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Rheological and Thermal Properties of Lubricating Oil Enhanced by the Effect

of CuO and TiO2 Nano-Additives

Article  in  Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal · May 2019

DOI: 10.22153/kej.2019.12.002

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 Al-Khwarizmi
Engineering
Journal
Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, June , (2019)
P.P. 24- 33

Rheological and Thermal Properties of Lubricating Oil Enhanced by

the Effect of CuO and TiO2 Nano-Additives

Khalid A. Sukkar* Abullhassan A. Karamalluh**

Thulfiqar N. Jaber***
* Department of Chemical Engineering / University of Technology/ Baghdad/ Iraq
**,*** Department of Mechanical Engineering / University of Technology/ Baghdad/ Iraq
*Email: 150001@uotechnology.edu.iq
**Email: dr_abdulhassank@yahoo.com
***Email: 080503@student.uotechnology.edu.iq

(Received 23 September 2018; accepted 11 December 2018)

https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2019.12.002

Abstract

The specifications of lubricating oil are fundamentally the final product of materials that have been added for
producing the desired properties. In this research, spherical nanoparticles copper oxide (CuO) and titanium oxides
(TiO2) are added to SAE 15W40 engine oil to study the thermal conductivity, stability, viscosity of nano-lubricants,
which are prepared at different concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% by weight, and also their pour point, and
flash point as five quality parameters. The obtained results show that CuO nanoparticles in all cases, give the best
functionality and effect on engine oil with respect to TiO2. With 0.1 wt. % concentration, the thermal conductivity of
CuO/oil and TiO2/oil increased by 7.27% and 4.54%, respectively. In the same time, the flash point of them increased
by 12.62% and 9.3%, respectively in comparison with parent oil.

Keywords: CuO and TiO2 Nanoparticles, Engine oil, Thermal conductivity, Viscosity.

1. Introduction system, prevent corrosion, improve performance,

and cool the engine [3]. These lubricants must be
Over the past years, there has been an on-going qualifying the requirements of high lubricity with
interest in the development and application of long lifetime for the internal combustion engines.
organic nanomaterials because of their unique Lubricating oil gains properties by adding
properties such as semiconductors, catalysts, many chemical materials and principally Nano-
optical properties, anti-friction and magnetic [1]. additives. Hence, improving lubricating oils
The chemical engineering processes in the specifications is considered the main factor and
petroleum industry witness dramatic development important for saving total energy and
due to nanotechnology applications. The conservation, that is given to the mechanical
production of lubricating oils regards an important system [1, 3]. Additives enhance the ability of the
process in the petroleum refineries to produce lubricant relative to the parent oils by adding new
high-efficiency lubricants for many engines [2]. properties or improving the desired specifications
This process included a combination of many already presents [4]. For this reason, the modern
interacted fields such as chemistry, physics, and formulated lubricants that enhanced by Nano-
fluid mechanics. The main purposes of lubricating additives are the most integral part. On the other
oils are to lubricate the moving parts, cleaning the hand, the cost of final lubricating oil in the
Khalid A. Sukkar Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, P.P. 24- 33 (2019)

