PHY121 EM Chapter 02

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 97

+

PHY121 Physics I

Chapter 2 Motion Along a Straight Line



Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eyüp DUMAN

A.Ü. Faculty of Engineering

Department of Energy Engineering

+ Chapter 2 Motion Along a Straight Line
2.1. Motion
2.2. Position and Displacement
2.3. Average Velocity and Speed
2.4. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.5. Acceleration
2.6. Constant Acceleration
2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
+ 2.1 Motion

In physics motion is categorized into three types:


•  translational motion: A car moving down a highway

•  rotational motion: Earth’s spin on its axis

•  vibrational motion: back-and-forth movement of a pendulum

Some general properties of translation motion in this chapter:

1. The motion is along a straight line only. The line may be vertical, horizontal, or
slanted, but it must be straight.

2. We discuss only the motion itself and changes in the motion. What causes to this
motion will be discussed later.

3. We will describe the moving object as a particle regardless of its size.


+ 2.2.Position and Displacement

A particle’s position is the location of the particle with respect to a chosen


reference point that we can consider to be the origin of a coordinate system.

You can freely choose the positive and negative direction.


+ 2.2.Position and Displacement

The displacement of an object is defined as it’s change in position in some


time interval:

Δx = x f − xi
Displacement can be either positive or negative

Displacement is an example of a vector quantity, which is a quantity that has


both a direction and a magnitude.
+ 2.2.Position and Displacement

Δx = xs − xi
+ 2.2.Position and Displacement

Δx = x f − xi
+ 2.2.Position and Displacement

The total distance is different. Total distance is a traveled distance and is


always a positive number.

What is the displacement of a Formula 1 car after a Grand Prix with 40 laps ?
What is the total distance a Formula 1 car after a Grand Prix with 40 laps?
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed

If an object has a displacement Δx in time interval Δt, then the average


velocity is given by:

Δx x f − xi
vavg. = vx = =
Δt t f − ti
The unit of average velocity is m/s in SI unit system
The average velocity of a particle moving in one dimension can be positive or
negative, depending on the sign of the displacement. (The time interval Δt is always
positive.)
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Rules for the sign of the velocity

İf the x coordinate is …average velocity

Positive and increasing Positive: Particle is moving in


(more positive) +x direction

Positive and decreasing Negative: Particle is moving in


(less positive) -x direction

Negative and increasing Positive: Particle is moving in


(less negative) +x direction

Negative and decreasing Negative: Particle is moving in


(more negative) -x direction
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Δx xs − xi
vavg. = vx = =
Δt ts − ti
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Δx xs − xi
vavg. = vx = =
Δt ts − ti
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed

Velocity and speed is not same !

Total distance
Average speed =
Total time

Speed is a scaler quantity.


+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Example 1:
A car moves back and forth along a straight line. Find the displacement,
average velocity, and average speed of the car between positions A and F.
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Answer 1:

Displacement between A and F

Δx = xs − xi = −53− 30 = −83

Average velocity between A and F

Δx xs − xi −53− 30
vx = = = = −1.7m / s
Δt t2 − t1 50 − 0
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Answer 1:
Graphical method to find the average velocity

Δx Slope=Δx/Δt

Δt
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Answer 1:

Average speed between A and F:

Average speed = Total distance/ Total time

22 + 52 + 53
= = 2.5m / s
50
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Example 2:

Each of the following automobile trips takes one hour.


The positive x-direction is to the east.
•  Automobile A travels 50 km due east.
•  Automobile B travels 50 km due west.
•  Automobile C travels 60 km due east, then turns around and travels
10 km due west.
•  Automobile D travels 70 km due east.
•  Automobile E travels 20 km due west, then turns around and travels
20 km due east.

a)  Rank the five trips in order of average x-velocity from most
positive to most negative.
b)  Which trips, if any, have the same average x-velocity?
c)  For which trip, if any, is the average x-velocity equal to zero?

Discuss it!
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Example 3:

It normally takes you 10 min to travel 5 km to school along a


straight road. You leave home 15 min before class begins.
Delays caused by a broken traffic light slow down traffic to 20
km/h for the first 2 km of the trip. Will you be late for class?
+ 2.3 Average Velocity and Speed
Answer 3:

Δttotal = Δt2km + Δt3km

Δxnormal 5 km
Δvnormal = = = 0.5 km / min.
Δtnormal 10 min.

