PSYCH OF LEARNING CHAPTER 3, PSYCH of Learning

Chapter 4, PSYCH of Learning Chapter 5

1. Aaron is much more reactive to loud noises temperament; 10. According to the compensatory- the primary effect
and sudden events than Kevin is. Using the inherited response model of drug tolerance, in a of the drug on
terminology provided in the text, we would conditioning trial in which cues are the body; the
say that there seems to be a difference in paired with drug administration, the US compensatory
____ between the two children, which has is ______________ and the UR is response to the
probably to a large extent been ____. ________________. primary effect
2. According to Freud's notions of psychic Rescorla- 11. According to the opponent-process a period of
energy, the investment of more energy in Wagner theory, an event which produces a unhappiness.
the id (the instinctual component of theory strong feeling of happiness is likely to
personality) means that less energy is be followed by
available for the ego (the rational
12. According to the opponent-process better than
component of personality). This model is
theory, following your recovery from a normal.
analogous to which theory of classical
period of sickness, you may feel
conditioning?
still worse than normal.
3. According to opponent-process theory, if the b-
13. According to the opponent-process is representative
we repeatedly present a stimulus that process will
theory, in an abusive relationship, the of the a-process.
evokes a strong emotional response, last longer
"honeymoon phase" that often follows will grow
and become
a period of intense abuse stronger with
more intense
repeated
4. According to opponent process theory, the b-process; instances of
duration of the _____ tends to _____ with increase abuse.
repeated presentations of the emotional (Both A and C)
event.
14. According to the opponent-process a-process;
5. According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution CS; US theory of emotion, the _____ is elicited emotional event
theory, the ____ acts as a substitute for the by the _____. b-process; a-
____. process
(Both A and C)
6. According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution the
theory, the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome 15. According to the opponent-process compensate for
metronome because acts as a theory of emotion, the purpose of the the a-process.
substitute for b-process is to
the food.
16. According to the opponent-process correlates closely
7. According to the compensatory-response in a strange theory the a-process with the
model of conditioning (and assuming that it hotel room. emotional event.
applies to situations such as these), a couple
17. According to the opponent-process is slow to
that has been married for many years would
theory the b-process increase and slow
be most aroused if they made love
to decrease.
8. According to the compensatory-response if you moved
18. According to the opponent-process the b-process
model of conditioning (and assuming that it to a different
theory, with repeated presentations of increases in both
is relevant to relationships), it would be apartment
an emotional event strength and
easier to go through a marriage break-up from where
the b-process increases in both duration.
you had
strength and duration.
lived with
your former 19. According to ____ theory, a given US Rescorla-Wagner
partner. can support only so much conditioning.

9. According to the compensatory-response decrease 20. According to ____ theory, the CR should stimulus-
model of conditioning, if a certain drug has a blood be quite similar to the UR. substitution
tendency to increase blood pressure, then pressure. 21. According to the preparatory-response CR; US
just being in an environment associated with theory of conditioning, the purpose of
taking the drug may the ____ is to enable the organism to get
ready for the ____.
22. According to the process of ____, a selective 33. After being stung by a bee, Antonio increase;
person's reactivity to a fearful event sensitization occasionally sees a bee which he then incubation
could increase during a stressful event in quickly runs away from. As a result,
his or her life. Antonio's fear of bees might ____, which is
an example of a process that is known as
23. According to the process of selective a stressful event
____.
sensitization, a person's fears may of some sort.
become exaggerated following exposure 34. After little Arlo was attacked by a crow, he incubation;
to would run away each time he encountered increase
one. According to the concept of ______,
24. According to the Rescorla-Wagner can support
this may result in a(n) ______ in his fear
theory, a given US only so much
response
conditioning.
35. After the therapist told Stan that he had selective
25. According to the Rescorla-Wagner affected by the
been permanently damaged by the abuse sensitization.
theory, if a bell and a light are amount of
he suffered as a child, he began to
simultaneously associated with shock, conditioning
experience symptoms of PTSD. This may
then the amount of fear elicited by the that occurs to
reflect a process o
bell will be the light
36. Although Jolene was always slightly US
26. According to the Rescorla-Wagner the CS has
nervous while driving, she became revaluation.
theory of conditioning, blocking occurs already taken
extremely frightened of driving after
because up most of the
witnessing a terrible car accident. This is
available
best described as an example of
associative
strength. 37. A(n) _____ is a relatively simple, involuntary reflex
response to a stimulus.
27. According to the Rescorla-Wagner is limited and
theory, the amount of conditioning that must be 38. Another term for classical conditioning is respondent
occurs distributed conditioning.
among the
39. A(n) _____ response is a defensive reaction startle
various CSs
to a sudden, unexpected stimulus.
available.
