Aquaculture Training Manual For Extension: Agents in Uganda

Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’
0,1,675<2)$*5,&8/785($1,0$/,1'8675<$1'),6+(5,(6
Aquaculture
Training Manual
for Extension
Agents in Uganda
,PSURYHGOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKSURࢆWDEOH
FRPSHWLWLYHDQGVXVWDLQDEOHDTXDFXOWXUH
January, 2020
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [i]
Partners
Ministry of Agriculture Animal Ministry of Water and Environment

Industry and Fisheries
0,1,675<2)$*5,&8/785($1,0$/,1'8675<$1'),6+(5,(6
Aquaculture
Training Manual
for Extension
Agents in Uganda
,PSURYHGOLYHOLKRRGVWKURXJKSURࢆWDEOH
FRPSHWLWLYHDQGVXVWDLQDEOHDTXDFXOWXUH
FOREWORD
7KHSRWHQWLDORIDTXDFXOWXUHWRFRQWULEXWHVLJQLࢉFDQWO\WRQDWLRQDOIRRGVHFXULW\OLYHOLKRRGVDQGHFR-
QRPLF JURZWK LV UHFRJQLVHG E\ *RYHUQPHQW RI 8JDQGD :LWK VWDJQDWLQJ SURGXFWLRQ IURP FDSWXUH
ࢉVKHULHVDJDLQVWULVLQJGHPDQGIRUࢉVKLQGRPHVWLFUHJLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDUNHWVDTXDFXOWXUH
SUHVHQWVDJUHDWRSSRUWXQLW\WRSURYLGHWKHPXFKQHHGHGࢉVKVXSSOLHV+RZHYHUDTXDFXOWXUHKDVKDG
DQXPEHURIFKDOOHQJHVLQDFFHVVLQJDGHTXDWHTXDOLW\VHHGDQGIHHGVDQGH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHV
7KLV WUDLQLQJ PDQXDO IRU DTXDFXOWXUH H[WHQVLRQ ZRUNHUV FRPHV DW D WLPH ZKHQ WKH DTXDFXOWXUH
VXEVHFWRULQ8JDQGDLVDWDFULWLFDOVWDJHRIGHYHORSPHQW2YHUWKHODVWWHQ\HDUVWKHUHKDVEHHQ
WUHPHQGRXVFKDQJHLQWKHVXEVHFWRUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDGRSWLRQRIQHZPRUHLQWHQVLYHWHFKQRORJLHVD
MXPSLQQDWLRQDO\LHOGE\DERXWDQGDQH[SDQVLRQRIPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUSURGXFHUVZLWKLQ
ORFDODQGUHJLRQDOPDUNHWV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHUHKDYHHPHUJHGFKDOOHQJHVRIHQYLURQPHQWDOGHJUD-
GDWLRQFOLPDWHFKDQJHDQGࢉVKGLVHDVH)XUWKHUPRUHUDSLGSRSXODWLRQJURZWKDQGWKHOLPLWHGDELOLW\
RIWKHࢉVKHULHVWRH[SDQGEH\RQGWKHLUQDWXUDOFDSDFLW\SODFHDQHQRUPRXVFKDOOHQJHRQDTXDFXOWXUH
VHFWRUWRLQFUHDVHSURGXFWLRQWRPHHWࢉVKIRRGDQGQXWULWLRQVHFXULW\QHHGVJHQHUDWHHPSOR\PHQW
DQGFUHDWHZHDOWKLQRUGHUWRVXVWDLQLWVFRQWULEXWLRQWRQDWLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW
7KHVH G\QDPLFV KDYH SODFHG GHPDQGV RQ VHUYLFH SURYLVLRQ SDUWLFXODUO\ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR H[WHQVLRQ
VHUYLFHV(QVXULQJWKDWH[WHQVLRQDJHQWVSURGXFHUVDQGRWKHUVWDNHKROGHUVLQWKHYDOXHFKDLQUHPDLQ
XSWRGDWHZLWKWKHFRQJUXHQWNQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOUHTXLUHGWRHQDEOHWKHPPDNHLQIRUPHGGHFLVLRQV
EDVHGRQYDOLGDWHGHYLGHQFHDQGLQGXVWU\EHVWSUDFWLFHVLQVXFKDG\QDPLFDQGUDSLGO\FKDQJLQJHQ-
YLURQPHQWLVQRHDV\IHDW
7KH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH$QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG)LVKHULHVVXEVHTXHQWO\KDVODLGGRZQJXLGLQJSULQFL-
SOHVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHFRPPHUFLDODTXDFXOWXUHGHYHORSPHQWLQWKH$TXDFXOWXUH'HYHORSPHQW6WUDWHJ\
7KHVWUDWHJ\HQFRPSDVVHVWKHGHYHORSPHQWQHHGVRIWKHDTXDFXOWXUHYDOXHFKDLQIRUZKLFKDFULWLFDO
JDSLQDFFHVVWRYDOLGDWHGDQGKDUPRQLVHGLQIRUPDWLRQNQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOVLVKLJKOLJKWHG7KLVPDQ-
XDOWKHUHIRUHLVRQHDPRQJWKHLQVWUXPHQWDODQFKRUVIRUYDOLGDWHGVWDQGDUGLVHGUHIHUHQFHPDWHULDO
SURYLGLQJH[WHQVLRQDJHQWVDQGSURGXFHUVZLWKUHOLDEOHDQGKDUPRQLVHGJXLGDQFHRQUHFRPPHQGHG
WHFKQRORJLFDODQGVHFWRUEHVWSUDFWLFHV
,WLVP\VWURQJGHVLUHDQGWUXVWWKDWWKHXVHRIWKLVPDQXDOVKDOOUHVXOWLQWRLPSURYHGHQWHUSULVHSHU-
IRUPDQFHIRU8JDQGDȆVࢉVKIDUPHUVDQGLQFUHDVHGQDWLRQDODTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQ
Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.
[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................ iv
CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... v
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x
List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii
Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... xv
/LVWRI'HࢉQLWLRQV .......................................................................................................... xvii
MODULE ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA .................................. 1
1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Key Stakeholders .................................................................................................3
1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture ............................................................................4
1.4 Challenges ...........................................................................................................4
%HQHࢉWVRIIDUPLQJࢉVK .....................................................................................4
3XUSRVHDQG2YHUYLHZRIWKH0DQXDO ..............................................................5
MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH

FARMING IN UGANDA .............................................................................. 7
2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment? ...................................................7
2.2 Background Research .........................................................................................8
2.3 Market ..................................................................................................................8
'HFLGLQJZKHUHEHVWWRORFDWHWKHIDUP ...........................................................9
*XLGHOLQHVDQG5HJXODWLRQVIRU&RPPHUFLDO$TXDFXOWXUH .............................9
MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13

&ODVVLࢉFDWLRQRIDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV .......................................13
3.1.1 Water quality characteristics .................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Fish cultured ................................................................................................................ 14
,QWHQVLW\RISURGXFWLRQ .............................................................................................. 14
6FDOHRI3URGXFWLRQ ..................................................................................................... 15
/HYHORIFRQWURORYHUZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDQGZDVWH............. 16
3.2 Fish Species Farmed .........................................................................................18
&RPPRQO\IDUPHGFRPPHUFLDOࢉVKVSHFLHV........................................................... 18
&RPPRQO\IDUPHGRUQDPHQWDOࢉVKVSHFLHV .......................................................... 19
3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under development
IRUDTXDFXOWXUH............................................................................................................ 20
3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between major commercial
aquaculture species and their close relatives ..................................................21
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s ................................................................................................................. 21
7KH&DWࢉVKHV ............................................................................................................... 22
MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23

6XLWDEOH6LWHVIRU)LVK)DUPLQJ ........................................................................23
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [v]

4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................27

4.2.1 Site Selection ............................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct .......................................................... 27
4.2.1.2 Assessing Suitability of Soils for Pond Construction ............................................................... 28
4.2.2 Constructing Ponds .................................................................................................... 30
4.2.2.1 Recommended Pond Standards ................................................................................................ 30
4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction ........................................................................... 33
4.2.2.3 Steps in Pond Construction ....................................................................................................... 34
0DLQWHQDQFHDQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQRI3RQGDQG&KDQQHOV ....................................... 41
4.3 Fish Tanks ...........................................................................................................42
%DVLF)HDWXUHVRID)LVK7DQN..................................................................................... 43
)DFWRUV$ࢆHFWLQJ&KRLFHRI7DQN .............................................................................. 45
4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks ............................................................................................. 46
0DLQWHQDQFHRI)LVK7DQNV ........................................................................................ 47
4.4 Fish Cages ...........................................................................................................47
4.4.1 Cage types ................................................................................................................... 47
6LWH6HOHFWLRQIRU&DJH)DUPV .................................................................................... 48
4.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment ............................................... 52
2WKHUIDFWRUVLQࢇXHQFLQJIDUPHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQV ............................................. 54
4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm ..................................................................... 56
4.4.4 Cage Construction ...................................................................................................... 57
4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm ..................................................................................... 63
0DLQWHQDQFHRI&DJHV ................................................................................................ 66
2WKHU5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU&DJH)DUPV ....................................................................... 66
4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ................................................................66
4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems ................................................68
4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems................................................. 68
4.6.2 Aquaponics .................................................................................................................. 69
)DUP(࢈XHQW ....................................................................................................70
MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71

7KH,PSRUWDQFHRI:DWHU4XDOLW\LQ$TXDFXOWXUH ........................................71
5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production. ..............................................................72
'LVVROYHGR[\JHQ'2................................................................................................ 75
5.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 77
5.2.3 Organic Matter ............................................................................................................ 77
5. 2.4 Ammonia ..................................................................................................................... 78
7XUELGLW\DQGFRORXUDWLRQRIZDWHU .......................................................................... 78
5.2.6 Dissolved Gases ........................................................................................................... 78
:DWHUYROXPHDQGH[FKDQJHUDWHV ........................................................................... 78
5.2.8 Fish Density ................................................................................................................. 78
5.3 Carrying Capacity ..............................................................................................79
0DQDJLQJ:DWHU4XDOLW\LQWKHGLࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV ...................80
5.4.1 Water Source ............................................................................................................... 80
5.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds ....................................................... 80
[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 81

5.4.2.2 Fertilisation .................................................................................................................................. 82
&RQWURORI.H\:DWHU4XDOLW\3DUDPHWHUVLQWKH'LࢆHUHQW
Production Systems .................................................................................................... 89
0HWKRGVIRU0RQLWRULQJ:DWHU4XDOLW\3DUDPHWHU ......................................93
5.6 Water Treatment ...............................................................................................94
MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97

:KDWDUHWKH$WWULEXWHVRID*RRG)LVK)HHG" ...............................................97
1XWULWLRQDORI5HTXLUHPHQWVRI)LVK ...............................................................98
7\SHRI)LVK)HHGV .............................................................................................99
1DWXUDOIRRG ................................................................................................................ 99
6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV ................................................................................................. 99
6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets ..................................................................................... 99
6HOHFWLQJWKHULJKWIHHG........................................................................................... 101
)HHGLQJࢉVK ......................................................................................................101
(VWDEOLVKLQJWKHFRUUHFWIHHGLQJUHJLPH ............................................................... 102
:KHQVKRXOG,IHHG" ................................................................................................. 103
6.4.3 Determining the ration ............................................................................................ 103
6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed ......................................................... 103
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration .................................................................................................................. 104
+RZVKRXOG,DGPLQLVWHUIHHGWRࢉVK" ................................................................... 105
6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response ................................................................................................................ 106
(YDOXDWLQJWKH)HHG3HUIRUPDQFH .......................................................................... 108
7UDQVSRUWDQGVWRUDJHRIIHHGVWXࢆV ............................................................110
6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm ..................................................................................111
6.6.1 Formulated Feeds ..................................................................................................... 111
6.6.1.1 Ingredients................................................................................................................................. 111
6.6.1.2 Preparing the feed .................................................................................................................... 112
6.6.2.3 Other important things to note ............................................................................................... 113
/LYHIHHGV .................................................................................................................. 113
6.6.2.1 Artemia (Brine Shrimp) ............................................................................................................. 113
6.6.2.2 Cladocerans. .............................................................................................................................. 115
6.6.2.3 Rotifers ....................................................................................................................................... 116
MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................117

7.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................117
7.2 Hatchery Management...................................................................................118
7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management ............................................................................... 120
7.2.1.1 Broodstock Management ......................................................................................................... 122
7.2.1.2 Spawning, Fertilisation, Egg Incubation and Hatching ........................................................ 123
7.2.1.3 Production of Single Sex Tilapia .............................................................................................. 125
&DWࢉVK+DWFKHU\0DQDJHPHQW ............................................................................... 128
7.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management ....................................................................... 131
+DUYHVWLQJ+DQGOLQJ*UDGLQJDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI)LVK ..........................131
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [vii]

7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 132

7.3.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................... 133
7.3.3 Harvesting ................................................................................................................. 134
7.3.4 Sorting and Grading ................................................................................................. 135
7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation .......................................................136
7.4.1 Conditioning Fish ...................................................................................................... 137
0HWKRGVIRU/LYH)LVK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ .................................................................... 137
/LYH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQIURP+DWFKHU\WRWKH)DUP .................................................. 141
7.5 Grow-Out Management ..................................................................................141
7.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units ..................................................................... 141
7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production .................................................................................. 142
7.5.1.1 Ponds .......................................................................................................................................... 142
MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................143

8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................143
)LVK:HOIDUH......................................................................................................144
8.3 Stress ................................................................................................................145
0DMRU&DXVHVRI6WUHVV ............................................................................................. 145
6LJQVRI6WUHVVLQ)LVK ............................................................................................... 145
:K\DUHVWUHVVHGࢉVKPRUHOLNHO\WRIDOOVLFN" ...................................................... 147
8.4.3 Preventing Stress ...................................................................................................... 147
8.4. Fish Disease ......................................................................................................148
&ODVVLࢉFDWLRQRIࢉVKGLVHDVHV .................................................................................. 148
+RZWRLGHQWLI\VLFNࢉVK .......................................................................................... 148
:KDWVKRXOG,GRLI,QRWLFHVLFNࢉVK" ..................................................................... 151
8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory .............................................. 151
8.4.4.1 Samples to Send ........................................................................................................................ 151
8.4.4.2 Basic Information to Send with Samples to the Lab ............................................................. 152
&RQWUROOLQJࢉVKGLVHDVHVRQIDUP ........................................................................... 152
8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines........................................................................................... 154
8.4.5.2 Sanitation and Disinfection...................................................................................................... 155
8.4.5.3 Treatments ................................................................................................................................. 155
8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture and their Control.................160
1RQ,QIHFWLRXV'LVHDVHV .......................................................................................... 160
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases ................................................................................ 160
8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases.................................................................................................................. 163
8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma ........................................................................................................................ 164
8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions .................................................................................................................... 165
8.5.1.5. Tumours ..................................................................................................................................... 165
,QIHFWLRXV'LVHDVHV ................................................................................................... 165
8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections ................................................................................................................... 165
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections .................................................................................................................. 168
8.5.2.3 Fungal Infections ...................................................................................................................... 171
8.5.2.4 Viral Diseases............................................................................................................................. 171
1RWLࢉDEOH'LVHDVHVRI&RQFHUQ ............................................................................... 172
8.6 Predator Control ..............................................................................................173
8.7.1 National Level ........................................................................................................... 176
[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176

3XEOLF+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\2QH+HDOWK .........................................................177
8.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases ..................................................................................................... 178
8.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance ........................................................................................ 178
8.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable Health
Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture Environment .................................... 178
(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFWVRI$TXDFXOWXUH .......................................................179
MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING

OF FARMED FISH ................................................................................... 181
9.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................181
9.2 Fish Quality ......................................................................................................181
)LVK)RRG6DIHW\ ........................................................................................................ 181
/HYHORIVSRLODJH ....................................................................................................... 183
&RQVXPHU3UHIHUHQFHV ............................................................................................. 184
9.3 Fish Processing ................................................................................................184
9.3.1 Fish Hygiene .............................................................................................................. 184
9.3.2 Processing .................................................................................................................. 184
9.4 Packaging .........................................................................................................185
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQRI)LVK3URGXFWVWR0DUNHW ..................................................186
MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................187

10.1 What is marketing...........................................................................................187
10.1.1 Why Marketing is Important .................................................................................. 190
10.1.2 What is a market? ..................................................................................................... 190
7\SHVRI0DUNHWV ...................................................................................................... 190
10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy ................................................................190
10.3 Collective Marketing .......................................................................................193
MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................195

11.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................195
11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation ............................................................196
11.2.1 Production Records................................................................................................... 196
11.2.2. Marketing Records ................................................................................................... 196
11.2.3. Financial Management ............................................................................................ 196
11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision Making ....................................197
11.3.1 Enterprise Budgets ................................................................................................... 197
&DVKࢊRZDQDO\VLV ..................................................................................................... 198
11.3.3 Risk Analysis .............................................................................................................. 198
11.3 Production and Business Planning ...............................................................199
11.4 Maintaining Farm Income..............................................................................200
QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS .......................................................................... 201
List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203

$SSHQGL['HVFULSWLRQRIWKH6SHFLHV ...........................................................................203
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [L[]

$SSHQGL[6WHSVWR)ROORZLQ3UHOLPLQDU\(YDOXDWLRQRI&DJH6LWHV .........................208
$SSHQGL[)HHGLQJ&KDUWV ..............................................................................................210
$SSHQGL[+RZWR8VH)HHGLQJ&KDUW ...........................................................................212
$SSHQGL[([DPSOHVRIIRUPXODWLRQVIRURQIDUPࢉVKIHHGV ..................................213
[[] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

$SSHQGL[+RZWRXVHWKH3HDUVRQȆVVTXDUHWRIRUPXODWHIHHGV ...............................214
$SSHQGL[+RZWRSUHSDUHSLWXLWDU\H[WUDFW ............................................................215
$SSHQGL[5HFRUG6KHHWVDQGWKHLU,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ ....................................................217
5HIHUHQFHV ..........................................................................................................................223
/LVWRI)LJXUHV
Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons). ............................................. 2
Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain ....................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Impacts of Land Use for Fish Farming. . ........................................................................... 25
Figure 4: Example of a Well-Planned ................................................................................................. 26
Figure 5: Water Retention Test ........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 6. Basic Features of a Fish Pond............................................................................................. 32
Figure 7: Pegging the pond ................................................................................................................ 35
Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall................................................................................................ 36
Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond ................................................................................................. 37
Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 12: The Outlet. ........................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom.................................................................. 39
Figure 14: Finishing the Bank. ............................................................................................................. 40
Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board.......................................................................................... 40
Figure 16: De-silting Ponds ................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 17: Erosion of Pond Walls ......................................................................................................... 41
Figure 18: Impact of wave action on pond walls. ............................................................................. 42
Figure 19: Tanks ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 20: Basic components of a Fish Tank ....................................................................................... 45
Figure 21: Types of Fish Cages ............................................................................................................. 48
Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.. ........................................................................................................... 50
)LJXUH ,OOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHHࢆHFWRIGLVWDQFHIURPSRQGVHGLPHQWRQ
ZDWHUTXDOLW\LQࢉVKFDJHV ................................................................................................ 53
Figure 24: Example of a Scoring Card for Evaluating Cage Sites ..................................................... 56
Figure 25: Basic Components of a Floating Cage .............................................................................. 57
Figure 26: Types of Cage frames .......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials ....................................................................................................... 58
Figure 28: Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage. ............................................................ 58
)LJXUH 'RXEOH/9+'QXUVHU\FDJHIRURࢆVKRUHXVHLQDODNHRUULYHU ..................................... 59
Figure 30: Rigid cages ........................................................................................................................... 61
)LJXUH )RUFHVDࢆHFWLQJGHVLJQFULWHULDDQGLQVWDOODWLRQRIࢊRDWLQJFDJHV............................. 61
Figure 32: Collars, Floats and Platforms ............................................................................................. 62
Figure 33: Attachment for feeding sinking pellets in cages ............................................................. 63
Figure 34: Positioning Cages. ............................................................................................................... 64
Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned in a Single File with Adequate Spacing
Between Cages and Rows. .................................................................................................. 64
Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly Positioned with No Spacing. ........................................... 64
Figure 37: Basic components of the Mooring ................................................................................... 65
)LJXUH ([DPSOHVRIFRQࢉJXUDWLRQRIPRRULQJV\VWHP .............................................................. 66
Figure 39: Key Components of a RAS System ..................................................................................... 67
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[L]

Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks ...................................................... 67
)LJXUH %LRࢉOWHU6XEVWUDWHDQG6XEPHUVLEOH3XPS ..................................................................... 68
Figure 42: Illustration of Integrated Fish Farm .................................................................................. 68
Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms ......................................................................................................... 69
Figure 44: Adaptation of the RAS into an Aquaponics System ......................................................... 69
Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System ............................................................................................. 70
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDW,QࢊXHQFH:DWHU4XDOLW\LQ)LVK)DUPLQJ .................................................... 72
)LJXUH (TXLSPHQWIRUVXEPHUVLEOHDHUDWRUVDQGGLࢆXVHUV ........................................................ 75
Figure 48: Surface aerators .................................................................................................................. 76
Figure 49. Carrying Capacity................................................................................................................. 79
Figure 50: Limiting factors and their impact on Standing Crop at Carrying Capacity ................. 79
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWZDWHUTXDOLW\G\QDPLFVLQSRQGV ...................................................... 81
)LJXUH $SSOLFDWLRQRIOLPHEHIRUHࢉOOLQJWKHSRQGZDWHU............................................................ 82
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc..................................................................................................................... 85
Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings ............................................................................................. 86
Figure 55: Application of Organic Manures in Ponds ........................................................................ 87
Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment.................................................................................. 93
Figure 57: Forms of Commercial Feeds ............................................................................................. 100
Figure 58: Estimating the quantity of Live Feed............................................................................... 103
Figure 59: Graduated bucket .............................................................................................................. 104
)LJXUH $*RRG)HHGLQJ5HVSRQVH$OOࢉVKFRPHWRIHHGDWWKHVDPHWLPH........................... 106
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDW,QࢊXHQFHWKH)&5 ......................................................................................... 109
Figure 62. Feed Storage. Left . ............................................................................................................ 111
Figure 63: Life Cycle of Artemia.......................................................................................................... 113
Figure 64: Artemia packaged for sale ............................................................................................... 114
Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii ................................................................................ 114
Figure 67: Daphnia............................................................................................................................... 115
Figure 68: Rotifers ................................................................................................................................ 116
Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds .......................................................................................................... 116
Figure 70: Fish Life Cycle ..................................................................................................................... 117
Figure 71: Natural Propagation.......................................................................................................... 118
Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation ................................................................................................ 119
)LJXUH $UWLࢉFLDO3URSDJDWLRQRI)LVK ............................................................................................ 119
Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production ................................................................................................... 121
Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond. ................................................................ 124
Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation ........................................................................... 124
Figure 77: Options for Tilapia Seed Production ............................................................................... 125
)LJXUH 6H['LࢆHUHQWLDWLRQRI1LOH7LODSLD .................................................................................... 127
)LJXUH 6H[GLࢆHUHQWLDWLRQRI$IULFDQ&DWࢉVK .............................................................................. 128
)LJXUH 6HOHFWLQJ)HPDOH&DWࢉVKIRU%UHHGLQJ............................................................................ 128
)LJXUH $UWLࢉFLDO3URSDJDWLRQLQ$IULFDQ&DWࢉVK ........................................................................ 129
)LJXUH &DWࢉVK)LQJHUOLQJVLQD7DQN ............................................................................................ 130
Figure 83: Fish Basket. ........................................................................................................................ 132
Figure 84: Grading Fish with a Grader Box in a Hapa. .................................................................. 135
Figure 85: Packaging Live Fish in Bags for Transportation............................................................. 138
)LJXUH /LYHࢉVK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQLQ%DJV ...................................................................................... 139
Figure 90: The Disease Triad .............................................................................................................. 144
)LJXUH &RPPRQFDXVHVRIࢉVKVWUHVV ........................................................................................ 145
Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to
Environmental Stressors. ................................................................................................. 146
[[LL] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149

Figure 93: Some common Signs of Fish Disease ............................................................................. 149
Figure 95: Tilapia piping for air .......................................................................................................... 160
Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease ........................................................................................................ 162
Figure 97: Gas bubbles in larvae associated with supersaturated levels of
carbon dioxide in water..................................................................................................... 162
)LJXUH 6NHOHWDOGHIRUPLWLHVDULVLQJIURP9LWDPLQ&GHࢉFLHQF\ ............................................... 163
Figure 99: Mould and symptoms of Mycosis from Consumption of Mould Feeds ...................... 164
)LJXUH /LIH&\FOHRI,0XOLWLࢉOOLV ................................................................................................. 168
Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites .................................................................................................... 169
Figure 102: Saprolgenia infection ........................................................................................................ 171
Figure 103: Symptoms of TiLV .............................................................................................................. 172
)LJXUH 6LJQVRI(86LQIHFWLRQLQ$IULFDQFDWࢉVKOHIWDQG%DUEXVVSULJKW........................ 172
Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease ................................................................................................ 173
Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds .................................................................................. 174
Figure 107: Ecosystem interactions for healthy food production .................................................... 177
Figure 108: Examples of positive (+) and negative (-) impacts related to
aquaculture inputs and resource use (FAO, 2010) ......................................................... 179
Figure 109: Aquaculture Products ....................................................................................................... 185
Figure 110: Examples of Packaging Used for Aquaculture Products .............................................. 186
Figure 111: Components of the Aquaculture Marketing Chain ....................................................... 188
Figure 112: Description of the Farmed Fish Value Chain .................................................................. 189
Figure 113: Some Aspects of Marketing Aquaculture Products and Services in Uganda ............. 191
Figure 114: Local Example of Collective Marketing Approach ........................................................ 194
Figure 115: Cash Flow Analysis of Two Tilapia Farms ........................................................................ 198
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[LLL]