Δx 2 km
Δt2km = = = 0.1 h = 6 min.
Δvavg. 20 km / h Δttotal = Δt2km + Δt3km
Δx 3 km Δttotal = 6 + 6 = 12 min.
Δt3km = = = 6 min.
Δvnormal 0.5 km / min
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

The winner of a 50-m swimming race is the swimmer whose average


velocity has the greatest magnitude-that is, the swimmer who traverses a
displacement of 50 m in the shortest elapsed time Δt.
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

Often we need to know the velocity of a particle at a particular instant in time..

How can we find the instantaneous velocity?


+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
x (m)

t (second)
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
The instantaneous velocity equals the limiting value of average velocity as
Δt approaches zero.
Anlık hız:

Δx dx
vx = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt
Instantaneous velocity is a
vector quantity !
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

The instantaneous velocity can be positive, negative, or zero.


+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Example 4:
A cheetah is crouched 20 m to the east of an observer. At time t=0 the
cheetah begins to run due east toward an antelope that is 50 m to the east
of the observer. During the first 2.0 s of the attack, the cheetah’s coordinate
x varies with time according to the equation

2
x = 20 + 5t
a)  Find the cheetah’s displacement between t=1 s and t= 2 s
b)  Find its average velocity during that interval.
c)  Find its instantaneous velocity at t=1 s by taking Δt= 0.1, Δt=0.01 ve
Δt=0.001 s
d)  Derive an expression for the cheetah’s instantaneous velocity as a
function of time.
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 4:

a) The cheetah’s positions at t=1 and t=2 s

x1 = 20 + 5(1)2 = 25 m
2
Δx = x2 − x1 = 40 − 25 = 15 m
x2 = 20 + 5(2) = 40 m

b) The average x-velocity during this interval is

x2 − x1 40 − 25
Δvortalamaa = = = 15 m / s
t2 − t1 1
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 4:

c) With Δt=0.1 s the time interval is from t1=1 s to a new t2=1.1. At the
position is

x2 = 20 + (5.0m / s 2 )(1.1s)2 = 26.05m


The average x-velocity during this 0.1-s interval is

x2 − x1 26.05 − 25
Δvavg. = = = 10.5 m / s
t2 − t1 1.1−1.0

Following this pattern, you can calculate the average x-velocities


for 0.01-s and 0.001-s intervals: The results are 10.05 m/s ve 10.005 m/s.
As Δt gets smaller, the average x-velocity gets closer to 10 m/s so we
conclude that the instantaneous x-velocity at t=1.0 s is 10 m/s.
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Example 5:

A particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with


time according to the expression
2
x = −4t + 2t
where x is in meters and t is in seconds.

a) Determine the displacement of the particle in the time


intervals t = 0 to t = 1 s and t =1 s to t = 3 s.
b) Calculate the average velocity during these two time
intervals.
c) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t =2.5 s.
d) Draw a position-time graph on graphing paper for the time
interval t=0 to t=4 s.
e) Repeat a) b) and c using this position-time graph.
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 5
a)  for t=0, xi=0 m
Δx = xs − xi = −2 − 0 = −2m
for t=1’de xf=-2 m

for t=1, xi = -2 m
Δx = xs − xi = 6 − (−2) = 8m
for t=3 xf = 6 m

b)  Average velocity in the time intervals t=0 to t= 1 s


Δx −2m
vx = = = −2m / s
Δt 1s
Average velocity in the time intervals t=1 to t= 3 s

Δx 8m
vx = = = 4m / s
Δt 2s
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 5

c) The instantaneous velocity at t=2.5 s would be the time derivative of


position

Δx dx
vx = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt t=2.5
d 2
vx = (−4t + 2t ) t=2.5
dt
vx = (−4 + 4t ) t=2.5
vx = 6m / s
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 5

d)
+ 2.4.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Answer 5

d)
a)  Position at any time can
be easily read from the
graph.

b)  The average velocity of


between any two points
on curve would be the
the slopes of the lines
joining these points

c)  The slope of tangent line


at t=2.5 s give the
instantaneous velocity at
this point.
+ 2.5. Acceleration
When a particle’s velocity changes, the particle is said to undergo acceleration
+ 2.5. Acceleration

The average acceleration of the particle is defined as the change in velocity


Δv divided by the time interval Δt during which that change occurs:

Δv v f − vi
aavg = a x = =
Δt t f − ti

Acceleration is vectorel quantity too !

The unit of acceleration is m/s2 in SI unit system.