40. A(n) _____ stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a conditioned
28. According to the S-R model of the UR
certain response because it has been
conditioning, the becomes
associated with some other stimulus.
associated with
the NS 41. A(n) _____ stimulus is a stimulus that unconditioned
naturally elicits a response.
29. According to the S-R model of the same
conditioning, the CS should elicit response as the 42. The association of an NS with the excitatory
UR. presentation of a US is known as _____
conditioning.
30. According to the S-S model of the NS
conditioning, becomes 43. The association of an NS with the removal inhibitory
associated with of a US is known as _____ conditioning.
the US 44. At about the same time that Pavlov began E. B. Twitmyer
31. According to the S-S model of a response that investigating classical conditioning in
conditioning, the CS should elicit is somehow Russia, an American named _____ was also
related to the investigating it.
US. 45. Attempting to eliminate your attraction to covert
32. After being bitten by a cat, Shawna incubation; a former partner by imagining him or her sensitization.
occasionally encounters cats for brief enhance covered in vomit is an example of
periods of time. According to the process 46. The average person would likely become while taking a
of ____, these encounters may ____ her most intoxicated by drinking alcohol shower.
fear of cats.
47. Aversion therapy for alcoholism often the use of an 57. Catching a glimpse of a familiar individual orienting
involves emetic. out of the corner of your eye is likely to response
pairing alcohol result in a(n)
ingestion with
58. Classical conditioning is also known as Pavlovian
nausea.
conditioning.
(both A and B)
respondent
48. Aversion therapy for alcoholism often both pairing conditioning.
involves ingestion with (Both A and B)
nausea
59. Classical conditioning of compensatory preparatory-
49. Aversion therapy has been used to treat sex offenders. responses provides evidence for which of response
smoking. the following theories of conditioning? theory
alcoholism.
60. A click and a scent are each separately decrease; also
(all of these)
paired with a shock, and conditioned to a decrease
50. An aversive blast of air has a maximum 2; maximum associative value. The click and
associative value of 15 units. A compound overshadowing scent are then combined into a
stimulus consisting of a click and a scent compound stimulus and subjected to
are repeatedly paired with the puff of air, further pairings with the same shock. A
until the asymptote of conditioning has likely result is that the associative value
been reached. The scent acquires 13 units of one CS will ____ while the associative
of associative value. This means that the value of the other CS will ____.
click must have acquired ______ units of
61. A click and a scent are separately paired overexpectation
associative value, which is an example of
with a shock, and each conditioned to the
______.
maximum associative value. The click and
51. Based on evidence presented by both It is unclear. scent are then combined into a
sides, which of the following conclusions compound stimulus and subjected to
can be drawn regarding the statement further pairings with the shock. This is
that Douglas Merritte was 'Little Albert'? obviously an experiment on the ____
effect.
52. The basic process involved in flooding extinction.
appears to be 62. The compensatory-response model of in an
conditioning predicts that it will be easier environment
53. Becoming accustomed to the ongoing short-term
for someone to quit smoking not related to
sound of a fan during a 3-hour period one habituation.
smoking.
afternoon is an example of
63. A complex stimulus that consists of the Compound
54. Becoming increasingly irritated during a sensitization.
simultaneous presentation of two or Stimulus
play because the person next to you
more individual stimuli.
keeps sniffling is most similar to the
process of 64. A compound stimulus consists of a buzzer 1;
and a light flash, each of which has 0 units overshadowing
55. Behaviors that are automatically drawn elicited
of associative value. This compound
out by the stimuli that precede them are
stimulus is then repeatedly paired with a
called _____ behaviors.
sweet drink that can support a maximum
56. Burton grows up in an environment in Burton associative value of 15 units. Following
which he has little control over the things these pairings, the buzzer has acquired 14
that matter most to him. Paula grows up in units of associative value. This means that
an environment in which she experiences the light flash has at most acquired ____
a great deal of control over what matters units of associative value, which is a
most to her. According to research demonstration of ____.
evidence, which of these children will be
most susceptible to acquiring a phobia?
65. A compound stimulus consists of a click, 0; blocking 78. Don was equally attracted to Sasha and decrease.
which already has 15 units of associative Dominique, whom he dated separately.
value, and a scent, which has 0 units of Over time, he learned to become very
associative value. This compound stimulus is aroused by Sasha's style of dress and by
then paired with a shock that can support a Dominique's perfume. Later, he struck up a
maximum associative value of 15 units. relationship with Marnie, who dressed like
Following these pairings, the scent will Sasha and wore the same perfume as
likely have ____ units of associative value, Dominique. According to the Rescorla-
which is a demonstration of ____. Wagner theory, the amount of arousal Don
experiences from the perfume alone will
66. The concept of ____ refers to an animal's preparedness
likely
inherited tendency to acquire certain kinds
of fears more easily than others. 79. During exam time, Dilbert finds that he selective
becomes particularly fearful of going out sensitization.
