Matutum View Academy

The School of Faith

Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato

10 MATHEMATICS
Statistics
LEARNING MODULE
4th QUARTER

PHILOSOPHY: God the Almighty, is the only source of true education.

MISSION: To prepare the youth for their societal role and the coming of Jesus Christ

VISION: Quality Adventist Education preparing the youth for Christ’s second coming.

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Contact No.: _______________

1|Page
 Lesson 5.3 Probability

If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse is from all unrighteousness.
1 john 1:9
- Everytime we commit sin, God is always willing us another CHANCE to start all over again. -

What I am
expected to learn

In this lesson, you will be able to:

1. illustrates events, and union and intersection of events.
2. illustrates the probability of a union of two events.
3. finds the probability of ( A ∪ B )

Let us learn
together

Complete the table. The grid shows the possible outcomes when two six – sided dice are rolled.
Each correct answer receives 2 points. (72 points). Four answer are given to you.
Two six – SECOND DIE
sided dice 1 2 3 4 5 6
F
1 1,1
I
R
2
S
T
3 3,2
D
I 4 4,5
C
E 5

6 6,6

1. How many possible outcomes are there when two six – sided dice are rolled? __________
2. Give the possible number of outcomes where the sum of the numbers shown is
a.) 7= b.) 10= c.) 12=

- A branch of mathematics that deals with chances is called PROBABILITY.

- Rolling two six – sided dice is an EXPERIMENT that generates results called POSSIBLE
OUTCOMES.
- The set of all possible outcomes is called the SAMPLE SPACE (denoted by S).
- A set of some of the possible outcomes satisfying a given condition (sum of the numbers shown
is 7) is called an EVENT (denoted by E).
- An event E is a subset of the sample S. Blaise Pascal and
Pierre de Fermat laid
Simple Probability the foundations of
number of favorable outcomes E n ( E ) probability. It was
P ( Event )= = through contemplating
number of total outcomes S n (S ) on a gambling problem
posed by Chevalier de
Example. Mere in 1654.
The probability that the sum of two numbers is seven is
n ( ∑ is 7 ) 6 1
P ( ∑ is 7 ) = = = (1,6 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 3,4 ) , ( 4,3 ) , ( 5,2 ) , ( 6,1 )
n ( sample space ) 36 6

2|Page
The probability that at least one die shows a 4 is
Let E ={ x : at least one die shows a 4 }.
Then E ={ ( 4,1 ) , ( 4,2 ) , ( 4,3 ) , ( 4,4 ) , ( 4,5 ) , ( 4,6 ) ( 1,4 ) , ( 2,4 ) , (3,4 ) , ( 4,4 ) , ( 5,4 ) }
n ( at least one die is 4 ) 11
∴ P ( at least one die is 4 ) = =
n ( sample space ) 36

A family has three children. Find the probability of having

a.) 3 boys b.) 2 girls and 1 boy
Solution: Use a Tree Diagram

There are 8 possible outcomes. Hence n(s)=8,

1
a.) P ( 3 boys ) =P ( BBB )=
8

b.) Let E = { outcomes showing 2 girls∧1boy } ={ BGG , GBG , GGB }

3
P ( 2 girls∧1 boy )=
8

What I
will do

1.) Two fair six – sided dice are rolled and the results on each die are multiplied to get a product.
Find the probability that: (Each correct answer receives 3 points) (6 points)
a.) the product obtained is odd = P ( product is odd )=¿

b.) the product obtained is exactly divisible by 3 =P ( product is divisible by 3 )=¿

2.) A family has 5 children. Find: (Each correct answer receives 3 points.) (15 points)
a.) P ( 5 boys )=¿ d.) P ( 3 boys∧2 girls )=¿

b.) P ( 5 girls )=¿ e.) P ( 2boys∧3 girls )=¿

c.) P ( 4 boys∧1 girl ) =¿

In a six – sided die experiment, if

A represents the event that the number is even, A={ 2,4,6 }
B represents the event that the number is a multiple of 3, and, B= {3,6 }
C represents the event that the number is a multiple of 5, C={ 5 }
The given can be represented by the Venn Diagram below