presence of additives still a dominant factor in lubricating oils [26, 27]. The addition of titanium
determining the feasibility of such production oxides NPs to the parent lubricants, these particles
processes [5, 6]. In recent years nanotechnology act on the formation of preservative films on the
witnessed many applications in the petroleum and metal and thus shows constant friction on the
gas industry. surfaces [28]. Shenoy et al. [29] studied the effect
Nanofluids are one of the most important of titanium oxides NPs additives in lubricating
applications of nanotechnology in many fields of oils. Numerous of previous studies found out that
science and engineering rather than in petroleum the mixture of nanomaterials and lubricating oil
refineries. Actually, when nanoparticles were reduced the friction coefficient and wear also
added to any fluid a nanofluid is formed. Then, in increased the extreme pressure, which could make
the case of the lubricating oils, the addition of the bearing more durable [31, 32]. So when
nanoparticles to base oil a nano-lubricants evaluating the properties of traditional lubricating
(nanofluid) is formed [7-10]. Many nanoparticles oils it has been found them less efficient than the
additives have been investigated to improve the nano-lubricants, which produced from
tribological performance of the base lubricating nanomaterials that have been added to the base
oils for diesel engine applications. Most designers oil. Then, the NPs become promising new
and authors have focused nanotribology in diesel lubricating oil materials which have important
engines with internal combustion, which can be economic value on the friction-energy
considered as one of the most important key consumption. Zhang et al. [33], the overlapping
strategies for decreasing frictional power losses, layer between two surfaces will get better the
combustion, saving fuel, reduction excessive heat smoothness of the prorated movement and
generation and consumed fuel and cost of prevented damage in a diversity of materials in
maintenance, exhaust emission, enhance heat many shapes such as: solid, liquid and gas. Choi
transfer rate [11-16]. The types and specifications et al. stated apparently that nanoparticles in
of nanoparticles such as: their nature, size, and lubricating oils can pad the scar and channels of
physical and chemical properties are the key the friction, and wear surfaces [34] as shown in
factors that determine the efficiency of nano- Fig. 1.
lubricants. On the other hand, the high surface It is important to mention here, that in the
area and high thermal conductivity of most investigated present work focus on the enhanced
nanoparticles make the nano-lubricants more the high-grade lubricating oil such as SAE 15W40
stable with high performance than the base fluids engine oil. Therefore, the main aim present work
for internal combustion engines [17, 18, 19]. is to study the effect of adding CuO and TiO2
Friction and wear of frictional surfaces, which nanoparticles on the properties of diesel engine
can be reduced due to the incorporation of oils. Then, comparing between their properties
nanoparticle additives into the essential lubricant such as viscosity, thermal conductivity
[20], the principal function of lubricating oils are coefficient, flash point, and also pour point of
to protect two metal surfaces wetted thus reducing nano-lubricants.
friction, and avoiding wear [21]. It is also noted,
that friction and scratches had a direct effected on
the size, shape, type of material, and concentration 2. Experimental Work
of nanoparticles in base lubricating oils [22]. 2.1 Materials
Wu et al. examine the effect of TiO2, nano-
diamond, and CuO nanoparticles on the The SAE 15W40 engine oil and diesel fuel
tribological properties of different lubricants oil were attended from (Al-Dura Refinery, Middle
and observed that with CuO additive oils results Petroleum Company, Baghdad, Iraq). The SAE
of the properties are good corrosion control and 15W40 lubricating oil is used as a parent fluid.
friction reduction [23]. Thottackkad et al. had Table 1 shows the specifications of used oil. NPs
surveyed the effect of CuO nanoparticles as of CuO and TiO2 are the best for many tribal
additives in the lubricating oils as (nano-fluids) engineering applications, especially in the field of
[24]. Hwang et al. studied the effect of particle lubricating oils because of their professional
size and morphology of nanomaterials suspended behaviour and superior properties. These NPs
in base oils on high performance of the lubrication were selected for the present work. A calculated
[25]. Zhang et al. found in their investigated that amount of CuO and TiO2 NPs was buying from
Al2O3 nanoparticles additive used in base oils (Nanjing XFNANO Material Tech Co., Ltd). The
(lubricants) can be improved the friction reduction CuO and TiO2 10 nm and 25 nm were used mean
and antiwear that appear high performance of

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 Khalid A. Sukkar Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, P.P. 24- 33 (2019)

diameter respectively. Tests tribological were 2.3 Preparation of Nano-Lubricant

conducted on heavy-duty multi-grade diesel
engine oils (SAE 15W40). Table 2 shows main The nano-lubricants were prepared by addition
properties of CuO and TiO2 NPs. of copper oxide and titanium oxides at different
concentrations of 0.1 wt. %, 0.2 wt. %, 0.5 wt. %,
and 1 wt. %, to parent lubricating oil (SAE
2.2 Measuring and Analyzing Apparatus 15W40). The required amount of CuO and TiO2
was carefully weighed using an accurate
A bath ultrasonic (P120 Elmasonic, Germany) electronic balance and mixed with the parent oil.
was used for homogenizing, dispersing and In the nanofluids preparation process, the (Two-
mixing of CuO and TiO2 NPs and making so- step method) was used, due to more common,
called nanofluids. The thermal conductivity was easier and more economical than the (One-step
measured by KD2-Pro (Decagon Devices, USA) method) for production nanofluids.
of parent oil and nano-lubricant at different Due to the high viscosity of the base fluid, the
temperatures and concentration. Also, field mixing process was achieved by using a
emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, mechanical mixer and bath ultrasonic (type, P120
Japan, JEOL 7610F), X-ray Diffractmeter (XRD, Elmasonic, Germany) method is used for
Japan, Shimadzu-6000), and Fourier transform dispersing of NPs CuO and TiO2 inside the parent
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-8400S, Shimadzu) fluid to obtain high desperation for nano-
was used for analysing the properties of copper lubricants. The operating conditions values of the
oxide and titanium oxides. bath ultrasonic method can be recognized by
power (100%), temperature (40°C), time (2-3 h),
and frequency (20 kHz).