67. Conditioned Response CR
for walks at night. This is best described as
68. Conditioning a rat to display a flexion operant an example of
response to a flash of light is an example of conditioning.
80. During his study of digestive processes, quantity
classical
Pavlov noted that the _____ of saliva could quality
conditioning.
vary according to the type of substance (Both A and
(both b and
placed in the dog's mouth. B)
c)
quantity
69. Condition Stimulus CS quality
70. The Coolidge effect refers to the tendency with 81. During the exam, Vinita eventually dishabituation.
for males of certain species to become presentations stopped noticing that the student next to
more sexually aroused of different her was repeatedly sniffling. At one point,
females. however, the lights in the room went off,
71. Covert sensitization involves the use of imaginal after which she again noticed the sniffling.
stimuli. The reappearance of her reaction to the
sniffling is best described as an example of
72. The CR is _____ the UR. often similar
to 82. During the Second World War, a major were fearful
predictor of whether children developed of air raids.
73. The CR is usually similar to the
an intense fear of air raids was whether
UR.
their mothers
74. A decrease in the strength of an elicited habituation.
83. During the Second World War, the vast temporary
behavior following repeated presentations
majority of people exposed to air raids fear reactions
of the eliciting stimulus is known as
developed that quickly
75. A deer's tendency to run in a zigzag a fixed disappeared.
pattern in front of a car is action
84. During the spring, the male Boogie Bird sign stimulus;
pattern.
engages in a stereotypic dance sequence fixed action
76. Developing an aversion to lettuce and covert whenever it sees a female. The female is pattern
tomato sandwiches after hearing a story sensitization. best described as a ______ while the dance
about someone who once found a spider in sequence is a ______.
such a sandwich is analogous to the
85. The ease with which a conditioned fear temperament.
treatment procedure known as
response is acquired can be affected by observational
77. A dog's tendency to roll on its back and fixed action learning.
expose its underside to a more dominant pattern. history of
dog animal is best described as an example control.
of a(n) (all of these)
86. The _____ effect refers to the tendency Coolidge; 98. Fixed action patterns have evolved to remained
for males of certain species to become different females help animals cope with certain aspects of largely
more sexually aroused when their environment which, throughout the consistent.
presented with _____. animals' evolutionary history, have
87. "Everyone on Main Street suddenly conditioned 99. The flexion response that happens when UR; US
fell silent when the outlaw Jesse James suppression you step on a tack is a ______ while the
rode into town." This is analogous to experience of the tack hitting your foot is
the _____ procedure in classical a ______.
conditioning.
100. Flinching in response to a gunshot is an elicited
88. Evidence that classical conditioning the effects are example of an _____ behavior.
often underlies placebo effects is the stronger following
101. Forcing yourself to play a computer aversion
fact that a period of
game to which you are addicted until you therapy.
treatment with the
are absolutely hate it is an example of
real drug.
102. For flooding to be effective, the period relatively long.
89. An experimentally produced disorder Experimental
of exposure to the feared stimulus must
in which animals exposed to Neurosis
be
unpredictable events develop
neurotic-like symptoms 103. Freud believed that the _____ step in the initial;
treatment of a phobia should involve _____. prolonged
90. Exposure-based treatments for participant
exposure to
phobias are generally more effective modeling.
what the
when they include
person is
91. Factors which suggests that Little Little Albert did afraid of
Albert did not grow up to have a not have the kind
104. Freud overcame his own fear of heights flooding.
phobia of furry objects include which of temperament
using a process similar to
of the following? often associated
with phobias. 105. From an evolutionary perspective, what Habituation
function does habituation serve? allows us to
92. The fact that a rat's fear response to different from,
focus on
an aversive CS is likely to be quite ____ preparatory
currently
its response to the aversive US is best response theory
relevant
explained by ____.
stimuli.
93. Feeling relaxed while walking your pet inhibitory Habituation
lion through a dangerous conditioning. allows us to
neighborhood is best described as an ignore
example of irrelevant
stimuli.
94. Feeling strongly attracted to your appetitive
(Both A and B)
classmate following some romantic
encounters is best described as an 106. The generalization of a conditioned Semantic
example of _____ conditioning. response to verbal stimuli that are similar generalization
in meaning to the CS.
95. Ferguson and Cassaday (1999) conditioned
speculated that the symptoms of Gulf responses to 107. Given that each drink contains the same unfamiliar
War Syndrome are actually stimuli associated amount of alcohol and that you drink
with the war. each drink at the same rate, you will
likely become most drunk if you are
96. The first American to systematically E. B. Twitmyer.
drinking a(n) ____ drink.
investigate processes of classical
conditioning was 108. Gradual is to intense as ____ is to ____. systematic
desensitization;
97. Fixed action patterns are sometimes species-specific
flooding
also called behaviors.
