceleration on a velocity-time graph
+ 2.5. Acceleration
+ 2.5. Acceleration
+ 2.5. Acceleration
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Δv vxf − vxi
ax = =
Δt t f − ti
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
An object’s velocity at any time t for constant acceleration
vxf = vxi + ax t
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Because velocity at constant acceleration varies linearly in time we
can express the average velocity in any time interval as the
arithmetic mean of the initial velocity vxi and the final velocity vxf
Δx x f − xi vxi + vxf
vx = = =
Δt t f − ti 2
1
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )t
2
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
1 2
x f = xi + vxi t + ax t
2
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
we can obtain an expression for the final velocity that does not contain
time as a variable by substituting the value of t from
vxf = vxi + ax t
this equation into this equation
1
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )t
2
1 vxf − vxi
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )( )
2 ax
2ax (x f − xi ) = vxf2 − vxi2
1 2
vxs = vxi + ax t xs = xi + vxi t + ax t
2
2 2 1
v = v + 2ax (xs − xi )
xs xi xs = xi + (vxi + vxs )t
2
The choice of which equation you use in a given situation depends on what you know
beforehand.
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 10:
On a highway at night you see a stalled vehicle and brake your car to a stop with an
acceleration of magnitude 5 m/s2. What is the car's stopping distance if its initial speed
is (a) 15 m/s or (b) 30 m/s?
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer 10: a)
2 2
v = v + 2ax (x f − xi )
xf xi
0 = vxi2 + 2ax Δx
2 2
v xi (15m / s)
Δx = − =− 2
= 22.5m
2ax 2(−5m / s )
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer 10:b)
a, m / s 2
vxi2
Δx, m
Δx = − = 4(22.5m) = 90m
2ax
vxf2xi , m / s
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 11:
In last Example 10, (a) how much time does it take for the car to stop if its initial
velocity is 30 m/s? (b) How far does the car travel in the last second?
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 11:
In last Example 10, (a) how much time does it take for the car to stop if its initial
velocity is 30 m/s? (b) How far does the car travel in the last second?
Answer 11:a)
vxf = vxi + ax t 1
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )t
2
0 = 30m / s − (5m / s 2 )t 1
t = 6s 90m = 0 + (30m / s + 0).t
2
t = 6s
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 11:
In last Example 10, (a) how much time does it take for the car to stop if its initial
velocity is 30 m/s? (b) How far does the car travel in the last second?
Answer 11:b)
vxf2 5m / s 2
Δx = − =− 2
= 2.5m
2ax 2(−5m / s )
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 12:
Answer 12:
km 1000m 1h
100 x x = 27.8m / s
h 1km 3.6ks
Find the displacement and final velocity for the first 0.15 µs interval
1 1
x f = xi + vxi t + ax t 2 = (5.33x1012 m / s 2 )(0.15x10 −6 s)2 ⇒ Δx1 = 0.06m = 6.0cm
2 2
Use this final velocity as the constant velocity to find the displacement while it drifts at
constant velocity.
Use this same velocity as the initial velocity to find the displacement for the third
interval, in which the electron slows down.
Add the displacements found in steps 1, 2, and 3 to find the total displacement
Δxtotal = x1 + x2 + x3 = 23.2cm
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 14:
A car is speeding at 90 km/h in a school zone where the speed limit were 10 m/s. A
police car starts from rest just as the speeder passes and accelerates at a constant
rate of 5 m/s2.
(a) When does the police car catch the speeding car?
(b) How fast is the police car traveling when it catches up with the speeder?
(c) How far have the cars traveled when the police car catches the speeder?
(d) How fast is the police car travelling when it is 25 m behind the speeding car?
(e) When is the distance between police car and speeder maximum ? What is the
value of maximum distance between police car and speeder in m?