3|Page
Probability of Union of two events
If A and B are events in the same sample space, then the probability of A or B occurring is:
P ( A∨B )=P ( A ∪B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) −P ( A ∩ B ) .(Mutually Inclusive Events)

If A ∩ B is an empty set, then the probability of A or B occurring is

P ( A∨B )=P ( A ∪B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) . (Mutually Exclusive Events)

Going back to the example,

3 1 4 2
P ( A∨C )=P ( A ∪ C )=P ( A ) + P ( C )= + = ∨ . ( Exclusive Events )
6 6 6 3
Event A and B are not exclusive because the two sets have a common element (6). To solve this
one, we have
3 2 1 4 2
P ( A ∪ B ) =P ( A )+ P ( B )−P ( A ∩B )= + − = ∨ . ( Inclusive Events )
6 6 6 6 3

Example.
Fifteen balls in a jar are numbered from 1 to 15. A ball is drawn at random. Find the probability
that the number on the ball is:
a.) less than 6 b.) greater than 9 c.) less than 6 or even

Solution:
Let A be the event that the number on the ball is less than 6, { 1,2,3,4,5 }
B be the event that the number on the ball is greater than 9, { 10,11,12,13,14,15 }
C be the event that the number on the ball is even, { 2,4,6,8,10,12,14 }

5 1 6 2 5 7 2 10 2
a.) P ( A )= ∨ b.) P ( B )= ∨ c.) P ( A ∪ C )= + − = ∨
15 3 15 5 15 15 15 15 3
What I
will do

A card is drawn at random from a standard deck (52 cards). Find: (each correct answer receives 3
points) (6 points)
a.) P ( ace∨king )= b.) P ( king∨diamond )=¿
Let us learn
together

Probability of Independent Events

When a coin is tossed and a die is rolled, the probability of getting a tail, and an even number
are as follows:
1 3
P ( Tail ) = P ( even number )=
2 6
Soluton:
2 faces of a coin x 6 faces of a die = 12 outcomes.
The list of favorable outcomes is { T 2 , T 4 ,T 6 }, thus:
1 3 3 1
P ( a tail∧even number )= ( )( )= ∨
2 6 12 4

The tossing of a coin and rolling of a die are independent events. This means that the
probability ofindependent
If A and B are one event does
events,not theaffect the probability
probability of Bthe
that both A and other
occur event.
is the product of their individual
Probability of Independent Events
probabilities.
P ( A∧B )=P ( A ∩ B )=[ P ( A ) ] [ P ( B ) ]

4|Page
Example.
A box contains 3 white chips and 2 black chips. Two chips are drawn at random from the box,
one at a time with replacement. Find:
a.) P ( W ) b.) P ( B ) c.) P ( WB )
Solution:
3 2 3 2 6
a.) P ( W )=
5
b.) P ( B )=
5 ( )( )
c.) P ( WB )= =
5 5 25

Example.
3
The probability that Ramon will pass the board exam is . The probability that Simon will pass
5
5
the same exam is . If each of them takes the board exam, find the probability that the board exam
6
will be passed by
a.) both Ramon and Simon b.) only one of them (Ramon will pass and Simon will fail
or
Ramon will fail and Simon will pass)
Solution:
3 3 2
P ( Ramon will pass ) = , P ( Ramon will fail )=1− =
5 5 5
5 5 1
P ( Simon will pass )= , P ( Simon will fail )=1− =
6 6 6

What
a.) P ( both I
Ramon∧Simon
will do
will pass )=P ( PP ) = ( 35 )( 56 )= 1530 ∨ 12
b.) P ( Ramon will pass∧Simon will fail∨Ramon will fail∧Simon will pass )
3 1 2 5 3 10 13
¿( )( ) ( )( )
5 6
+ = + =
5 6 30 30 30

Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that an even number appears on the first die and the
number 5 appears on the second die. (5 points)

3
The probability that a white ball will be drawn is . The probability that a blue ball will be
7
7
drawn is . Two balls are drawn at random one at a time with replacement. Find: (5 points each)
10

a.) P ( W ∧B )=¿ b.) P ( B∧B )=¿

c.) P ( only one is¿ ) =¿

How far I
have gone

Simple Probability
1. In a box, there are 8 blue balls, 6 yellow balls, and 4 red balls. A ball is drawn from the at
random. Find:

5|Page
a.) P(Blue balls) = c.) P(Red balls) = e.) P(not Red) =

b.) P(Yellow balls) = d.) P(not Blue) =

Probability of Union of Two Events

2. Two fair dice are rolled at the same time. Find:
a.) P ( ∑ ¿ 5∨∑ ¿ 7 ) =¿ b.) P ( ∑ ¿ 4∨∑ ismultiple of 2 )=¿

Probability of Independent Events

3. The probability that Amy and Tess will arrive at a party on time are 2/3 and 3/4, respectively.
Find the probability that
a.) Amy will arrive on time while Tess will not =

b.) both Amy and Tess will not arrive on time =

Let us
wind up

If A and B are events in the same sample space, then the probability of A or B occurring is:
P ( A∨B )=P ( A ∪B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) −P ( A ∩ B ) .(Mutually Inclusive Events)

If A ∩ B isSummative
an empty set, then the probability of A or B occurring is
Test
P ( A∨B )=P ( A ∪B )=P ( A ) + P ( B ) . (Mutually Exclusive Events)

If A and B are independent events, the probability that both A and B occur is the product of their individual
probabilities.
P ( A∧B )=P ( A ∩ B )=[ P ( A ) ] [ P ( B ) ]

Determine if the events below are Exclusive Events or Inclusive Events. Write E if the event is
exclusive and write I if the event is inclusive. (2 points each)
1. Tossing a 4 or a number greater than 3 if one die is tossed. _____
2. Drawing a black card or face card from a standard deck. _____
3. M = { H , O , P , E } and N= { F , I , T } _____
Determine if the events are Independent or Not. Write I for independent and N for not
independent. (2 points each)
1. Tossing a coin twice. _____
2. Drawing two cards from a standard deck without replacement. _____

Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank provided before each number.
Each correct answer receives 1 point.
_____1. Which of the following is a subset of a sample space?
a. event c. sample point
b experiment d. none of a, b and c
.
_____2. Which of the following is true when events A and B are independent?
a. P ( A ∩ B )=0 c. P ( A ∩ B )=[ P ( A ) ][ P ( B ) ]
b P ( A ∪ B ) =P ( A )+ P ( B ) d. none of a, b and c
.
_____3. Which of the following is true when events A and B are mutually exclusive?

6|Page
 a. P ( A ∩ B )=0 c. P ( A ∩ B )=[ P ( A ) ][ P ( B ) ]
b P ( A ∪ B ) =P ( A )+ P ( B ) d. none of a, b and c
.
_____4. In a committee with 7 nurses and 3 doctors, if one of the members will be chosen at
random, what is the probability of choosing a nurse OR a doctor?
a. 0 4 Ways to Increase Your Chances of Being Blessed c. 7/10
by God with a Relationship
1. Loosen Your
b 3/10 Desire for a Relationship and Increase Your Contentment
d. 1 in Christ
One of the main barriers to all blessings, not just relationship blessings, are idols. Before God will bless us
.
with something good like a marriage, he first needs us to realize what is best, which is himself. Anytime
_____5.we want
Which of the following
something more than we sets of events
want God, thisare nothas
desire independent?
become an idol.
st nd
a. Tossing the 1 coin and
2. Obey God Even When No One Else Is Watchingthe 2 coin c. Drawing 2 balls from a box with
If you want to increase your chances of God blessing you, do the replacement
right thing even when no one is watching
except God. After all, what
st God
nd sees usrddoing is what really matters the most.
b Tossing the 1 , 2 and 3 die d. Selecting 3 cards from a standard
3. Fulfill the Requirements God Has Given You to Do
. deck without replacement
If you sense God telling you to do something, do it. He will not bless you until you do what he is asking.
Often times God tells us to do certain things so he can bless us.
Let’s apply
4. Pray Biblical Prayers for a Relationship
it tonot
God will lifegive you whatever you ask for. However, God will give you anything you ask for when it
aligns with his will.

7|Page