Module Title : Course Module in GEE 101 – SPEECH AND ORAL COMMUNICATION

Course Title : SPEECH AND ORAL COMMUNICATION

Course Number : GEE 101

Course Description : This course deals with the principles of speech and oral communication, including
speaking and listening, correct pronunciation and diction, and the appropriate use of language in
communicative situation. This course also includes consideration of voice and articulation , conversation
and discussion and emphasis on preparation and presentation of speeches.

Total Learning Time: 2nd Semester, SY 2020-2021 (18 Weeks)

Pre-requisite : None

OVERVIEW : Students who are taking this course are generally able to become a fully developed,
thinking, and persuasive human beings. Here, they are expected to deliver quality presentations
academically and on the job as they learned the principles of speech and oral communication such as
speaking and listening, correct pronunciation and diction , and the appropriate use of language in
communicative situation.

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

1. Explain the components of communication process.

2. Recognize the levels, types and functions of communication.

3. Apply correct pronunciation and diction.

4. Use English as a second language in different communicative situation.

INDICATIVE CONTENT :

MODULE 1 : Communication and Language

. Properties of Communication

. Aspects of communication

. Types of Communication

. Elements of Communication

. The Communication Process

. Barriers to Communication
MODULE 2 : Listening Communication

. The Listening Process

 . Types of Listening

. Roadblocks to Listening

. Good Listening

MODULE 3 : The Mechanics of Speech

. The Organs of Speech

. Voice

. Posture

. Breathing

MODULE 4 : Sounds of English

. Vowels

. Consonants

. Diphthongs

MODULE 5 : Rhythm of English

. Word Stress

. The Unstressed Vowels

MODULE 6 : The Intonation of English

. The Music of Language

. Intonation and Stress

. Phrasing

. Special Stress

MODULE 7 : Variants that Affect Speech

. Aspiration

. Syllabic Consonants

. Vowel Length

MODULE 8 : Speaking Situation

. The Art of Conversation

. Using Telephone

. The Interview

. Small Group Discussion

 . Preparing an Oral Talk

PRE- ASSESSMENT/ DIAGNOSTIC :

!. Direction : ( Awareness of one`s strength and weaknesses as a communicator). Check the box that
corresponds to your answer and write your brief explanation on the space provided for.

1. Are you able to put across what you think and feel?

___ Yes ___ No ___ Sometimes

Why? ____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

2. Are you having difficulty expressing yourselves?

_____ Yes ____ No ___ Sometimes

Why? __________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________.

3. What can you do to improve your communication skills? Name three:

. ____________________________________________________________.

. ____________________________________________________________.

. ____________________________________________________________.

4. Do you have self- confidence to talk to different kinds of people of varying age, position and status in
life?

____ Yes ____ No ____ Sometimes

Why/ why not ? ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________.
ll. What are your top five personal goals and objectives in attending this course? Rank your answers
from the most important (1) to the least important ( 5).

_____ I want to speak with self – confidence in front of an audience.

_____ I need to pronounce the words correctly and clearly.

_____ I need to improve my gestures.

_____ I don’t know how to prepare and organize a speech.

____ My voice needs improvement.

____ My speaking vocabulary is too small.

____ I want to be able to command respect when I speak.

____ I am interested in being able to interpret the ideas of others.

____ I want to learn to convince with other people comfortably.

____ The things I have to say just never come out right.
 MODULE 1

Communication and Language

 Properties of communication

 Aspects of communication

 Types of communication

 Elements of communication

 The communication process

Communication derives from Latin words “ communicare” meaning, TO SHARE or to have

something in common. It provides central meaning to human experience.

According to Keith Davis, a current motivational speaker, communication is a process of passing

information and understanding from one person to another. John Adam, a British author and leadership
theorist defines communication as, essentially the ability of one person to make contact with one
another and make himself understood.

Language is an arbitrary system of articulated sounds made use by a group of humans as a

means of carrying on the affairs of their society. From this definition, it can be known that language is
systematic and basically oral, and that the oral symbols represent meaning related to life situations and
experiences. Thus, language has a social function and without it, society would not exit.