/LVWRI7DEOHV
/LVWRI7DEOHVȁ$TXDFXOWXUH([WHQVLRQ0DQXDO
Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8

Table 2: Guidelines and Regulations for Commercial Aquaculture ............................................... 9
Table 3: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mono and Polyculture
Production Systems ............................................................................................................. 14
Table 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Extensive, Semi-Intensive
and Intensive Fish Production Systems ............................................................................ 15
Table 5: Scales of Production ............................................................................................................ 15
Table 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Small, Medium and Large-Scale
Fish Production Systems ..................................................................................................... 16
Table 7: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Open, Semi-Open,
Closed and Hybrid Systems ............................................................................................... 17
Table 8: General Factors for Consideration when Selecting a Site for Fish Farming ................. 23
Table 9: Implications of site characteristics and production objectives on pond design ......... 29
Table 10. Standard Tank Features ...................................................................................................... 44
Table 11: Advantages and Disadvantages of Circular and Rectangular Tanks............................. 46
Table 12: LVFO Recommended Water Quality Characteristics for Cage Sites .............................. 49
Table 13: Minimum concentrations at cage sites for heavy metal contaminants
in water and sediments ...................................................................................................... 51
Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and
pesticides at cage sites and aquaculture parks. ............................................................. 51
Table 15: Summary of Physical criteria for cage aquaculture site selection showing
WKHDFFHSWDEOHVWDQGDUGVIRUFDJHࢉVKIDUPLQJ .............................................................. 52
Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sediment ...................................... 53
Table 17: No go areas within proximity of some establishments around candidate sites ......... 54
Table 18: Advantages and Disadvantages of Rectangular and Circular Cages ............................ 59
Table 19: Advantages and Disadvantages of Small and Large Cages ........................................... 60
Table 20. Identifying appropriate cage for a site ............................................................................. 60
Table 21: Types of Mooring ................................................................................................................. 65
Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges .............................................................................. 73
Table 23. Comparison between the water quality characteristics of underground
and surface waters .............................................................................................................. 80
Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers ............................................... 83
Table 25: Guidelines for Fertilising Tilapia Production Ponds ....................................................... 83
Table 26: Challenges with too little or too much pond fertility ..................................................... 84
Table 27: Management Requirements for Maintaining Phytoplankton Blooms
DW'LࢆHUHQW6HFFKL5HDGLQJV .............................................................................................. 86
7DEOH 0DQDJLQJ&RPPRQ:DWHU4XDOLW\,VVXHVLQWKH'LࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV ....... 89
Table 29: Nutritional Requirements for Farmed Fish ...................................................................... 98
Table 30: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Major Types of Feed ...................................... 100
Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds ............................................................ 101
7DEOH )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWࢉVKDSSHWLWH ....................................................................................... 102
Table 33: When to Feed ..................................................................................................................... 103
Table 34: When to adjust the Ration ................................................................................................ 104
Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods. ..................................................................................................... 105
7DEOH $VVHVVLQJWKH&RVW(ࢆHFWLYHQHVVRID)HHG .................................................................... 109
Table 37: Description of Stages in Tilapia Production ................................................................... 120
[[LY] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
7DEOH 7\SLFDO$SSHDUDQFHVRI)LVKDW'LࢆHUHQW6WDJHVRI6WUHVV............................................ 146

Table 39: Protective Barriers against Infection in Fish .................................................................. 147
Table 40: Symptoms of Fish Disease ................................................................................................ 148
Table 41: Shipment of Fish Samples. ............................................................................................... 151
Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control ......................................................................... 153
Table 43: Factors to Consider for Fish Vaccination ........................................................................ 154
Table 44: Methods for Administering Treatments to Fish............................................................. 156
Table 45: Treatment Rates................................................................................................................. 157
Table 46: Bacterial Infections............................................................................................................ 165
Table 47: Basic Elements of a Biosecurity Plan............................................................................... 176
Table 48: Potential Negative Environment Impacts from Aquaculture ....................................... 179
Table 49: Principles of the HACCP .................................................................................................... 182
Table 50: Freshness Grading Scheme for Fish ................................................................................ 183
Table 51: Signs of Spoilage in Smoked and Dried Fish .................................................................. 183
Table 52: Signs of Spoilage in Frozen Fish ...................................................................................... 183
Table 53: Example Enterprise Budget for Single Pond Cycle for Static-Water Tilapia
Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking Pellets ........... 197
Table 54: Risk Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 198
Table 55: Template for Developing an Aquaculture Business Plan.............................................. 199
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[Y]

Acronyms
AMR $QWL0LFURELDOUHVLVWDQFH
DO 'LVVROYHG2[\JHQ
GAP *RRG$TXDFXOWXUH3UDFWLFHV
FAO )RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV
DFR 'LUHFWRUDWHRI)LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV
MAAIF 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH$QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV
MSY 0D[LPXP6XVWDLQDEOH<LHOG
NAGRC-DB 1DWLRQDO$QLPDO*HQHWLF5HVRXUFH&HQWHUDQG'DWDEDQN
NGO 1RQ*RYHUQPHQWDO2UJDQL]DWLRQV
WHO :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV
TDS 7RWDO'LVVROYHG6ROLGV
UNBS 8JDQGD1DWLRQDO%XUHDXRI6WDQGDUGV
UBoS 8JDQGD%XUHDXRI6WDWLVWLFV
POPs 3HUVLVWHQW2rganic 3ollutants
ras 5HFLUFXODWLQJ$TXDFXOWXUH6\VWHPV
TW 7RS:LGWK
NARO 1DWLRQDO$JULFXOWXUDO5HVHDUFK2UJDQL]DWLRQ
NEMA 1DWLRQDO(QYLURQPHQW0DQDJHPHQW$XWKRULW\
MDA’s 0LQLVWULHV'HSDUWPHQWVDQG$JHQFLHV
eia (QYLURQPHQW,PSDFW$VVHVVPHQW
Dwrm 'LUHFWRUDWHRI:DWHU5esources Management
'IU 'LUHFWRUDWHRI)isheries5esources
Uncst 8JDQGD1ational &ouncil of 6FLHQFHDQGTHFKQRORJ\
IFU )HHG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR
naads 1DWLRQDO$JULFXOWXUDO$GYLVRU\6HUYLFHV
cod &KHPLFDO2[\JHQ'HPDQG
bod %LRORJLFDO2[\JHQ'HPDQG
TSS Total 6XVSHQGHG6ROLG
lvhd Low Volume+igh 'HQVLW\
hvld +LJKVolume Low 'HQVLW\
MPA 0DULQH3URWHFWHG$UHDV
EU (XURSHDQ8QLRQ
[[YL] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

hdpe +LJK'HQVLW\3RO\HWK\OHQH
pvc 3RO\YLQ\OFKORULGH
LSA Lateral 6XUIDFH$UHD
NOৱ 1LWUDWH
CO2 &DUERQGLR[LGH
TDS Total 'LVVROYHG6ROLG
(N2) 1LWURJHQ
tan 7RWDO$PPRQLXP1LWURJHQ
d.a.p 'i-ammonium 3KRVSKDWHIHUWLOL]HU
t.s.p 7ULSOH6XSHU3KRVSKDWHIHUWLOL]HU
M.a.p 0RQRDPPRQLXPSKRVSKDWHIHUWLOL]HU
n.p.k 1LWURJHQ3KRVSKRURXV3RWDVVLXPIHUWLOL]HU
usaid
nda 1DWLRQDO'UXJ$XWKRULW\
SOPs 6WDQGDUG2SHUDWLQJ3URFHGXUHV
IDE )HDWXUHV$GYDQWDJHVDQG%HQHࢉWV
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[YLL]

/LVWRI'HࢉQLWLRQV
Acclimate $OORZLQJWKHDQLPDOWRVORZO\DGMXVWWRQHZHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV
Ad lib )LVKKDYHWKHOLEHUW\WRHDWZKHQDQGKRZPXFKWKH\ZRXOGOLNHWRXQWLOWKH\DUH
VDWLVࢉHG
Aeration 0HFKDQLFDOO\DGGLQJDLULQWRZDWHUZLWKWKHREMHFWLYHRILQFUHDVLQJWKHOHYHOVRI
GLVVROYHGR[\JHQLQWKHZDWHU
Alkalinity 7RWDODONDOLQLW\LVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIDOOEDVHVLQWKHZDWHUDQGFDQEHWKRXJKW
RIDVWKHEXࢆHULQJFDSDFLW\RIZDWHURULWVDELOLW\WRUHVLVWFKDQJHLQS+7KH
PRVWFRPPRQDQGLPSRUWDQWEDVHLVFDUERQDWH7RWDODONDOLQLW\LVH[SUHVVHGDV
PLOOLJUDPVSHUOLWUHPJ/RUSDUWVSHUPLOOLRQSSPRIFDOFLXPFDUERQDWH&D&2
Anaerobic 7KLVUHIHUVWROLIHIRUPVRUSURFHVVHVWKDWRFFXULQHQYLURQPHQWVZLWKOLPLWHGRUQR
R[\JHQ
$QR[LD$QR[LF $VLWXDWLRQZKHUHE\WKHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVDUH]HURLQZDWHU
Assimilation 2UJDQLFPDWWHULVEURNHQGRZQLQWRVPDOOHUOHVVFRPSOH[SDUWLFOHVWKDWDUHOHVV
WR[LFWKURXJKELRORJLFDOSURFHVVHVWKDWLQYROYHEDFWHULD
Best 7KLVWHUPLVXVHGWRGHVFULEHDSUDFWLFHFRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHPRVWSUDFWLFDOPHDQV
Management RIVROYLQJDUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWSUREOHPRUUHGXFLQJSROOXWLRQOHYHOVWRWKRVH
Practices FRPSDWLEOHZLWKZDWHUTXDOLW\JRDOV
%XࢆHULQJ 7KLVLVWKHZDWHUȆVRUDFKHPLFDOVDELOLW\WRFRQWUROWKHOHYHORIFKDQJHLQS+DQG
Capacity LQWKHSURFHVVPDLQWDLQLQJWKHS+RIWKHZDWHUDWDURXQGWKHQHXWUDOYDOXH
:KHQWKHS+GURSVEHORZWKHZDWHUEHFRPHVLQFUHDVLQJO\DFLGLF:KHQWKHS+
LQFUHDVHVDERYHWKHZDWHUEHFRPHVPRUHDONDOLQH
Carrying 7KHPD[LPXPELRPDVVWKDWFDQEHKHOGZLWKLQWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLWRUZDWHUERG\
capacity ZLWKRXWUHVXOWLQJLQWRZDWHUTXDOLW\SUREOHPV
Communicable 2QHWKDWLVFDSDEOHRIEHLQJWUDQVIHUUHGGLUHFWO\IURPRQHSHUVRQWRDQRWKHUXSRQ
diseases FRQWDFW
Climate change 7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIH[WULQVLFDQGLQWULQVLFIDFWRUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLQGLYLGXDORU

vulnerability HFRORJLFDOV\VWHPVWRDKD]DUGLQWKLVFDVHFOLPDWHFKDQJHDQGWKHLUDELOLW\
WRDEVRUEDQGUHFRYHUIURPORVVHVDULVLQJWRWKHKD]DUGDVZHOODVH[SORLWQHZ
RSSRUWXQLWLHVIURPWKHKD]DUG&OLPDWHFKDQJHDGDSWDWLRQLVWKHV\VWHPȆVDELOLW\WR
DFFRPPRGDWHWKHVHFKDQJHV
Conditioning +ROGLQJࢉVKZLWKRXWIHHGIRUDPLQLPXPRIKRXUVLQJRRGTXDOLW\ZDWHUDWWKH
ࢉVK KDWFKHU\RUQXUVHU\SULRUWRWKHLUFROOHFWLRQDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQWRWKHJURZRXW
IDUP7KHPDMRUREMHFWLYHRIGRLQJVRLWWRDOORZWKHࢉVKHPSW\WKHLUJXWVLQRUGHU
WRUHGXFHVWUHVVWRWKHࢉVKDQGPDLQWDLQZDWHUTXDOLW\GXULQJWUDQVLW
Dam wall, dyke 7KHVHDOOUHIHUWRWKHHDUWKHQZDOORIWKHSRQG3RQGZDOOVVRPHWLPHVDOVRGRXEOH

DVOHYHHV
Disease 7KLVLVWKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIVRPHWKLQJJRQHZURQJ%RG\IXQFWLRQVEHFRPH
LPSDLUHGEHFDXVHRIVWUHVVLQKHUHQWZHDNQHVVRULQIHFWLRQ
Disease The term disease causative agentXVXDOO\UHIHUVWRWKHbiological pathogens (a

causing agents virus, parasite, fungusDQG bacteriumDQG toxins or toxic chemical that cause
LOOQHVVGLVHDVH
Feed 7KH)HHG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR)&5LVWKHDPRXQWRIIHHGLWWDNHVWRSURGXFHDXQLW

Conversion ZHLJKWRIࢉVK,WLVDPHDVXUHRIWKHHࢇFLHQF\RIIHHGXWLOL]DWLRQ,WLVDFULWLFDO
Ratio (FCR) SDUDPHWHUWRPRQLWRUDVLWGHWHUPLQHVWKHYLDELOLW\RIWKHHQWHUSULVHLQIHHGEDVHG
SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV
[[YLLL] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Feeding 7KLVLVWKHQXPEHURIWLPHVLQDGD\ࢉVKLQDUHSRQGDUHJLYHQIRRG
Frequency
Fingerlings 7LODSLDMXYHQLOHVWKDWUDQJHEHWZHHQJ)LQJHUOLQJVIURPJDQGDERYHDUH
VXLWDEOHWRVWRFNLQWRJURZRXWSRQGVGLUHFWO\)LQJHUOLQJVRIJWROHVVWKDQJ
VKRXOGEHVWRFNHGLQWRDQXUVHU\SRQGࢉUVWXQWLOWKH\DUHDERYHJ
Flocculation )ORFFXODWLRQLVDZD\RIFRQWUROOLQJFOD\WXUELGLW\E\DGGLQJVXEVWDQFHVWRZDWHU
WKDWIDFLOLWDWHWKHIRUPDWLRQRIEULGJHVEHWZHHQSDUWLFOHVDOORZLQJWKHPWR
FRPELQHLQWRJURXSVRIVPDOOSDUWLFOHVFDOOHGȉࢊRFVȊ$VWKHVHSDUWLFOHVEHJLQ
WRVHWWOHWKH\HQVQDUHRWKHUSDUWLFOHVEHFRPHSURJUHVVLYHO\KHDYLHUDQGVHWWOH
PXFKPRUHUHDGLO\IURPVXVSHQVLRQ
Flushing 5HSODFLQJDKDOIRUPRUHRIWKHZDWHULQWKHSRQGZLWKLQDGD\RUOHVV7KH
REMHFWLYHRIࢊXVKLQJDSRQGLVWRJHWULGRIH[FHVVVXVSHQGHGDVZHOODVVROXEOH
ZDVWHVDQGWRGLOXWHZDVWHV7KLQNRIࢊXVKLQJDWRLOHW
Green-Water 7KLVLVZKHQSK\WRSODQNWRQGHQVLW\LQWKHSRQGLVPDLQWDLQHGDWDQRSWLPXP
OHYHODVDPHDQVRIPDQDJLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUWLODSLDSURGXFWLRQ%HFDXVHRI
SK\WRSODQNWRQWKHSRQGZDWHUFRQVHTXHQWO\ORRNVDOZD\VORRNVJUHHQLVK7KLV
UHIHUVWRWKHSUHIHUUHGFRORXURISRQGZDWHUIRUWLODSLDSURGXFWLRQ7KHJUHHQ
FRORXULVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHQDWXUDOSURGXFWLYLW\RIWKHSRQGLHDPRXQWRI
SODQNWRQLQWKHZDWHU
Gutting 5HPRYDORIWKHLQWHVWLQHVDQGRWKHUYLVFHUDIURPWKHDEGRPHQRIWKHࢉVK
Hardness 7RWDOKDUGQHVVLVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIGLYDOHQWFDWLRQVLRQVLQWKHZDWHU

DQGOLNHWRWDODONDOLQLW\LVH[SUHVVHGDVPLOOLJUDPVSHUOLWUHPJ/RUSDUWVSHU
PLOOLRQSSPRIFDOFLXPFDUERQDWH&D&27KHWZRPRVWFRPPRQHOHPHQWVWKDW
FRQWULEXWHWRKDUGQHVVDUHFDOFLXPDQGPDJQHVLXP
Health ,VWKHVWDQGDUGRUW\SLFDOFRQGLWLRQRIWKHࢉVKZKHUHE\LWVERGLO\IXQFWLRQVDUH
QRUPDO$KHDOWK\ࢉVKIXQFWLRQVRSWLPDOO\DQGLVIUHHRIDEQRUPDOLWLHVRIVWUHVV
DQGGLVHDVH
Live Weight 7KHZHLJKWRIDZKROHOLYHࢉVKEHIRUHLWKDVEHHQSURFHVVHG3URFHVVLQJࢉVK

Equivalent LQFOXGHVJXWWLQJLW7KHUHIRUHWKHWHUPUHIHUVWRWKHZHLJKWRIWKHࢉVKEHIRUH
JXWWLQJ
Nursery Pond 7KLVLVDSRQGLQZKLFK\RXQJMXYHQLOHVDUHUHDUHGWRWKHVWDJHZKHQWKH\EHFRPH

ࢉQJHUOLQJVRUVWRFNHUV)LVKDWWKLVVWDJHDUHH[WUHPHO\IUDJLOHDQGVXVFHSWLEOHWR
SUHGDWLRQ([WUDDWWHQWLRQLVFRQVHTXHQWO\JLYHQWRZDWHUTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQW
DQGSUHGDWLRQFRQWUROLQQXUVHU\SRQGPDQDJHPHQW
,QIHFWLYLW\ 7KHDELOLW\RIDSDWKRJHQWRFDXVHLQIHFWLRQ
Obligate $SDWKRJHQZKRVHSUHVHQFHLQRURQWKHࢉVKLQDGYHUWHQWO\UHVXOWVLQWRGLVHDVH
pathogen $QREOLJDWHSDWKRJHQFDQQRWVXUYLYHRXWVLGHWKHKRVWDQGPXVWFDXVHLQIHFWLRQLQ
RUGHUWRVXUYLYH
Opportunistic $SDWKRJHQWKDWLVIRXQGDQGOLYHVQDWXUDOO\LQWKHHQYLURQPHQW,WZLOORQO\
pathogen LQIHFWLRQWKHࢉVKDQGFDXVHGLVHDVHLIWKHࢉVKȆVLPPXQHVWDWXVLVFRPSURPLVHG
IRUH[DPSOHZKHQࢉVKDUHLVVWUHVVHG
Optimum 7KHࢉVKIHHGWKDWJLYHVWKHEHVWJURZWKDQG)RRG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR)&57KHUHLV

Ration PLQLPXPZDVWDJHDQGPLQLPXPGHWHULRUDWLRQRIZDWHUTXDOLW\ZKHQࢉVKDUHIHG
RSWLPXPDPRXQWVRIIHHG
2[LGDWLRQ 7KLVLVDFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQZKHUHR[\JHQELQGVWRDVXEVWDQFHWKDWRIWHQUHVXOWV
R[LGL]H LQWRFKDQJHVLQWKHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDODWWULEXWHVRIWKHVXEVWDQFH6XFKD
VXEVWDQFHLVVDLGWRKDYHEHFRPHR[LGL]HG)RUH[DPSOHR[LGL]HGVXEVWDQFHV
EHFRPHOHVVDFLGLF,URQUXVWVZKHQH[SRVHGWRWKHR[\JHQLQDLU
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[L[]

Palatability 7KHDSSHDODQGDFFHSWDELOLW\RIWKHIHHGWRWKHࢉVK,WLVDࢆHFWHGE\WKHIHHGȆV
RGRXUWH[WXUHPRLVWXUHSK\VLFDOIRUPDQGWHPSHUDWXUH$JRRGTXDOLW\IHHG
VKRXOGEHKLJKO\SDODWDEOHEHFDXVHTXDOLW\LQFOXGHVLQWDNHDQGSDODWDELOLW\LV
UHTXLUHGIRUKLJKOHYHOVRILQWDNH
Phytoplankton 0LFURVFRSLFSODQWVWKDWOLYHZLWKLQZDWHU
Piping 7KLVLVZKHQWKHWLODSLDFRPHRXWWRWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHGXULQJPRPHQWVZKHQ
WKHUHLVORZGLVVROYHGR[\JHQLQWKHZDWHUWRJDVSLQDLU
Pond 7KLVUHIHUVWRWKHDELOLW\RIWKHSRQGWRJHQHUDWHSK\WRSODQNWRQ$SRQGZLWK
Productivity JRRGSURGXFWLYLW\ORRNVJUHHQDVDUHVXOWRIKLJKOHYHOVRISK\WRSODQNWRQ
SURGXFWLRQ
Production 7KLVLVWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQVWRFNLQJDQGGUDLQLQJZKHQࢉVKDUHEHLQJUDLVHGLQWKH
Cycle SRQG
Ration 7KHDPRXQWRIIHHGRUIRRGHDFKࢉVKVKRXOGEHJLYHQIRUFRQVXPSWLRQSHUGD\RU
DWHDFKPHDO
Respiration 7KHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKOLYLQJRUJDQLVPVWDNHXSR[\JHQWRFRPEXVWIRRGLQWR
HQHUJ\DQGUHOHDVHFDUERQGLR[LGH
Satiation :KHQWKHࢉVKLVVDWLVࢉHGDQGZLOOQRWGHVLUHWRHDWDQ\PRUHIRRG
Sampling 7KLVLVWKHUHPRYDORIࢉVKIURPWKHSRQGWRDVVHVVWKHLUJURZWKDQGKHDOWKVWDWXV
$IWHUWKHREVHUYDWLRQVࢉVKDUHUHWXUQHGWRWKHSRQG
Shooters 7KHVHDUHࢉVKRIWKHVDPHDJHJURXSZLWKLQWKHVDPHSRSXODWLRQWKDWJURZPXFK
IDVWHUDQGODUJHUWKDQWKHUHVW6XFKࢉVKIUHTXHQWO\FDQQLEDOLVHDQGEXOO\WKH
VPDOOHURQHVSUHYHQWLQJWKHODWWHUȆVDFFHVVWRIHHGDQGFDXVLQJWKHPVWUHVV
Spawning Pond 3RQGȆVGHVLJQHGRUNHSWIRUSXUSRVHUHSURGXFWLRQ(JJVODUYDHRUIU\PD\EH

KDUYHVWHGIURPVXFKSRQGV
Standing Crop 7KHWRWDOZHLJKWPDVVRIࢉVKLQWKHSRQGDWDQ\RQHWLPH
Static 7KLVLVDV\VWHPRISRQGPDQDJHPHQWZKHUHE\QRȅFRQWLQXRXVIUHVKȆZDWHU
Water Pond LVDOORZHGLQWRWKHSRQGGXULQJSURGXFWLRQH[FHSWWRWRSXSZDWHUORVWE\
Management HYDSRUDWLRQDQGWRH[FKDQJHZDWHULIWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\GHWHULRUDWHVVXFKDVZKHQ
WKHSRQGLVDWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
Stock 5HIHUVWRWKHࢉVKDQLPDOVEHLQJUHDUHGRQIDUPV
Susceptible /LNHOLKRRGRIDࢉVKFRQWUDFWLQJDQLQIHFWLRQRUGLVHDVH
Transpiration 7KHSURFHVVZKHUHE\SODQWVDEVRUEZDWHUWKURXJKWKHLUURRWVDQGJLYHRࢆZDWHU
WKURXJKWKHLUOHDYHV
Turbidity 7KHGHJUHHWRZKLFKOLJKWSHQHWUDWLRQWKURXJKWKHZDWHUFROXPQLVEORFNHG
7XUELGLW\LQSRQGVLVRIWHQFDXVHGE\VPDOOSDUWLFOHVRIHLWKHUFOD\RU
SK\WRSODQNWRQWKDWDUHVXVSHQGHGZLWKLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQ
Virulence 7KHDELOLW\RIDSDWKRJHQWRLQIHFWRUGDPDJHWKHKRVW
Whole Fish 7KLVUHIHUVWRWKHࢉVKEHIRUHLWKDVEHHQJXWWHGLHEHIRUHDQ\RILWERG\SDUWV

KDYHEHHQUHPRYHGIRUZKDWHYHUUHDVRQ
Zoonotic $GLVHDVHWKDWDࢆHFWVDQGFDQEHWUDQVPLWWHGEHWZHHQDQLPDOVࢉVKDQGPDQ

disease
Zooplankton 0LFURVFRSLFDQLPDOVWKDWJURZZLWKLQWKHZDWHUWKHVPDOOHVWRIZKLFKIHHGRࢆ
SK\WRSODQNWRQ
[[[] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

MODULE ONE:
AN OVERVIEW OF
AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA
7KLVPRGXOHJLYHVDEULHIEDFNJURXQGWRDTXDFXOWXUHLQ8JDQGDOLVWVWKHNH\VWDNHKROGHUVLQWKHVXEVHF-
WRUKLJKOLJKWVWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGEHQHࢉWVRIDTXDFXOWXUHDQGSURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHPDQXDO
1.1 Background
&RPPHUFLDO DTXDFXOWXUH LV WKH UHDULQJ RI DTXDWLF DQLPDOV OLNH ࢉVK DQG SODQWV XQGHU FRQWUROOHG RU
VHPLFRQWUROOHGFRQGLWLRQVSURࢉWDEO\IRUIRRGDQGRWKHUXVHV
)LVKIDUPLQJZDVࢉUVWLQWURGXFHGWR8JDQGDLQWKHVDVDVXEVLVWHQFHDFWLYLW\WRSURYLGHFKHDSDQL-
PDOSURWHLQIRUUXUDOKRXVHKROGV)LVKIDUPLQJKDVVLQFHEHFRPHDQLPSRUWDQWVRXUFHRIࢉVKVXSSO\WKDW
LVVXSSOHPHQWLQJWKDWIURPWKHࢉVKHULHV7KHWUDQVLWLRQWRFRPPHUFLDODTXDFXOWXUHJDLQHGPRPHQWXP
EHWZHHQDQG8JDQGDLVQRZDPRQJ$IULFDȆVWRSࢉYHDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFHUV$YHUDJHDQQX-
DODTXDFXOWXUHJURZWKUDWHVLQFHDUHDERXWSHUDQQXP1DWLRQDODTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQFDSDFLW\
FRPSULVHV DERXW DTXDFXOWXUH IDUPHUV SURGXFLQJ D WRWDO RI WRQV RI ࢉVK IURP
SRQGVDQGRYHUFDJHV0RVWIDUPHUVDUHVPDOOKROGHUIDUPHUVSUDFWLFLQJH[WHQVLYHDQGVHPLLQ-
WHQVLYHSRQGDQGFDJHFXOWXUH7KHODUJHVFDOHIDUPHUVUXQLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPVDQGFDJHFXOWXUH%\
DTXDFXOWXUHFRQWULEXWHGWR8JDQGDȆVWRWDOࢉVKSURGXFWLRQࢉJXUH
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [1]

Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons).

