MATUTUM VIEW ACADEMY

(The School of Faith)

Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato
Email Address: mvajshs@gmail.com

Statistics and Probability

MIDTERMS LEARNING
MODULE

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Random Variables and Probability Distribution
A Random Variable is a variable whose values depend on the outcome of an experiment. It is usually
denoted by capital letters. Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. We want to find out the
number of effective cell phones that occur. Thus, each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value: 0, 1, 2 and 3. 0 means there are no defective cell phones. 1 means there is one defective cell phone
and so on.
Illustration:
Let D represents the defective cell phone and N represent the non-defective cell phone. Let X be the
random variable representing the number of defective cell phone/s.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X
(number of defective cell phones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3

Three coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of heads that occur. Find
the values of the random variable Z. (Hint: There are two faces in a coin and it is tossed three times = 2 3
= 8 outcomes)
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Z
(number of heads that occur)

Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a box containing 5 red balls and 6 blue
balls. Let W be the random variable representing the number of blue balls. (Hint: 2 colors drawn 2 times
= 22 = 4 outcomes)
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Z
(number of heads that occur)

Discrete and Continuous Random Variable

Discrete Random Variable – set of possible outcomes are countable (finite). Ex. Number of students in a
classroom, number of balls in a box, etc.
Continuous Random Variable – takes on values on a continuous scale. Often continuous random variables
represent measured data. Ex. Height, weight, time, temperature, etc.
Classify the following random variables as Discrete or Continuous.
1. number of defective 6. number of accidents
computers per year
2. weight of newborns 7. number of bushels of
each year apple per hectare
3. number of siblings in 8. number of patient
a family arrivals per hour
4. amount of paint 9. average amount of
utilized in a project electricity consumed
5. number of dropout in 10. number of deaths
a school per year
Probability Distribution
A probability distribution is a table or an equation that links each outcome of a statistical experiment
with its probability of occurrence.
Let D represents the defective cell phone and N represent the non-defective cell phone. Let X be the
random variable representing the number of defective cell phone/s.
Possible Value of the Random There are 4 possible Number of P(X)
Outcomes Variable X values: 0, 1, 2 and 3. defective cell
(number of defective (number of defective cell phone (X)
cell phones) phones) There are 8 0 1/8
NNN 0 possible outcomes, so 1 3/8
NND 1 P(0) = 1/8, P(1) = 3/8, 2 3/8
NDN 1 P(2) = 3/8 and P(3) = 3 1/8
DNN 1 1/8 *all probabilities are greater than or
NDD 2 equal to 0 but less than or equal to 1
DND 2
DDN 2 *1/8+3/8+3/8+1/8=1
DDD 3
Discrete Probability Distribution. With a discrete probability distribution, each possible value of the
discrete random variable can be associated with a non-zero probability. Thus, a discrete probability
distribution is often presented in tabular form.
Properties of a Discrete Probability Distribution
Non – negative Property. All probabilities are greater than or equal to zero but less than or equal to one.
0 ≤ P ( X )≤ 1
Norming Property. The sum of all probabilities of all values of the random variable must be equal to one.
∑ P ( x )=1
A. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution. Write D if it represents a
probability distribution. Write N if it does not represent a probability distribution.
_____1.
X 1 5 8 7 9
P(X) 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
_____2.
X 0 2 4 6 8
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/3 1/6 1/6
B. Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of heads that occur. Find
the values of the random variable Z
Values of the Random Variable Z Probability P(Z)
0 1/16

Mean and Variance of a Random Variable

Mean of a Random Variable/Expected Value. A predicted value of a variable, calculated as the sum of all
possible values each multiplied by the probability of its occurrence.
E ( x )=μ=∑ x P ( x )
where E ( x )=μ – expected value, x – values of the random variable, P(x) = probabilities of the random
variable
The probabilities that a customer will buy 2, 3 and 5 items in a grocery store is 2/9, 4/9 and 3/9
respectively. What is the average number of items that a customer will buy?
Number of Items (x) Probability P(x) xP(x)
2 2/9 4/9
3 4/9 12/9
5 3/9 15/9
Total: 31/9 or 3.44 = Mean
The average number of items a customer buy is 3.44.