+ 2.5. Acceleration
Rules for the sign of the acceleration

İf velocity is …acceleration is

Positive and increasing Positive: Particle is moving in


(getting more positive) +x direction and speeding up

Positive and decreasing Negative: Particle is moving in


(getting less positive) +x direction and slowing down

Negative and increasing Positive: Particle is moving in -x


(getting less negative) direction and slowing down

Negative and decreasing Negative: Particle is moving in


(getting more negative) -x direction and speeding up
+ 2.5. Acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration can be defined as the limit of the average
acceleration as Δt approaches zero.

Δvx dvx
ax = lim =
Δt→0 Δt dt

The instantaneous acceleration equals the derivative of the velocity with


respect to time.

The acceleration can also be written

dvx d dx d 2 x
ax = = ( )= 2
dt dt dt dt
That is, in one-dimensional motion, the acceleration equals the second derivative of x
with respect to time.
+ 2.5. Acceleration
Finding Acceleration on a velocity-time graph
+ 2.5. Acceleration
+ 2.5. Acceleration
+ 2.5. Acceleration
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration

Δv vxf − vxi
ax = =
Δt t f − ti
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
An object’s velocity at any time t for constant acceleration

vxf = vxi + ax t
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Because velocity at constant acceleration varies linearly in time we
can express the average velocity in any time interval as the
arithmetic mean of the initial velocity vxi and the final velocity vxf

Δx x f − xi vxi + vxf
vx = = =
Δt t f − ti 2

To obtain the position of an object as a function of time we can use


ti=0 the definition of Vxf for constant acceleration:

1
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )t
2
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration

The position of an object as a function of time

1 2
x f = xi + vxi t + ax t
2
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
we can obtain an expression for the final velocity that does not contain
time as a variable by substituting the value of t from
vxf = vxi + ax t
this equation into this equation
1
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )t
2
1 vxf − vxi
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )( )
2 ax
2ax (x f − xi ) = vxf2 − vxi2

vxf2 = vxi2 + 2ax (x f − xi )


+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration

Kinematic equations for one dimensional motion with constant acceleration

1 2
vxs = vxi + ax t xs = xi + vxi t + ax t
2
2 2 1
v = v + 2ax (xs − xi )
xs xi xs = xi + (vxi + vxs )t
2

The choice of which equation you use in a given situation depends on what you know
beforehand.
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 10:
On a highway at night you see a stalled vehicle and brake your car to a stop with an
acceleration of magnitude 5 m/s2. What is the car's stopping distance if its initial speed
is (a) 15 m/s or (b) 30 m/s?
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer 10: a)

2 2
v = v + 2ax (x f − xi )
xf xi

0 = vxi2 + 2ax Δx
2 2
v xi (15m / s)
Δx = − =− 2
= 22.5m
2ax 2(−5m / s )
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer 10:b)

a, m / s 2
vxi2

Δx, m
Δx = − = 4(22.5m) = 90m
2ax

vxf2xi , m / s
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 11:
In last Example 10, (a) how much time does it take for the car to stop if its initial
velocity is 30 m/s? (b) How far does the car travel in the last second?
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 11:
In last Example 10, (a) how much time does it take for the car to stop if its initial
velocity is 30 m/s? (b) How far does the car travel in the last second?

Answer 11:a)

vxf = vxi + ax t 1
x f = xi + (vxi + vxf )t
2
0 = 30m / s − (5m / s 2 )t 1
t = 6s 90m = 0 + (30m / s + 0).t
2
t = 6s
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 11:
In last Example 10, (a) how much time does it take for the car to stop if its initial
velocity is 30 m/s? (b) How far does the car travel in the last second?

Answer 11:b)

vxf2 5m / s 2
Δx = − =− 2
= 2.5m
2ax 2(−5m / s )
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 12:

In a crash test, a car traveling 100 km/h


hits an immovable concrete wall. What is
its acceleration? Assume that the
acceleration of ca is constant and
stopping distance for the car is about
0.75 m.
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 12:

In a crash test, a car traveling 100 km/h


hits an immovable concrete wall. What is
its acceleration? Assume that the
acceleration of ca is constant and
stopping distance for the car is about
0.75 m.