600000
500000
400000
dŽŶƐ
300000
200000
100000
zĞĂƌ
Aquaculture Fisheries
$GDSWHGIURP)$2)LVKHULHVDQG$TXDFXOWXUH6WDWLVWLFVDQG8%266WDWLVWLFV
7KH VWHDG\ JURZWK DQG LQFUHDVHG SULYDWHVHFWRU LQYHVWPHQW LQWR DTXDFXOWXUH DUH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH
JURZLQJ ORFDO GHPDQG DQG H[SDQGLQJ UHJLRQDO PDUNHWV IRU ࢉVK 5DSLG SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK OLPLWHG
VXSSO\IURPWKHࢉVKHULHVLQFUHDVHGXUEDQLVDWLRQULVLQJLQFRPHVKHDOWKDZDUHQHVVIDYRXUDEOHࢉVK
IDUPLQJ FRQGLWLRQV DQG VXSSRUWLYH JRYHUQPHQW SROLFLHV KDYH FUHDWHG D FRQGXFLYH HQYLURQPHQW IRU
FRPPHUFLDODTXDFXOWXUH
'HVSLWHWKHSRVLWLYHWUHQGVKRZHYHUWKHIXOOSURGXFWLRQSRWHQWLDODQGFRQWULEXWLRQRI8JDQGDȆVDTXD-
FXOWXUHWRLQFRPHVDQGIRRGVHFXULW\LV\HWWREHUHDOL]HG0RUHWKDQRI8JDQGDQVFRQVXPHࢉVK
DVDPDMRUVRXUFHRIDQLPDOSURWHLQDQGHVVHQWLDOPLFURQXWULHQWV,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWDERXWRI
WKHࢉVKSURGXFHGLQ8JDQGDLVFRQVXPHGORFDOO\DQGDERXWLVH[SRUWHG7KHWRWDOVXVWDLQDEOH
ࢉVKHULHV\LHOGIURP8JDQGDȆVODNHVDQGULYHUVLVHVWLPDWHGWREHPHWULFWRQVRIࢉVK7KLVOHDYHV
D GHࢉFLW RQH PLOOLRQ WRQV RI ࢉVK WKDW FDQ RQO\ EH VXVWDLQDEO\ SURGXFHGWKURXJK DTXDFXOWXUHLI WKH
UHFRPPHQGHGQDWLRQDOQXWULWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU8JDQGDȆVSRSXODWLRQRIPLOOLRQDUHWREHPHW
0$$,) 7KH ORQJWHUP SURVSHFWV IRU VXVWDLQDEOH FRPPHUFLDO DTXDFXOWXUH LQ WKH FRXQWU\ DUH
WKHUHIRUHSURPLVLQJ
[2] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

1.2 Key Stakeholders

7KH PDMRU VWDNHKROGHUV LQ 8JDQGDȆV IDUPHGࢉVK YDOXH FKDLQ LQFOXGH SULYDWH VHFWRU VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV
SURGXFHUVSURYLGHUVRISXEOLFJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVWUDGHUVWUDQVSRUWHUVDQGPLGGOHPHQࢉJXUH
Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain
Private Sector Service Providers

Input suppliers (feed ingredients –
fishermen, crop producers, importers
of feed, nets, equipment
Middlemen, traders, transporters Middlemen, traders, transporters
Producers
Aquaculture
Hatchery and Farmers and farmers’
Sub-Sector
grow-out associations
producers
Middlemen, traders, transporters

Middlemen, traders, transporters
Providers of Public Goods and Services

MAAIF, NARO, MaK, FTI, NEMA, DWD,
UNBS, NDA, development partners,
CSOs, other stakeholders
Markets for Farmed Fish
Homes, restaurants, markets
Export to regional markets
7KH'HSDUWPHQWRI$TXDFXOWXUH0DQDJHPHQWDQG'HYHORSPHQWXQGHUWKH'LUHFWRUDWHRI)LVKHULHV
5HVRXUFHV'L)5RIWKH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH$QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV0$$,)LVGLUHFWO\UH-
VSRQVLEOHIRUDTXDFXOWXUHGHYHORSPHQWLQWKHFRXQWU\,WSURYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQDOOPDWWHUVSHUWDLQLQJ
WRDTXDFXOWXUHLQFROODERUDWLRQZLWKRWKHU0LQLVWULHV'HSDUWPHQWVDQG$JHQFLHV0'$V DVLOOXVWUDWHG
LQWKHࢉJXUHDERYH

1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture

7KHIROORZLQJIDFWRUVIDYRXUDTXDFXOWXUHLQ8JDQGDDQGPDNHLWKLJKO\FRPSHWLWLYH
• Favourable climate.8JDQGDLVORFDWHGDFURVVWKHHTXDWRUDWDQDYHUDJHDOWLWXGHRI
PDERYHVHDOHYHO,WKDVDVWDEOHFOLPDWHFRPSULVLQJWZRUDLQ\DQGGU\VHDVRQVHDFK\HDU
$YHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHVUDQJHEHWZHHQR&WRR&DQGUDLQIDOOEHWZHHQWRPP
SHU\HDU,WLVZDUPDQGVXQQ\GXULQJERWKWKHUDLQ\DQGGU\VHDVRQV7KLVIDYRXUDEOHFOLPDWH
PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHIRUIDUPHUVWRIDUPࢉVKWKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU)DUPHUVFDQKDYHVHYHUDOFURSV
LQD\HDU
• $YDLODELOLW\RIZDWHUUHVRXUFHV$EXQGDQWVXSSO\RIVXUIDFHZDWHU(LJKWHHQSHUFHQWRIWKH
FRXQWU\LVFRYHUHGE\ZDWHULQWKHIRUPRIULYHUVODNHVVWUHDPVDQGVZDPSV
• ,QSXWVIRUࢉVKIDUPLQJVXFKDVIHHGVHHGDQGHTXLSPHQWDUHUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHDQGDFFHVVLEOH
• 3UHVHQFHRILQGXVWULDOSURFHVVLQJSODQWVIDFWRULHV
• 7KHUHLVDKLJKGHPDQGIRUࢉVKDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\JRRGIDUPJDWHSULFHVZKLFKFUHDWHVD
JRRGRSSRUWXQLW\IRUIDUPLQJࢉVKDVDEXVLQHVV
• ([LVWHQFHRILQVWLWXWLRQDODQGKXPDQFDSDFLW\WRSURYLGHWHFKQLFDODGYLFH0$$,)DQG
VHYHUDOSULYDWHVHFWRULQVWLWXWLRQVKDYHWKHUHTXLUHGH[SHUWLVHWRSURYLGHWKHQHFHVVDU\WHFKQLFDO
VXSSRUWWRWKHVXEVHFWRU
• :LOOLQJQHVVRIGHYHORSPHQWSDUWQHUVWRVXSSRUWWKHVXEVHFWRU.
1.4 Challenges
• 7KHLQYHVWPHQWUHTXLUHGWRHVWDEOLVKDࢉVKIDUPLVKLJK
• :HDNDTXDFXOWXUHDVVRFLDWLRQV
• /DFNRIRUJDQL]HGPDUNHW7KHUHLVQRV\QFKURQL]DWLRQLQSURGXFWLRQDQGKHQFHOLPLWHGEXON
PDUNHWLQJDQGGLYHUVLࢉFDWLRQRIYDOXHFKDLQRSSRUWXQLWLHV
• /LPLWHGYDOXHDGGLWLRQLQDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWV
• /LPLWHGGDWDDQGLQIRUPDWLRQRQDTXDFXOWXUHDFWLYLWLHVWRJXLGHLQYHVWPHQWV
• $YDLODELOLW\DQGDFFHVVWRTXDOLW\IHHGDQGVHHG
• ,QFUHDVLQJWKHLQWHUHVWDQGFDSDFLW\RI\RXWKZRPHQDQGRWKHUYXOQHUDEOHJURXSVWRVNLOOIXOO\HQ-
gage in sustainable commercial aquaculture
%HQHࢉWVRIIDUPLQJࢉVK
• Fish is nutritious.)LVKLVDQDQLPDOIRRGWKDWLVHDV\WRGLJHVWULFKLQQRQVDWXUDWHGIDWW\DFLGV
SDODWDEOHDQGLVDFFHSWDEOHDPRQJ8JDQGDȆVGLYHUVHUHOLJLRXVDQGFXOWXUDOQRUPV,WLVDOVRULFK
LQPLQHUDOVDQGHVVHQWLDOPLFURQXWULHQWVVXFKDVFDOFLXPSKRVSKRUXV]LQFLRGLQHࢊXRULQHDQG
VHOHQLXP,WLVDPRQJWKHUHFRPPHQGHGHVVHQWLDOIRRGVIRULQIDQWVLQYDOLGVH[SHFWLQJPRWKHUV
DQGWKHDJHG
• *RRGXWLOL]DWLRQRIUHVRXUFHV)LVKFDQEHJURZQRQQRQDUDEOHODQGDQGLQZDWHUZKLFK
SURYLGHVDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUWUDQVIRUPLQJQRQDJUDULDQUHVRXUFHVLQWRSURGXFWLYHDJULFXOWXUDO
]RQHV

• It is climate smart.$VRSSRVHGWRFURSVDQGOLYHVWRFNDTXDFXOWXUHGRHVQRWH[WUDFWZDWHUEXW
UDWKHULVDPHGLXPIRUSURGXFWLRQ:DWHUIURPࢉVKSURGXFWLRQLVULFKLQQXWULHQWVDQGLVJRRG
IRULUULJDWLQJFURSV)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHDUHZLGHUDQJHRIVSHFLHVDQGSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVWKDW
FDQEHXVHGIRUDTXDFXOWXUHFUHDWLQJYDVWRSSRUWXQLWLHV)DUPLQJࢉVKDOVRSURGXFHVWKHOHDVW
DPRXQWRIFDUERQGLR[LGHHPLVVLRQVSHUNLORPHDWSURGXFHGFRPSDUHGWROLYHVWRFN
• Good income generating enterprise.,WFDQEHGRQHWKHPDUNHWLVDYDLODEOHDQGZKHQGRQH
DVDEXVLQHVVLWJHQHUDWHVUHDVRQDEOHSURࢉWV
• Greater ability to tailor production to meet market requirements. 8QOLNHWKHࢉVKHULHV
ZKHUHLWLVGLࢇFXOWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHH[DFWVSHFLHVVL]HDQGTXDQWLW\RIࢉVKRQHZLOOFDWFKDERYH
WKHDOORZDEOHVL]HVLQDTXDFXOWXUHRQHFDQSODQDQGSURGXFHWKHH[DFWVL]HTXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\
WKHPDUNHWUHTXLUHV2QHFDQDOVRVXSSO\PDUNHWVZLWKOLYHࢉVK
• It is socially acceptableWKDWERWKZRPHQDQGPHQFDQHQJDJHLQࢉVKIDUPLQJ
3XUSRVHDQG2YHUYLHZRIWKH0DQXDO
$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHQXPHURXVRSSRUWXQLWLHVVHYHUDOFKDOOHQJHVH[LVWWKDWOLPLWWKHUHDOLVDWLRQRIWKH
DTXDFXOWXUHVXEVHFWRUȆVIXOOSRWHQWLDO.H\DPRQJWKHVHLVWKHODFNRIQDWLRQDOO\KDUPRQLVHGWUDLQLQJ
PDWHULDOVWRJXLGHH[WHQVLRQZRUNHUVLQSURYLGLQJWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUWWRWKHVHFWRUVȆYDOXHFKDLQDFWRUV
7KLVPDQXDOLVGHVLJQHGWRJXLGHH[WHQVLRQZRUNHUVWUDLQYDOXHFKDLQDFWRUVRQUHFRPPHQGHGSUDF-
WLFHVIRUVXFFHVVIXOFRPPHUFLDODTXDFXOWXUH
,WFRPSULVHVWKHIROORZLQJPRGXOHV
Module One *LYHVDQRYHUYLHZRIDTXDFXOWXUHLQ8JDQGDWKHNH\VWDNHKROGHUVDQG

KLJKOLJKWVWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGEHQHࢉWVRIDTXDFXOWXUH
Module Two 3URYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQIDFWRUVWRFRQVLGHUEHIRUHPDNLQJDGHFLVLRQWRLQYHVW

LQDTXDFXOWXUH
Module Three 'HVFULEHVWKHGLࢆHUHQWDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVLQ8JDQGD
Module Four *LYHVJXLGDQFHRQVLWHVHOHFWLRQIDUPSODQQLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG

PDLQWHQDQFHRISURGXFWLRQIDFLOLWLHV
Module Five 3URYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQZDWHUTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQWLQDTXDFXOWXUH
0RGXOH6L[ ([SODLQVWKHUHFRPPHQGHGQXWULWLRQDODQGIHHGLQJSUDFWLFHVIRURSWLPDO
SURGXFWLRQ
Module Seven 'LVFXVVHVWKHUHFRPPHQGHGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVIRUWKHGLࢆHUHQW

SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV
Module Eight 'LVFXVVHVࢉVKKHDOWKPDQDJHPHQWDQGELRVHFXULW\
Module Nine *LYHVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUSRVWKDUYHVWKDQGOLQJDQGSURFHVVLQJRIIDUPHG

ࢉVK
Module Ten 3URYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQLPSURYLQJWKHPDUNHWLQJRIIDUPHGࢉVK
Module Eleven 3URYLGHVJXLGHOLQHVRQKRZWRLPSURYHWKHSURࢉWDELOLW\RIDTXDFXOWXUHE\

PDQDJLQJLWDVDEXVLQHVV


MODULE TWO:
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING
IN UGANDA
$ࢉVKIDUPRUDQ\RWKHUDTXDFXOWXUHUHODWHGEXVLQHVVLVPRUHOLNHO\WREHVXFFHVVIXOLIHVWDEOLVKHGXSRQ
DZHOOLQIRUPHGGHFLVLRQ7KLVPRGXOHH[SODLQVWKHSUHOLPLQDU\DVVHVVPHQWVDQGEDVLFVWHSVIRUHVWDE-
OLVKLQJVXFFHVVIXOFRPPHUFLDODTXDFXOWXUH
2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment?

$TXDFXOWXUHLVDPDMRULQYHVWPHQW%HIRUHPDNLQJWKHGHFLVLRQWRVHWXSDࢉVKIDUPFDUU\RXWDQ
DVVHVVPHQWWRLGHQWLI\WKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPWKDWPHHWVRQHȆVEXVLQHVVREMHFWLYHV
&RQVLGHUDWLRQVKRXOGEHJLYHQWR
• WKHSRWHQWLDOPDUNHWIRU\RXUࢉVK
• WKHVXLWDELOLW\RIWKHSURSRVHGVLWH

• DFFHVVWRLQSXWVDQGVHUYLFHV
• OHJDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUHVWDEOLVKLQJDQGRSHUDWLQJWKHHQWHUSULVHDQG
• IHDVLELOLW\DQGSRWHQWLDOYLDELOLW\RIWKHHQWHUSULVH
7KHRXWFRPHRIWKLVDVVHVVPHQWZLOOJXLGH\RXRQ
• ZKHWKHULWPDNHVEXVLQHVVVHQVHWRHVWDEOLVKDࢉVKIDUPDWWKHJLYHQVLWH
• WKHVSHFLHVWRIDUP
• WKHVL]HDQGW\SHRIIDUP
• WKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHIDUPOD\RXWDQGSURGXFWLRQIDFLOLWLHVWRHVWDEOLVK
• SURGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHVDQGPDQDJHPHQWRSWLRQV
• PDUNHWDQGEXVLQHVVRSWLRQVDQG
• SRWHQWLDOULVNVDQGPLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHV
2.2 Background Research

7KRVHDOUHDG\LQYROYHGLQDTXDFXOWXUHRIWHQKDYHXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWZRXOGJXLGHQHZLQYHVWRUV
9LVLWDQGLQWHUDFWZLWKNH\VWDNHKROGHUVOLNHIDUPHUVDQGH[WHQVLRQVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVRQWKHDYDLODEOHࢉVK
IDUPLQJRSWLRQVUHTXLUHPHQWVEHQHࢉWVDQGFKDOOHQJHVRIIDUPLQJࢉVKDVDEXVLQHVV,QDGGLWLRQREWDLQ
LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVRXUFHVDQGDYDLODELOLW\RILQSXWVZDWHUVXSSO\WRWKHSURSRVHGIDUPVLWHDQGPDUNHW
RSSRUWXQLWLHV7KHLUH[SHULHQFHZLOOSURYLGHYDOXDEOHLQVLJKWRQYLDELOLW\DQGRQNH\LVVXHVWKDWVKRXOG
QRWEHRYHUORRNHGIRUVXFFHVVIXOࢉVKIDUPLQJ
2.3 Market
7KHDYDLODELOLW\RIDPDUNHWWKDWRࢆHUVDJRRGSULFHLVDNH\GHWHUPLQDQWIRUDVXFFHVVIXODTXDFXOWXUH
HQWHUSULVH7KHIROORZLQJVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQDVVHVVLQJWKHPDUNHW7DEOH
7DEOH 0DUNHWLVVXHVWRFRQVLGHUEHIRUHLQYHVWLQJLQDTXDFXOWXUH
Issue Implication
/RFDWLRQRISRVVLEOH y 'LVWDQWPDUNHWVLPSO\KLJKHUWUDQVSRUWPDUNHWLQJDQGVWRUDJHFRVWV
markets
&XVWRPHUSUHIHUHQFHV y 3ULFHWRVHOO
• 3URGXFWLRQV\VWHPWRXVHKDWFKHU\RUJURZRXWIDUP
• 6SHFLHVVL]HIRUPOLYHZKROHRUSURFHVVHGࢉVKWRSURGXFH
• 3DFNDJLQJWRXVH
• &KRLFHRIIHHGV
Market price • +LJKSULFHVFRQWULEXWHWRPDNLQJWKHHQWHUSULVHSURࢉWDEOH
3URࢉWDEOHYROXPHV • +LJKSURࢉWDEOHYROXPHVUHTXLUHPRUHࢉQDQFLDODQGWHFKQLFDOUHVRXUFHV
)RUPRUHGHWDLOVRQPDUNHWVDQGPDUNHWLQJVHHModule Ten

'HFLGLQJZKHUHEHVWWRORFDWHWKHIDUP
)LVKIDUPVFDQEHORFDWHGZLWKLQDZDWHUERG\RURQODQG,QHLWKHUFDVHWKHVHOHFWHGVLWHZLOODࢆHFW
FRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWVDELOLW\WRLPSOHPHQWIDUPDFWLYLWLHVRSHUDWLRQDOFRVWVDQGOHYHOVRISURGXFWLRQDQG
SURGXFWLYLW\$JXDUDQWHHG\HDUURXQGVXSSO\RIZDWHULVDPRQJWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHVIRUVXFFHVVIXOࢉVK
IDUPLQJ7KHVLWHVKRXOGEHORFDWHGZKHUHDFFHVVWRLQSXWVPDUNHWVDQGRWKHUVHUYLFHVDUHJRRG7KH
OLNHOLKRRGIRUFRQࢊLFWZLWKWKHFRPPXQLW\RYHUWKHXVHRIFRPPRQUHVRXUFHVVXFKDVODQGDQGZDWHU
VKRXOGEHORZ$FWLYLWLHVLQWKHQHLJKERXUKRRGVKRXOGKDYHPLQLPDOQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRQZDWHUTXDOLW\
DQGVXSSO\DVWRHQVXUHWKHSURGXFWLRQRIVDIHࢉVK7KHOLNHOLKRRGRIQHJDWLYHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWV
IURPWKHࢉVKIDUPWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJVVKRXOGEHPLQLPDO6HHModule Four IRUPRUHGHWDLOV.
*XLGHOLQHVDQG5HJXODWLRQVIRU
Commercial Aquaculture
,QRUGHUWRXQGHUWDNHFRPPHUFLDOࢉVKIDUPLQJVXFFHVVIXOO\LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRFRQIRUPWRWKH*RYHUQ-
PHQWJXLGHOLQHVDQGUHJXODWLRQVDQGWRREWDLQWKHUHTXLUHGSHUPLWVIRUWKHEHQHࢉWRIWKHIDUP7DEOH
7KHVHKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGWRSURWHFWDTXDFXOWXUHHVWDEOLVKPHQWVVDIHJXDUGRWKHUFRPPRQUHVRXUFH
XVHUVDQGDYRLGQHJDWLYHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWV7KH\DGGLWLRQDOO\HQVXUHWKDWDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWVDUH
VDIHIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQWKXVLPSURYLQJDFFHVVWRPDUNHWVIRUIDUPHGࢉVKSURGXFHDQGSURGXFWV
7DEOH *XLGHOLQHVDQG5HJXODWLRQVIRU&RPPHUFLDO$TXDFXOWXUH
Permit/ When it applies 5HIHUHQFH Source
&HUWLࢉFDWH
SOCIAL AND ENVIROMENTAL ASPECTS
&HUWLࢉFDWHRI %HIRUHGHYHORSLQJSURSRVHG 7KLUGVFKHGXOH 1DWLRQDO(QYLURQPHQW

$SSURYDORI sites for large commercial RIWKH1DWLRQDO 0DQDJHPHQW$XWKRULW\
Environment farms (QYLURQPHQW
Impact $FW&DSLQ
Assessment DFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH
(EIA) (,$5HJXODWLRQV
DQG(,$*XLGHOLQHV

Waste 'LVFKDUJHODUJHDPRXQWV 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

Discharge RIH࢈XHQWLQWRWKH 7KH:DWHU (QYLURQPHQW'LUHFWRUDWH
Permit HQYLURQPHQWZDWHUERGLHV (Waste Discharge) RI:DWHU5HVRXUFHV
5HJXODWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW':50
$VDUXOHDOOFDJHFXOWXUH
operations require one
SETTING UP FISH FARMS
Aquaculture $OOVHPLLQWHQVLYHDQG 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Establishment LQWHQVLYHFRPPHUFLDOࢉVK (Aquaculture)5XOHV $QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG
&HUWLࢉFDWH IDUPVDIWHUREWDLQLQJ(,$ )LVKHULHV'LUHFWRUDWHRI
FHUWLࢉFDWH )LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV'L)5
Fish Seed )LVKKDWFKHULHVDQGࢉVK 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Production EUHHGHUVDIWHUREWDLQLQJ(,$ (Aquaculture)5XOHV $QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG
&HUWLࢉFDWH FHUWLࢉFDWH )LVKHULHV'LUHFWRUDWHRI
)LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV'L)5


&HUWLࢉFDWH
Cage Culture &DJHFXOWXUHIDUPVDIWHU 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Permit REWDLQLQJ(,$FHUWLࢉFDWH (Aquaculture)5XOHV $QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG
)LVKHULHV'LUHFWRUDWHRI
HARNESSING WATER FOR USE ON FARM
Construction &RQVWUXFWLRQRIZDWHU 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

Permit harnessing infrastructure 7KH:DWHU (QYLURQPHQW'LUHFWRUDWH
VXFKDVLPSRXQGPHQWV (Waste Discharge) RI:DWHU5HVRXUFHV
DFURVVZDWHUZD\V 5HJXODWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW':50
ERUHKROHVYDOOH\GDPVHWF
Drilling Permit 3ULRUWRGULOOLQJDERUHKROH 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

on the farm 7KH:DWHU (QYLURQPHQW'LUHFWRUDWH
(Waste Discharge) RI:DWHU5HVRXUFHV
5HJXODWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW':50
Ground Water :KHQDPRWRUL]HGSXPS 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

Permit VKDOOEHXVHGWRSXPS 7KH:DWHU (QYLURQPHQW'LUHFWRUDWH
water from a borehole (Waste Discharge) RI:DWHU5HVRXUFHV
WHPSRUDULO\RUSHUPDQHQWO\ 5HJXODWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW':50
6XUIDFH:DWHU ,IOLWUHVRIZDWHUSHU 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