109. Heather was slightly nervous about skiing US 121. In ____, an event that elicits one type counterconditioning;
after she fell and slightly twisted her revaluation. of response is associated with incompatible
ankle. She later suffers a serious and another event that elicits a(n) ____
painful leg injury in a boating accident. response.
After she fully recovers, she is now not
122. In a placebo effect, the little white CS; US
only quite fearful of boating but also of
pill functions as the _____ while the
skiing. This is best described as an example
drug within it functions as the _____.
of
123. In a process known as ___________, a Extinction
110. he major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus- CR and UR;
conditioned response is weakened
substitution theory is that the ____ are different
or eliminated when the conditioned
sometimes quite ____
stimulus (CS) is repeatedly
111. I cannot be both angry and happy at the reciprocal presented in the absence of the US.
same time, which means that a good joke inhibition.
124. In a standard CER procedure, the CR fear.
can often defuse my anger about
is
something. This is an example of
125. In a suppression ratio, a value of _____ 0; total suppression
112. If a person displays an allergic reaction to CR.
indicates _____.
an artificial flower, the allergic reaction is
most likely a 126. The inborn tendency of a dog to fixed action pattern.
scratch dirt after it urinates is an
113. I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit backward;
example of a(n)
me. This is an example of a _____ likely
conditioning procedure which is _____ to be 127. In _____ conditioning, the _____ is an appetitive; US
effective. event that is usually considered
pleasant or satisfying.
114. If the a-process tends to decrease body increase body
temperature, then the b-process will temperature. 128. In _____ conditioning, the US is an appetitive
attempt to event that is usually considered
pleasant or satisfying.
115. If the primary effect of a drug is to decrease in
increase heart rate, the UR in a drug heart rate. 129. In contradiction to the mimic the effect of
conditioning trial is compensatory-response model of the drug.
conditioning, the CSs for some drugs
116. If we have an innate tendency to acquire unconditioned
elicit reactions that
conditioned fears through the observation stimulus.
of fearful reactions in others, then the 130. An increase in the strength of an sensitization.
look of fear in others must be functioning elicited behavior following repeated
as a(n) presentations of the eliciting
stimulus is known as
117. If we inherit a tendency to learn fears by US
observation, then the display of fear by 131. In general, a(n) _____ stimulus results moderate;
others serves as a(n) _______ for a fear in _____. sensitization
response in ourselves. followed by
habituation
118. If we wanted to associate a tone with an delayed
electric shock, we could first present the 132. In general, for both smoking and nausea-based;
tone, and then, while it is still on, present alcoholism, ____ treatments are more shock-based
a brief shock. This type of conditioning effective than ____ treatments.
procedure is called _____ conditioning. 133. In general, phobias represent a overgeneralization.
119. I momentarily see a wasp fly behind me. A trace process of
second later, I feel a sting in the back of 134. In general, pleasant events are used appetitive; aversive
the neck. I now fear wasps. This is an in _____ conditioning, while
example of _____ conditioning. unpleasant events are used in _____
120. In a backward conditioning procedure, the US; NS conditioning.
_____ precedes the _____. 135. In general, the UR is _____ the CR. stronger than
136. In general, you should find it easier to low intensity 149. In support of the preparatory-response the CR can
habituate to a _________________ than to a stimulus; high theory of conditioning, sometimes
__________________. intensity be quite
low intensity stimulus; high intensity stimulus different from
stimulus the UR.
137. In his early investigations, Pavlov noted large amount 150. In the "Little Albert" experiment, loud US; CS
that a dry inedible substance placed in a of watery noise is to white rat as ______ is to ______.
dog's mouth elicited a saliva.
151. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Santa Claus
small amount of slimy saliva.
Little Albert, Albert's fear of the ____ was mask.
138. In his early investigations, Pavlov noted small amount regarded as evidence of stimulus
that a moist edible substance placed in a of slimy saliva. generalization.
dog's mouth elicited a
152. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with rat.