2.4 Rheological and Thermal

Measurements of Nano-Lubricant

The thermal conductivity of nano-lubricants

has been measured, for this purpose, KD2-pro, a
Fig. 1. Mechanism appearing how to reduce friction laboratory and portable device, was used to
between oil surfaces when mixed with nanoparticles analyse thermal properties. The device has a probe
[34]. length of 60 mm and diameter of 1.3 mm, and the
device measures the thermal conductivity based
Table 1, on hotwire technology. The parent oil and Nano-
Properties of SAE 15W40 engine oil. lubricants thermal conductivity that was measured
Property Value at various concentrations and temperatures. The
Viscosity at 100 °C (cSt) 14.5 viscosity of parent oil and nano-lubricants with
Viscosity at 40 °C (cSt) 109.84 concentrations from 0.1 wt. % to 1 wt. %
Viscosity index 135
concentrations were measured at a temperature of
Density at 15 °C (kg/m3) 904
Pour Point (°C) −27 40 °C and 100 °C. Kinematic viscosity, flash and
Flash Point (°C) 220 pour point of the parent oil and nano-lubricants
were measured based on ASTM D-445, ASTM D-
Table 2,
97, and ASTM D-92 respectively.
The main properties of CuO and TiO2
nanoparticles.
Specification CuO TiO2
3. Results and Discussion
Color black white 3.1 XRD Pattern and FE-SEM
Purity (%) >99.9 >99.9
surface area (m2/g) 263 220 The XRD pattern in the current investigation
Volume density (g/cm3) 0.20-0.35 0.25 indicates the TiO2 nanoparticles as shown in Fig.
Density (g/cm3) 6.4 3.9 (2. a). It can be noticed that typical diffraction
Crystal form sphere sphere peaks are 2θ: 25.2°, 36.8°, 38.2°, 39.1°, 48.2°,
53.9°, 55.2°, 62.8°, 68.4°, 70.4° and 75.2° with
sharp deviation peaks at 25.2° and 48.2°. More
comparison between the JCPDS card No.

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Khalid A. Sukkar Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, P.P. 24- 33 (2019)

(JCPDS80 – 1268) with XRD patterns that the characterization peaks of pure copper oxide card
same file data also confirm, It can be seen, that the No. (PDF Card - Cu O - 00-048-1548) at 2θ
nanoparticles of TiO2 are high-purity particles values of 32.2º, 35.4°, 38.6°, 48.5°, 52.9°, 58°,
with single anatase structure phase. Additionally, 61.3°, 65.5°, 67.8°, 72.3°, and 74.5°. Otherwise,
from the XRD pattern in Fig. (3. a), it can be in the XRD pattern, no other impurity peak was
found that the CuO nanoparticles in the current noticed, observing the formation of the single
investigation have the same major sample phase of CuO nanoparticles.

Fig. 2. XRD pattern (a) and FE-SEM (b) image of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Fig. 3. XRD pattern (a) and FE-SEM (b) image of CuO nanoparticles.

The FE-SEM pictures in Fig. (2.b and 3.b) prior to dispersion as shown in the SEM image of
showed the morphology of the nanoparticles of CuO andTiO2nanoparticles.
CuO and TiO2 respectively. The morphology of
the titanium oxides and copper oxide 3.2 Properties of Prepared Nano-
nanoparticles were spherical to some extent, lubricants
which is provided a good rolling mediator inside
lubricating oil. The FE-SEM results show that the In fact, the estimating of the suitable
average particle size of CuO and TiO2 is about 10 concentration is a well important issue to be
and 25 nm respectively. Also, it can be seen; realized best characteristics [12, 16]. For
majority nanoparticles are great agglomerates dispersing NPs CuO and TiO2 inside the base oil,