Permit minute or more shall be 7KH:DWHU (QYLURQPHQW'LUHFWRUDWH
H[WUDFWHGIURPDZDWHUZD\ (Waste Discharge) RI:DWHU5HVRXUFHV
LQDKRXUSHULRG 5HJXODWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW':50
,IDPRWRULVHGSXPS
VKDOOEHXVHGWRSXPS
ZDWHUHLWKHUWHPSRUDULO\
RUSHUPDQHQWO\IURP
DZDWHUZD\ULYHUODNH
VZDPSGDPRURWKHU
VXUIDFHZDWHUERG\
MOVEMENT FISH STOCK AND FISH TRADE
)LVK7UDQVIHU 0RYHPHQWRIOLYHIDUPHG 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Permit ࢉVKIURPRࢆWKHIDUPWRDQ\ (Aquaculture) 5XOHV $QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG
ORFDWLRQZLWKLQ8JDQGD )LVKHULHV'LUHFWRUDWHRI
Fish 0RYHPHQWRIࢉVKDQGࢉVK )LVK(Fishing)5XOHV 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Movement SURGXFWVIURPRQHSDUWRI 'HSDUWPHQWRI $QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG
Permit 8JDQGDWRDQRWKHU )LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV )LVKHULHV'LUHFWRUDWHRI
)LVK0RYHPHQW )LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV'L)5
3HUPLW
Fish Import/ ,PSRUWRUH[SRUWIDUPHGOLYH )LVK$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

([SRUW3HUPLW ࢉVKRUSURFHVVHGIDUPHG $QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG
)LVK(Fishing)5XOHV
ࢉVKSURGXFWVWRDQGIURP )LVKHULHV'LUHFWRUDWHRI

8JDQGD )LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV'L)5
8JDQGD
3XEOLF)LQDQFH
0DQDJHPHQW$FW
6HFWLRQ
8JDQGD5HYHQXH
$XWKRULW\$FW


&HUWLࢉFDWH
Fish Sanitary $OOFRQVLJQPHQWVRIࢉVK )LVK(Quality 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

&HUWLࢉFDWH for human consumption Assurance) 5XOHV $QLPDO,QGXVWU\DQG
WREHVROGZLWKLQ8JDQGDȆV )LVKHULHV'LUHFWRUDWHRI
PDUNHWVZKHWKHUWKH\ )LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV'L)5
DUHORFDOO\SURGXFHGRU
LPSRUWHG
$OOFRQVLJQPHQWVRIࢉVKIRU
human consumption for
H[SRUW
BIO-SAFETY
Uganda 8VHRIJHQHWLFPDWHULDOLQ 7KH1DWLRQDO 0LQLVWU\RI/DQGV:DWHUDQG

National aquaculture (QYLURQPHQW (QYLURQPHQW
&RXQFLORI (Access to Genetic
Science and Resources and
Technology %HQHࢆW6KDULQJ
(UNCST) 5HJXODWLRQV
Permits
7KH8JDQGD1DWLRQDO
&RXQFLOIRU6FLHQFH
DQG7HFKQRORJ\
81&67


MODULE THREE:
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS IN UGANDA
7KLVPRGXOHGHVFULEHVWKHDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVSUDFWLFHGLQ8JDQGD
&ODVVLࢉFDWLRQRIDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQ
systems
$TXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDUHFODVVLࢉHGEDVHGXSRQ
• :DWHUTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
• )LVKFXOWXUHG
• ,QWHQVLW\RISURGXFWLRQ
• 6FDOHRISURGXFWLRQ
• /HYHORIFRQWURORYHUZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVDQGZDVWH

3.1.1 Water quality characteristics

$TXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDUHGHVFULEHGDVEHLQJIUHVKZDWHUEUDFNLVKRUPDULQHGHSHQGLQJ
RQWKHVDOWFRQWHQWRIWKHZDWHU)UHVKZDWHUVKDYHOLWWOHRUQRGLVVROYHGVDOWVDQGDUHW\SLFDOO\IRXQG
LQODQG%UDFNLVKDQGPDULQHZDWHUVKDYHDKLJKHUVDOWFRQWHQW. %UDFNLVKZDWHUVDUHIRXQGLQFRDVWDO
]RQHVDQGPDULQHZDWHUVLQRSHQVHDVDQGRFHDQV+HQFH8JDQGDȆVDTXDFXOWXUHLVFKDUDFWHULVHGE\
ZDUPIUHVKZDWHUࢉVKSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV
3.1.2 Fish cultured

3URGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDUHDOVRFODVVLࢉHGEDVHGRQWKHW\SHDQGQXPEHURIVSHFLHVIDUPHGZLWKLQWKH
UHDULQJXQLWDVIROORZV
• Monoculture:DVLQJOHVSHFLHVLVIDUPHGLQDSURGXFWLRQXQLWDWDWLPH
• Polyculture:WZRRUPRUHࢉVKVSHFLHVZLWKFRPSOHPHQWDU\KDELWDWQLFKHVDQGIHHGLQJFKDUDFWHU-
LVWLFVDUHUDLVHGLQDQHDUWKHQSRQGWRLQFUHDVHSURGXFWLYLW\
7DEOH &RPSDULQJWKH$GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI0RQRDQG3RO\FXOWXUH
Production Systems
Advantages Disadvantages
Monoculture • ,WLVHDVLHUWRPDQDJHRQHVSHFLHV • ,QWKHHYHQWRIDGLVHDVHDOOࢉVKPD\EH

• ,GHDOIRULQWHQVLYHV\VWHPV DࢆHFWHG
• %\SURGXFWVIURPPRQRFXOWXUHDUH
ZDVWHG
• 0LVVRXWRQWKHHFRV\VWHPDQG
HFRQRPLFEHQHࢉWVRIGLࢆHUHQWVSHFLHV
Polyculture • 0RUHWKDQRQHW\SHRIࢉVKWRVDOH • 'LࢇFXOWWRHTXDOO\PRQLWRUDOOWKH

• 6WRFNLQJFRPSOHPHQWDU\VSHFLHV VSHFLHVGXULQJSURGXFWLRQGHSHQGLQJ
LPSURYHVZDWHUTXDOLW\ RQWKHLUEHKDYLRXU
• 0RUHࢉVKFDQEHVWRFNHGDWD • 5HVWULFWHGWRSRQGV
lower operational cost
• (QYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\
• ,QWKHHYHQWRIDGLVHDVHVRPH
VSHFLHVFDQVXUYLYH
,QWHQVLW\RISURGXFWLRQ
'HVFULEHVWKHOHYHOWRZKLFKSURGXFWLRQUHVRXUFHVDUHXWLOLVHGLQRUGHUWRPD[LPLVHSURGXFWLRQDQG
UHWXUQVSHUXQLWDUHDRUYROXPH7KHIROORZLQJWKUHHV\VWHPVDUHSUDFWLFHGLQ8JDQGD
• ([WHQVLYHV\VWHPȁ7KLVLVDORZLQSXWORZRXWSXWV\VWHP)LVKDUHVWRFNHGDWORZGHQVLW\LQ
HDUWKHQSRQGVDQGDUHQRWJLYHQIHHGV6RPHSRQGVDUHIHUWLOLVHGRWKHUVDUHQRW
• 6HPLLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPȁ0HGLXPࢉVKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVZKLFKFRPELQHGZLWKWKHXVHRI
QDWXUDODQGRUDUWLࢉFLDOIHHGVLQHDUWKHQSRQGV
• ,QWHQVLYHV\VWHPȁWKHVWRFNLQJRIࢉVKXVLQJKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVZDWHUTXDOLW\HQKDQFHPHQW
DQGQXWULWLRQDOO\FRPSOHWHGLHWV
6HH0RGXOH6L[IRUPRUHGHWDLOVRQW\SHVRIIHHGV

7DEOH $GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKH([WHQVLYH6HPL,QWHQVLYHDQG,QWHQVLYH)LVK
Production Systems
([WHQVLYH • /RZLQYHVWPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQFRVWV • /RZSURGXFWLRQSHUXQLWDUHDZKLFK

• (DV\WRRSHUDWH results in low income
• /RZQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRQWKH • +HDOWKULVNVWRIDUPZRUNHUVIURP
HQYLURQPHQW ZDWHUERUQHGLVHDVHV
• 6WRFNHQKDQFHPHQWSURJUDPVLQ
QDWXUDOZDWHUERGLHV
• 3URPRWHVELRGLYHUVLW\ZLWKLQUHDULQJ
units
Semi-intensive • +LJKHUSURGXFWLYLW\WKDQH[WHQVLYH • 9DULDWLRQLQ\LHOGVDQGTXDOLW\RI

• $ZLGHUDUUD\RIVSHFLHVFDQEH SURGXFHFDXVHGE\FKDOOHQJHV
UDLVHGLQSURGXFWLRQXQLWV DVVRFLDWHGZLWKࢊXFWXDWLRQVLQRQ
IDUPIHHGVDQGIHUWLOL]HUTXDOLW\DQG
• &DQXVHIDUPE\SURGXFWVDVIHHG DYDLODELOLW\
DQGIHUWLOLVHU
• +HDOWKULVNVWRIDUPZRUNHUVIURP
ZDWHUERUQHGLVHDVHV
Intensive • +LJKHUSURGXFWLYLW\WKDQVHPL • 5HTXLUHVPRUHFDSLWDO

LQWHQVLYH • 5HTXLUHVFRQVWDQWVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\
• +LJKTXDOLW\SURGXFWVGXHWRJUHDWHU • 5HTXLUHVKLJKWHFKQRORJ\DQGVNLOOHG
FRQWURORYHUJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQV labour
• *UHDWHUULVNIRUࢉVKGLVHDVHVSUHDGV
LQWKHHYHQWRIDQRFFXUUHQFH
• :KHQQRWZHOOGHVLJQHGDQG
PDQDJHGJUHDWHUOLNHOLKRRGIRU
QHJDWLYHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWV
6FDOHRI3URGXFWLRQ
$TXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVPD\EHVPDOOPHGLXPRUODUJHVFDOHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHWRWDOIDUP
VXUIDFHDUHDWRWDOZDWHUYROXPHXVHGIRUSURGXFWLRQRUWRQQDJHSURGXFHGSHU\HDU
7DEOHVDQGGHVFULEHWKHGLࢆHUHQWVFDOHVLQUHODWLRQWR8JDQGDQDTXDFXOWXUH
7DEOH 6FDOHVRI3URGXFWLRQ
6FDOHRI3URGXFWLRQ Tonnage Produced per Year
(metric tons/year)
6PDOOVFDOH !
0HGLXPVFDOH WR
Large scale

7DEOH $GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKH6PDOO0HGLXPDQG/DUJH6FDOH)LVK
Production Systems
Small-scale • 8VXDOO\ORZLQSXWORZRXWSXW • /RZ\LHOGSHUXQLWDUHDZKLFKUHVXOWV

• +RXVHKROGZDVWHDQGIDUPE\ in low income
SURGXFWVFDQEHXVHGDVIHHG • 4XDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\RILQSXWV\LHOG
DQGIHUWLOLVHULQWKHࢉVKSRQGV DQGSURGXFHDUHQRWFRQVLVWHQW
• (DVLO\LQWHJUDWHGLQWRUXUDO • 'LࢇFXOWWRVXVWDLQJRRGPDUNHWV
KRXVHKROGIDUPLQJV\VWHPV
Medium scale • 0HGLXPLQSXWKLJKRXWSXW • 5HTXLUHPRUHFDSLWDO

• 0RUHFRQWURORYHUSURGXFWLRQ • 5HTXLUHVNLOOHGODERXU
SUDFWLFHVEHWWHUFRQVLVWHQF\RI • *UHDWHUORVVHVZKHQDFFLGHQWVRU
\LHOGV negligence occurs
• +LJKTXDOLW\\LHOGVDQGEHWWHU
PDUNHWV
Large-Scale • +LJKLQSXWKLJKRXWSXW • 5HTXLUHVPRUHFDSLWDO

• %HWWHUHFRQRPLHVRIVFDOH • 5HTXLUHVVNLOOHGODERXU
• 0RUHFRQWURORYHUSURGXFWLRQ • *UHDWHUORVVHVZKHQDFFLGHQWVRU
practices resulting in better negligence occurs
FRQVLVWHQF\RI\LHOGV
• %HWWHUFRQWURORYHUTXDOLW\RIࢉVK
SURGXFHGDQGDFFHVVLELOLW\WR
PDUNHWV
/HYHORIFRQWURORYHUZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQ
and waste
3URGXFWLRQV\VWHPVFDQEHGHVFULEHGEDVHGRQWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKࢉVKIDUPLQJSUDFWLFHVGHYLDWH
IURPQDWXUHDQGHQDEOHELRVHFXULW\FRQWUROQDPHO\
• Open Systems – FKDUDFWHULVHGE\ORZVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHV7KHV\VWHPUHOLHVRQQDWXUDO

HFRV\VWHPVSURFHVVHVIRUZDWHUTXDOLW\IHHGVXSSO\DQGZDVWHFRQWURODVIROORZV
D 2[\JHQLVVXSSOLHGE\GLࢆXVLRQIURPDLUDOJDOSKRWRV\QWKHVLVE\QDWXUDODOJDOFRPPXQLWLHV
E :DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGVRQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH
F :DWHUH[FKDQJHDQGZDVWHUHPRYDOGHWHUPLQHGE\ZDWHUFXUUHQWVZLQGDFWLRQDQGELRORJLFDO
SURFHVVHV
G 7KHSURGXFHUKDUGO\KDVDQ\FRQWURORYHUHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVWKDWDࢆHFWSURGXFWLRQ
7KHSURGXFWLRQPHWKRGVLQ8JDQGDXQGHUWKLVFDWHJRU\LQFOXGHFDJHFXOWXUHLQWHJUDWHGULFHFXP
ࢉVKV\VWHPVDQGVWRFNHQKDQFHPHQWLQUHVHUYRLUVDQGODNHV
• Semi-Closed Systemȁ7\SLFDOO\PDQPDGHIDFLOLWLHVWKDWDOORZWKHSURGXFHUWRDGGDQGUHPRYH
ZDWHUIURPWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW/HYHOVRIGLVVROYHGR[\JHQWHPSHUDWXUHDQGZDVWHUHPRYDO
GHSHQGRQQDWXUHEXWFDQEHFRQWUROOHGWRDOLPLWHGGHJUHHE\PDQDJHPHQW6LWHVHOHFWLRQLV
LPSRUWDQW
3URGXFWLRQPHWKRGVXQGHUWKLVFDWHJRU\LQFOXGHSRQGVUDFHZD\VDQGWDQNV3RQGVFRQVWUXFWHG
LQULFHSDGGLHVRULUULJDWLRQVFKHPHVIDOOZLWKLQWKLVFDWHJRU\

• Closed System$OOZDWHUTXDOLW\YDULDEOHVDUHIXOO\XQGHUKXPDQFRQWURO([DPSOHVLQFOXGH
UHFLUFXODWRU\DTXDFXOWXUHV\VWHP5$6ZLWKELRࢉOWHUV7KHVHFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHGDQ\ZKHUH
• Hybrid Systemsȁ7KHVHDUHFORVHGV\VWHPVWKDWLQFRUSRUDWHRWKHUSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVVXFKDV
FURSSURGXFWLRQWRPD[LPL]HEHQHࢉWV([DPSOHDUHDTXDSRQLFVV\VWHPV
7DEOH &RPSDULQJWKH$GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI2SHQ6HPL2SHQ&ORVHGDQG
Hybrid Systems
System Advantages Disadvantages
Open • /RZQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRQWKH • /LPLWHGFRQWURORYHUNH\SURGXFWLRQ

Systems HQYLURQPHQW YDULDEOHV
• &RQࢊLFWVDULVLQJIURPULJKWVRIDFFHVVWR
QDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVWKHIWHWF
• 3UHGDWLRQ
• /LPLWHGFDSDFLW\IRUELRVHFXULW\FRQWURO
• 0RUHSURQHWRHQYLURQPHQWDOULVNVVXFK
DVSROOXWLRQ
• 0RUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRFOLPDWHFKDQJHULVNV
Semi-Closed • /LWWOHWKHUPDOVWUDWLࢉFDWLRQ • +LJKHUFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGHTXLSPHQW

Systems • $HUDWLRQFDQEHGRQH costs
• (DVLHUDQGPRUHHࢇFLHQWXVHRI • +LJKHUHQHUJ\UHTXLUHPHQWV
SUHSDUHGIHHGV • +LJKHUIHHGFRVWV
• &RQWURORYHUZDWHUGHSWKDQG • 0RUHPDQDJHPHQWGHPDQGVRQ
replacement PRQLWRULQJLQWHUYHQWLRQV
• 'HWHFWLRQDQGUHFWLࢉFDWLRQRIZDWHU • *UHDWHUOLNHOLKRRGIRUSRRUZDWHUTXDOLW\
TXDOLW\GHWHULRUDWLRQ DQGGLVHDVHLQFLGHQFHV
• 0RUHHࢆHFWLYHGLVHDVHFRQWURO
• &OHDUHURZQHUVKLSDQGOHVVFRQࢊLFW
ZLWKFRPPXQLW\
• &DQGRWHPSHUDWXUHFRQWURO
• (OLPLQDWLRQRIFRPSHWLWRUVDQG
SUHGDWRUV
Closed • :DWHULVUHXVHG • 2SHUDWRUKDVFRPSOHWHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRU

Systems • *UHDWHUDELOLW\WRFRQWUROSDWKRJHQ DQLPDOVȆSURGXFWLRQHQYLURQPHQW
HQWU\ • +LJKHURSHUDWLRQDOFRVWV
• 3UHGDWRUVDQGSRDFKHUVHOLPLQDWHG • 0RUHVHQVLWLYHWRV\VWHPHUURUV
• 1HDULQGXVWULDOSURFHVV
• )HHGLQJDQG)&5FORVHO\PRQLWRUHG
Hybrid • 0D[LPL]HVZDWHUXVHIRUࢉVKDQG • &URSVUDLVHGDࢆHFWFKRLFHWHFKQRORJ\

Systems FURSSURGXFWLRQLQOLPLWHGVSDFH DQGHTXLSPHQW
• +LJKHUOHYHORIWHFKQRORJ\UHTXLUHG
• 6HQVLWLYHWRV\VWHPHUURUV

3.2 Fish Species Farmed

7KHIROORZLQJࢉVKVSHFLHVDUHIDUPHGLQ8JDQGD
&RPPRQO\IDUPHGFRPPHUFLDOࢉVKVSHFLHV
a) Nile Tilapia 2UHRFKURPLVQLORWLFXV
.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ 0RVWZLGHO\IDUPHGVSHFLHVLQ8JDQGD
Ȏ /DUJHVL]HFPDQGGHHSERG\KHQFH
PRUHࢊHVK
Ȏ (DV\WRFXOWLYDWH
Ȏ (DV\WRUHSURGXFHDQGPDWXUHLQSRQGV
EHWZHHQPRQWKV
Ȏ +LJKO\PDUNHWDEOHZLWKLQWKHFRXQWU\DQG
UHJLRQ
Ȏ 6XLWHGWRDOOࢉVKIDUPLQJV\VWHPV
Ȏ *URZQLQSRQGVWDQNVDQGFDJHV
E $IULFDQ&DWࢆVK&ODULDVJDULHSLQXV
.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ 6HFRQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWVSHFLHVIDUPHGLQWKH
FRXQWU\
Ȏ (DV\WRFXOWLYDWH
Ȏ 3HUIRUPVEHWWHULQSRQGVDQGWDQNV
Ȏ &RQVXPHVDOOIRRGV
Ȏ )DVWJURZHUV
c) The Mirror Carp &\USLQXVFDUSLR

.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ ,PSRUWHGLQWR8JDQGDIRUDTXDFXOWXUHLQWKH
ȆV
Ȏ 7HPSHUDWHࢉVKDQGFDQJURZDWFRROHU
temperatures
Ȏ *URZQPDLQO\LQ8JDQGDȆVKLJKODQGV
Ȏ /DUJHO\JURZQLQSRQGV
Ȏ %RWWRPGZHOOHUV
G 6LQJLGDWLODSLD 2UHRFKURPLVHVFXOHQWXV

Key Features
Ȏ ,QGLJHQRXVWR8JDQGD
Ȏ 5HDGLO\DFFHSWVDQGHDVLO\FRQYHUWVORZSURWHLQGLHWV
Ȏ *RRGJURZWKUDWHVDFKLHYHGIHUWLOL]HGSRQGVZLWKRXW
DUWLࢉFLDOIHHGLQJ
Ȏ 1RWDSUROLࢉFEUHHGHU
Ȏ &DQEHUDLVHGFRPSOHWHO\RQDOJDOPDWHULDOLQWKHࢉUVW
WRPRQWKV
Ȏ 0DUNHWDEOH
&RPPRQO\IDUPHGRUQDPHQWDOࢉVKVSHFLHV
Ȏ 2UQDPHQWDOVSHFLHVDUHKLJKYDOXHQLFKHVSHFLHV
Ȏ 0DMRUFOLHQWVDUHKREE\LVWVZKRNHHSWKHPIRUDTXDULDWREHDXWLI\SODFHV
Ȏ 5HTXLUHVPDOODUHDWRIDUP
a) Non-indigenous Ornamental Fishes
*ROGࢉVK(Carassius auratus) Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
b. Indigenous Ornamental Fishes - Haplochromines

3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under

GHYHORSPHQWIRUDTXDFXOWXUH
a. Ningu /DEHRYLFWRULDQXV
.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ +LJKO\YDOXHGLQ8JDQGD
Ȏ $PRQJ8JDQGDȆVHQGDQJHUHGVSHFLHV
Ȏ 3RWHQWLDOIRUSRQGFDJHDQGWDQNFXOWXUH
Ȏ %RWWRPGZHOOHUV
b. Angara, Pebble Fish $OHVWHVEDUDPR]H

.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ 0D[LPXPOHQJWKDERXWFP
Ȏ 2SWLPXPZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHR&
Ȏ +LJKO\YDOXHGLQ1RUWKHUQ8JDQGDDQG
'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLFRI&RQJRDURXQG/DNH
$OEHUW
Ȏ 3RWHQWLDOIRUSRQGDQGWDQNFXOWXUH

F0DPED0DUEOHG/XQJࢆVK3URWRSWHUXVDHWKLRSLFXV
.H\IHDWXUHV
Ȏ +LJKO\PDUNHWDEOHDQGLQFUHDVLQJO\UHSODFLQJ1LOH3HUFKRQ
ORFDOPDUNHWDPRQJORZLQFRPHKRXVHKROGV
Ȏ /DUJHIXOO\ࢊHVKHGࢉVKZLWKIHZERQHV
$SSHQGL[SURYLGHVPRUHGHWDLOVRQWKHVSHFLHVPHQWLRQHGDERYH
3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between

major commercial aquaculture species and
their close relatives
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-
SPECIES ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE
Female (above) and Male (below) Nile Tilapia Blue-spotted tilapia 2OHXFRVWLFXV
2QLORLWLFXV
Ȏ /DUJHUVL]HDQGGHHSERG\KHQFHPRUHࢊHVK Ȏ 0DWXUHDWVPDOOVL]HVLQSRQGVDWUDLW
Ȏ &DQZLWKVWDQGKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVLQ XQGHVLUDEOHIRUFRPPHUFLDODTXDFXOWXUH
JURZRXWXQLWVGXHWRSURWHFWLRQRIVFDOHVDQG EHFDXVHSRQGVTXLFNO\ࢉOOHGXSZLWKQXPHURXV
VFKRROLQJEHKDYLRXU VPDOOࢉVKRIORZPDUNHWYDOXH
Ȏ 3HUIRUPVZHOOIDVWHUJURZWK Ȏ (DVLO\K\EULGLVHVZLWKRWKHUQDWLYH2UHRFKURPLV
VSHFLHVUHVXOWLQJLQK\EULGVZLWKUHGXFHG
Ȏ VH[XDOPDWXULW\LQSRQGVUHDFKRQO\DWDJHRI JURZWKSRWHQWLDOZKLFKLVDJUHDWGLVDGYDQWDJH
PRQWKV of farming this species
Ȏ VXLWDEOHIRUFXOWXUHLQZLGHUDQJHRIH[WHQVLYH
DQGLQWHQVLYHࢉVKIDUPLQJV\VWHPVLQSRQGV
WDQNVFDJHVLQWHJUDWHGDQGDTXDSRQLFV
V\VWHPV
Ȏ KLJKFRQVXPHUDQGSURGXFHUDFFHSWDQFH
Ȏ $FFHSWDZLGHDUUD\RIGLHWVDQGFDQEHUDLVHG
XVLQJGLࢆHUHQWSURGXFWLRQVWUDWHJLHV
Disadvantages
Ȏ OHDVWWROHUDQWWRFROGZDWHU

