Practice Problems: Optimization For Engineering Design

Practice Problems: Optimization for Engineering Design
Problem 1:
A company is redesigning its parallel flow heat exchanger of length l to increase
its heat transfer. An end view of the units is shown in Figure. There are certain
limitations on the design problem. The smallest available conducting tube has a
radius of 0.5 cm and all tubes must be of the same size.
Further, the total cross-sectional area of all the tubes cannot exceed 2000 cm2 to
ensure adequate space inside the outer shell. Formulate the problem to determine
the number of tubes and the radius of each tube to maximize the surface area of
the tubes in the exchanger.
Cross section of heat exchanger

Problem 2:
A manufacturer sells products A and B. Profit from A is $10/kg and is $8/kg from
B. Available raw materials for the products are 100 kg of C and 80 kg of D. To
produce 1 kg of A, we need 0.4 kg of C and 0.6kg of D. To produce 1 kg of B, we
need 0.5 kg of C and 0.5 kg of D. The markets for the products are 70 kg for A
and 110 kg for B. How much A and B should be produced to maximize profit?
Formulate the design optimization problem.
Problem 3:
Design a can closed at one end using the smallest area of sheet metal for a
specified interior volume of 600 cm3. The can is a right circular cylinder with
interior height h and radius r. The ratio of height to diameter must not be less
than 1.0 nor greater than 1.5. The height cannot be more than 20 cm. Formulate
the design optimization problem.
Problem 4:
Design a circular tank closed at both ends to have a volume of 250 m3. The
fabrication cost is proportional to the surface area of the sheet metal and is
$400/m2. The tank is to be housed in a shed with a sloping roof. Therefore, height
H of the tank is limited by the relation H ≤ (10 - D/2), where D is the tank’s
diameter. Formulate the minimum-cost design problem.
Problem 5:
Design the steel framework shown in Figure at a minimum cost. The cost of a
horizontal member in one direction is $20w and in the other direction it is $30d.
The cost of a vertical column is $50h. The frame must enclose a total volume of
at least 600 m3. Formulate the design optimization problem.
Problem 6:
Two electric generators are interconnected to provide total power to meet the
load. Each generator’s cost is a function of the power output, as shown in Figure.
All costs and power are expressed on a per unit basis. The total power needed is
at least 60 units. Formulate a minimum-cost design problem to determine the
power outputs P1 and P2
Problem 7:
Design of a two-bar truss. Design a symmetric two-bar truss (both members
have the same cross section), as shown in Figure, to support a load W. The truss
consists of two steel tubes pinned together at one end and supported on the
ground at the other. The span of the truss is fixed at s. Formulate the minimum
mass truss design problem using height and the cross-sectional dimensions as
design variable. The design should satisfy the following constraints:
1. Because of space limitations, the height of the truss must not exceed b1, and
must not be less than b2.
2. The ratio of the mean diameter to thickness of the tube must not exceed b3.
3. The compressive stress in the tubes must not exceed the allowable stress, σa,
for steel.
4. The height, diameter, and thickness must be chosen to safeguard against
member buckling.
Use the following data: W = 10 kN; span s = 2 m; b1 = 5 m; b2 = 2 m; b3 =90;
allowable stress, σa =250 MPa; modulus of elasticity, E = 210 GPa; mass
density,ρ =7850 kg/m3; factor of safety against buckling; FS=2; 0.1 ≤ D ≤ 2, m)
and 0.01 ≤ t ≤ 0.1, m.
Problem 8:
A beam of rectangular cross section is subjected to a maximum bending moment
of M and maximum shear of V. The allowable bending and shearing stresses are
σa and τa, respectively.
The bending stress in the beam is calculated as
and average shear stress in the beam is calculated as
where d is the depth and b is the width of the beam. It is also desired that the
depth of the beam shall not exceed twice its width. Formulate the design problem
for minimum cross-sectional area using this data: M=140 kN⋅ m, V=24 kN,
𝜎𝑎=165 MPa, 𝜏𝑎=50 MPa.
Problem 9:
A cantilever beam is subjected to the point load P (kN), as shown in Figure. The
maximum bending moment in the beam is PL (kN⋅ m) and the maximum shear
is P (kN). Formulate the minimum mass design problem using a hollow circular
cross section. The material should not fail under bending stress or shear stress.
The maximum bending stress is calculated as
where I = moment of inertia of the cross section. The maximum shearing stress is calculated as
Transcribe the problem into the standard design optimization model (also use 𝑅0
≤ 40.0 cm, 𝑅i ≤40.0 cm). Use the following data: P = 14 kN; L = 10 m; mass
density, ρ=7850 kg/m3, allowable bending stress, σa= 165 MPa, Allowable shear
stress, τa =50 MPa.
Problem 10:
Design a hollow circular beam-column, shown in Figure, for two conditions:
When the axial tensile load P=50 (kN), the axial stress σ must not exceed an
allowable value σa, and when P=0, deflection δ due to self-weight should satisfy
the limit δ ≤ 0.001L. The limits for dimensions are: thickness t=0.10 to 1.0 cm,
mean radius R=2.0 to 20.0 cm, and R/t ≤ 20 (AISC, 2005). Formulate the
minimum-weight design problem and transcribe it into the standard form. Use
the following data: deflection δ=5wL4/384EI; w=self-weight force/length (N/m);
σa=250 MPa; modulus of elasticity E=210 GPa; mass density of beam material
ρ=7800 kg/m3; axial stress under load P, σ=P/A; gravitational constant g=9.80
m/s2; cross-sectional area A = 2πRt (m2); moment of inertia of beam cross-section
I=πR3t (m4). Use Newton (N) and millimeters (mm) as units in the formulation.

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Practice Problems: Optimization for Engineering Design

Cross section of heat exchanger

and average shear stress in the beam is calculated as

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