Complete the table below and find the mean of the following probability distribution.
1.
x P(x) xP(x)
1 1/7
6 1/7
11 3/7
16 1/7
21 1/7
Mean
2.
x P(x) xP(x)
1 3/10
2 1/10
3 2/10
4 2/10
5 2/10
Mean

Variance of a Random Variable. A measure of spread for a distribution of a random variable that
determines the degree to which the values of a random variable differ from the expected value.
2
σ 2=E ( x 2) −[ E ( x ) ] = Variance = Var(x)
2
√
σ = E ( x2 ) −[ E ( x ) ] = Standard Deviation = StDev (x)
σ 2-variance of a random variable, x-value of a random variable, μ-expected value, P(x)-probability of a
random variable.
The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding probabilities is
shown in the table. Compute the variance and the standard deviation by following the given steps.
x P(x) E(x)=xP(x) 𝑥2 𝐸ሺ𝑥 2 ሻ= 𝑥 2 𝑃ሺ𝑥ሻ
0 1/10 0 0 0
1 2/10 2/10 1 2/10
2 3/10 6/10 4 12/10
3 2/10 6/10 9 18/10
4 2/10 8/10 16 32/10
E(x) = 2.2 𝐸ሺ𝑥 2 ሻ= 64/10 or 6.4
2 2
σ 2=E ( x 2) −[ E ( x ) ] =6.4−( 2.2 ) =1.56
σ =√ 1.56=1.25
Complete the table below and find the variance and standard deviation of the following probability
distribution.
1.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2 P ( x )
1 1/7
6 1/7
11 3/7
16 1/7
21 1/7
Mean σ 2=¿
σ =¿
2.
x P(x) xP(x) x2 x2 P ( x )
1 3/10
2 1/10
3 2/10
4 2/10
5 2/10
Mean σ 2=¿
σ =¿
Special Discrete Probability Distributions
A binomial distribution can be thought of as simply the probability of a SUCCESS or FAILURE outcome in
an experiment or survey that is repeated multiple times. The binomial is a type of distribution that has
two possible outcomes (the prefix “bi” means two, or twice). For example, a coin toss has only two
possible outcomes: heads or tails and taking a test could have two possible outcomes: pass or fail.

Criteria
Binomial distributions must also meet the following three criteria:
1. The number of observations or trials is fixed. In other words, you can only figure out the probability of
something happening if you do it a certain number of times. This is common sense—if you toss a coin
once, your probability of getting a tail is 50%. If you toss a coin 20 times, your probability of getting a tail
is very, very close to 100%.
2. Each observation or trial is independent. In other words, none of your trials have an effect on the
probability of the next trial.
3. The probability of success (tails, heads, fail or pass) is exactly the same from one trial to another.

The Binomial Distribution Formula

x = 0, 1, 2, . . . n

Where:
b = binomial probability
x = total number of “successes” (pass or fail, heads or tails etc.)
P = probability of a success on an individual trial
q = probability of failure
n = number of trials

Find the probability of tossing a fair coin four times, where there appear 3 heads.
x = 3 (heads) q = ½ (probability of NOT getting a head)
p = ½ (probability of getting a head) n = 4 (tosses)
3 4 −3
n! 4! 1 1
P ( x) =
( n−x ) ! x !
p x qn− x → P ( 3 )= ( )( )
( 4−3 ) ! 3 ! 2 2
=0.25

Experience has shown that 1/100 of the USB Flash Drives produced by a certain factory are defective. If a
test is randomly done on 12 USB Flash Drives, what is the probability that exactly 1 is defective? (Refer to
example above.)

Poisson Distribution
A Poisson distribution is a tool that helps to predict the probability of certain events from happening
when you know how often the event has occurred. It gives us the probability of a given number of events
happening in a fixed interval of time.

μ x e−μ
P ( x)= , x = 0, 1, 2, . . . n
x!
Where:
μ = average number of times that an event occurs in a certain period of time or space
e = 2.71
The average number of cell phones sold by a store at Greenhills Shopping Center is three per day. What is
the probability that exactly 4 cell phones will be sold tomorrow?
μ = 3, x = 4
μ x e−μ 3 4 e−3
P ( x) = → P ( 4)= =0.1680.
x! 4!
The number of days classes is suspended due to flood during rainy season in Manila is 5. What is the
probability that the classes will be suspended in Manila for 6 days during a rainy season?
Normal Distribution
A function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.
The graph of a normal distribution is called a normal curve.
Properties of a normal distribution:
1. it is bell – shaped
2. symmetrical about its center
3. mean=median=mode
4. total area under the curve = 1, area from the mean going to the right/left = 0.5
5. asymptotic to x – axis

The Standard Normal Curve

A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean μ = 0 and standard
deviation σ = 1. To know the exact areas under the curve, refer to Table of Values under the Standard
Normal Curve (One – tailed)
x−μ
To standardized a raw score, use the formula z= , z – standard score/z-score, x-raw score, μ-mean, σ
σ
-standard deviation
Given μ=50 and σ =4 of a population of Reading Scores. Find the z-value that corresponds to a score
x=58.

x−μ 58−50
z= = =2. Thus the z-score that corresponds to the raw score 58 is 2 in a population
σ 4
distribution.