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-

Singida Tilapia 2UHRFKURPLVHVFXOHQWXV Red Belly Tilapia

&RSWRGRQ]LOOLLIRUPHUO\7LODSLD]LOOLL
Advantages Advantages
Ȏ 5HDGLO\DFFHSWVDQGHDVLO\FRQYHUWVORZSURWHLQ Ȏ *URZVZHOOLQIXOOVWUHQJWKVHDZDWHU
GLHWV Ȏ 8WLOLVHRQIDUPIUHVKOHDI\IRUDJHHJ\DP
Ȏ *RRGJURZWKUDWHVDFKLHYHGIHUWLOL]HGSRQGV OHDYHVVWUDZHWFEHWWHUWKDQWKH1LOHWLODSLD
ZLWKRXWDUWLࢉFLDOIHHGLQJ DQGEOXHVSRWWHGWLODSLD
Ȏ &DQEHUDLVHGFRPSOHWHO\RQDOJDOPDWHULDOLQ Disadvantages
WKHࢉUVWWRPRQWKV Ȏ FRQVLGHUHGDVHULRXVWKUHDWWRQDWLYHDTXDWLF
Ȏ 1RWDVSUROLࢉFEUHHGHU SODQWVDQGWRࢉVKWKDWUHO\RQSODQWVIRUFRYHU
IRUDJLQJRUVSDZQLQJVLWHV
7KH&DWࢉVKHV
RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE CATFISH CLOSE CATFISH RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-
$IULFDQ&DWࢆVK&ODULDVJDULHSLQXV Nsonzi &ODULDVOLRFHSKDOXV
Ȏ +DUG\DGDSWDEOHࢉVK Ȏ 1DWXUDOO\VPDOOERG\VL]HPD[LPXPOHQJWK
Ȏ &RQVXPHVDOOIRRGV FPLQZLOGDQGOHVVWKDQDNLORHDFK
Ȏ 0DUNHWDEOHLQ8JDQGD Ȏ 5HODWLYHO\ODUJHKHDGFRPSDUHGWRERG\OHQJWK
Ȏ 3HUIRUPEHWWHULQࢉVKSRQGVDQGWDQNV Ȏ 1RUPDOO\PLVWDNHQIRUC. gariepinus fryDQG
ࢉQJHUOLQJV
Ȏ ,QSRQGVPRQRFXOWXUHDQGSRO\FXOWXUHZLWK
tilapia
Ȏ &KDOOHQJHVDGPLQLVWHULQJIHHGXQLIRUPO\DQG
obtaining uniform growth in cages
Disadvantages
Ȏ %XUURZLQWRSRQGZDOOVPDNLQJKDUYHVWLQJE\
VHLQLQJPRUHFKDOOHQJLQJ
Ȏ :KHUHSRQGZDOOVQRWZHOOFRPSDFWHGFDQ
EXUURZWKURXJKZDOOVUHVXOWLQJLQWROHDNLQJ
[22] DQGORVVRIࢉVK
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
MODULE FOUR:
ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM
$ࢉVKIDUPLVDFRPPHUFLDOIDFLOLW\IRUUDLVLQJࢉVKIRUKXPDQIRRGDQGRWKHUSXUSRVHV7KHUHDUHYDULRXV
XQLWVZLWKLQZKLFKࢉVKFDQEHJURZQVXFKDVWDQNVSRQGVFDJHVDQGSHQV1RVLQJOHW\SHRIUHDULQJXQLW
PHHWVDOOWKHࢉVKHVJURZLQJQHHGV&RQVHTXHQWO\IDUPVZLOORIWHQKDYHPRUHWKDQRQHW\SHRIUHDULQJ
XQLW7KLVPRGXOHGHVFULEHVWKHWDVNVWRHVWDEOLVKDࢉVKIDUPIDFLOLW\QRWDEO\VLWHVHOHFWLRQIDUPSODQ-
QLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFHRIࢉVKSURGXFWLRQXQLWV
6XLWDEOH6LWHVIRU)LVK)DUPLQJ
7KHIDFWRUVOLVWHGWDEOHZLOOKHOSJXLGH\RXVHOHFWDVXLWDEOHVLWH
7DEOH *HQHUDO)DFWRUVIRU&RQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQ6HOHFWLQJD6LWHIRU)LVK)DUPLQJ
Factor Aspects
1. Production %DVHGRQEXVLQHVVSODQQRWDEO\
objectives • 6SHFLHVWDUJHWHG
• 3ODQQHGSURGXFWLRQYROXPHV
• &DSLWDOFRQVWUDLQWVHJDELOLW\WRDࢆRUGGLࢆHUHQWW\SHVRIIHHGVLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
• VHTXHQFLQJRIRSHUDWLRQVLQUHODWLRQWRPDUNHWUHTXLUHPHQWVHJKRZPXFK
DQGKRZRIWHQWRVXSSO\VWRUDJHUHTXLUHPHQWVHWF
• QXPEHURISHUVRQQHOUHTXLUHG

Factor Aspects
2. Environment y /DQGDQGRWKHUZDWHUXVHVLQWKHYLFLQLW\
and socio- y )DFWRUVWKDWPLJKWDࢆHFWZDWHUVXSSO\DQGGUDLQDJH
Economic
Factors y )XWXUHGHYHORSPHQWSODQVIRUWKHDUHDHJLILWLVDQLQGXVWULDODUHDWKH
OLNHOLKRRGRIVXSSO\ZDWHUEHFRPLQJSROOXWHGLVKLJKXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWV
PD\QHJDWLYHO\DࢆHFWZDWHUVXSSO\
• $FFHVVWRODQGOHDVHGODQGRZQHUVKLSHWF
• *D]HWWHGDUHDVVXFKDVZHWODQGVQDWLRQDOSDUNV
• 3XEOLFKHDOWKFRQFHUQV
• /LNHO\QHJDWLYHHQYLURQPHQWLPSDFWVVXFKDVSROOXWLRQࢉVKHVFDSHV
1%7KHDERYHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDOVRFRPSULVHWKHPDQGDWRU\(QYLURQPHQWDO
,PSDFW$VVHVVPHQW(,$GRQHEHIRUHHVWDEOLVKLQJPHGLXPDQGODUJH
FRPPHUFLDOGHYHORSPHQWV
3. Topography Ȏ *HQWOHVORSHVWKDWFDQDOORZIRUHࢆHFWLYHGUDLQDJHXQGHUJUDYLW\
Ȏ $YRLGDUHDVWKDWDUH
)ODWDVWKH\DUHPRUHSURQHWRࢊRRGLQJDQGPD\QHHGSXPSLQJWRGUDLQ
IDFLOLWLHV
7RRVWHHSEHFDXVHFRVWVRIFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\PDLQWHQDQFH
DUHKLJKHU,WLVDOVRPRUHFKDOOHQJLQJWRXQGHUWDNHGD\WRGD\WDVNVRQ
VXFKIDUPV
4. Hydrology Ȏ $GHTXDWH\HDUURXQGIURPZDWHUVRXUFH
and weather Ȏ )RUODQGEDVHGIDUPVZDWHUPD\EHKDUQHVVHGIURP
patterns
L 5DLQȁVXUIDFHUDLQZDWHUFDWFKPHQWGDPVURRIZDWHU
LL RSHQZDWHUVRXUFHVULYHUVVWUHDPVODNHVVZDPSVGDPV
LLL XQGHUJURXQGVRXUFHVȁZHOOVVSULQJVERUHKROHV
Ȏ 3UHIHUDEO\ZDWHUVKRXOGࢊRZXQGHUJUDYLW\WRWKHIDUP:KHUHXQGHUJURXQG
VRXUFHVDUHXVHGSXPSLQJPD\EHQHFHVVDU\
Ȏ &DJHVIDUPVDUHORFDWHGZLWKLQZDWHUERGLHV
5. Soil Ȏ 6RLOVWKDWDOORZIRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
characteristics L %XLOGLQJVDQGDFFHVVURXWHV
LL 3URGXFWLRQXQLWVHJSRQGV
6. Water quality Ȏ *RRGZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUSURGXFWLRQVHHModule 5IRUPRUHGHWDLOV

)LJXUH ,PSDFWVRI/DQG8VHIRU)LVK)DUPLQJ 5DSLGXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWLQYLFLQLW\RIWKHIDUPLV

OLNHO\WRUHVXOWLQUHGXFHGZDWHUVXSSO\LQFUHDVHGSROOXWLRQDQGKLJKHULQFLGHQFHVRIWKHIW
Access routes
tĂƚĞƌƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌ
FARM BUILDING ;ŽĨĨŝĐĞƐ͕ ŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƌŝǀĞƌĨůŽǁ
AREA FOR EXPANSION

ƐƚŽƌĞƐ͕ƐĂůĞƐͿ
;WŽŶĚƐ͕ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐǁŝƚŚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ
ĂŶĚͬŽƌŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐƵŶŝƚƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ
Water supply channels
Drainage channels
&Ăƌŵ
WĂƌŬŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ĚŝƐƉĂƚĐŚƵŶŝƚ
ĞŶƚƌǇ
DƵůƚŝƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ
ƐƉĂĐĞ
ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ
ĨĨůƵĞŶƚ
WŝƚƐƚŽďƵƌǇĂŶĚͬŽƌ dƌĞĂƚĞĚ
ďƵƌŶƐŽůŝĚǁĂƐƚĞ ǁĂƚĞƌ
Farm Housing
Figure 4. Example of a Well-Planned

26
Farm Plan
Earthen Description
Structure
2ࢆWDNHFKDQQHO
from natural
water source
'DPVSRQGDQG Ȏ '\NHVDUHWKHHDUWKHQZDOOVWKDWIRUPWKHSRQGRUGDP
G\NHV Ȏ 7KHWRSZLGWKRIWKHG\NHSRQGEDQNLVDXWLOLW\DUHD
Ȏ 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVRQWKHG\NHWRSZLGWKVORSHDQGGHJUHHRI
FRPSDFWLRQYDU\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHLQWHQGHGVL]HDQGXVHRIZDOO
DQGRUSRQGHJYHKLFOHDFFHVVIDUPEXLOGLQJZDONZD\SHULPHWHU
ࢊRRGEDUULHUHWF
Ȏ ,QDOOFDVHVWKHZLGWKEHWZHHQWKHWRSRIWZRG\NHVVKRXOGQRWEH
OHVVWKDQWZRPHWHUV
,QOHWFDQDO Ȏ 7UDQVIHUZDWHUIURPWKHVRXUFHRUIDUPUHVHUYRLUWRWKHSRQGV
Ȏ 0D\EHPDGHRSHQFKDQQHOVRUSLSHV
Ȏ 7KHLQOHWFDQDORUSLSHVKRXOGELJHQRXJKWRDOORZSRQGVRQWKH
IDUPࢉOOZLWKLQWKHUHTXLUHGWLPH$QGWRHQDEOHDOOSRQGVRQWKH
IDUPࢉOOXSZLWKLQOHVVWKDQGD\V
Ȏ $ࢊRZRIPPLVDGHTXDWHIRUPSRQGVXUIDFHDUHD
Ȏ 6HWDWOHDVWFPKLJKHUWKDQWKHQRUPDOZDWHUOHYHOLQLQOHWVWR
LQGLYLGXDOSRQGV
Ȏ 6HHSDJHFRQWUROLVLPSRUWDQW
Ȏ 2SHQLQOHWFDQDOVVKRXOGEHWUDSH]RLGLQVKDSH
Ȏ 0LWLJDWHDJDLQVWZDWHUVRXUFHULVNVZLOGࢉVKSHVWLFLGHVDQG
LQGXVWULDOFKHPLFDOVVHDVRQDOYDULDWLRQVࢊRRGVDQGGURXJKWV

Earthen Description
Structure
,QWHUQDOSRQG Ȏ 6HWWRUHOD\ZDWHUDWDPLQLPXPKHLJKWRIFPDERYHWKH
inlet channels H[SHFWHGQRUPDOZDWHUOHYHO
Ȏ :DWHUࢊRZLQLQOHWVKRXOGEHDGHTXDWHWRࢉOOWKHSRQGZLWKLQGD\V
'UDLQDJHFDQDO Ȏ &RQYH\VZDWHUIURPSRQGVRQWKHIDUPEDFNWRVWUHDPDQGRU
WUHDWPHQWSRQG
Ȏ $OVRGUDLQVVHHSDJHIURPSRQGVUDLQZDWHUUXQRࢆDQGH[WUDZDWHU
IURPWKHLQOHWFKDQQHOV
Ȏ 6HWDWOHDVWFPEHORZWKHWHUUDLQOHYHO
Ȏ 'RQRWDOORZZDWHURYHUࢊRZIURPGUDLQDJHFDQDO
Ȏ 8VXDOO\SODFHGDWSHULPHWHURUHGJHRIIDUP
Ȏ 'LVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHRXWHUG\NHWRHDQGWKHPDMRUGUDLQVKRXOGEH
QRWOHVVWKDQP
Ȏ &RQVWUXFWWKHGUDLQDJHFDQDOࢉUVWEHIRUHWKHSRQGVVRWKDWLILWUDLQV
GXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQZDWHUFDQGUDLQDQGWKHVLWHZLOOQRWࢊRRG
,QWHUQDOSRQG Ȏ 7KHERWWRPRIWKLVFKDQQHOVKRXOGEHDWOHDVWFPGHHSHUWKDQ
GUDLQDJH WKHORZHVWOHYHODWZKLFKZDWHUGUDLQVIURPWKHSRQGRUH[WHUQDO
channels KDUYHVWEDVLQ
Ȏ :KHQVL]LQJWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQUHTXLUHGGUDLQLQJWLPHVIRUWKH
LQGLYLGXDODQGRWKHUSRQGVGUDLQHGE\WKHFKDQQHO
(࢈XHQW Ȏ 3RQGH࢈XHQWGUDLQDJHZDWHUFOHDQHGEHIRUHUHOHDVHLQWRQDWXUDO

WUHDWPHQWSRQG ZDWHUERG\
Ȏ 6L]HWRHQVXUHDGHTXDWHWLPHIRUVHWWOLQJRIVXVSHQGHGVROLGVLQ
ZDWHUDQGRWKHUVROXEOHZDVWH
Ȏ 6HWDWOHDVWFPORZHUDWORZHVWHQGWKDQORZHVWSRLQWRI
GUDLQDJHFKDQQHO
&KDQQHOWR Ȏ &RQYH\ZDWHUIURPWKHH࢈XHQWWUHDWPHQWSRQGWRQDWXUDOZDWHU
natural water ERG\
source
$FFHVVURXWHV Ȏ &RQVWUXFWRQWRSRIG\NH
Ȏ $OOSRQGVRQWKHIDUPVKRXOGLQGHSHQGHQWO\EHHDVLO\DFFHVVLEOHWR
DOORZIRUDGGLQJLQSXWVDQGWUDQVSRUWLQJKDUYHVWHGࢉVKIURPWKH
SRQGZLWKUHODWLYHHDVHDQGVDIHW\
:DVWHGLVSRVDO Ȏ 3LWVDQGRWKHUVWUXFWXUHVIRUWKHVDIHGLVSRVDORIIDUPZDVWH
LQFOXGLQJGHDGࢉVK
)LJXUH ([DPSOHRID:HOO3ODQQHG

4.2 Fish Ponds

(DUWKHQSRQGVDUHLPSRXQGPHQWVPDGHWRFRQWDLQZDWHUIRUUHDULQJDTXDWLFRUJDQLVPVOLNHࢉVK7KH
FRVWVRISRQGFRQVWUXFWLRQPDLQWHQDQFHSURGXFWLRQDQGOLIHVSDQRISRQGVGHSHQGRQWKHVLWHFKDU-
DFWHULVWLFVDQGTXDOLW\RIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
$ZHOOFRQVWUXFWHGSRQGVKRXOG
• )LOODQGGUDLQZLWKLQDERXWDZHHNWRDYRLGZDWHUSODQWVDQGSUHGDWRUVHVWDEOLVKLQJEHIRUHࢉVK
DUHVWRFNHG
• +ROGZDWHUDWDQDYHUDJHGHSWKRIPHWHUGXULQJWKHHQWLUHSURGXFWLRQF\FOH
• (QDEOHZDWHUTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQWGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ
• %HSURWHFWHGIURPHURVLRQDQGࢊRRGLQJ
• (DV\DQGVDIHIRUSHUVRQQHOWRXQGHUWDNHWKHLUGDLO\PDQDJHPHQWWDVNVDQGDFFHVV
• *XDUGDJDLQVWHQWU\RISUHGDWRUVDQGORVVRIࢉVK
,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGRSWLPXPSRQGJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQVWKHIROORZLQJDUHWKH
UHFRPPHQGHGJXLGHOLQHVIRUVLWHVHOHFWLRQDQGSRQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ
4.2.1 Site Selection

$QLGHDOVLWHIRUࢉVKSRQGVVKRXOG
• +DYHDJHQWOHVORSHRIDERXWWRDOORZSRQGVWRࢉOODQGGUDLQE\JUDYLW\
• 6RLOVWKDWDUHLPSHUYLRXVWRZDWHU
• %HVLWXDWHGDERYHWKHZDWHUWDEOHDQGQRWZLWKLQZHWODQGV
• %HIUHHRIURFNRXWFURSVODUJHWUHHVDQGURRWV
• %HDFFHVVLEOH
• 2ZQHUVKLSRIWKHODQGVKRXOGEHDVVXUHG
• $FWLYLWLHVLQWKHDUHDVKRXOGQRWDࢆHFWZDWHUVXSSO\DQGTXDOLW\DQGࢉVKIDUPLQJQHJDWLYHO\
4.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct

'HWHUPLQHWKHFRQWRXUVRIWKHODQGE\WDNLQJOHYHOVDIWHUHYHU\PHWHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHVORSHRUJUDGL-
HQWRIWKHODQG6XUYH\LQJWRROVDQGHTXLSPHQWDUHUHTXLUHGIRUWKLVVHHࢉJXUH
7\SHVRIࢆVKSRQGV
7KHVORSHRIWKHODQGGHWHUPLQHVZKDWW\SHRISRQGFDQEHFRQVWUXFWHG
a. Diversion Ponds
:DWHULVGUDZQIURPDQDWXUDOVXUIDFHZDWHUVRXUFHLQWRWKHSRQGV6HHࢉJXUHDERYH
b. Embarkment Ponds
WŽŶĚ
ǁĂůůƐ
Ȏ &RQVWUXFWHGRQࢊDWODQGZLWKQRVORSH
Ȏ 3RQGLVEXLOWDERYHWKHZDWHUOHYHO
&ůĂƚůĂŶĚ
Ȏ :DWHUPXVWEHSXPSHGLQWRࢉOOSRQG
Ȏ +HOSFRQWUROࢊRRGLQJ
>ĞǀĞůŽĨ/ŶůĞƚ
ƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ
ďĞůŽǁůĂŶĚ
ĐŚĂŶŶĞů
ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ

ŐƌŽƵŶĚůĞǀĞů
>ĞǀĞůŽĨ/ŶůĞƚ
ƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ
ďĞůŽǁůĂŶĚ
ĐŚĂŶŶĞů
ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ
c. Excavated Ponds
ŐƌŽƵŶĚůĞǀĞů
Ȏ 'XJLQWRWKHJURXQG
Ȏ (DV\WRࢉOO
Ȏ 'LࢇFXOWWRGUDLQ
Ȏ 3URQHWRࢊRRGLQJ
/ŶůĞƚĐŚĂŶŶĞů WŽŶĚ ƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ ĐŚĂŶŶĞů Ȏ &KDUDFWHULVWLFRISRQGV
ďĞůŽǁŐƌŽƵŶĚ
FRQVWUXFWHGLQZHWODQGV
d. Partially excavated ponds with low dykes

Ȏ $OVRNQRZQDVFXWDQGࢉOOSRQGV
Ȏ &RPPRQHVWW\SHRISRQG
Ȏ &RQVWUXFWHGDJDLQVWDJHQWOHVORSH
Ȏ 6RLOIURPXSSHUOHYHORIWKHVORSHLVXVHGWR
EXLOGXSWKHG\NHIURPWKHORZHUOHYHO
e. Barrage ponds
• $ZDOOLVEXLOWDFURVVDQDWXUDOVXUIDFHVWUHDP
RUULYHULQDVWHHSYDOOH\WRGDPZDWHUࢊRZLQJ
GRZQVWUHDP
• 'DPEDUUDJHSRQGLVFUHDWHGEHKLQGWKHGDP
ZDOO
• (DV\WRFRQVWUXFW
• 'LࢇFXOWWRPDQDJHDVSURGXFWLRQSRQGV
$VVHVVLQJ6XLWDELOLW\RI6RLOVIRU3RQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ
6RLOVWKDWFDQPDLQWDLQWKHLUIRUPKDYHDUHODWLYHO\KLJKȅSODVWLFLW\ȆDQGFDQUHWDLQZDWHUDIWHUFRPSDF-
WLRQDUHEHVWIRUࢉVKSRQGV
7KHIROORZLQJVRLOW\SHVare recommendedIRUSRQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ
• &OD\
• &OD\ORDPVRLOVZLWKDFOD\FRQWHQWRIDERYH/RDPVRLOVDUHDPL[WXUHRIFOD\VDQGDQGVLOW
7KHIROORZLQJVRLOW\SHVDUHnot recommendedIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQRIHDUWKHQSRQGV
• 6DQG
• 6LOW
• +XPXV

• %ODFNFRWWRQVRLOV%ODFNFRWWRQVRLOVPRXOGEXWGHYHORSODUJHFUDFNVZKHQGU\7KH\DUHFRPPRQ
LQFRWWRQJURXQGQXWDQGWREDFFRJURZLQJDUHDVQRWDEO\(DVWDQG1RUWKHUQSDUWVRI8JDQGD8VH
DORWRIRUJDQLFPDWWHUWRVHDOFUDFNVWKDWGHYHORS
%HIRUHFRQVWUXFWLQJSRQGVGRDVRLOVXUYH\WRWHVWWKHDELOLW\RIWKHVRLOVWRUHWDLQZDWHUࢉJXUHDQG

PRXOG XQGHU FRPSDFWLRQ 7KHVH WHVWV FDQ EH GRQH RQVLWH 6RLO VDPSOHV FDQ DOVR EH WDNHQ WR VRLO
ODERUDWRULHV
Figure 5: Water Retention Test. D'LJDKROHRIDERXW[PHWHULQWRGU\JURXQGDWWKHVLWHDQG

ࢆOOZLWKZDWHUE7KHZDWHUPD\EHDEVRUEHGLQWRWKHJURXQGLILWVGU\F2QWKHVHFRQGGD\
DGGPRUHZDWHU,IZDWHUUHPDLQVLQWKHKROHIRUVRPHGD\VDIWHUWKLVWKHQWKHVRLODWWKHVLWH
LVVXLWDEOHIRUSRQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ,IWKHKROHLVHPSW\WKHVRLOLVQRWVXLWDEOH
(a) (b) (c)
How to test ability of soil to Mould

• 3UHVVDQGPRXOGPRLVWHQHGVRLOREWDLQHGIURPGLࢆHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHSURSRVHGVLWHLQ\RXUKDQG
LQWREDOOVRIWRFPGLDPHWHU/HWWKHGU\VORZO\LQWKHVKDGHXQWLOFRPSOHWHO\GU\
• ,IWKHEDOOFUXPEOHVVRRQDIWHURUODWHUGHYHORSVFUDFNVWKHQLWȆVQRWVXLWDEOHIRUEXLOGLQJSRQGV
ZDOOV
• ,ILWUHPDLQVࢉUPDQGPDLQWDLQVLWVVKDSHHYHQZKHQWKURZQGRZQDKHLJKWRIFPWRFPLWV
VXLWDEOHIRUEXLOGLQJSRQGZDOOV
7DEOHSURYLGHVJXLGHOLQHVRQKRZSUHOLPLQDU\DQGVLWHDVVHVVPHQWࢉQGLQJVDࢆHFWSRQGGHVLJQ
7DEOH ,PSOLFDWLRQVRIVLWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSURGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHVRQSRQGGHVLJQ
General 6SHFLࢉF,VVXHV ,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUOD\RXWDQG3RQG
Considerations Design*
Production • 6SHFLHVWREHSURGXFHG • +DWFKHU\DQGQXUVHU\SRQGVRIWHQ

objectives and • 6WDJHVRISURGXFWLRQ VPDOOHUDQGKDYHKDUYHVWEDVLQVZLWKLQ
management UDWKHUWKDQRXWVLGHSRQGV
requirements • 3URGXFWLRQPHWKRGVWREHXVHG
• 6WDWLFZDWHURUࢊRZWKURXJKPHWKRGV
• 3URGXFWLRQTXDQWLWLHVHQYLVDJHG
• $HUDWLRQUHTXLUHGWKHQVWDQGIRU
• 0HWKRGVRIQXWULHQWVXSSO\ HTXLSPHQWDQGSRZHUVXSSO\
• )HHGGLVWULEXWLRQWRSRQGV • /DUJHYROXPHVRIࢉVKH[SHFWHGDW
KDUYHVWVL]LQJRIKDUYHVWEDVLQV
IRUWHPSRUDU\KROGLQJVXSSO\DQG
aeration within basins
General technical 'DWDDࢆHFWLQJZDWHUVXSSO\DQG • $GGLWLRQDOGUDLQDJHDQGHURVLRQFRQWURO

data GUDLQDJH UHTXLUHPHQWVHJJDELRQVOLQHUVHWF

General 6SHFLࢉF,VVXHV ,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUOD\RXWDQG3RQG