Answer 12:
km 1000m 1h
100 x x = 27.8m / s
h 1km 3.6ks

vxf2 = vxi2 + 2ax (x f − xi )


vxf2 − vxi2 (27.8m / s)2
ax = = = −514m / s 2
2(x f − xi ) 20.75m
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 13:

An electron in a cathode-ray tube accelerates from rest with a constant acceleration


of 5.33 x 1012 m/s2 for 0.15 µs. The electron then drifts with constant velocity for 0.2
µs. Finally, it comes to rest with an acceleration of -2.67 x 1013 m/s2. How far does
the electron travel?
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer 13:

Find the displacement and final velocity for the first 0.15 µs interval

1 1
x f = xi + vxi t + ax t 2 = (5.33x1012 m / s 2 )(0.15x10 −6 s)2 ⇒ Δx1 = 0.06m = 6.0cm
2 2

vxf = vxi + ax t = (5.33x1012 m / s 2 )(0.15x10 −6 s) = 8x10 5 m / s

Use this final velocity as the constant velocity to find the displacement while it drifts at
constant velocity.

xs = xi + vxi t = (8x10 5 m / s)(0.2x10 −6 s) ⇒ Δx2 = 0.16m = 16.0cm


+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Answer 13:

Use this same velocity as the initial velocity to find the displacement for the third
interval, in which the electron slows down.

vxs2 = vxi2 + 2ax (xs − xi )


0 = (8x10 5 m / s)2 + 2(−2.67x10 −13 m / s 2 )Δx
Δx3 = 1.2cm

Add the displacements found in steps 1, 2, and 3 to find the total displacement

Δxtotal = x1 + x2 + x3 = 23.2cm
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration
Example 14:
A car is speeding at 90 km/h in a school zone where the speed limit were 10 m/s. A
police car starts from rest just as the speeder passes and accelerates at a constant
rate of 5 m/s2.
(a)  When does the police car catch the speeding car?
(b)  How fast is the police car traveling when it catches up with the speeder?
(c)  How far have the cars traveled when the police car catches the speeder?
(d)  How fast is the police car travelling when it is 25 m behind the speeding car?
(e)  When is the distance between police car and speeder maximum ? What is the
value of maximum distance between police car and speeder in m?
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration

Answer 14 a)

xspeeder = v speeder .t
xaraba = v araba .t

1 2
x police = a police.t
2 1
x polis = a polis .t 2
2

km 1000m 1h
1 Vspeeder = 90 x x = 15m / s
v speeder .tc = a police.tc2 h 1km 3.6ks
2
2 v speeder 2.(25m / s)
tc = = 2
= 10s
a police 5m / s
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration

Answer :b)

vxspolice = vxipolice + a policetc


vxspolice = 0 + (5m / s 2 ).10s = 50m / s

Answer :c)

1 1
x police = a police.tc = (5m / s 2 ).(10s)2 = 250m
2

2 2
xspeeder = v speeder .t = (25m / s).(10s) = 250m
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration

Answer : d)
1
xspeeder = v speeder .t xspeeder − x police = v speeder .t − aspeeder .t 2
2
1 1
x police = a police.t 2 25 = 25t − 5t 2
2 2

t1 = 8.873s t2 = 1.127s

vxspolice = vxipolice + a policet1 vxspolice = vxipolice + a policet2


vxspolice = 0 + (5m / s 2 ).(8.873s) = 44.4m / s vxspolice = 0 + (5m / s 2 ).(1.127s) = 5.64m / s
+ 2.6. Constant Acceleration

Answer 14:f)
The separation between the police and speeding car at any time is given by

1
D = xspeeding − x police = v speeding .t − a police.t 2
2

At maximum separation is dD/dt=0

d
(xspeeder − x police ) = v speeder . − a police.t = 0 ⇒ 25 − 5.t = 0 ⇒ t = 5s
dt
The separation between the police and speeding car at t=5 s:

1 2 1 2
xspeeder − x police = v speeder .t − a police.t = 25.5 − − 5.5 = 62.5m
2 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration

A freely falling object is any object


moving freely under the influence of
gravity alone, regardless of its initial
motion
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
A freely falling object is any object moving
freely under the influence of gravity alone,
regardless of its initial motion

Objects thrown upward or downward and


those released from rest are all falling freely
once they are released.

Any freely falling object experiences an


acceleration directed downward, regardless of
its initial motion.

We shall denote the magnitude of the free-fall


acceleration by the symbol g.

2 2
g = 9.8m / s ≈ 10m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration

If we neglect air resistance and assume that the free-fall acceleration does
not vary with altitude over short vertical distances, then the motion of a
freely falling object moving vertically is equivalent to motion in one
dimension under constant acceleration.