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer 14 a)
xspeeder = v speeder .t
xaraba = v araba .t
1 2
x police = a police.t
2 1
x polis = a polis .t 2
2
km 1000m 1h
1 Vspeeder = 90 x x = 15m / s
v speeder .tc = a police.tc2 h 1km 3.6ks
2
2 v speeder 2.(25m / s)
tc = = 2
= 10s
a police 5m / s
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer :b)
Answer :c)
1 1
x police = a police.tc = (5m / s 2 ).(10s)2 = 250m
2
2 2
xspeeder = v speeder .t = (25m / s).(10s) = 250m
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer : d)
1
xspeeder = v speeder .t xspeeder − x police = v speeder .t − aspeeder .t 2
2
1 1
x police = a police.t 2 25 = 25t − 5t 2
2 2
t1 = 8.873s t2 = 1.127s
Answer 14:f)
The separation between the police and speeding car at any time is given by
1
D = xspeeding − x police = v speeding .t − a police.t 2
2
d
(xspeeder − x police ) = v speeder . − a police.t = 0 ⇒ 25 − 5.t = 0 ⇒ t = 5s
dt
The separation between the police and speeding car at t=5 s:
1 2 1 2
xspeeder − x police = v speeder .t − a police.t = 25.5 − − 5.5 = 62.5m
2 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
2 2
g = 9.8m / s ≈ 10m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
If we neglect air resistance and assume that the free-fall acceleration does
not vary with altitude over short vertical distances, then the motion of a
freely falling object moving vertically is equivalent to motion in one
dimension under constant acceleration.
Therefore, the equations developed in Section 2.6 for objects moving with
constant acceleration can be applied.
ay = −g = −9.8m / s 2 ≈ −10m / s 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Example 15:
A one-euro coin is dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and falls freely from
rest. What are its position and velocity after 1.0 s, 2.0 s, and 3.0 s?
y
0 x
t=1 s
t=2 s
ay = −g = −9.8m / s 2 ≈ −10m / s 2
t=3 s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 15:
y
0 x
t=1 s 1 2
ys = yi + vyi t + ay t
2
t=2 s
vys = vyi + ay t
ay = −g = −9.8m / s 2 ≈ −10m / s 2
t=3 s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 15
for t=1.0 s
1
ys = 0 + 0t + (−10m / s 2 )x(1s)2 = −5m
2
vys = 0 + (−10m / s 2 )x(1s) = −10m / s
for t=2.0 s
1
ys = 0 + 0t + (−10m / s 2 )x(2s)2 = −20m
2
vys = 0 + (−10m / s 2 )x(2s) = −20m / s
for=3.0 s
1
ys = 0 + 0t + (−10m / s 2 )x(3s)2 = −45m
2
vys = 0 + (−10m / s 2 )x(3s) = −30m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Example 16:
You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall building. The ball leaves
your hand at a point even with the roof railing with an upward speed of the ball is
15m/s then in free fall. On its way back down, it just misses the railing. Find
(a) the ball’s position and velocity 1.00 s and 4.00 s after leaving your hand;
(b) the ball’s velocity when it is 5.00 m above the railing;
(c) the maximum height reached;
(d) the ball’s acceleration when it is at its maximum height.
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:a)
The position and y-velocity at time t are given by
1 2
y f = yi + vyi t + ay t v f = vi + ay t
2
for t=1 s
1
y f = 0 + (15m / s).(1s) + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(1s)2 = 10.1m
2
v f = 15m / s + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(1s) = 5.2m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:a)
for t=4 s
1
y f = 0 + (15m / s).(4s) + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(4s)2 = −18.4m
2
v f = 15m / s + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(4s) = −24.2m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:b)
When the ball is 5.00 m above the origin we have yf=5.0 m
Answer 16:d)
Discuss !
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Example 17:
While standing in an elevator, you see a screw fall from the ceiling. The ceiling
is 3 m above the floor. How long does it take for the screw to hit the floor if the
elevator is moving upward and gaining speed at a constant rate of a = 4.0 m/s2?
yscrewyv
h=3m
h=3 m
av
aaea as
yfloor
yt
0
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 17
1
Screw: yscrew, f = yscrew,i + vscrew,i t + as,y t 2
2
1
Floor: y floor, f = y floor,i + v floor,i t + aet 2
2
yscrewyv
At time when the screw hits the floor, these
h=3m
h=3 m positions are equal:
av
aaea as yv = yt
1 1
yfloor
yt ysi, f + vsyi t + as t 2 = y fi + v fyi t + aet 2
2 2
1 1
ysi, f + as t 2 = ysi + aet 2
2 2
0
ysi = h = 3m, as = −g, y fi = 0, ae = 4m / s 2
1 2 1 2
h − gt = 0 + aet
2 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 17:
1 2 1 2
h − gt = 0 + aet
2 2
yscrewyv
1
h = (g + ae )t 2
h=3m
h=3 m
2
av
aaea as 2h
t=
yfloor
g + ae
yt
2.(3m)
t= 2 2
= 0.659s
9.8m / s + 4m / s
0
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Homework 1:
Consider the elevator and screw in Example 17. Assume the velocity of the elevator
is 16 m/s upward when the screw separates from the ceiling.