PROPERTIES LANGUAGE

1. Displacement- is one of the properties of human language which the human language-users are
perfectly capable of producing message which refers to past and future time and other location.
It is also one’s ability to discuss topics which are remote in space and time.
In other words, humans can refer to past and future time. For example, this property of
human language allows us to talk about things and places like Angels, Fairies, Santa Claus,
Superman, Heaven, Hell whose existence we cannot even be sure of.
2. Arbitrariness- a property of language where there is no direct connection between the nature of
the things or ideas and the words or combination of words by which these things or ideas are
expressed.
For example, if I say the word “Knjiga”, it’s probably meaningless to you, you would have to look
it up. But hear the word book, you recall an image of books, you have background knowledge,
there’s a host of associations in your mind. The same thing doesn’t happen for “Knjiga” even
though it means ”book”in Serbian. You would have to look it up, or Google it, to understand
what knjiga refers to. We could even be talking about a specific book, the very same book, the
one sitting there on the table but the two words bear very little relation to each other… hence,
the arbitrary relationship between form (language) and meaning (in this case a concrete object.)
3. Productivity- this is the ability of human language-users manipulate their linguistic resources to
produce new expressions and new sentences.
For example, the use of a past tense affix-ed is productive, in that any new verb will be
automatically assigned their past-tense form.(support-supported; tailor-tailored; dress-dressed,
etc.) On the other hand, the noun “mouse” to “mice” is not a productive plural formation- new
nouns would not adopt it but would use instead the productive s-ending pattern.
4. Cultural transmission- is the property which relates to the fact that a language must be acquired
or learned by each new generation. A process whereby or language is passed on from one
generation to the next in the community.

Linguist Tao Gong has identified three primary forms of Cultural transmission:

a. Horizontal transmission- communications among individuals of the same generation.

b. Vertical transmission- in which a member of one generation talks to a biologically-
related member of a later generation.
c. Oblique transmission- in which any member of one generation talks to any non-
biologically-related member of a later generation.
5. discreteness- refers to the sounds used in language which are meaningfully distinct.
For example, the word “tin” would consist of three units /t/ /i/ /n/. or words like “pit” or “tip”,
units discrete sounds like [p], [i], [t]. These units are combined to for larger units.

6. Duality - is the ability of human language-users describe the fact that by using a limited set of
distinct sounds, human language-users can produce a very large number of sound combinations
(words) which are distinct in meaning like n, b, and I. As individual sounds none of these discrete
forms has any intrinsic meaning. In a particular combination such as “bin”, we have another
level producing a meaning that in different from the meaning of the combination in “nib”.

. ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION ( students should listen to any speech of their choice)

1. Speaking- presenting information in a way that is clearly understood by the receiver.

Points to consider.

*How was this done?

*Did you clearly understood what was going on?

2. Listening- acknowledging and comprehending what is being communicated by the other

party.

*When you understood something, did you provide feedback on it?

*How did you acknowledge what you heard?

3. Watching- recognizing verbal and physical aspects of the receiver.

*This applies to both parties. When one is speaking, he/she needs to understand his/her
audience and watch for their reactions- are they good or bad? Are they listening or not?

4. Reacting- adapting to the verbal and physical aspects of the receiver.

*How did the speaker react or respond to the receiver’s assigned characteristics?

Non-verbal communication

You have first considered communication through the exchange of verbal message.
However words are insufficient in effectively communicating your feelings or attitudes. It is
important to integrate non-verbal communication to have a more meaningful interaction with
others.
 1. Body language- if the voice gives meaning through the aural channel, the body conveys
meaning through the visuall channel. The audience usually judge the speaker together with
his ideas through the visual messages. Your physical presence before an audience can help
to create clarity and to convey your commitment to the ideas.

Significance of Non-verbal behaviors:

a. SPeakers reflect their feelings by their non-verbal actions in front of audiences. Audience
can read your emotions or feelings through your facial expressions and physical actions such
as walking and moving your head, arms, shoulders and hands.
b. Speaker’s nonverbal signals enrich his message.
For example, taking a few steps to the left or right tells an audience that you are moving
from one idea or argument to another.
c. Nonverbal messages create a reciprocal interaction sent from speaker to listener and from
listener back to speaker. Speakers who inject appropriate humor make the listener laugh or
smile.