139. In keeping with the compensatory- normal; Little Albert, the CS was the
response model of conditioning, many unrelated
153. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with initially the
drug fatalities occur when the addict
Little Albert, the rat was NS.
injects a(n) ____ dosage of the drug in a
setting that is ____ to drug use. 154. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with loud noise
Little Albert, the US was the
140. In keeping with the ____ model of compensatory-
conditioning, many drug fatalities occur response; 155. In trying to associate a tone with an simultaneous
when the person injects a normal dosage unfamiliar electric shock, we present the tone at
of the drug in a(n) ____ environment. exactly the same time as the shock. This
type of procedure is called _____
141. In _____, one stimulus that does not elicit a classical
conditioning.
response is associated with a second conditioning
stimulus that does; as a result, the first 156. In _____, two stimuli are paired together with classical
stimulus, also comes to elicit a response. the result that one of the stimuli comes to conditioning
elicit a response that it did not originally
142. In order to overcome her addiction to covert
elicit.
hamburgers, Sheila imagines that the conditioning
meat contains ground cockroaches. What 157. In which type of conditioning procedure simultaneous
therapeutic technique is she attempting does the NS provide no additional
to use? information concerning the US?

143. In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning unconditioned 158. In which type of conditioning procedure is backward
procedure, salivating in response to the response. a "biologically relevant" NS likely to
food is a(n) produce a conditioned fear response when
other types of NSs will not?
144. In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning conditioned
procedure, salivating in response to the response. 159. A _____ is a fixed sequence of responses fixed action
sound of a metronome is a(n) elicited by a specific stimulus. pattern

145. In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning unconditioned 160. A _____ is a specific stimulus that elicits a releaser; sign
procedure, the food is a(n) stimulus. fixed action pattern. stimulus
(Both A and
146. In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning conditioned
B)
procedure, the sound of a metronome stimulus.
eventually becomes a(n) 161. __________________is the sudden recovery of a Disinhibition
conditioned response during an extinction
147. In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning neutral
procedure when a novel (unfamiliar)
procedure, the sound of a metronome is stimulus.
stimulus is introduced.
originally a(n)
162. It has been argued by Ferguson and CRs elicited
148. In phobic development, selective is unrelated to
Cassaday (1999) that the symptoms of Gulf by stimuli
sensitization differs from US revaluation the original
War Syndrome are actually encountered
in that the event which exacerbates the fear
during the
person's fear response conditioning.
Gulf War.
163. It has been argued by Ferguson and classically 170. Little Joey always feels particularly safe inhibitory
Cassaday (1999) that the symptoms of Gulf conditioned whenever he sees a teacher monitoring
War Syndrome are actually responses. what is happening on the playground. This
is best described as an example of _____
164. It has been hypothesized that the CRs;
conditioning.
symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity generalization
are actually _____ resulting from a process 171. A man with a shoe fetish spends stimulus-
of stimulus _____. considerable time obtaining women's substitution
shoes. This behavior is most easily
165. It has been proposed that in multiple US; odor; CS
explained by which theory of
chemical sensitivity, the toxic substance to
conditioning?
which the person was initially exposed
functions as a _____ while the _____ of the 172. Many reflexes are closely tied to survival.
substance functions as a _____.
173. Many risky sports, like snowboarding and opponent
166. I watch as a wasp lands on my arm and delayed parasailing, have become quite popular process
stings me. As a result, I now fear wasps. with many people. Which of the following theory of
This is an example of _____ conditioning. would best account for this? emotion
167. Kandis loves Aunt Edna's desserts and excitatory; 174. Mary Cover Jones (1924) was able to gradually
salivates more than normal when she visits inhibitory eliminate Peter's rabbit phobia by moving the
her. This is an example of _____ rabbit closer
conditioning. Kandis salivates less than and closer.
normal when her health-conscious sister is pairing the
present, since Aunt Edna never serves presentation
dessert at those times. This is an example of the rabbit
of _____ conditioning. with cookies.
(both a and b)
168. The limitations of Watson and Rayner's the rat had to
Little Albert experiment as an example of be repeatedly 175. Mary Cover Jones (1924) was able to placing the
phobic conditioning include paired with eliminate Peter's rabbit phobia by rabbit in
the loud Peter's lap for
noise. long periods
Albert's fear of time.
started to pairing the
diminish presentation
following a of the rabbit
rest period of with
several days. relaxation.
Albert's fear (Neither A or
was easily B)
diminished by
176. The maximum amount of conditioning that asymptote
thumbsucking.
can take place in a particular situation is
(all of the
known as the_____________ of conditioning
above)
177. The method of ____ involves pairing systematic
169. Little fears can grow into big fears through incubation.
relaxation with a succession of stimuli that desensitization
the process of US
elicit increasing levels of fear.
revaluation.
selective 178. The method of rapid smoking is a form of
sensitization. aversion
(all of these) therapy.
involves
taking a puff
every 6-10
seconds.
(both a and b)
179. The method of systematic desensitization relaxation; 192. The opposite of stimulus generalization is Stimulus
involves pairing ____ with a succession of increasing the tendency for a response to be elicited discrimination
stimuli that elicit ____ levels of fear. more by one stimulus than another.