Considerations Design*
Topographical 7RSRJUDSKLFVXUYH\VPDSVDWD • (QVXUHFRUUHFWVORSHZLWKLQFKDQQHOV

surveys VFDOHRIWR DQGSRQGVLQVHTXHQFHIRUZDWHU
UHWLFXODWLRQXQGHUJUDYLW\
7DNHOHYHOVHYHU\PHWHU
• $YRLGKHDSLQJVRLOLQZURQJSODFHVDQG
WRRKLJKG\NHVWRUHGXFHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
FRVWVPDQDJHPHQWFRVWVDQGDYRLG
WKHLUQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRQSURGXFWLRQ
Hydrological and • 6HDVRQDOLW\RIࢊRZDQGࢊRZUDWHV • 5HLQIRUFHPHQWDURXQGSHULPHWHU

meteorological in stream G\NHV
data • /LNHOLKRRGRIࢊRRGLQJ • (VWLPDWHZDWHUEXGJHWVDQGVL]LQJRI
• 3HDNSHULRGVRIPRQWKO\ UHVHUYRLUVIRUGU\VHDVRQXVH
HYDSRUDWLRQDQGUDLQIDOOWR • 0DQDJHPHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVDQG
DVVHVVZDWHUGHPDQG VWRUDJHVSDFHIRULQSXWVVXFKDVIHHGV
• 0RQWKO\DYHUDJHDQGPD[LPXP HVWLPDWHGXUDWLRQRISURGXFWLRQF\FOHV
temperatures WKHUHIRUHQRRISRQGVDQGGHSWK
OLNHO\VHGLPHQWDWLRQUDWHVZLWKLQLQࢊRZ
• /LNHO\VHDVRQDOYDULDWLRQLQVHG FKDQQHOV
LPHQWOHYHOVLQLQࢊRZFKDQQHOV
• 5HLQIRUFHPHQWRIG\NHVSDUWLFXODUO\
• ,QZLQG\DUHDVGLUHFWLRQDQG ODUJHSRQGVDJDLQVWZDYHDFWLRQ
KLJKHVWVSHHGRISUHYDLOLQJZLQGV
• 2ULHQWDWLRQRISRQGV
• 'HSWKRIZDWHUWDEOH
Soil • 6RLOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDFURVVWKH • $GGLWLRQDOLQSXWVWRLPSURYH

Characteristics farm VRLOVWUXFWXUHDQGFKHPLVWU\IRU
FRQVWUXFWLRQDQGSRQGPDQDJHPHQW
)RUPRUHGHWDLOVVHHModule 7
4.2.2 Constructing Ponds

5HFRPPHQGHG3RQG6WDQGDUGV
)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHEDVLFIHDWXUHVRIDࢉVKSRQG7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHEDVLFUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUࢉVK
SRQGV
D 6L]HRISRQG
• 7KHVL]HRIࢉVKSRQGYDULHVGHSHQGLQJRQSURGXFWLRQIXQFWLRQRIWKHSRQGPDUNHWUHTXLUH-
PHQWVPDUNHWLQJIUHTXHQF\
• 0D[LPXPOHQJWKDSRQGLVOLPLWHGE\WKHVORSHRIWKHODQG7KHJHQWOHUWKHJUDGLHQWWKHORQ-
JHUWKHSRQGFDQEHPDGH
E 6KDSHRI3RQG
• 5HFWDQJXODUSRQGVDUHUHFRPPHQGHGEHFDXVHWKH\DUHHDVLHUWRVHLQHIHHGDQGPDQDJH
• :KHQVHYHUDOSRQGVRQWKHIDUPDUHWREHFRQVWUXFWHGPDNHHDFKRIWKHPRIVLPLODUZLGWKV
VRWKDWWKHVDPHVHLQHQHWFDQEHXVHGLQDOOSRQGV
• 7KHZLGWKRIWKHSRQGGHWHUPLQHVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVHLQH
F 6RLOXVHIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQ
• &OD\RUFOD\ORDPVRLOVZLWKDPLQLPXPRIFOD\
• $YRLGRWKHUVRLOVVXFKDVJUDYHOURFN\VDQGZKLFKDUHSRURXV
• :KHUHWKHUHLVQRDOWHUQDWLYHSRURXVVRLOVKDYHWREHOLQHGZLWKDQLPSHUYLRXVPDWHULDOHJ
GDPOLQLQJ

G 6ORSHRISRQGZDOOG\NHOHYHHHPEDQNPHQW

• 3RQGZDOOVVKRXOGKDYHDJHQWOHZDOO7KHODUJHUWKHSRQGWKHODUJHUWKHVORSHVHHࢉJXUH
• )RUDSRQGRI
ȁPWKHUHFRPPHQGHGVORSHLVWR
ȁPWKHUHFRPPHQGHGVORSHLVWR
ȁPWKHUHFRPPHQGHGVORSHLV"
ȁPWKHUHFRPPHQGHGVORSHLVWR"
H 6ORSHRISRQGERWWRP
• $VORSHRIDERXWLVUHFRPPHQGHG
• ,ILWLVJUHDWHULWZRQȆWEHSRVVLEOHWRPDLQWDLQUHFRPPHQGHGDYHUDJHSRQGGHSWKDQGRSWL-
PXPPD[LPXPGHSWKVDWLQOHWFPDQGRXWOHWFP,QVXFKDFDVHWKHRXWOHWHQGVXS
EHLQJWRRGHHSIRUVDIHVHLQLQJDQGIDYRXUDEOHࢉVKSURGXFWLRQ
I 2XWOHWSLSH
• 7KHRXWOHWVKRXOGEHSODFHGFPDERYHWKHLQWHQGHGZDWHUOHYHOWRDYRLGࢉVKVZLPPLQJRXW
RIWKHSRQG
• 3LSHVDUHUHFRPPHQGHGEHFDXVH
7KH\FDQEHFRPSOHWHO\VFUHHQHGDJDLQVWSUHGDWRUHQWU\
3URYLGHEHWWHUFRQWUROIRUZDWHUࢊRZLQWRSRQG
• )RUSRQGVODUJHUWKDQPLQFK39&SLSHDQGIRUSRQGVOHVVWKDQPDLQFKSLSH
• )LWDQGDQFKRUSLSHDWDVORSHZLWKLQSRQGZDOOIURPLQOHWFKDQQHORUSLSH
• $QWLVHHSFROODUWRSLSH
• 6FUHHQSLSHVVHHࢉJXUH
J ,QOHWSLSH
• :DWHUࢊRZLQLQOHWVKRXOGEHDGHTXDWHWRࢉOOWKHSRQGZLWKLQGD\V
• 8VHȊSLSHIRUSRQGVOHVVWKDQPRUSRQGVZLWKOLPLWHGZDWHUVXSSO\
• :KHUHWKHUHLVDEXQGDQWVXSSO\RIZDWHUXVHȊSLSH
• 'UHVVSLSHZLWKࢉOWHUVRFN
• 3URWHFWG\NHIURPHURVLRQVWRQHOD\LQJRUFRQFUHWHFDVWLQJRUDQ\RWKHUVXLWDEOHPHDQV
K 7RSZLGWK
• 7KHPLQLPXPWRSZLGWKRIDG\NHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQSRQGVRQWKHSRQGEDQNVKRXOGEHPHWHU
• 0DNHWKHWRSZLGWKRIWKHPDLQG\NHDWWKHGHHSHQGJUHDWHUWKDQWKHGLYLGHUG\NHVWRIDFLOLWDWH
transport
L )UHHERDUG
$KHLJKWGLࢆHUHQFHRIWRFPEHWZHHQWKHZDWHUOHYHODQGWRSRIG\NHLVUHFRPPHQGHGEHFDXVH
• ,WDOORZVIRUPRUHIUHHPRYHPHQWRIDLUFXUUHQWVDERYHWKHSRQGZDWHUVXUIDFHZKLFKLP-
SURYHVPL[LQJDQGR[\JHQDWLRQRIWKHZDWHU
• ,WEHFRPHVHDV\WRXQGHUWDNHURXWLQHWDVNVVXFKDVIHHGLQJVHLQLQJFKHFNLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\
DQGUHPRYLQJGHDGࢉVK
• ,WLVFKHDSHUWRFRQVWUXFWDQGPDLQWDLQ
• 7KHUHLVOHVVVXUIDFHDUHDIRUHURVLRQLQWRWKHSRQG
M &RUH7UHQFKRSWLRQDO
N $QFKRUDQG&ROODU
O +DUYHVW%DVLQRSWLRQDO

)LJXUH%DVLF)HDWXUHVRID)LVK3RQG

4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction

Taking Measurements and demarcation
6WLFNVFXWRXWDVSHJVIRU
Tape measure 6WULQJ
demarcating
7RROVDQGHTXLSPHQWIRUWDNLQJOHYHOV
(OHYDWLRQKHLJKWGLVWDQFHOHQJWKDQGVORSHDUHFULWLFDOPHDVXUHPHQWVWDNHQFRQWLQXRXVO\GXULQJ
FRQVWUXFWLRQ
Line level 6XUYH\LQJHTXLSPHQW

6LWHFOHDULQJH[FDYDWLRQDQGHDUWKPRYHPHQWWRROVDQGHTXLSPHQW
2OGJXQQ\
bags or
VDFNV
Earth moving machinery

Compaction equipment
Manual hand
Motorised compactors 6KHHSIRRWVSDFNHU rollers
compactor

7RROVIRUPDLQWDLQLQJVXLWDEOHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIVRLOGXULQJFRPSDFWLRQ
Containers, small impoundments, jerry cans, hoses and/or sprinklers for holding and
conveying water to moisten pond walls during compaction.
6WHSVLQ3RQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ
7KHPDMRUVWHSVLQSRQGFRQVWUXFWLRQDIWHUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHVLWHDUH
• 3UHSDUHWKHDUHDWRFRQVWUXFWWKHSRQG
• 0DUNRXWWKHSRQGLWVLQOHWDQGGUDLQDJH
• &RQVWUXFWWKHFRUHWUHQFK(optional)
• &RQVWUXFWWKHGDPZDOORUG\NH
• &RQVWUXFWWKHKDUYHVWEDVLQ (optional)
• &RQVWUXFWWKHRXWOHW
• &RQVWUXFWWKHLQOHW
• /HYHOWKHSRQGࢊRRU
• 3ODQWJUDVVRQWRSRIG\NH
Step 1: Preparing the area to construct the pond
• &OHDUWKHVLWHRIDOOEXVKWUHHVWXPSVGHEULV
• 5HPRYHWKHVWRSVRLODQGSXWLWDVLGH
• $VFHUWDLQWKHGLࢆHUHQWVRLOW\SHVDFURVVWKHSURSRVHGSRQGVXUIDFHDUHDLQFDVHRQHSRLQWPD\
UHTXLUHPRUHVXLWDEOHVRLOIURPDQRWKHUHQG
Step 2: Mark out the pond, its inlet and drainage
• 8VHSHJVWRPDUNRXWWKHSRQGSHULPHWHUࢉJXUH
• 7DNHPRUHGHWDLOHGPHDVXUHPHQWVDWWKHSHJVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHOHYHOVDQGVORSHDURXQGWKH
SRQG
• %DVHGRQWKHVHPHDVXUHPHQWVGHWHUPLQHDQGSHJRXWORFDWLRQRILQQHUDQGRXWHUWRHVRXWOHW
DQGLIDKDUYHVWEDVLQLVGHVLUHGWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHKDUYHVWEDVLQ
• 7DNHDGGLWLRQDOPHDVXUHPHQWVRIOHYHOVIURPLQQHUWRHVDFURVVWRWKHGUDLQDJHWRHQVXUHWKHSRQG
ࢊRRUVORSHVWRZDUGVWKHRXWOHWDQGZKDWWKHORZHVWSRLQWVKRXOGEHDWWKHRXWOHW

Figure 7: Pegging the pond. (a) The outer line is the perimeter. The central line shows where the
inlet pipe and outlet shall be placed. The central line pegs are points at which levels are
PHDVXUHGWRJXLGHVORSLQJRISRQGࢇRRUWRZDUGVGUDLQDJH7KHSRQGࢇRRUVORSHIURPHDFK
FRUQHUWRZDUGVWKHGUDLQDJHVKRXOGEHQRWPRUHWKDQ1RWHWKHWRSVRLOKDVEHHQUH-
PRYHGDQGSXWWRWKHVLGH,WZLOOEHXVHGWRFRYHUDQGSODQWJUDVVRQWKHG\NHDIWHUFRQVWUXF-
WLRQE7KHLQVLGHWRHDOVRQHHGVWREHSHJJHG7KHRXWHUOLQHSHULPHWHUIRUPVWKHFHQWUHRI
WKHGDPZDOOPRUHGHWDLOVEHORZ
Step 3: Construct the core trench
Ȏ 7KHFRUHWUHQFKLVDQLPSHUPHDEOHOD\HULQEHWZHHQWKHSRQGZDOOG\NHWRSUHYHQWVHHSDJHDQG

VOLGLQJRIGDPZDOOV
Ȏ ,WLVRIWHQFRQVWUXFWHGZLWKFOD\ࢉJXUH
Ȏ 6HHSDJHDFURVVSRQGZDOOVFDQDOVREHVWRSSHGXVLQJDQ+'3(SODVWLF
Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench
(a) Dig a trench around perimeter pegs. Even (b) Compact trench with good clay soils. Do
a shallow core trench allows root zone to be not allow the core trench to dry and crack
cut. before covering.

Step 4: Construct the pond walls (dykes)
Ȏ %XLOGXSWKHG\NHIURPWKHEDVHXSZDUGVOD\HUE\OD\HURYHUWKHFRUHWUHQFKZKHUHDFRUH
WUHQFKKDVEHHQEXLOW
Ȏ 3ODFHOD\HUE\OD\HUFPRIVRLO,ILWLVWRRGU\PRLVWHQLWWKHQFRPSDFWWKHOD\HUGRZQWRDERXW
RIFPࢉJXUH
Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall.DVSUHDGDQGFRPSDFWRQHOD\HUDWDWLPHEOD\HUHGVWHSV

FWULPPHGZDOOVGVHULHVRIFRPSOHWHGSRQGVDQGQHZRQHVFRPLQJXS
(a) (b)
Gentle Slope
(c) (d)
Advantages of a gentler slope:

Ȏ $JHQWOHVORSHKHOSVEUHDNXSWKXVUHGXFLQJWKHLPSDFWRIZDYHVDVWKH\KLWWKHSRQGZDOO7KH
OLNHOLKRRGRIWKHSRQGZDOOFROODSVLQJSRQGVLOWDWLRQDQGOHDNDJHVDUHJUHDWO\UHGXFHG7KH
EHQHࢉWVDUHLQFUHDVHGSRQGOLIHVSDQUHGXFHGSRQGPDLQWHQDQFHFRVWVDQGKLJKHU\LHOGV
Ȏ ,WLVHDVLHUDQGVDIHUIRUSHUVRQQHOWRHQWHUDQGFRPHRXWRIWKHSRQGGXULQJVHLQLQJ2QHVKRXOG
EHDEOHWRZDONLQWRDQGRXWRIDSRQGDQGQRWKDYHWRȅMXPSLQDQGFOLPERXWȆ
Step 5: Construct the harvest basin
D +DYLQJDKDUYHVWEDVLQVHWLQWKHSRQGRUEHWZHHQSRQGVLVRSWLRQDO
E $KDUYHVWEDVLQFDQHLWKHUEHVHWZLWKLQRURXWVLGHWKHSRQG,ILWLVWREHVHWZLWKLQWKHSRQG
H[FDYDWHLWEHIRUHWKHRXWOHWDVLWVKRXOGGUDLQFRPSOHWHO\LQWRWKHRXWOHWVHHࢉJXUHVDQG
2EWDLQLQJWKHULJKWOHYHOVIRUWKLVLVLPSRUWDQW
F +DUYHVWEDVLQV
Ȏ 0DNHLWSRVVLEOHWRKROGDQGKDQGOHࢉVKDOLYHZLWKRXWFDXVLQJWKHPPXFKVWUHVVZKLOHGUDLQ-
LQJSRQGV
• 5HGXFHWKHDPRXQWRIODERXUUHTXLUHGGXULQJFRPSOHWHSRQGKDUYHVWV
• 5HFRPPHQGHGLQIUHTXHQWO\GUDLQHGKDWFKHU\QXUVHU\SRQGV
• 8VHIXOLQSRQGVWKDWDUHGLࢇFXOWWRGUDLQ
G &DQEHFRQVWUXFWHGLQVLGHRURXWVLGHWKHSRQG
7KLQJVFRQVLGHUZKHQGHFLGLQJWRFRQVWUXFWWKHKDUYHVWEDVLQLQVLGHRURXWVLGHWKHSRQGV
D &RVW
E $FFHVVWRWKHࢉVK
F $FFHVVWRIUHVKZDWHUIRUH[FKDQJLQJZLWKLQWKHKDUYHVWEDVLQ
G (OHYDWLRQV
H 3LSHSODFHPHQW
)DFWRUVWKDWGHWHUPLQHWKHVL]HRIWKHKDUYHVWEDVLQ
D 6FRRSQHWVL]H
E (VWLPDWHGVWDQGDUGFURSLQSRQG
F $FFHVVWRIUHVKZDWHU
+$59(67%$6,1,16,'(7+(321'
Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond. :KHQGUDLQLQJSRQGVWDQGSLSHLVWXUQHGGRZQE+DUYHVW
EDVLQVRRQDIWHUGUDLQLQJSRQGF
Standpipe in the
harvest basin
(a) (b) (c)
+$59(67%$6,16(72876,'(7+(321'
7KHORFDWLRQVRIWKHLQOHWDQGRXWOHWSLSHVVKRXOGJLYHDPLQLPXPZDWHUGHSWKRIPDWVKDOORZHQG
DQGPDWWKHGHHSHQGࢉJXUH
Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond. D9LHZIURPSRQGZDOOVKRZLQJRXWOHWZLWKLQKDUYHVWEDVLQ

E9LHZVKRZLQJZDWHULQࢇRZSRLQWVLQWRKDUYHVWEDVLQ
harvest Fresh
basin water
outlet inlet
Fresh
pond
water
outlet
inlet
(a) (b)

Step 6: Install the Outlet Pipe
Ȏ 7KHFRPSRQHQWVFRPSULVHWKHVWDQGSLSHRXWOHWSLSHEHQGDQWLVHHSFROODUDQGDQFKRUFROODU
ࢉJXUH
Ȏ ,QVWDOOWKHRXWOHWEHIRUHWKHLQOHW
Ȏ ,GHDOO\WKHSRQGLQOHWDQGRXWOHWVKRXOGEHRSSRVLWHHDFKRWKHUWRIDFLOLWDWHࢊXVKLQJ+RZHYHU
WKLVLVQRWDOOWKDWLPSRUWDQWLI\RXࢊXVKWKHUHFRPPHQGHGZD\
Ȏ 2XWOHWVPD\EHPDGHRIFRQFUHWHRU39&SLSHV&RQFUHWHWHQGVWROHDN
&216758&7,1*7+(287/(7$1',167$//,1*7+(3,3(
Ȏ &XWLQWRWKHG\NHZDOODWWKHSRLQWZKHUHWKHRXWOHWLVWREHDQGH[FDYDWHSLSHWUHQFKZLWKWKH
GHVLUHGVORSHࢉJXUHa
Ȏ 7KHVL]HRISLSHWRXVHGHSHQGVRQWKHDFFHSWDEOHGUDLQLQJWLPHDQGVL]HRISRQG)RUWKH
DYHUDJH8JDQGDQSRQGVL]HRIQRWPRUHWKDQPDȊ39&GUDLQSLSHSODFHGWRWKHVORSHLV
DGHTXDWH8VHȊSLSHIRUSRQGVOHVVWKDQP
Ȏ &RQVWUXFWWKHDQFKRUFROODUDURXQGWKHSLSHE\H[FDYDWLQJDQGPRXOGLQJFRQFUHWHDURXQGWKH
SLSH7KHDQFKRUFROODUSURYLGHVDQFKRUDJHWRWKHGUDLQSLSHDQGEHQGZKHQWKH\DUHHPSW\
GXULQJSURGXFWLRQ:KHQQRWLQXVHWKHGUDLQSLSHLVIXOORIDLUDQGWKLVFDXVHVWKHSLSHWR
GLVORGJHDWWKHEHQGDQGࢊRDWDVDUHVXOWRIWKHXSZDUGWKUXVWIURPWKHSRQGZDWHUࢉJXUHc
/HDNVFDQDOVRGHYHORSGXHWRORVVRUUHDOLJQPHQWDVWKHSLSHࢊRDWVXSVOLJKWO\
Ȏ 3ODFHWKHDQWLVHHSFROODUDIWHUWKHDQFKRUFROODUE\W\LQJFORVHO\VWULSVRIROGW\UHWXELQJPDJDOR
DURXQGWKHSLSHWRDKHLJKWDERXWWRȊDQGZLGWKRIDERXWWRFPࢉJXUHb7KHDQWL
VHHSFROODUSUHYHQWVZDWHUVHHSDJHDORQJWKHRXWOHWSLSHDVSODVWLFDQGFOD\GRQRWERQG
Ȏ )LWWKHEHQG7KLVVKRXOGEHDࢊH[LEOHMRLQWWRHQDEOHWKHVWDQGSLSHEHPRYHGXSDQGGRZQ
Ȏ %DFNࢉOOWKHWUHQFKDQGFRPSDFWRYHUWKHSLSHWRUHEXLOGZDOODVGHVFULEHGDERYH
Ȏ )LWLQWKHVWDQGSLSH:KHQWKHSRQGLVHPSW\WKHVWDQGSLSHFDQEHUHPRYHGࢉJXUHc
Ȏ 6FUHHQWKHRXWOHWZKHQSRQGLVLQXVHWRSUHYHQWࢉVKHVFDSLQJGXULQJKHDY\GRZQSRXUVRUZKHQ
WKHUHȆVWRRPXFKZDWHULQWKHSRQGࢉJXUHeDQGf
Figure 12: The Outlet.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)

Step 8: Install the Inlet Pipe
• &XWZLWKLQDQGH[FDYDWHDWUHQFKWRWKHGHVLUHGVORSHLQWKHSRQGZDOODWWKHVKDOORZHQGWROD\
GRZQWKHLQOHWSLSH
• 7KHGLDPHWHURIWKHLQOHWSLSHVKRXOGEHOHVVWKDQWKDWRIWKHRXWOHWSLSHLQRUGHUWRSUHYHQW
RYHUࢊRZIURPWKHSRQGLIVRPHRQHDFFLGHQWDOO\OHDYHVWKHLQOHWRSHQ
• 8VHȊSLSHIRUSRQGVOHVVWKDQPRUSRQGVZLWKOLPLWHGZDWHUVXSSO\:KHUHWKHUHLV
DEXQGDQWVXSSO\RIZDWHUXVHȊSLSH
• 7KHLQOHWSLSHVKRXOGEHVHWDWOHDVWFPDERYHWKHLQWHQGHGZDWHUVXUIDFHWRSUHYHQWࢉVKIURP
HVFDSLQJ,IWKHLQOHWLVVHWDWRUQHDUWKHOHYHORIWKHZDWHUࢉVKZLOOVZLPDJDLQVWWKHFXUUHQWRI
WKHLQࢊRZLQJZDWHUDQGHVFDSHIURPWKHSRQG
• $YRLGRSHQHDUWKHQFKDQQHOVDVLQOHWVWRFRPPHUFLDOSRQGV6XFKFKDQQHOVDUHGLࢇFXOWWRVFUHHQ
HࢆHFWLYHO\DQGRIWHQHURGH&RQVHTXHQWO\WKH\FRPHFORVHUWRWKHSRQGZDWHUOHYHOHDFK\HDU
• 3ODFHSLSHWRVORSHEDFNࢉOODQGFRPSDFWVRLOUHPRYHGRYHUWKHSLSHࢉJXUH
• 3URWHFWG\NHIURPHURVLRQVWRQHOD\LQJRUFRQFUHWHFDVWLQJRUDQ\RWKHUVXLWDEOHPHDQV
• 'UHVVSLSHZLWKࢉOWHUVRFN:KHQWKHLQOHWLVDERYHWKHZDWHUOHYHODQGSURSHUO\VFUHHQHGࢉVKDUH
XQDEOHWRMXPSLQWRWKHSLSHDQGHVFDSHWKURXJKWKHLQOHWSLSH7KHVFUHHQDOVRSUHYHQWVࢉVKRXW-
VLGHIURPWKHSRQGHQWHULQJLW
Step 7: Smoothen and compact the pond bottom
• 7KHSRQGERWWRPVKRXOGEHVPRRWKDQGࢉUP
• 5HPRYHDOOȅSRWKROHVȆE\ࢉOOLQJDQGEXPSVE\OHYHOOLQJ3RWKROHV
L 3URYLGHVKHOWHUIRUࢉVKWRKLGHDIWHUSRQGVKDYHEHHQGUDLQHG6XFKࢉVKSUHGDWHXSRQWKH
QHZVWRFN
LL 3RVHDGDQJHUWRSHUVRQVVHLQLQJWKHSRQGZKRPD\WULSDQGLQMXUHWKHPVHOYHV
• &RPSDFWWKHSRQGERWWRPWRPDNHLWࢉUPWRDYRLG
L 0XGG\SRQGERWWRPGXULQJSURGXFWLRQZKLFKUHVXOWVLQWRSRRUSRQGSURGXFWLYLW\
LL 0XGG\ERWWRPVSURYLGHUHIXJHIRUࢉVKWRKLGHDQGDUHGLࢇFXOWWRVHLQH
LLL )LVKJHWWLQJWUDSSHGLQPXGZKHQWKHSRQGLVEHLQJGUDLQHG
• $V\RXOHYHODQGFRPSDFWWKHERWWRPSRXUZDWHUWRHQVXUHLWࢊRZVWRDQGRXWWKHRXWOHW
Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom. The pond bottom should be sloped
WRZDUGVWKHRXWOHW5HPHPEHUWRFRPSDFWWKHࢇRRUDJDLQRQFHGRQH
Inlet