Major types of communication

1. Intrapersonal communication- conversing with yourself by thinking. It is a process by

which you convert raw data into information, organize information gathered, evaluate
results and reach a conclusion.
2. Interpersonal communication
a. One-to-one communication-communication between two people.
b. Group communication- communication among three or more people.
c. Public communication- is a speaker-audience communication which is used when
you wish to address an audience.
d. Mass communication-this is used when you want to reach a bigger audience in
different peace at the same time. It can ne in the form of internet or mass media.

Activity:

Direction: Determine the types of communication at work. Write I (Intrapersonal), O (one-to-one), G

(Group), P (Public), or M (mass) on the blanks.

1. Asking someone for a favor.__________

2. Delivering a speech before schoolmates. __________
3. Planning how to present a proposal.__________
4. Discussing the marketability of a product to the manager.__________
5. Presenting a brief oral statement to a philosophy class.__________

Relevant type of communication

1. Informative
The following are guides to follow for a success informative type of communication.
a. Choose an appropriate and significant type
-It should be researchable
-It can be impartially handled.
b. Limit the topic and determine the central idea.
- Take down ideas that come to you about the topic.
- Maintain your general objective: to inform.
 - Keep in mind audience interest.
- Observe time limit.
c. Present the specific purpose in a clear, concise declarative sentence.
d. Make a tentative outline.

2. Entertainment-this aims to put the audience in a relaxed word through the use of humor.
The main function of the speech to entertain in to put the audience in a relaxed mood through
the use of humor. This is presented in special occasions like dinner, banquets and other parties.
Providing information tends to be secondary purpose.
In formulating the content of this type, the following should be observed:
1. Relate a story or an anecdote.
2. State the essential idea implied by your opening remarks.
3. Follow with a series of stories, anecdotes or illustrations to illuminate your central ideas.
4. Close with a statement of the central point you have developed or follow the first step.

3. Persuasive
This type of communication is sometimes called the speech to actuate. It is designed to convince
the audience belief or action. In order to achieve this purpose, the speaker should give sufficient
support to the arguments. This types of speaking is divided into three subtypes:
a. To convince-This is directed towards the audience when the speaker wishes to seek
approval for his recommendation.
b. To stimulate (Reinforce or Impress)- This is directed towards the audience when the speaker
wishes them to sympathize with this proposals. Both the audience and the speaker agree
with each other. The speaker`s role is to reinforce the audiences existing beliefs, intensify
their attitudes and stimulate their emotions.
c. To actuaate- This is designed to secure direct, specific and observable action. This purpose
attempts to ruin intellectual agreement and emotional feelings of the audience
supplemented with sound action in the future.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communicator- is the sender, speaker, issuer of writer, who intends to express or send out a
message.
2. Communicatee- is the receiver of the message from whom the communication is meant. He
receives the information, order or message.
3. Message- which is also known as the subject matter of this process, ie., the content of the
letter, speech, order, information, idea or suggestion.
4. Communication channel- or the media through which the sender passes the information and
understanding to the receiver.
5. Feedback- which is essential to make communication, a successful one. It is the effect, reply or
reaction of the information transmitted to the communicatee.

Encoding- is the process of putting a sequence (letters, numbers, punctuations and certain symbols)
into a specialized digital format for efficient transmission or transfer.

Decoding- in the opposite process for conversation of a digital signal into a sequence of characters.
 Process of Communication

Sender

Encoding
Feedback

Message
Receiver

Decoding Channel

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION:

1. Semantic barriers- semantics is the study of right choice of words. The semantic network of
sender maybe different from that of the receiver and therefore, the message may not be
understood as intended.

For example, the word “profits” has different meaning- pre-tax profits or , fixed amount of profit
or rate of return. So, use the appropriate words in your speech the way you want your listener
or receiver understand your message. Wrong perception leads to communication problems. So
be aware that symbols have different meanings.

Also, badly expressed message may happen on account of omission of needed words,
inadequate vocabulary, use of wrong words etc. Unclarified assumptions is another Sematic
barrier where certain assumptions of the communication are subject to different
interpretations.

Technical Jargon is another barrier, sometimes people may not understand the actual meaning
of a language used by specialists.

Faulty translations will hinder the communication if for example the translator is not proficient
in his work.