180. More intense____________ produce stronger USs 193. Öst's single-session treatment procedure gradual
and more rapid conditioning than do less for phobias combines the ____ aspect of approach;
intense USs systematic desensitization with the ____ prolonged
aspect of flooding. exposure
181. More intense____________ result in stronger Nss
and more rapid conditioning than do less 194. Öst's single-session treatment procedure gradual
intense NSs. for phobias includes a ____ component. approach
participant
182. The more often you try to attract the cat's habituation.
modeling
attention, the less attention it pays to you.
prolonged
This is best described as an example of
exposure
183. The more you clap your hands, the more sensitization. (all of these)
excited the dog becomes. This is best
195. Öst's single-session treatment procedure in vivo
described as an example of
for phobias involves exposure to
184. Ned found that if he ate cookies while reciprocal the feared
thinking about his recurrent nightmare, the inhibition. stimulus.
frequency and severity of those eliciting
nightmares began to decrease. This relatively
appears to be an example of the process intense levels
of of fear.
185. Newborns tend to display several encouraging
reflexes that the client to
disappear gradually
within a few approach the
years. feared event.
(all of these )
186. NS neutral
stimulus 196. Pavlov began to devote more and more after
resources to the study of salivary determining
187. The offset of the NS precedes the onset of trace
conditioning in dogs that the
the US. This statement describes a _____
behavior was
conditioning procedure.
quite lawful.
188. The offset of the US precedes the offset of neither a nor
197. Pavlov believed that the process of pairing different
the CS. This statement describes a _____ b
an NS with a US resulted in the formation areas in the
conditioning procedure.
of a neural connection between cortex that
189. One must be particularly cautious about posttraumatic are activated
using flooding therapy with a person who stress by each type
suffers fro disorder. of stimulus.
190. One of the primary effects of increase in 198. Pavlov noted that sand in a dog's mouth large amount
amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. heart rate; tended to elicit a of watery
According to the compensatory-response decrease in saliva.
model, in a drug conditioning trial the US heart rate
199. Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an S-S model.
would be ______________ and the UR would be
example of a(n)
_______________.
200. People in general more easily acquire a preparedness;
191. The onset of one stimulus occurs at the simultaneous
fear of snakes than of birds. This is an temperament
same moment as the onset of another. This
example of the effect of ______. Certain
represents a _____ conditioning procedure.
people more easily acquire a fear of
snakes than do other people. This is an
example of the effect of ______.
201. The phenomenon whereby a neutral Latent Inhibition 211. A process that involves the post US revaluation
stimulus is more difficult to condition as conditioning presentation of the US at a
a CS than is an unfamiliar (novel different level of intensity, thereby
stimulus) altering the strength of response to the
previously conditioned CS
202. The phenomenon whereby the more Overshadowing
salient member of a compound stimulus 212. The process whereby a neutral stimulus Higher-order
is more readily conditioned as a CS and that is associated with a CS (rather than a conditioning
thereby interferes with conditioning of US) also becomes a CS
the less salient member
213. A rat emits 10 responses during the CS .2
203. The phenomenon whereby the presence Blocking period and 40 responses during the pre-
of an established CS interferes with CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of
conditioning of a new CS _____.
204. Problems with flooding include the patient may 214. A rat emits 25 responses during the CS .5
become so period and 25 responses during the pre-
stressed that CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of
medical _____.
complications
215. A rat freezes when a snake passes by. conditioned
result.
This is most similar to which of the suppression
the treatment
following procedures? procedure
might
sometimes 216. The reappearance of a conditioned Spontaneous
worsen a response to a CS following a rest period Recovery
phobia. after extinction.
(both a and b) 217. The reappearance of a habituated dishabituation.
205. A procedure in which a stimulus(known Occasion response to a stimulus following the
as an occasion setter) signals whether a Setting presentation of another, seemingly
CS is likely to be followed by a US and irrelevant stimulus is called
thereby controls whether the CS will 218. The red belly of the male Stickleback fish sign
elicit a CR is a _____ stimulus for an aggressive display
206. Process of developing and Acquisition by another male.
strengthening a conditional response 219. A reflex arc consists of the activation of sensory
through repeated pairings of a neutral a(n) _____ (in that order). neuron,
stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus interneuron,
207. The process of ____ is the strengthening incubation; and motor
of a conditioned fear response through brief neuron
____ exposures to a feared CS. 220. Reflexes that are controlled by a reflex quick; bypass
208. The process of ____ is the strengthening incubation arc are very _____ because the neural the brain
of a fear response through brief impulses controlling it _____.
exposures to a feared CS. 221. Researchers found that when people snakes and
209. The process of _____ tends to _____. habituation; be were exposed to subliminally presented spiders.
stimulus pictures paired with electric shock, they
specific subsequently displayed signs of
sensitization; conditioned anxiety when the pictures
generalize to were of
other stimuli 222. Researchers have found that monkeys can fear-relevant
(Both A and B) develop fear reactions through
210. The process of _____ tends to _____. sensitization; observational learning when the feared
generalize to object is a ____ event.
other stimuli
223. Research revealed that patients who suppressed; 232. Shock-elicited aggression in rats is more
received chemotherapy in a hospital hospital likely to
setting subsequently experienced a(n) ____ occur in rats
immune response when they again visited that have
the hospital. In this case, the ____ would be been trained
classified as the to be
aggressive.