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Khalid A. Sukkar Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, P.P. 24- 33 (2019)

mechanical methods of bath ultrasonic and in both additives nanomaterials with concentration
magnetic stirrer were used. In the present 0.1% at both temperatures is that the amount of
investigation, it was observed that samples by an viscosity has a little reduction with respect to the
ultrasonic process, the NPs were separated from base lubricants, but the viscosity gets it an upward
each other, and not agglomerated. But samples direction with increased concentration of copper
which prepared by the bath ultrasonic method, the oxide and titanium oxides. Nanoparticles take an
NPs are better distribution and more uniform intermediate position between the oil layers when
dispersed compared with previous samples that added, thus facilitating movement between the oil
prepared from other ways. All the samples inside layers and sliding each other.
were kept in transparent glass containers in a In the current work, the lubricating oils
completely stagnant state for about 60 days to viscosity was decreased after inserted CuO and
assess their own stability conditions as shown in TiO2 NPs at the level by 0.3%, 0.62% at
Fig. 4. temperature 40 °C and 100 °C respectively at 0.1
During this interval, the stability is recorded of wt.% concentration with relative to copper oxide.
all the samples that checked visually periodically. While for the titanium oxides we did not notice
On the other hand, it was observed that the any change in the viscosity at 0.1 wt. %
dispersion of CuO and TiO2 nano-additives within concentration. On the other hand, we can
the base oil was very high through the period of conclude that the viscosity of the SAE 15W40
checking; this gives an impression of the high base lubricating oil did not undergo any
stability of these materials within the lubricants, significant changes when adding nanomaterials to
because of the high dispersion caused by the bath a few concentrations. Therefore, the engine oil for
ultrasonic device. the Considered is a function of the concentration
of the added nanoparticles.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4. The stability condition of nano lubricants

after 60 days (a) TiO2/oil (b) base oil, and (c) CuO
NPs.

3.3 Viscosity
Fig. 5. The kinematic viscosity of nano-lubricants at
Fig. (5 and 6) show the viscosity amount in 40 °C.
total has a rising tendency, with increased
concentration of (CuO and TiO2) NPs. When the
higher the temperature of the oil, the viscosity
decreased of all the samples significantly. And
also it seems, by increasing the concentration of
(CuO and TiO2) NPs, for each 40°C and 100°C
the viscosity increase.
The viscosity relative to the base lubricant
increased by 2.42%, 7.1%, 10.88% for each
concentration for copper oxide. And for titanium
oxides the viscosity increased by 1.51%, 5%,
8.8%, which is linked to the nano-lubricant with
concentration 0.2 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, and 1 wt.%
respectively and at 40 °C temperature, especially
Fig. 6. The kinematic viscosity of nano-lubricants at
the concentration at 1 wt.% gave the highest ratio
100 °C.
of viscosity improvement. The point interestingly
with respect to the viscosity of nano-lubricants for

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3.4 The Thermal Conductivity

Measurement

Fig. (7 and 8) show the results for thermal

conductivity determined of nano-lubricants after
addition nanoparticles to parent oil and in
different concentrations and also with different
temperatures. It is also seen, that the results
obtained from engine parent oil by the addition of
nanoparticles CuO & TiO2 at specific rates, was
the thermal conductivity coefficient of the nano-
lubricants much greater than the parent oil without
additives.
On the other hand, can be high thermal Fig. 7. Comparison of the thermal Conductivity
conduction of nanoparticles such as CuO & TiO2 between the parent oil and nano-lubricants at
different temperatures and concentration.
one of the most important reasons for this
phenomenon with attention to lubricating oil.
Based on the results obtained, adding
nanoparticles to SAE 15W40 engine parent oil,
base on the method which has been done in this
work, the amount of thermal conductivity at 0.1
wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt%
concentrations of CuO & TiO2 had increased
9.85%, 15.2%, 19.73%, and 21.84% respectively
with respect to CuO, while TiO2 had increased
8.12%, 14.46 %, 17.93%, and 20.2% respectively.
During this research, we reached a result where
copper oxide has a high impact on the thermal
conductivity coefficient of the engine oil
compared to titanium oxides which have a
Fig. 8. Comparison of the thermal Conductivity
positive effect of the major, but less than when the between the parent oil and nano-lubricants at
addition of copper oxide to lubricants. different temperatures and concentration.
As well, it can be observed that, when the
temperature increased, the thermal conductivity of
the nano-oil increased, this also applies to the Copper oxide and titanium oxides have greater
concentration of nanoparticles, as the potential than other nanoparticles to improving
concentration increases, the quantity of thermal thermal conductivity coefficient of engine oils,
conductivity coefficient of the engine oil due to the high thermal conductivity of these
increased. However, it should be noted that, in the materials, especially the copper oxide. By taking a
case of different type of basic fluids, the rate of look at this property, that one of the functions of
concentration the nanoparticle, kind of nano- engine oil reducing the erosion of moving parts,
additives, the rate of dispersion of nanoparticles removing some heat generated by friction and
within the base fluid, and the method used for combustion between the parts to outside
dispersion of nanoparticles inside the base fluid. environment, so that helps to cool the engine. Oil
The different parameters resulting from the works as a cleaner and removes dust and carbon
previous reasons are the effect of the resulting particles between moving parts. Therefore, the
changes in properties. using carbon nanotubes structures can be
considered as a method to improve the thermal
conductivity of diesel engine oils.