Lastly, Body language and gesture is another communication problem if there is no match
between what is said and what is expressed in body movements.

2. Psychological/ Emotional barriers- communication will be disrupted if state of mind of both

sender and receiver of communication is not in an ideal position. Consider the following points:
a. Premature evaluation- if a person has pre-conceived motions against the communication,
then he will evaluate the meaning of message before the sender completes his message.
b. Loss by transmission and poor retention- successive transmission of the message results in
inaccurate information. Usually, people cannot retain the information for long time if they
are inattentive or not interested.
 c. Lack of attention- non-listening of message due to pre-occupied mind of the receiver acts as
a major psychological barrier.

3. Organizational barriers

a. Organizational policy- effectiveness of communication maybe hampered if organizational

policy is not supportive to free flow of communications.
b. Status- a status conscious manager may not allow her subordinates to express their feelings
freely.
c. Rules and regulations- rigid rules and cumbersome procedures maybe a hurdle to
communication .
d. Complexity in organization structure- Communication gets delayed and distorted if there are
number of managerial levels in an organization.
e. Organizational facilities- communications maybe hampered if facilities for smooth, clear and
timely communications are not provided.

4. Personal barriers

a. Fear of challenge to authority- a superior may with hold or suppress communication if he

thinks that a particular communication may adversely affect his authority.
 Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinates- superiors may not seek advice or
opinions of their subordinates if they do not have confidence on the competency of their
subordinates.
 Unwillingness to communicate- if subordinates perceive that it may adversely affect their
interest, then they may not be prepared to communicate with their superiors.
 Lack of proper incentives-subordinates may not take initiative to communicate if there is no
motivation or incentive for communication.

Clarify the ideas before communication

Consult others before communicating

Communicate according to the needs of receiver.

Be aware of languages, tone and content of message

How to overcome barriers Convey things of help and value to listeners.

of communication Ensure feedbacks

Communicate for present as well as future

Follow up communication

Be a good listener
 EVALUATION:

I. Direction: identify the content words/ phases to complete the meaning of each statement
given below. Choose your answer from the box.

Informative Communicatee Semantic barrier

Communicator One-on-one communication Intrapersonal communication

Displacement Persuasive Public communication

Speaking Cultural transmission Entertainment

message

Listening Social Function

1. Language has a _______________ and without it society would not exist.

2. This is a property of language which refers to the ability of human language- users to discuss topics
which are remote in space and time_______________.

3. it relates to the fact that a language must be acquired or learned by each new
generation_______________.

4. It represents information in a way that Is clearly understand by the receiver._______________

5. It is used in acknowledging and comprehending what is being communicated by the other

party._______________

6. Means connecting with yourself by thinking._______________

7. Communication between two persons. _______________

8. A speaker-audience communication which is used when you wish to address an

audience._______________

9. A type of speech deals with facts unknown to the audience._______________

10. It is designed to convince the audience’ s belief or action._______________

11. This put the audience in a relaxed mood through the use of humor._______________

12. This refers to sender, speaker or writer who intends to express or sent out a
message._______________

13. Also known as the subject matter of the process of communication._______________

14. The receiver of the message for whom the communication is meant._______________

15. A barrier to communication that depends on the meaning of sender which maybe different from that
of the receiver._______________

II. a. Supply what is missing in the diagram of a communication process. Explain and give a brief
description of each element of communication.
 encoding decoding

Explain the process of communication based from the diagram. Give a brief direction of each element of
communication.

b. What are the Barriers of Communication and what are the measures which can be used to overcome
these barriers? Give additional factors that may hinder the communication.

REFERENCES:

1. Speech and Oral Communication for College Students by Igoy and Sayno

2. Speech and Oral Communication for College Students by Aquino

3. Speech and Communication for College Students by Diaz, R.H. 2005).

4. Speech Communications for Filipinos by Concepcion, P.G. et.al (2011)

5. https:www.economicsdiscussion.net

6. Introduction to General Linguistics Lectured by Dra. Catharini Septi NL,M.Pd. R. Silvi. Andayani,SS, M,
Pd.

EMILY A. ACIELO, MA Ed.

Professor
 MODULE
IN
SPEECH AND ORAL
COMMUNICATION

BY:
EMILY A. ACIELO LPT, MA Ed.