224. Research revealed that patients who suppressed;
received chemotherapy in a hospital chemotherapy 233. The simplest type of reflex is activated reflex arc.
setting subsequently experienced a(n) ____ through a(n)
immune response when they again visited
234. A slight fear can grow into a major phobia selective
the hospital. In this example, the ____ would
as a result of sensitization.
be classified as
235. A startle response is a defensive reaction unexpected
225. The _____ response involves the automatic flexion;
to a(n) stimulus.
removal of a hand or foot from a sharp or orienting
hot object, while the _____ response is a 236. Stepping on a nail is likely to result in a(n) flexion
bodily movement designed to facilitate response.
attending to a stimulus. 237. Suppose a US supports a maximum 3
226. The _____ response is a defensive reaction startle; flexion associative value of 10. According to the
to an unexpected stimulus, while the _____ Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a
response involves the automatic removal compound stimulus has acquired 7 units of
of a hand or foot from a sharp or hot associative value, the other CS will at most
object. have acquired ____ units of associative value.

227. A response that has been extinguished CS or NS 238. Suppose a US supports a maximum 20
can be reacquired quite rapidly when associative value of 30. According to the
the__________ is once again paired with the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a
US. compound stimulus has acquired 10 units of
associative value, then the other CS will at
228. The scent of lilacs is repeatedly paired enhanced
most have acquired ____ units of associative
with shots of adrenaline, which facilitates functioning of
value.
immune system activity. As a result, the the immune
scent of lilacs is likely to elicit system. 239. The suppression ratio consists of the CS
number of _____ divided by the number of responses;
229. Seema once received a shock while unconditioned
_____. CS
plugging in her toaster, and is now quite
responses
anxious each time she uses it. In this
plus pre-CS
example, the shock was a(n) _____ stimulus
responses
230. Seema once received a shock while neutral
240. Suzie once encountered a snake in the S-S
plugging in her toaster, and is now quite
woods near town, and as a result
fearful each time she uses it. In this
developed a strong fear of those woods.
example, the toaster was originally a(n)
Later, however, she learned that there are
_____ stimulus with respect to fear.
no snakes in those woods, and that what
231. Selby found that as he became Rescorla- she thought was a snake must have instead
increasingly interested in a new girl at a Wagner been a branch lying on the ground. As a
school, he began to lose interest in his theory result, she immediately lost her fear of the
girlfriend. However, after he found out woods. This suggests that Suzie's fear of the
that this new girl was a rather nasty woods must have been based on an ____
person, his romantic feelings for his association.
girlfriend returned. Selby's experience is
consistent with the ____ of conditioning.
241. Suzie once encountered a snake in the S-R; remain 250. There are multiple reports of drug CS
woods near town, and as a result unchanged overdoses where the individual overdoses CR
developed a strong fear of those woods. on a normal dose of the drug, but in a (Both A and
Later, however, she learned that there are novel place. As a result of the novel B)
no snakes in those woods, and that what situation, the user's tolerance was reduced.
she thought was a snake must have According to the compensatory-response
instead been a branch lying on the model, which of the following was missing
ground. If her fear reaction was based on from the conditioning scenario?
an ____ association, then her fear of the
251. This type of conditioning procedure can backward
woods should now ____.
sometimes result in inhibitory conditioning.
242. Svitlana once received a bite while conditioned
252. The three steps in systematic creation of a
handling her hamster, and is now quite
desensitization include hierarchy of
anxious each time she handles it. In this
progressively
example, her fear of the hamster is a(n)
more fearful
_____ response.
scenes.
243. Svitlana once received a bite while conditioned training in
handling her hamster, and is now quite deep muscle
fearful each time she handles it. In this relaxation.
example, the hamster has become a(n) (both a and
_____ stimulus. b)
244. Systematic desensitization is likely to be a person who 253. The time between the onset of the NS and interstimulus
effective with is fearful of the onset of the US is called the interval.
spiders and
254. To get rid of an unwanted admirer, Amanda excitatory
nothing else.
wore no deodorant all day and then conditioning.