(a) How far does the elevator rise while the screw is falling? How far does the screw
fall?
(b) What is the velocity of the screw and the velocity of the elevator at impact?
(c) What is the velocity of the screw relative to the floor at impact?
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM1: a)
The distance the floor rises in time t1=0.659 s.
1
y floor, f = y floor,i + v floor,i t + aet 2
2
1
y floor, f = 0 + (16m / s).(0659s) + (4m / s 2 ).(0.659)2
2
y floor, f = 11.42m
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM1: b)
The position of screw in this time should be same:
1
yscrew, f = yscrew,i + vscrew,i t + gt 2
2
1
y floor, f = 3m + (16m / s).(0659s) + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(0.659)2
2
y floor, f = 11.42m
Since the screw starts out 3 m above the floor the distance, the screw falls in
time is 8.42 m.
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM1: c)
The impact velocity of the screw and of the floor at impact
vscrew, f = vscrew,i − gt
vscrew, f = 16m / s − (9.8m / s 2 ).(0.659) = 9.5m / s
v floor, f = v floor,i + at
vscrew, f = 16m / s + (4m / s 2 ).(0.659) = 18.6m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Homework 2:
Your friend climbs a tree to get a better view of the musician at an outdoor
music concert. Unfortunately, he leaves his binoculars behind. You throws them
up to your friend, but your strength is greater than your accuracy. The binoculars
pass your friend's outstretched hand after 0.69 s and again 1.68 s later. How
high is your friend? Find the initial velocity of the binoculars and the velocity of
the binoculars as they pass your friend on the way down.
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM2
1 2 1
h = vyi t1 + ay t1 h = vyi t2 + ay t22
2 2
1 2 1
h = vyi t1 − gt1 h = vyi t2 − gt22
2 2
1 2
h = vyi t2 − gt2
2
1 2
h + gt1
2 1 2
h=( )t2 − gt2 = 8.02m
t1 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM 2
1 2
h = vyi t1 − gt1
2
1
8.02m = vyi (0.69s) − (9.8m / s 2 ).(0.69s)2
2
vyi = 15m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM 2
The velocity of the binocular as they pass your friend on the way down
Δx = ∑ vxn Δtn
n
Δx = ∑ vxn Δtn
n
Definite integral
ts
lim ∑ vxn Δtn = ∫ v (t)dt
x
Δtn
n ti
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Definite integral
tf
t2
x2 − x1 = ∫ v(t)dt
t1
a = 2.0m / s 2 − (0.10m / s 3 )t
t
v2 − v1 = ∫ a(t)dt
0
1
v(t) = v2 = v1 + 2.0t − (0.10)t 2
2
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:a)
The integral of velocity give us the position as a function of time:
t
x2 − x1 = ∫ v(t)dt
0
t
# 1 2&
x2 = x1 + ∫ %v1 + 2.0t − (0.10)t (dt
0
$ 2 '
t2 1 t3
x2 = x1 + v1t + 2.0 − − (0.10)
2 2 3
2 0.10 3
x2 = x1 + v1t + t − t
6
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:b)
We have to find the first derivative of velocity and then equal to zero and solve for t:
dv
= 2.0m / s 2 − (0.10m / s 3 )t = 0
dt
t = 20s
Answer HM3:c)
We find the maximum x-velocity by substituting, the time from part (b) when
velocity is maximum, into the equation for from part (a):
1
vmax = (2.0).(20s) − (0.10).(20)2 = 30m / s
2
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:d)
To find the car’s position at the time that we found in part (b), we substitute into the
expression for x from part (a):
0.10 3
x2 = x1 + v1t + t 2 − t
6
0.10 2
xmax = 50m + (10m / s).(20s) + (20s) − (20s)3 = 517m
6
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:e)