Four – Step Process in Finding the Areas Under the Normal Curve Given a z – value.
1. Express the given z – value into a three – digit form.
2. Using the z – table, find the first two digits on the left column.
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right.
4. Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and the column. This is the
required area.
Areas under the Standard Normal Curve
Find the area between z=0 and z=1.36.
Steps Solution
Express the given z into a number with 2 decimal 1.36 = 1.3+0.06
places
In the table, find the Row z=1.3
In the table, find the Column with the heading 0.06
Read the area (or probability) at the intersection ThisA 1=area
area between
is 0.4131. z=0
This is the and z=1.52
required area.
of the Row 1.3 and Column 0.06
A2=area between z=0 and z=2.50
Find the area between z=1.52 and z=2.50 From the table, A1=0.4357 and
A2=0.4938
A=A2 – A1=0.4938 – 0.4357 =
0.0581

A2=area from the mean to the

right=0.5
Find the area to the right of z=1.56
A1=area between z=0 and z=1.56
From the table, A1=0.4406
A=A2 – A1=0.5 – 0.4406=0.0594
Find the area between z=-1.35 and z=2.95

A1=area between z=0 and z=-1.35

A2=area between z=0 and z=2.95
From the table, A1=0.4115 and
A2=0.4984
A=A2+A1=0.4115+0.4984=0.9909

Convert the raw scores into z-scores. Give μ=62 and σ =8. Find the z-score value that corresponds to each
of the following scores up to two decimal places.
1. x=70

2. x=82

3. x=78

4. x=42

Find the area under the normal curve in each of the following cases.
1. between z=0 and z=1.63

2. to the left of z=0.35

3. between z=-1.36 and z=2.55

4. between z=1.03 and z=2.14

Determining Probabilities
The areas under the standard normal curve also serve as the probabilities for the standard normal
random variable z.

Locating Percentiles Under the Normal Curve

A percentile is a measure of relative standing. Example, if you got a score of 82 and the teacher told that
you scored at the 90th percentile, it means that 90% of the scores were lower than yours and 10% were
higher. Suppose that we know the probability this time. What is the corresponding z-score? For example,
where is 90% under the curve?

Find the 90th percentile of a normal curve.

Steps Solution
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve
2. Express the given percentage as probability 90% is 0.9000
3. Split 0.90 into 0.5000 and 0.4000 0.9000=0.5000+0.4000
4. Shade 0.5000 of the sketch of the normal curve
in step 1
5. refer to the Table of Values under the Standard This area is not found in the table. Rather, it is
Normal Curve. Locate 0.4000 in the body of the between the values 0.3997 and 0.4019
table
6. Find the z-score that corresponds to 0.4000 on Find z by interpolation, as follows
the leftmost column
7. Find the z-value that corresponds to 0.3997 0.3997 (z=1.28)
8. Find the z-value that corresponds to 0.4019 0.4019 (z=1.29)
9. Find the average of the two z-values 1.28+1.29
z= =1.285
2
10. Locate z=1.285 under the curve The 90th percentile is z=1.285
11. Draw a line through under the curve in Step 1 Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1
12. Shade the region to the left of z=1.285 Do this under the sketch of the curve in Step 1
 13. Describe the shaded region The shaded region is 90% of the distribution
Find each of the following percentile points under the normal curve. Show all processes.
1. P99
2. P68

Applying the Normal Curve Concepts in Problem Solving

The results of a nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed with μ=80 and σ =15.
Find the raw score such that 70% of the cases are below it.
Solution: If 70% of the cases lie below the raw score, then 30% of the cases are above it.
Steps Solution
1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve
2. Selecting 30%, express this as area. This is the 30% is the same as 0.3000
area to the right of the z-value we want to locate
3. Find the area between z=0 and z=0.2000 0.5000-0.3000=0.2000
4. Find the area 0.2000 or the value nearest to it The nearest area is 0.1985
in the Table of Values Under the Normal Curve
5. Find the z-value that corresponds to 0.1985 0.1985 (z=0.52)
6. Find a computing formula for determining raw z= x−μ
scores σ
7. Modify the formula to solve for x x=μ+ zσ
8. Substitute the given values in the modified x=μ+ zσ =80+ ( 0.52 )( 15 )=87.8 ≈ 88
formula to solve for x
9. Make a concluding statement In the distribution, 70% of the scores are below
the score 88

In the same problem, what is the score that divides the distribution such that 99% of the cases is below
it?
Steps Solution
1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve
2. Selecting _____, express this as area. This is the _____ is the same as _____
area to the right of the z-value we want to locate
3. Find the area between z=0 and z=_____ 0.5000-_____=______
4. Find the area _____ or the value nearest to it in The nearest area is _____
the Table of Values Under the Normal Curve
5. Find the z-value that corresponds to _____ _____ (z=_____)
6. Find a computing formula for determining raw z= x−μ
scores σ
7. Modify the formula to solve for x x=μ+ zσ
8. Substitute the given values in the modified x=μ+ zσ =¿ ( ¿¿ ) =¿
formula to solve for x
9. Make a concluding statement In the distribution, 99% of the scores are below
the score _____