245. Tammy used to love horror movies. One selective exercised heavily without showering before
night, however, while watching "Children sensitization going out on a date with him. This is best
Shouldn't Play with Dead Things," she described as an example of
became unusually fearful. Since then, she
255. To say that a CS has high associative value the animal
has found that whenever she is feeling
is equivalent, in more cognitive terms, to expects that
stressed at work, she has nightmares of
saying that the CS will
being chased by dead people. Which of
be followed
the following processes most closely
by the US.
describes what has happened to her?
the CS is a
246. Tamsen once became ill while riding in the CS good
back seat of a car. Now, whenever she predictor of
rides in the back seat of a car, she feels the US.
nauseous. Riding in the back seat is now a (both a and
______ for nausea. b)
247. Temperament is an animal's base level of 256. The treatment method known as ____ aversion
emotionality. involves pairing an event that is overly therapy
reactivity to attractive with an unpleasant stimulus.
stimulation.
257. A treatment method that involves Flooding
(Both A and
prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus is
B)
258. The underlying process in reciprocal
248. The tendency for a CR to occur in the Stimulus
counterconditioning is inhibition.
presence of a stimulus that is similar to Generalization
the CS
249. The tendency for a response to be Stimulus
elicited more by one stimulus than Discrimination
another
259. Under what conditions would you expect If the quiet 269. When I see bullies, my feeling of fear is the b-process
to be able to habituate more readily to a stimulus is strongest almost immediately after is not yet
loud stimulus but not a quiet one? dangerous seeing them. This is because strong enough
and the loud to moderate
stimulus is the a-process.
safe
270. When one stimulus is conditioned as a Sensory
260. Under which circumstance is backward a spider CS, another stimulus with which it was Preconditioning
conditioning of a fear response most serves as the previously associated can also become a
likely? NS (or CS) CS
261. US unconditioned 271. When we quickly withdraw our hand from routed directly
stimulus a sharp object, we do so because of through the
messages that are spinal cord
262. US revaluation can strengthen a phobia direct
(with no
through exposure to a
involvement of
stronger US.
the brain).
observational
learning. 272. When workers down the street began habituation.
verbally using a jackhammer, the dog reacted with
transmitted fright at the unusual noise. An hour later,
information. however, it was fast asleep, though the
all of these noise level remained the same. This is an
example of
263. Valentine (1930) was unable to produce a the objects
phobia in his young daughter by blowing a were ones 273. When you first move to your new home, long-term
loud whistle when she touched certain that people you are quite bothered by the sound of habituation.
objects. He speculated that this was are not aircraft taking off from the military base
because naturally nearby. After a few weeks, however, you
inclined to hardly notice it. This is an example of
fear.
274. Which of the following is most likely to shock followed
264. Valentine (1930) was unable to replicate preparedness result in inhibitory conditioning? by tone
Watson and Rayner's results when he
275. Which of the following low-intensity A buzzing
attempted to condition his little daughter
stimuli would be most difficult to mosquito,
to become fearful of some inanimate
habituate to, and why? because it is a
objects. This provided some of the earliest
natural threat.
evidence for the importance of ____ in
phobic development. 276. Which of the following reflexes in a sucking reflex
newborn disappear within a few years?
265. A very faint vibration (as in a moving car) habituation;
is likely to result in ____, while an sensitization 277. Which of the following would be A dog pricks
extremely strong vibration (as in an considered a reflex? up its ears at
earthquake) is likely to result in _____. the sound of a
car.
266. A weakening of behavior is to _____ as a habituation;
strengthening of behavior is to _____. sensitization 278. Which type of conditioning procedure is delayed
usually the most effective?
267. We first present a shock followed by a backward;
tone. This is an example of a _____ unlikely 279. Which type of NS-US arrangement is delayed
conditioning procedure, which is _____ to most likely to result in effective
be effective. conditioning?

268. Wesley finds that the creaking sound of sensitization. 280. With in vivo desensitization, the phobic in reality
chalk on a blackboard sends shivers up his stimulus is presented
spine. Moreover, the longer the sound 281. With ____, there are few worries about in vivo
persists, the more aversive it becomes. whether the treatment effect will desensitization
This is best described as an example of generalize to the real world.
282. With which of the following conditioning procedures would a memory deficit be most problematic? trace conditioning
283. Wolpe's treatment of experimentally-induced phobias in cats was similar to Mary Cover Jones' treatment of food
Peter in that Wolpe used ____ to counter the fear response.
284. The word elicited refers to behaviors that are largely automatic
285. Yelping in reaction to stubbing your toe is an example of a(n) _____ behavior. elicited
286. You hate having your teeth drilled at the dentist's office. According to the opponent-process theory, your rise above
heart rate will likely _____ during the drilling, while directly following the drilling your heart rate will likely normal; drop
_____. below normal