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3.5 Flashpoint and Pour point

The flash point It can be said that is the

minimum temperature where the vapour of
lubricating oil is exposed to the air an ignition,
burns in a moment and then turns off quickly. In
this research, the direction of changes in the flash
point is shown as a function of the concentration
of NPs (CuO and TiO2) in order to add it to engine
oil in Fig. 9. It can be said that the flash point of
oil is actually a determinant of the upper-
temperature limits of the functions of that oil. It
can be observed that the addition of NPs to the Fig. 9. The flash point values of parent oil and nano-
base oil has caused an effect and a change in the lubricant.
flashpoint which leads to its increase until it
reaches a significant amount.
The flashpoint rate has reached an increased at
additive nanoparticles in different concentrations
0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt% of copper
oxide and relative to the basic fluid is 7.27%,
10.9%, 14.1%, and 15.9% respectively, on the
other hand, the titanium oxides nanoparticles give
a perfect rate of increasing flash point at 4.54%,
9.45%, 11.81%, and 13.63% respectively.
Although this relationship is not linear and it was
noted that changes in weights at higher
concentrations are less than changes in lower
concentrations.
The pour point this property of lubricating oil Fig. 10. The pour point values of parent oil and
is appraised as the marginal point of temperature, nano-lubricant.
in which liquid cannot flow at this stage. The
moment in which the engine starts working is the
greatest rate of wear up to the engine machine.
It can be concluded, that increasing
The lubricating oil does not reach all parts of the thermal conductivity coefficient by adding
engine quickly when it is pumped, and to avoid copper oxide and titanium oxides
and prevent such a problem and reduce its impact nanoparticles is due to increased oil resistance
the lubricating oil must be sufficiently viscous against ignition, It can be seen, by estimate
stirred to flow easily and fast to reach all parts of the produced change in the rate of pour point
the engine. The resulting changes in the rate of the and flash point of nano-oil after adding
parent oil point were studied under the effect of nanoparticles, which were dependence as a
addition nanoparticles (CuO & TiO2) at different function of concentration, the best amount
concentrations as shown in Fig. 10. noticed of both parameters have 0.2% by
Trends in changes in the pour point of oil as a
weight concentration.
function of the concentration of nanoparticles in
oil lubrication with (CuO & TiO2) nanoparticles
with a concentration of 0.1% by weight, the spill 4. Conclusions
point was reduced slightly, and at a 0.2%
concentration at 6.9%, there was raised in the pour It was concluded that the dispersing of NPs in
point. Yet, when the concentration of lubricating oil to form the nano-lubricant is a very
nanoparticles increased to 0.5% by weight and 1% complicated process in high viscosity oil. It was
by weight, the pour point was reduced again. observed that CuO and TiO2 have been distributed
in different concentrations by using the bath
ultrasonic method within the lubricating oil to
obtain the best stability, due to they provide high

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energy and prevent their aggregation and [7] S. Mingwu, L. Jianbin, W. Shizhu, Y. Junbin,
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 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪ ،15‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،2‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪(2019) 33 -24‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﺠﻤﻲ ﺳﻜﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻄﺎﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺫﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﺟﺎﺑﺮ***‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﻛﺮﻡ ﷲ**‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﺠﻤﻲ ﺳﻜﺮ*‬

‫*‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫**‪ ***،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫*ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪150001@uotechnology.edu.iq :‬‬
‫**ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪dr_abdulhassank@yahoo.com :‬‬
‫***ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪080503@student.uotechnology.edu.iq :‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ (CuO‬ﻭﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ )‪ (TiO2‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ‪ (15W40) SAE‬ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ )‪ (٪١ ، ٪٠٫٥ ٪٠٫٢ ، ٪٠٫١‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻷﻧﺴﻜﺎﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (CuO‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫)‪ .(TiO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪ ٪٠٫١‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ )‪ (oil / CuO‬ﻭ )‪ (oil/ TiO2‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ ٪ ٧٫٢٧‬ﻭ ‪ (٪ ٤٫٥٤‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ ٪١٢٫٦٢‬ﻭ ‪ (٪٩٫٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪.‬‬

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