Therefore, the equations developed in Section 2.6 for objects moving with
constant acceleration can be applied.

ay = −g = −9.8m / s 2 ≈ −10m / s 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Example 15:
A one-euro coin is dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and falls freely from
rest. What are its position and velocity after 1.0 s, 2.0 s, and 3.0 s?

y
0 x
t=1 s

t=2 s

ay = −g = −9.8m / s 2 ≈ −10m / s 2

t=3 s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration

Answer 15:

y
0 x
t=1 s 1 2
ys = yi + vyi t + ay t
2
t=2 s

vys = vyi + ay t
ay = −g = −9.8m / s 2 ≈ −10m / s 2

t=3 s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration

Answer 15

for t=1.0 s
1
ys = 0 + 0t + (−10m / s 2 )x(1s)2 = −5m
2
vys = 0 + (−10m / s 2 )x(1s) = −10m / s
for t=2.0 s
1
ys = 0 + 0t + (−10m / s 2 )x(2s)2 = −20m
2
vys = 0 + (−10m / s 2 )x(2s) = −20m / s
for=3.0 s
1
ys = 0 + 0t + (−10m / s 2 )x(3s)2 = −45m
2
vys = 0 + (−10m / s 2 )x(3s) = −30m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Example 16:
You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall building. The ball leaves
your hand at a point even with the roof railing with an upward speed of the ball is
15m/s then in free fall. On its way back down, it just misses the railing. Find
(a)  the ball’s position and velocity 1.00 s and 4.00 s after leaving your hand;
(b)  the ball’s velocity when it is 5.00 m above the railing;
(c)  the maximum height reached;
(d)  the ball’s acceleration when it is at its maximum height.
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:a)
The position and y-velocity at time t are given by

1 2
y f = yi + vyi t + ay t v f = vi + ay t
2
for t=1 s

1
y f = 0 + (15m / s).(1s) + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(1s)2 = 10.1m
2
v f = 15m / s + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(1s) = 5.2m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:a)
for t=4 s

1
y f = 0 + (15m / s).(4s) + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(4s)2 = −18.4m
2
v f = 15m / s + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(4s) = −24.2m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration

Answer 16:b)
When the ball is 5.00 m above the origin we have yf=5.0 m

vyf2 = vyi2xi + 2ay (y f − yi )


vyf2 = (15m / s)2 + 2(−9.8m / s 2 ).(5 − 0)
vyf2 = 127.69 ⇒ vyf = ±11.3m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 16:c)

vyf2 = vyi2 + 2ay (y f − yi )


2 2
0 = (15m / s) + 2(−9.8m / s ).(y f − 0)
y f = ymax = h = 11.5m

Answer 16:d)
Discuss !
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Example 17:
While standing in an elevator, you see a screw fall from the ceiling. The ceiling
is 3 m above the floor. How long does it take for the screw to hit the floor if the
elevator is moving upward and gaining speed at a constant rate of a = 4.0 m/s2?

yscrewyv

h=3m
h=3 m
av
aaea as

yfloor
yt

0
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 17
1
Screw: yscrew, f = yscrew,i + vscrew,i t + as,y t 2
2
1
Floor: y floor, f = y floor,i + v floor,i t + aet 2
2
yscrewyv
At time when the screw hits the floor, these
h=3m
h=3 m positions are equal:
av
aaea as yv = yt
1 1
yfloor
yt ysi, f + vsyi t + as t 2 = y fi + v fyi t + aet 2
2 2
1 1
ysi, f + as t 2 = ysi + aet 2
2 2
0
ysi = h = 3m, as = −g, y fi = 0, ae = 4m / s 2
1 2 1 2
h − gt = 0 + aet
2 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer 17:

1 2 1 2
h − gt = 0 + aet
2 2
yscrewyv
1
h = (g + ae )t 2
h=3m
h=3 m
2
av
aaea as 2h
t=
yfloor
g + ae
yt

2.(3m)
t= 2 2
= 0.659s
9.8m / s + 4m / s
0
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Homework 1:
Consider the elevator and screw in Example 17. Assume the velocity of the elevator
is 16 m/s upward when the screw separates from the ceiling.

(a) How far does the elevator rise while the screw is falling? How far does the screw
fall?
(b) What is the velocity of the screw and the velocity of the elevator at impact?
(c) What is the velocity of the screw relative to the floor at impact?
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM1: a)
The distance the floor rises in time t1=0.659 s.

