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    The document discusses four main programming paradigms: imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented. It provides characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each paradigm.

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    The document discusses four main programming paradigms: imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented. It provides characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each paradigm.

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    The document discusses four main programming paradigms: imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented. It provides characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each paradigm.

    Copyright:

    Public Domain
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views5 pages

    Document

    Uploaded by

    Pao Calunsag
    The document discusses four main programming paradigms: imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented. It provides characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each paradigm.

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    imperative

    Fortran

    Java

    Pascal

    ALGOL

    C#

    C++

    Assembler

    BASIC

    COBOL

    Python

    Ruby

    Advantages Disadvantages

    Conceptual model (solution path) is very easy for beginners to understand System-
    oriented programming means that maintenance blocks application development

    Characteristics of specific applications can be taken into account Optimization and extension is more
    difficult

    func

    LISP

    ML

    Haskell

    OCaml

    F#

    Erlang

    Clojure

    Scala
    Advantages Disadvantages

    Programs are stateless Data (e.g. variables) cannot be changed

    Well-suited for parallelization Retrieval of large amounts of data not possible efficiently

    Easily testable code Not recommended for connections to databases and servers

    Easily verifiable code, even stateless functions can be verified Not suitable for many recursions of the
    same stack

    Can be combined with imperative, object-oriented programming Recursive programming can


    lead to serious errors

    More accurate, shorter code Not suitable for all tasks

    Logic

    The logic paradigm is dramatically different from the other three main programming paradigms.

    The logic paradigm fits extremely well when applied in problem domains that deal with the

    Extraction of knowledge from basic facts and relations. The logical paradigm seems less natural in

    The more general areas of computation.

    Answer a question via search for a solution

    Below we briefly characterize the main properties of the logic programming paradigm.

    • Characteristics:

    • Discipline and idea

    • Automatic proofs within artificial intelligence


    • Based on axioms, inference rules, and queries.

    • Program execution becomes a systematic search in a set of facts, making use of a

    Set of inference rules

    Oo

    Overview of the object-oriented paradigm

    Lecture 1 – slide 8

    The object-oriented paradigm has gained great popularity in the recent decade. The primary and

    Most direct reason is undoubtedly the strong support of encapsulation and the logical grouping of

    Program aspects. These properties are very important when programs become larger and larger.

    The underlying, and somewhat deeper reason to the success of the object-oriented paradigm is

    Probably the conceptual anchoring of the paradigm. An object-oriented program is constructed with

    The outset in concepts, which are important in the problem domain of interest. In that way, all the

    Necessary technicalities of programming come in second row.

    Send messages between objects to simulate the temporal evolution of a set of real world

    Phenomena

    As for the other main programming paradigms, we will now describe the most important properties
    Of object-oriented programming, seen as a school of thought in the area of computer programming.

    • Characteristics:

    • Discipline and idea

    • The theory of concepts, and models of human interaction with real world

    Phenomena

    • Data as well as operations are encapsulated in objects

    • Information hiding is used to protect internal properties of an object

    • Objects interact by means of message passing

    • A metaphor for applying an operation on an object

    • In most object-oriented languages objects are grouped in classes

    • Objects in classes are similar enough to allow programming of the classes,

    As opposed to programming of the individual objects

    • Classes represent concepts whereas objects represent phenomena

    • Classes are organized in inheritance hierarchies

    • Provides for class extension or specialization

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