1
y floor, f = y floor,i + v floor,i t + aet 2
2
1
y floor, f = 0 + (16m / s).(0659s) + (4m / s 2 ).(0.659)2
2
y floor, f = 11.42m
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM1: b)
The position of screw in this time should be same:

1
yscrew, f = yscrew,i + vscrew,i t + gt 2
2
1
y floor, f = 3m + (16m / s).(0659s) + (−9.8m / s 2 ).(0.659)2
2
y floor, f = 11.42m

Since the screw starts out 3 m above the floor the distance, the screw falls in
time is 8.42 m.
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM1: c)
The impact velocity of the screw and of the floor at impact

vscrew, f = vscrew,i − gt
vscrew, f = 16m / s − (9.8m / s 2 ).(0.659) = 9.5m / s

v floor, f = v floor,i + at
vscrew, f = 16m / s + (4m / s 2 ).(0.659) = 18.6m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Homework 2:
Your friend climbs a tree to get a better view of the musician at an outdoor
music concert. Unfortunately, he leaves his binoculars behind. You throws them
up to your friend, but your strength is greater than your accuracy. The binoculars
pass your friend's outstretched hand after 0.69 s and again 1.68 s later. How
high is your friend? Find the initial velocity of the binoculars and the velocity of
the binoculars as they pass your friend on the way down.
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM2
1 2 1
h = vyi t1 + ay t1 h = vyi t2 + ay t22
2 2
1 2 1
h = vyi t1 − gt1 h = vyi t2 − gt22
2 2

1 2
h = vyi t2 − gt2
2
1 2
h + gt1
2 1 2
h=( )t2 − gt2 = 8.02m
t1 2
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM 2

The initial velocity of the binocular:

1 2
h = vyi t1 − gt1
2
1
8.02m = vyi (0.69s) − (9.8m / s 2 ).(0.69s)2
2
vyi = 15m / s
+ 2.7. Free Fall Acceleration
Answer HM 2

The velocity of the binocular as they pass your friend on the way down

vyf = vyi + at2


vyf = 15m / s − (9.8m / s 2 ).(2.37s)
vyi = −8.23m / s
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

Δx = ∑ vxn Δtn
n

Δx = lim ∑ vxn Δtn


Δtn →0 n

Displacement = area under the vx-t graph


+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

Δx = ∑ vxn Δtn
n

Δx = lim ∑ vxn Δtn


Δtn →0 n

Displacement = area under the vx-t graph


+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

Definite integral
ts
lim ∑ vxn Δtn = ∫ v (t)dt
x
Δtn
n ti
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

Definite integral
tf

lim ∑ vxn Δtn = ∫ v (t)dt


x
Δtn
n ti

So for time interval Δt = t2-t1, the displacement is given by:

t2
x2 − x1 = ∫ v(t)dt
t1

Same procedure can be applied to displacement-time curve


t2
v2 − v1 = ∫ a(t)dt
t1
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Homework 3:
Sally is driving along a straight highway in her 1965 Mustang. At t=0 when she
is moving at 10 m/s in the positive x-direction, she passes a signpost at x= 50
m. Her x-acceleration as a function of time is

a = 2.0m / s 2 − (0.10m / s 3 )t

(a) Find her x-velocity and position x as functions of time.


(b) When is her x-velocity greatest?
(c) What is that maximum x-velocity?
(d) Where is the car when it reaches that maximum x-velocity?
(e) Draw the a-t, v-t and x-t graph in graphing paper.
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM 3:a)

The integral of acceleration give us the velocity of car as a function of time

t
v2 − v1 = ∫ a(t)dt
0

1
v(t) = v2 = v1 + 2.0t − (0.10)t 2
2
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:a)
The integral of velocity give us the position as a function of time:

t
x2 − x1 = ∫ v(t)dt
0
t
# 1 2&
x2 = x1 + ∫ %v1 + 2.0t − (0.10)t (dt
0
$ 2 '
t2 1 t3
x2 = x1 + v1t + 2.0 − − (0.10)
2 2 3
2 0.10 3
x2 = x1 + v1t + t − t
6
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:b)
We have to find the first derivative of velocity and then equal to zero and solve for t:

dv
= 2.0m / s 2 − (0.10m / s 3 )t = 0
dt
t = 20s

Answer HM3:c)
We find the maximum x-velocity by substituting, the time from part (b) when
velocity is maximum, into the equation for from part (a):

1
vmax = (2.0).(20s) − (0.10).(20)2 = 30m / s
2
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:d)
To find the car’s position at the time that we found in part (b), we substitute into the
expression for x from part (a):

0.10 3
x2 = x1 + v1t + t 2 − t
6
0.10 2
xmax = 50m + (10m / s).(20s) + (20s) − (20s)3 = 517m
6
+ 2.8. Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
Answer HM3:e)

You might also like