Step 8: Strengthen the Dyke Tops and Free-Board Areas
• &RPSDFWWKHSRQGEDQNDJDLQWRVWUHQJWKHQIRUWKHGHVLUHGXVH
• 3ODFHWKHWRSVRLORYHUWKHEDQNDQGGRZQWRWKHZDWHUOLQHࢉJXUHa
• &RPSDFWOLJKWO\
• 3ODQWJUDVVRYHUWKHWRSVRLOGRZQWRWKHZDWHUOHYHO:DWHUWKHJUDVVWRHQVXUHLWJURZVࢉJXUHb
Figure 14: Finishing the Bank.
(a) (b)
$IUHHERDUGOHVVWKDQFPLVGDQJHURXVLQFDVHRIRYHUࢊRRGLQJDQGࢉVKOLNHWKH$IULFDQFDWࢉVKFDQ
HDVLO\HVFDSHZKHQWKHIUHHERDUGJHWVȅZHWȆ
,WLVXQGHVLUDEOHWRKDYHDIUHHERDUGKLJKHUWKDQZKDWLVUHFRPPHQGHGEHFDXVH
D ,WLVDQXQQHFHVVDU\DGGHGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWH[SHQVLYHWRPDNH
E ,WDWWUDFWVSUHGDWRUVDQGEXUURZLQJDQLPDOVVXFKDVQXWULDDQGPXVNUDWV
F +LJKIUHHERDUGVDERYHWKHZDWHUIDYRXUWKHQHVWLQJRIELUGVDQGDQWKLOOVFUHDWLQJSRLQWVIRU
ZDWHUOHDNDJHࢉJXUH
G ,WPDNHVZRUNLQJRQWKHSRQGGLࢇFXOWDQGGDQJHURXV
H &DQFROODSVHLQWRSRQG
Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board
Inlet

0DLQWHQDQFHDQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQRI3RQGDQG&KDQQHOV
'XULQJSURGXFWLRQVLOWDWLRQHURVLRQRIWKHG\NHVDQGOHDNDJHVSURJUHVVLYHO\RFFXUGXHWRZDYHDF-
WLRQࢉVKEHKDYLRXUDQGVHLQLQJ3RQGVWKHUHIRUHUHJXODUO\QHHGWREH
L 'HVLOWHG
LL :DOOVUHFRQVWUXFWHGDQGVWUHQJWKHQHGDJDLQVWHURVLRQ
LLL /HDNDJHVUHSDLUHG
1. De-silting
Ȏ ,QROGSRQGVEURNHQGRZQSRQGZDOOVDFFXPXODWHGVLOWDQGVKDOORZQHVVRFFXUIURPXVLQJWKH
SRQGࢉJXUHa
Ȏ 6FUDSWKHVLOWIURPWKHERWWRPDQGLWLQWRPRXQGVXQWLOVHPLGU\ࢉJXUHb
Ȏ 8VHWKLVVDPHVRLOWRUHFRQVWUXFWWKHHURGHGSDUWVRIWKHG\NHࢉJXUHc
Ȏ 'RQRWKHDSVRLORQWKHSRQGEDQNEHFDXVHZKHQLWUDLQVLWZLOOEHZDVKHGEDFNLQWRWKHSRQG
7DNHH[FHVVVLOWDQGVRLO\RXGRQȆWQHHGWRUHSDLUWKHZDOOVDZD\IURPWKHSRQGDUHD
Figure 16: De-silting Ponds
(a) (b) (c)
2. Reconstructing the pond wall

Ȏ 'XULQJSURGXFWLRQWKHVORSHRIWKHZDOOSURJUHVVLYHO\EHFRPHVHURGHG)LJXUHVDQGaDQG
b)
Ȏ :KHQWKHVORSHKDVEHFRPHVWHHSHUWKDQUHFRPPHQGHGWULPDQGUHEXLOGWKHZDOOXSOD\HUE\
OD\HUZKLOHHQVXULQJWKHGHVLUHGVORSHRIWKHLQVLGHDFKLHYHGࢉJXUHc
)LJXUH (URVLRQRI3RQG:DOOV
(a) (b) (c)

)LJXUH ,PSDFWRIZDYHDFWLRQRQSRQGZDOOV
4.3 Fish Tanks

$TXDWLFDQLPDOVDQGSODQWVFDQEHUDLVHGLQWDQNV)LVKWDQNVDUHGHVFULEHGEDVHGRQWKHLU
Ȏ 6KDSHFLUFXODUUHFWDQJXODURUFRQLFDO
Ȏ )XQFWLRQKDWFKHU\JURZRXWDTXDULDRUKROGLQJWDQNV
Ȏ 6L]HWURXJKVVPDOOPHGLXPRUODUJH
Ȏ 0DWHULDOWKH\DUHPDGHIURPSODVWLFࢉEUHJODVVFRQFUHWHZRRGPHWDOOLFOLQHG
Ȏ )L[HGRUSRUWDEOHࢉJXUH
Figure 19: Tanks
Fixed hacthery concrete tanks
Wooden lined tank Plastic tanks

6HPLSHUPDQHQWWDQNLPSURYLVHGIRU
Collapsible portable tank made of tarpualin
emergency use on-farm
Assorted plastic household basins and buckets improvised into hatchery tanks
NB:
Ȏ +LJKS+LVOLNHO\LQFRQFUHWHWDQNVZKHUHQRVHDODQWLVXVHGHJWLOHVZDWHUSURRISDLQWVHWF
Ȏ 'RQRWXVHWR[LFPDWHULDOVVXFKJDOYDQLVHGLURQPHWDOVKHHWVWRFRQVWUXFWࢉVKWDQNVHVSHFLDOO\LQ
hatcheries
%DVLF)HDWXUHVRID)LVK7DQN
7KHࢉVKWDQNVKRXOG
Ȏ %HDEOHWRKROGZDWHU
Ȏ %HDEOHWRࢉOODQGGUDLQUDSLGO\
+DYHLQࢊRZDQGRXWࢊRZYDOYHVWRVHSDUDWHO\FRQWUROࢉOOLQJDQGGUDLQDJH
3HUPLWWKHFRQWURORIZDWHUYROXPHࢊRZVDQGTXDOLW\
3HUPLWJRRGFLUFXODWLRQZLWKLQDQGZDWHUH[FKDQJHWKURXJKWKHWDQNWRHQDEOHWKHUHPRYDORI
ZDVWHV
Ȏ +DYHVPRRWKDQGHDV\WRFOHDQZDOOVZLWKRXWSURWUXVLRQVVRDVQRWWRFDXVHLQMXU\WRࢉVKRU
personnel
Ȏ &KRLFHVRIGHSWKVKRXOGEHPRUHWKDQȅFKHVWKLJKȆFRQVLGHULQJZRUNHUVDIHW\DQGHDVHKDQGOLQJ
ࢉVKZLWKLQWKHWDQN
Ȏ $GGUHHQIRUFHPHQWLQWKHERWWRPRIࢉ[HGWDQNVWRSURYLGHVXSSRUWIRUWKHXQLWZKHQࢉOOHGZLWK
ZDWHU
7KHWDQNGHVLJQYDOYHVVWDQGSLSHVEXࢆHUVDQGDHUDWLRQDUHXVHGWRGRDFKLHYHWKLVVHHWDEOHDQG
ࢉJXUHEHORZ

Table 10. Standard Tank Features

Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
General • 0D\KDYHࢊDWRU9VKDSHGERWWRP • ,QFOXGHWURXJKV • 5DFHZD\VRU

Features • (QVXUHWKHUHLVQR running water
YDULDWLRQLQZLGWK SRQGVKDYHEULFN
WRSUHYHQWHGGLHV RUFRQFUHWHVLGHV
GHDGVSRWVDQG DQGERWWRPVDV
accumulation of WKH\KDYHUHODWLYHO\
ZDVWHV IDVWࢊRZLQJZDWHU
• (QVXUHWKHUHLVQR
YDULDWLRQLQZLGWK
WRSUHYHQWHGGLHV
GHDGVSRWVDQG
accumulation of
ZDVWHV
Inlet • :DWHUXVXDOO\LQMHFWHGWDQJHQWLDOO\ • :DWHUࢊRZVIURP • :DWHUࢊRZVIURP

IURPVLGHLQWRWDQN XSSHUHQGWRORZHU XSSHUHQGWRORZHU
HQGDWRXWOHW HQGDWRXWOHW
'LUHFWLRQRI • 5RWDWLQJZDWHUࢊRZDQGXQLIRUP • :DWHUࢊRZV • Location of water

ZDWHUࢊRZ ZDWHUTXDOLW\GXHWRHࢆHFWLYH IURPXSSHUHQG LQOHWDQGRXWOHW
ZDWHUPL[LQJ WRORZHUHQGDW GHWHUPLQHWKH
Water
• 8QLIRUPࢊRZSDWWHUQVDQGKLJK outlet can present ࢊRZSDWWHUQDQG
PL[LQJ
YHORFLWLHV XQSUHGLFWDEOHࢊRZ FDQEHXVHGWR
patterns FUHDWHURWDWLQJࢊRZ
pattern
Outlet • :DWHURXWOHWSODFHGFHQWUDOO\ • Minimum waste • &URVVࢊRZWDQNV

FHQWUDOࢊRZSDWWHUQWKDWࢊXVKHV concentration at ZDWHULQOHW
VROLGVGRZQWRFHQWHU LQOHWPD[LPXPDW IURPWRSWR
RXWOHW PLPLFK\GUDXOLFV
• *UDGLHQWLQ RIUDFHZD\DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDO FLUFXODUWDQNV
FRQGLWLRQV
KHWHURJHQHRXVࢉVK
GLVWULEXWLRQ
• %HWWHURSWLPL]DWLRQRIZDWHUDQG • &RQGLWLRQVLQ • 0L[HGFHOO

space WDQNQRQXQLIRUP UDFHZD\V
WRZDUGVLQOHWZKLFK
UHGXFHVHࢇFLHQF\
RIHQHUJ\DQG
treatment
Inlet • 6LQJOHSRLQWVRXUFHSURGXFHVOHVV • &DQLQVWDOOEXࢆHUV • &DQLQVWDOOEXࢆHUV

designs KRPRJHQRXVࢊRZ or attachments or attachments
• 9HUWLFDOSLSHZLWKQR]]OHVDORQJ to inlets for to inlets for
WKHZDWHUFROXPQȁPL[LQJ PXOWLSOHHQWU\IRU PXOWLSOHHQWU\IRU
GHSHQGVRQGLUHFWLRQRIQR]]OHV KRPRJHQRXVࢊRZV KRPRJHQRXVࢊRZV
Length, • 5HFRPPHQGHGGLDPHWHUGHSWK • /HQJWKZLGWK • /HQJWKZLGWK

diameter, UDWLRUDQJHIURPDQGWR GHSWKUDWLRV GHSWKUDWLRRI
width and DOORZIRUKRPRJHQRXVPRYHPHQW for
depth RIZDWHUZLWKLQJWDQN
ratios • :KHQVL]LQJDOVRFRQVLGHUࢊRRU
VSDFHIHHGLQJVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHV
ZDWHUKHDGDQGW\SHRIKDQGOLQJ
UHTXLUHG

Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
Drain types • 2XWVLGHVWDQGSLSHDQGࢊDWFHQWUH • +DYHDWOHDVW •

ERWWRPVFUHHQWRFRQWUROGHSWKRI PFP
ZDWHU(PHUJHQF\RYHUࢊRZVFUHHQ of screen area at
LQHYHQWWKHERWWRPH࢈XHQW RXWࢊRZIRUHDFK
VFUHHQJHWVFORJJHG litres per minute
• &\OLQGULFDOFHQWUHVFUHHQVXVHGLQ ZDWHUࢊRZ
PHWHUGLDPHWHUWDQNVSURYLGH
EHWWHUFOHDQLQJDFWLRQLIWKH\DUH
QRWSHUIRUDWHGLQWKHXSSHUSRUWLRQ
• 'XDOGUDLQV\VWHPVDUHSUHIHUDEOH
DVPLQLPDOZDWHULVUHTXLUHGWR
UHPRYHVROLGV
)LJXUH %DVLFFRPSRQHQWVRID)LVK7DQN7KHࢆJXUHDOVRLOOXVWUDWHVSOXPELQJSDUWVDQGKRZWR
IDEULFDWHDFLUFXODUWDQNIURPDSODVWLFFRQWDLQHU

Water inlet with valve

'RXEOHGUDLQ7KH
white pipe drains water
outside the tank
Black pipe rests above
ࢇRRURIWDQN7KLVLGHV

sediment from bottom
(self-cleaning)
Air supply lines for

aeration
Water inlet
Screen at bottom
RIDࢇDWERWWRPHG
WDQN2QHRIWKH
alternative designs
)DFWRUV$ࢆHFWLQJ&KRLFHRI7DQN
7DQNVDUHGHVLJQHGLQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRISURGXFWLRQFRVWVSDFHXWLOL]DWLRQZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGࢉVKPDQ-
DJHPHQW,QDGGLWLRQIRURSHUDWLRQDOSXUSRVHV
1DWXUDOVZLPPLQJDQGVRFLDOEHKDYLRURIWKHࢉVKWREHUHDUHG7KLVUHGXFHVVWUHVVLPSURYHVࢉVK
JURZWKDQGࢉVKZHOIDUH
3URYLVLRQRIXQLIRUPZDWHUTXDOLW\ZLWKLQWKHWDQN7RHQVXUHHQWLUHWDQNYROXPHSURYLGHV
RSWLPDOJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQV
)DVWUHPRYDORIVROLGZDVWHV
8QLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQRIࢉVKWKURXJKRXWWKHWDQN
9HORFLWLHVZLWKLQWKHWDQNVKRXOGQRWEHVWUHVVIXOWDEOH
7DEOH $GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI&LUFXODUDQG5HFWDQJXODU7DQNV
Circular Rectangular
Advantages • /DERXUUHTXLUHGWRPDQDJHDWR • 5HFWDQJXODUWDQNVZLWKOHQJWK

PWDQNGDLO\DUHWKHVDPH+HQFHD EUHDGWKUDWLRRIRUPRUH
IHZODUJHWDQNVFKHDSHUWRPDQDJH • Most popular because use space
WKDQVHYHUDOVPDOORQHV PRUHHࢇFLHQWO\
• &DSLWDOFRVWVSHUXQLWYROXPHGHFUHDVH • (DVLHUWRPDQDJHKDQGOHDQGVRUW
ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJVL]HRIWDQN ࢉVK
• (DV\WRPDLQWDLQ • (DVLHUWRFRQVWUXFW
• 3URYLGHXQLIRUPZDWHUTXDOLW\KHQFH • (DVLHUKDQGOHDVXQLWVDQGDGDSW
XQLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQRIࢉVKDQGEHWWHU WRZDWHUࢊRZV
RSWLPL]DWLRQRIVSDFH
• :KHQSURSHUO\FRQVWUXFWHGKDYH
• &DQEHRSHUDWHGRYHUDZLGHUUDQJHRI LGHQWLFDOZDWHUFRQGLWLRQVIURP
URWDWLRQDOYHORFLWLHVDOORZLQJRQHDGMXVW VLGHWRVLGHZLWKJUDGXDOGHFOLQH
WRQHHGVIRUGLࢆHUHQWࢉVKVSHFLHVDQG LQZDWHUTXDOLW\WRZDUGVRXWOHW
VWDJHRIࢉVKJURZWK &RQVHTXHQWO\ࢉVKZLOOEHDWWUDFWHG
• 6HWWOHDEOHVROLGVFDQEHUDSLGO\ࢊXVKHG WRZDUGVLQOHW,QFLUFXODUWDQNV
WKURXJKWKHFHQWHUGUDLQPDNLQJVHOI ࢉVKFDQQRWVHOHFWDUHDVRIKLJKHU
FOHDQLQJSRVVLEOH R[\JHQDQGORZHUDPPRQLD
• 2QHFDQREVHUYHZDVWHDFFXPXODWLRQ
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKIHHGLQJZKLFKPDNHV
IHHGLQJWRVDWLDWLRQHDVLHUWRGHWHUPLQH
• &DUU\LQJFDSDFLW\VXSHULRUWRWURXJKV
DQGUHFWDQJXODUWDQNVDVWKHUHLV
VXࢇFLHQWSUHVVXUHIRUDHUDWLRQDQGUH
aeration
Disadvantages • $ELOLW\WRGLVWULEXWLQJࢊRZWRREWDLQ • +LJKHUZDWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHVDUH

XQLIRUPPL[LQJDQGUDSLGVROLGUHPRYDO QHHGHGWRSURGXFHVHOIFOHDQLQJ
LQVLQJOHGUDLQDJHV\VWHPVDQGZKHUH 7KLVHQWDLOVPRUHHQHUJ\
ZDWHUࢊRZVQRWSHUPLWWLQJ • 6HGLPHQWDWLRQWHQGVWRRFFXULQ
• *UDGLQJDQGKDUYHVWLQJࢉVKPRUH DUHDVRIORZYHORFLW\DQGORZࢉVK
GLࢇFXOW5HTXLUHVFURZGHUVDQGVFRRS GHQVLW\
QHWV • :DWHUTXDOLW\GLVWULEXWLRQJUDGLHQW
• 5HPRYLQJPRUWDOLWLHV IDYRUVKLHUDUFKLHVDQGDJJUHVVLYH
• +LJKHUULVNRIHFRQRPLFORVVSHUWDQN EHKDYLRUDPRQJࢉVKLQWKHWDQN
ZKHQWHFKQLFDODQGELRORJLFDOIDLOXUHV • 6XEVWDQWLDOZDWHUVXSSO\LV
RFFXU QHHGHG\RXQJࢉVKHVSHFLDOO\
• 5HTXLUHPRUHVSDFH accumulate at inlets hence space
QRWHࢇFLHQWO\XWLOLVHG
• 0RUHODERULQWHQVLYH
• %HWWHUVXLWHGIURPࢉQJHUOLQJVWDJH
4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks

D 6LWH6HOHFWLRQ
)LVKWDQNVFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHGDQ\ZKHUH7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKLQJVWRFRQVLGHUDUH
Ȏ $QDGHTXDWHDQGFRQVWDQWZDWHUVXSSO\WRPDLQWDLQUHTXLUHGZDWHUYROXPHVࢊRZVDQGH[-
FKDQJHUDWHVGXULQJSURGXFWLRQDQGIRURWKHUXVHV

Ȏ )LUPIRXQGDWLRQXSRQZKLFKWDQNVZLOOEHVHW
Ȏ &RVWRIHVWDEOLVKLQJDQGRSHUDWLQJWKHIDFLOLW\
b. Major Features of a Tank-Based Fish Farm

• 6L]HRIWKHWDQNVEDVHGRQWKHRSHUDWLRQDOࢊRZUHTXLUHPHQWV of the farm in account of
SURGXFWLRQWDUJHWVDQGDGGLWLRQDOZDWHUQHHGHGIRUGUDLQLQJDQGFOHDQLQJ
• Water delivery and aeration:,QVWDOOWKHDSSURSULDWHSLSLQJV\VWHPVSXPSVSHULRGLF
FKDQJHVDUHUHTXLUHGOHDNDJH
NOTE:
8VHZDWHUSURRIFHPHQWRQO\WRFRQVWUXFWLQJWDQNVWRDYRLGVHHSDJH
)RUIXUWKHUDGYLFHIRUGHVLJQLQJDQGLQVWDOOLQJZDWHUV\VWHPFRQVXOWDPHFKDQLFDORUDJULFXOWXUDO
HQJLQHHUDQGSOXPEHU
0DLQWHQDQFHRI)LVK7DQNV
• .HHSFOHDQ
• ,PPHGLDWHO\ZDWHUDQGDLUOHDNDJHVDUHQRWLFHGUHSDLUWDQNZDWHUDQGDLUSOXPELQJ
• (QVXUHZDWHUDQGDLUSXPSVDQGYDOYHVDUHJRRGZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQ
4.4 Fish Cages

(VVHQWLDOO\DFDJHLVDFRQWDLQHUPDGHRIPHVKIRUUHDULQJRUWHPSRUDULO\KROGLQJDTXDWLFDQLPDOVZLWKLQ
DZDWHUERG\7KHPHVKDOORZVZDWHUWRࢊRZLQWRDQGRXWRIWKHFDJHZLWKRXWREVWUXFWLRQRUOHWWLQJࢉVK
RXWRIWKHFDJH&DJHVYDU\LQVKDSHVL]HDUHYHUVDWLOHDQGFDQEHXVHGLQVHYHUDOZD\V
4.4.1 Cage types

a. Fixed Cages
Ȏ 0DGHRIQHWEDJVXSSRUWHGE\SRVWVGULYHQLQWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHODNHULYHUGDPRUSRQG
Ȏ 6TXDUHDQGUHFWDQJXODU
Ȏ /LPLWHGLQVL]H
Ȏ ,QH[SHQVLYHDQGVLPSOHWREXLOG
Ȏ 8VHUHVWULFWHGWRVKHOWHUHGDUHDVZLWKVORZFXUUHQWVWKDWKDYHQRQURFN\EXWࢉUPERWWRPVXE-
VWUDWHWRDOORZSRVWVࢉ[DQGKROG
Ȏ +DSDVDUHFRPPRQH[DPSOHࢉJXUHa
b. Floating Cages
Ȏ 0RVWZLGHO\XVHG
Ȏ %DJLVVXSSRUWHGE\DEXR\DQWFROODURUIUDPH
Ȏ &DQEHPDGHLQVKDSHVDQGVL]HVGHSHQGLQJRQIDUPHUVQHHGV
Ȏ 6XLWHGWRZLGHUYDULHW\RIVLWHVࢉJXUHb
F 6XEPHUVLEOH&DJHV
Ȏ +DYHDQHWFROODUEXWUHO\RQDIUDPHRUULJJLQJWRPDLQWDLQVKDSH
Ȏ 6XVSHQGHGIURPEXR\VࢊRDWLQJIUDPHVRQWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHRUFDQEHGHVLJQHGWRKDYHYDUL-
DEOHEXR\DQF\

Ȏ &DQEHSRVLWLRQHGZLWKLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQWRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRISUHYDLOLQJHQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQGLWLRQV)RUH[DPSOHWKH\PD\EHEURXJKWXSWRWKHVXUIDFHLQJRRGZHDWKHUDQGVXE-
PHUJHGGXULQJWR[LFDOJDOEORRPVRUH[WUHPHZHDWKHUࢉJXUHc
G 6XEPHUJHG&DJHV
Ȏ :RRGHQER[HVZLWKVODWVRUQHWEDJVDQFKRUHGWRVXEVWUDWHE\VWRQHVRUSRVWV
Ȏ 8VHGLQࢊRZLQJZDWHUVRUODNHVࢉJXUHd
)LJXUH 7\SHVRI)LVK&DJHV
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
6LWH6HOHFWLRQIRU&DJH)DUPV
7KHVXLWDELOLW\RIDVLWHIRUFDJHFXOWXUHGHSHQGVRQ
(i) Water qualityZKHWKHUWKHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDWWKHVLWHDUHVXLWDEOHUHDULQJ
WKHLQWHQGHGVSHFLHV
(ii) (QYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHFDJHV\VWHP
(iii) 2WKHUIDFWRUVLQࢊXHQFLQJIDUPHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQVVXFKDVOHJDOUHTXLUHPHQWV
4.4.2.1 Water Quality

7KHZDWHUTXDOLW\LQDFDJHFDQQRWEHFRUUHFWHGGXULQJSURGXFWLRQDVRSSRVHGWRSRQGVDQGWDQNV
7KHRQO\FRUUHFWLYHPHDVXUHLQVXFKLQVWDQFHVLVWRUHORFDWHWKHFDJHWRDGLࢆHUHQWVLWH,WLVWKHUHIRUH
LPSRUWDQWWKDWFDJHVDUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQZDWHUVRIRSWLPXPTXDOLW\
7KHUHFRPPHQGHGZDWHUTXDOLW\FULWHULDIRUVHOHFWLQJFDJHVLWHVLQ8JDQGDDUHJLYHQEHORZVHHMod-
ule 5IRUPRUHGHWDLOV

k) Chemical Parameters
7DEOHSURYLGHVWKHJXLGHOLQHVIRUFKHPLFDOZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUFDJHVLWHV
7DEOH /9)25HFRPPHQGHG:DWHU4XDOLW\&KDUDFWHULVWLFVIRU&DJH6LWHV
Parameter Value
'LVVROYHGR[\JHQ !PJO
6DOLQLW\ ȁSSW
(OHFWULFDO&RQGXFWLYLW\ ȁw6FPH[SHFWHGUDQJHLQ/DNH9LFWRULDH[FHSWKHDYLO\

SROOXWHG0XUFKLVRQED\
$PPRQLDQLWURJHQ1+1 SSP
+\GURJHQLRQLQGH[3+ ȁ
1LWUDWH121 PJO
1LWULWH121 PJO
phosphate PJO
&KHPLFDOR[\JHQGHPDQG&2' PJO
%LRORJLFDOR[\JHQGHPDQG%2' PJO
%LRORJLFDOFULWHULD
%DFWHULDFRXQW(FROL FHOOPO

$GDSWHGIURP0$$,)
l) Phytoplankton Blooms
7KHQDWXUHGHJUHHDQGIUHTXHQF\RISK\WRSODQNWRQEORRPVDWWKHSURSRVHGVLWHVKRXOGEHWDNHQ
LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQEHFDXVH
L +HDY\EORRPVFDXVHGUDVWLFࢊXFWXDWLRQVLQR[\JHQS+DQGDPPRQLDOHYHOVZKLFKLVVWUHVVIXO
WRWKHࢉVKDQGLQࢊXHQFHVWKHRQVHWRIGLVHDVHPRUWDOLW\DQGSRRUJURZWKࢉJXUH
LL 6RPHSK\WRSODQNWRQVSHFLHVSURGXFHWR[LFDOJDOEORRPV)RUH[DPSOHWR[LFIRUPLQJVSHFLHV
of Microsystis, Anabena, AphanizomenonDQGOsciallatoria
LLL 6RPHEORRPVFDQFDXVHRࢆࢊDYRULQKDUYHVWHGࢉVK)RUH[DPSOH Oscillatoria, Anabena DQG
MicrocystisVS
LY &ORJFDJHPHVKHVZKLFKUHGXFHVZDWHUH[FKDQJHDQGKHQFHTXDOLW\RIZDWHUZLWKLQFDJHV
6LWHVZLWKIUHTXHQWKHDY\EORRPVWHQGWREHIRXQGLQWKHOLVWHGDUHDVDQGVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG
L +LJKHUWKDQQRUPDOGLVVROYHGOHYHOVRIQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXVLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQ
LL $UHFORVHWRVRXUFHVRISROOXWLRQ
LLL=RQHVZLWKSRRUZDWHUH[FKDQJHRUFXUUHQWVWRZDVKDZD\EORRPV

Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms. 3LFWXUHFRXUWHV\RI6R1DQG,DQ'HUU\
Demand Feeder
Heavy Algal bloom
m) Biological Information
%LRORJLFDOGDWDRQSK\WRSODQNWRQ]RRSODQNWRQEHQWKLFLQYHUWHEUDWHVࢉVKDQGPDFURSK\WHVJLYHV
DQGLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHVWDWXVRIDTXDWLFOLIHDWWKHVLWHQRWDEO\
Ȏ +RZPXFKDTXDWLFDQLPDOSURGXFWLRQFDQEHVXSSRUWHGDWWKHVLWH
Ȏ 1DWXUDOKDELWDWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVLWHLHVSDZQLQJDQGQXUVHU\JURXQGVࢉVKPLJUDWRU\
FRUULGRUVFULWLFDODUHDVIRUࢉVKIRRGRUJDQLVPVVHQVLWLYHKDELWDWVIRUHFRV\VWHPKHDOWKHQGDQ-
JHUHGRUWKUHDWHQHGVSHFLHV
7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQIRUPVSDUWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOPRQLWRULQJSODQ
,QIRUPDWLRQRQOHYHOVRIIDHFDOFROLIRUPVDQGWRWDOEDFWHULDFRXQWVJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRQZKHWKHU
WKHVLWHLVH[SRVHGWRFRQWDPLQDWLRQE\IDHFHVIURPPDQRUWHUUHVWULDODQLPDOVWDEOH)DHFDO
FROLIRUPVDUHDSXEOLFKHDOWKDQGIRRGVDIHW\KD]DUGLVVXH
n) Pollutants and contaminants

7KHFDJHVLWHPXVWEHIUHHIURPSROOXWDQWVVXFKDVKHDY\PHWDOVDQG3HUVLVWHQW2UJDQLF3ROOXWDQWV
323VDVWKHVHDFFXPXODWHLQWRWKHࢊHVKRIࢉVK
7KHPLQLPXPVDIHOHYHOVIRUFDJHVLWHVDUHOLVWHGLQWDEOHVDQGEHORZ6LWHVZLWKSROOXWDQWV
DERYHSHUPLVVLEOHOHYHOVZLOOQRWEHOLFHQVHG

7DEOH 0LQLPXPFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDWFDJHVLWHVIRUKHDY\PHWDOFRQWDPLQDQWVLQZDWHUDQG
sediments
Heavy metal 6HGLPHQWVƈJJ Water (mg m-3)
0HUFXU\

/HDG
1LFNHO
&DGPLXP
Zinc
,URQ
&RSSHU
&KURPLXP
$UVHQLF
Manganese
6HOHQLXP -
%DULXP
6LOYHU
Thallium -
$GDSWHGIURP0$$,)
Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and pesticides at
cage sites and aquaculture parks.
Persistent organic pollutant/ 6HGLPHQWVƈJJ :DWHUƈJO
pesticides
$OGULQ

&KORUGDQH
''7WRWDO
'LHOGULQ
(QGULQ
+HSWDFKORU
7R[DSKHQH -
3RO\FKORULQDWHG%LSKHQ\OVWRWDO
0LUH[
+H[DFKORUREHQ]HQH
(QGRVXOIDQ -
7ULEXW\OWLQ -
3HQWDFKORUREHQ]HQH -
/LQGDQH
Ž+H[DFKORURF\FORKH[DQH -
$GDSWHGIURP0$$,)

o) Disease
7KH TXDOLW\ RI ZDWHU DQG KHDOWK VWDWXV RI ZLOG ࢉVK DW D VLWH LQࢊXHQFH WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI GLVHDVHV
RFFXUULQJDWFDJHIDUPV
$YRLGVLWHVZLWK
Ȏ 3RRUZDWHUTXDOLW\
Ȏ 3ROOXWHGZDWHULVPRUHOLNHO\WRKDUERUGLVHDVHFDXVLQJDJHQWV
Ȏ $ORWRIERWWRPVHGLPHQWDVࢉVKSDUDVLWHVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WREHIRXQG
Ȏ ZLOGࢉVKDUHLQIHVWHGZLWKSDUDVLWHVRUIUHTXHQWO\IDOOVLFN
)RUPRUHGHWDLOVRQGLVHDVHFRQWUROVHHModule Eight.
p) Water Exchange
7KHH[WHQWWRZKLFKZDWHUFXUUHQWVDWWKHVLWHFDQࢊXVKZDWHUDZD\IURPFDJHIDUPVOLPLWVWKH
DFFXPXODWLRQRIZDVWHVLQWKHDUHD7KHEXLOGXSRIZDVWHDWWKHVLWHSURJUHVVLYHO\UHVXOWVLQWKH
GHWHULRUDWLRQRIZDWHUTXDOLW\ZLWKLQFDJHVDQGWKHIDUPDUHD
7KHUDWHDWZKLFKZDWHULVH[FKDQJHGDWDVLWHGHSHQGVRQWKHFXUUHQWZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDOLQLW\
DQGWRSRJUDSK\7KHUHLVOLNHO\WREHOHVVZLQGDFWLRQLQED\VKHOWHUHGE\VWHHSVORSHV
q) Fouling
)RXOLQJLVWKHEXLOGXSRISK\WRSODQNWRQRQWKHPHVKRIFDJHVGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ,WUHVXOWVLQWR
WKHUHGXFWLRQRIPHVKVL]HDQGKHQFHWKHOHYHORIZDWHUH[FKDQJHWKURXJKFDJHV:KHUHFXUUHQW
YHORFLWLHVDUHORZLWFDQEHFRPHDPDMRUPDQDJHPHQWSUREOHP
4.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment

r) Weather
$YRLGVLWHVZKHUHYLROHQWVWRUP\ZHDWKHULVIUHTXHQW&DJHVFDQJHWGDPDJHGLQVXFKHQYLURQPHQWV
6XEPHUVLEOHFDJHVDUHPRUHVXLWHGWRVXFKVLWHV
s) 6KHOWHUDQGZDYHV
:LQG VSHHGV ZLQG GXUDWLRQ DQG WKH GLVWDQFH RI RSHQ XQREVWUXFWHG ZDWHU DFURVV ZKLFK ZLQG
EORZVLQࢊXHQFHVZDYHKHLJKWDQGOHQJWK1RQVKHOWHUHGDUHDVZLWKPRUHZDYHVDUHPRUHVXLWHG
IRUODUJHFDJHVWDEOH
2EWDLQPHWHRURORJLFDODQGWRSRJUDSKLFDOGDWDDQGWKHVLWHKLVWRU\WRDVFHUWDLQWKHOLNHOLKRRGRI
IUHTXHQWKLJKZDYHV
7DEOH 6XPPDU\RI3K\VLFDOFULWHULDIRUFDJHDTXDFXOWXUHVLWHVHOHFWLRQVKRZLQJWKH
DFFHSWDEOHVWDQGDUGVIRUFDJHࢉVKIDUPLQJ
Parameter Acceptable standard
Hydrological criteria
+HLJKWRIWKHZDYH 6WDWLRQDU\FDJH P
)ORDWLQJFDJH P
Wind velocity 6WDWLRQDU\FDJH NQRWV
)ORDWLQJFDJH NQRWV

Depth 6WDWLRQDU\FDJH 0LQ!PPD[P
)ORDWLQJFDJH 0LQ!PPD[P
Physical criteria
Current velocity 0LQ!FPVHFPD[FPVHF
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) PJO
Water temperature ȁ&
Secchi Depth !P

$GDSWHGIURP0$$,)
t) Currents
7KHUDWHDQGGLUHFWLRQRIࢊRZRIZDWHUDWWKHVLWHDࢆHFW
Ȏ :DWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHVWKURXJKWKHFDJH
Ȏ )LVKEHKDYLRU
Ȏ 6XLWDELOLW\RIFDJHW\SH
• Mooring
u) Water Depth
7KHPLQLPXPZDWHUGHSWKLVWKDWZKLFKHQVXUHVFDJHLVFRYHUHGE\ZDWHUDQGDWOHDVWPDERYHWKH
ERWWRPVHGLPHQWIRUVPDOOFDJHVWRDOORZIRUXQREVWUXFWHGGLVSHUVDORIZDVWHDZD\IURPWKHFDJHVLWH
VHHWDEOHDQGࢉJXUHEHORZ
Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sediment

Cage Type Depth Range
)L[HGFDJH P
/9+' $WOHDVWPDERYHVHGLPHQW
+9/' $WOHDVWPDERYHVHGLPHQW
)LJXUH ,OOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHHࢆHFWRIGLVWDQFHIURPSRQGVHGLPHQWRQZDWHUTXDOLW\LQ
ࢉVKFDJHVUneaten feed pellets have a higher density compared with faeces; thus their
displacement will be more concentrated. Given a constant current, the deeper the site, the
ODUJHUWKHGLVSODFHPHQWZLOOEHERWKIRUXQHDWHQSHOOHWVDQGࢆVKIDHFHV

v) 6XEVWUDWH
)LUPURFN\VXEVWUDWHLVPRUHVXLWDEOHIRUࢊRDWLQJFDJHV
2WKHUIDFWRUVLQࢇXHQFLQJIDUPHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGRSHUDWLRQV
w) Legal Requirements and Planning
&DJHFXOWXUHLVQRWSHUPLVVLEOHLQ*RYHUQPHQWJD]HWWHGUHVWULFWHGDUHDV7KHVHDUH‘no-go’DUHDV
(VWDEOLVKPHQWVWKDWKDYHDSURWHFWLYH]RQHDURXQGWKHPUHVWULFWLQJDFFHVVHYHQWKRXJKWKHVLWH
PD\EHVXLWDEOHIRUFDJHFXOWXUHDUHUHIHUUHGWRDV‘no-go-within’DUHDV
(i) No-Go Areas

8JDQGDQ*RYHUQPHQWJD]HWWHGȅQRJRȆDUHDV
Ȏ $UHDVRIPLOLWDU\RUVHFXULW\LQWHUHVWRUDFWLYLWLHV
Ȏ 3XEOLVKHGDQFKRUDJHVZKHUHVKLSVDQGERDWVDQFKRUDQGWKHLUGHࢉQHGEHUWKV
Ȏ (VWDEOLVKHGQDYLJDWLRQFKDQQHOVIRUVKLSVRUIHUULHVRUDQ\RWKHUIRUPRIZDWHUWUDQVSRUW
Ȏ (VWDEOLVKHGKDUERUVZKHUHVKLSVDQGERDWVVHHNVKHOWHUIURPVWRUP\ZHDWKHURUDUH
VWRUHGIRUIXWXUHXVHDQGKDUERUDSSURDFKHV
Ȏ 0DULQDVRUPRRULQJDUHDVZLWKVWUXFWXUHVWRZKLFKYHVVHOVPD\EHVHFXUHGVXFKDVSLHUV
Ȏ )LVKVDQFWXDULHVDQG0DULQH3URWHFWHG$UHDV03$
Ȏ &DEOHVSLSHOLQHVDQGGULOOLQJSODWIRUPV
Ȏ 3DUNVFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGKHULWDJHRUWRXULVWVLWHV
Ȏ *D]HWWHGࢉVKEUHHGLQJVLWHVࢉVKVSDZQLQJDQGQXUVHU\JURXQGV
Ȏ ([LVWLQJGRPHVWLFDQGLQGXVWULDOZDWHULQWDNHDQGH[WUDFWLRQSRLQWV
Ȏ )LVKPLJUDWLRQURXWHV
Ȏ ([LVWLQJK\GURSRZHUSODQWV
Ȏ &RUH=RQHVRI5DPVDUVLWHV
Ȏ $UHDVJD]HWWHGXQGHUWKH/DFXVWULQH6WDWXWRU\,QVWUXPHQW
Ȏ $UHDVZKHUHZDWHUGHSWKDQGTXDOLW\ࢊXFWXDWLRQLVKLJKVXFKDVVHDVRQDOULYHUV
Ȏ .QRZQFRPPRQDQGLPSRUWDQWࢉVKLQJJURXQGV
Ȏ (࢈XHQWGLVFKDUJLQJJDWHVRILQGXVWULDODQGXUEDQH࢈XHQWVDQG
Ȏ 5LYHUDQGVWUHDPPRXWKVDQGVRXUFHV
NOTE:7KHDERYHOLVWLVVXEMHFWWRFKDQJH7KHUHIRUHDOZD\VYHULI\WKHDFWXDOOHJDOVWDWXVRIZLWKWKH
ORFDODXWKRULWLHVDQGFRPPXQLW\ZKHQHYHUFRQVLGHULQJDSRWHQWLDOVLWHIRUFDJHFXOWXUH
(ii) No-Go-Within Areas

7DEOHOLVWVGLVWDQFHVRIUHVWULFWHG]RQHVDURXQGJD]HWWHGHVWDEOLVKPHQWV
7DEOH 1RJRDUHDVZLWKLQSUR[LPLW\RIVRPHHVWDEOLVKPHQWVDURXQGFDQGLGDWHVLWHV
Establishment Distance with
not go within
Ȏ 6KRUHOLQH P
Ȏ $UHDVRIPLOLWDU\RUVHFXULW\LQWHUHVWRUDFWLYLWLHV NP
Ȏ 3XEOLVKHGDQFKRUDJHVZKHUHVKLSVDQGERDWVDQFKRUDQGWKHLUGHࢉQHGEHUWKV P

VXࢇFLHQWVSDFHIRUDYHVVHOWRPDQRHXYUH

Establishment Distance with

not go within
Ȏ 6KRUHOLQH P
Ȏ 0DUNHGQDYLJDWLRQFKDQQHOVIRUVKLSVRUIHUULHVRUDQ\RWKHUIRUPRIZDWHU P
WUDQVSRUW
Ȏ (VWDEOLVKHGKDUERUVZKHUHVKLSVDQGERDWVVHHNVKHOWHUIURPVWRUP\ZHDWKHURU NP

DUHVWRUHGIRUIXWXUHXVHDQGKDUERUDSSURDFKHV
Ȏ 0DULQDVRUPRRULQJDUHDVZLWKVWUXFWXUHVWRZKLFKYHVVHOVPD\EHVHFXUHGVXFK P
DVSLHUV
Ȏ )LVKVDQFWXDULHVDQG0DULQH3URWHFWHG$UHDV03$ NP
Ȏ &DEOHVSLSHOLQHVDQGGULOOLQJSODWIRUPV P
Ȏ 3DUNVFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGKHULWDJHRUWRXULVWVLWHV P
Ȏ *D]HWWHGࢉVKEUHHGLQJVLWHVࢉVKVSDZQLQJDQGQXUVHU\JURXQGV P
Ȏ ([LVWLQJGRPHVWLFDQGLQGXVWULDOZDWHULQWDNHDQGH[WUDFWLRQSRLQWV P
Ȏ )LVKPLJUDWLRQURXWHV P
Ȏ ([LVWLQJFDJHFXOWXUHDUHDV NP
Ȏ ([LVWLQJK\GURSRZHUSODQWV NP
Ȏ &RUH=RQHVRI5DPVDUVLWHV NP
Ȏ $UHDVJD]HWWHGXQGHUWKH/DFXVWULQH6WDWXWRU\,QVWUXPHQW NP
Ȏ $UHDVZKHUHZDWHUGHSWKDQGTXDOLW\ࢊXFWXDWLRQLVKLJKVXFKDVVHDVRQDOULYHUV P
Ȏ .QRZQFRPPRQDQGLPSRUWDQWࢉVKLQJJURXQGV NP
Ȏ (࢈XHQWGLVFKDUJLQJJDWHVRILQGXVWULDOXUEDQH࢈XHQWVDQGRWKHUZDVWHGLVSRVDO P
points
Ȏ 5LYHUDQGVWUHDPPRXWKVDQGVRXUFHV RUNP
Ȏ /DQGLQJVLWHV P
Ȏ :HHGKRWVSRWVHJZDWHUK\DFLQWK P
Ȏ 5HFUHDWLRQDOIDFLOLWLHV P
NOTE: $OZD\VYHULI\WKHOHJDOVWDWXVRIZLWKWKHORFDODXWKRULWLHVDQGFRPPXQLW\ZKHQHYHUFRQVLGHU-
LQJDSRWHQWLDOVLWHIRUFDJHFXOWXUH
x) Access to services and shore facilities

/DQGDORQJWKHVKRUHLVUHTXLUHGIRU
Ȏ 2ࢇFHVVWRUHVDQGZRUNVKRSVKRXVLQJDQGXWLOLWLHVWRUXQVXFKIDFLOLWLHV
Ȏ 3LHUIRUGRFNLQJERDWV
Ȏ /DQGIRUWKHIDUPVKRXOGLQDQHDVLO\DFFHVVLEOHDUHDWRFDJHVLWH
y) 6HFXULW\
6HFXULW\DJDLQVWWKHIWDQGYDQGDOLVP

(YDOXDWLQJWKH6LWH
7KHDERYHGDWDFDQEHHYDOXDWHGXVLQJ
L 6LPSOHVFRULQJWRROVIRUVPDOOIDUPVࢉJXUH
LL UHPRWHGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVVXFKDV*,6IRUODUJHIDUPVIXUWKHUDZD\IURPVKRUH
)LJXUH ([DPSOHRID6FRULQJ&DUGIRU(YDOXDWLQJ&DJH6LWHV
Factor Possible Score Actual Score Criteria/Comments
Temperature
6DOLQLW\
2[\JHQ
3ODQNWRQ
&XUUHQWV
)RXOLQJDQGREVWUXFWLYH
aquatic plants
*D]HWWHDUHDV
K\GURORJ\
'HSWKEDWK\PHWU\
6XEVWUDWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
:LQGDQGZDYHV
climate
SUHGDWRUV
pollution
7LGDOGHEULV
Total Score
4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm

4.4.3.1 Estimating the number of cages per site
7KHRSWLPXPQXPEHURIFDJHVWKDWFDQEHSODFHGDWDVLWHGHSHQGVRQWKHVLWHVFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
(Module 5IRUPRUHGHWDLOV
7RGHWHUPLQHWKLVWKHIROORZLQJVWHSVVKRXOGEHIROORZHGDSSHQGL[IRUPRUHGHWDLOV
$VVHVVVLWHVXLWDELOLW\
(VWLPDWHVLWHFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
3URSRVHGPDQDJHPHQWIRUVLWH
(VWLPDWHGQXPEHURIFDJHVIRUWKHGLࢆHUHQWPDQDJHPHQWFRQGLWLRQVSHUVLWHFDWHJRU\
$WVLWHVWKDWUDQNORZIHZHUFDJHVVKRXOGEHVWRFNHG

4.4.4 Cage Construction

4.4.4.1 Basic Components of Cage
7KHEDVLFFRPSRQHQWVRIDFDJHDUHWKHIUDPHEDJDQGPRRULQJࢉJXUH
)LJXUH %DVLF&RPSRQHQWVRID)ORDWLQJ&DJH
aa) 1. The Frame

Ȏ 7KHIUDPHKROGVWKHQHWLQSRVLWLRQDQGSURYLGHVDSRLQWIRUDWWDFKLQJWKHࢊRDWVDQFKRUOLQH
DQGFRYHU
Ȏ 8VHZDWHUDQGZHDWKHUUHVLVWDQWVWURQJGXUDEOHPDWHULDOVWKDWUHPDLQVHPLEXR\DQWDIWHU
WKHࢊRDWVDQGZHLJKWVDWWDFKHGWRPDNHWKHIUDPH
Ȏ 6XLWDEOHPDWHULDOVLQFOXGH39&+'3(PHWDOOLFURGVDQGEDPERR
Ȏ 7KHZDYHPRYHPHQWDQGVWUHQJWKDWWKHVLWHGHWHUPLQHWKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHIUDPHWRXVH
(i) Rigid frames GRQRWIROORZZDYHPRYHPHQW0D\EHPDGHRISROHVVWHHORUSODVWLF0RUH
VXLWHGWRVKHOWHUHGLQVKRUHED\VRUVPDOOLPSRXQGPHQWVHJSRQGVGDPV
(ii) Frames with jointsIROORZZDYHIRUFHWRVRPHH[WHQW
(iii) Flexible framesIROORZZDYHPRYHPHQWV2IWHQPDGHRISODVWLF0RUHVXLWHGIRURSHQRࢆ-
VKRUHDUHDVZLWKJUHDWHUZDYHPRYHPHQWࢉJXUH
)LJXUH 7\SHVRI&DJHIUDPHV
Rigid frame Rigid frame doubling as work platform

bb) 2. The Bag
Ȏ 7KHPHVKQHWWLQJWKDWKROGVWKHࢉVK
Ȏ 0D\EHPDGHRIࢊH[LEOHRUULJLGPDWHULDOVHZQ
Ȏ 7KHVL]HRIPHVKXVHGPXVWEHELJHQRXJKWRSHUPLWRSWLPXPZDWHUH[FKDQJHWKURXJKDQG
VPDOOHQRXJKWRHQVXUHWKHࢉVKZLWKLQWKHFDJHFDQQRWHVFDSHDVOLVWHGEHORZVHHࢉJXUH
L +DWFKHU\FDJHV
LL 1XUVHU\FDJHV
LLL *URZRXWFDJHV
Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials
Hatchery netting Nursery netting Grow-out cage netting
cc) 6LQNHUV
6LQNHUVDUHDWWDFKHGGLUHFWO\WRWKHEDJWRPDLQWDLQLWVVKDSH
6LQNHUVVKRXOGEH
Ȏ :DWHUUHVLVWDQW
Ȏ 7KHHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVQRWDEO\VDOLQLW\FXUUHQWVDQGZDYHVVL]HRIFDJHDQGELR-
PDVVRIࢉVK)DVWHUFXUUHQWVDQGZDYHVUHTXLUHGKHDYLHUVLQNHUV0DWHULDOVVKRXOGZLWKVWDQG
HQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV
Ȏ 7KHZHLJKWRIWKHVLQNHUVVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGWKDWRIWKHIUDPH

Ȏ ,URQEDUVLQNHUVVKRXOGEHHQFORVHG39&SLSHVWRSUHYHQWUXVWLQJ
Ȏ +DSDVLQNHUVFDQEHPDGHIURPPLQHUDOZDWHUERWWOHVࢉOOHGZLWKVDQGRUFRQFUHWHVHLQHQHW
x ,ĂƉĂƐŝŶŬĞƌƐĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵŵŝŶĞƌĂůǁĂƚĞƌďŽƚƚůĞƐĨŝůůĞĚǁŝƚŚƐĂŶĚŽƌ
VLQNHUV ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐĞŝŶĞŶĞƚƐŝŶŬĞƌƐ͘

6LQNHUVPD\EHࢉ[HGLQVLGHRURXWVLGHWKHEDJGHSHQGLQJRQ
^ŝŶŬĞƌƐŵĂǇďĞĨŝǆĞĚŝŶƐŝĚĞŽƌŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞďĂŐĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶ͗
• x dŚĞƐŝǌĞŽĨĐĂŐĞ:&ŽƌĐĂŐĞƐůĂƌŐĞƌƚŚĂŶϮǆϮŵĞƚĞƌƐ͕ĂƚƚĂĐŚƚŚĞƐŝŶŬĞƌƐ
The size of cage:)RUFDJHVODUJHUWKDQ[PHWHUVDWWDFKWKHVLQNHUVRXWVLGHWKHFDJHEH-
ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞĐĂŐĞďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐĚŝĨĨŝĐƵůƚƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞƐŝŶŬĞƌĨƌŽŵĂůĂƌŐĞĐĂŐĞ
FDXVHLWLVGLࢇFXOWWRUHPRYHVLQNHUIURPDODUJHFDJHࢉJXUH
;ĨŝŐƵƌĞϮϴͿ͘
)LJXUH $WWDFKPHQWRIH[WHUQDOVLQNHUVWRDODUJHFDJH
ƌĂĐŬĞƚƐŝŶĨƌĂŵĞ
ĨƌĂŵĞ
ĂŐĞďĂŐ
ZŽƉĞƐŽƌĐŚĂŝŶƐĂƚƚĂĐŚŝŶŐ
ƐŝŶŬĞƌƚŽĨƌĂŵĞ
^ŝŶŬĞƌ

Figure 28. Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage.
[58]
x tŝůĚĨŝƐŚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĂƋƵĂƚŝĐĂŶŝŵĂůƐŽƵƚƐŝĚĞĐĂŐĞ͗>ĂƌŐĞĐĂƚĨŝƐŚůŝǀŝŶŐǁŝůĚŝŶ
ŵĂŶͲŵĂĚĞƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌƐĐĂŶƉƵƐŚƵƉĐĂŐĞƐƚŽŬŶŽĐŬŽƵƚƚŚĞĨĞĞĚ͘/ŶƐƵĐŚĐĂƐĞƐ
ƵƐĞĂƌŝŐŝĚĐĂŐĞ͕ŚĞĂǀŝĞƌƐŝŶŬĞƌƐŽƌĂŶĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŽƌĞǆƚĞƌŝŽƌĐĂŐĞ
ĨƌĂŵĞǁŝƚŚǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ;ĨŝŐƵƌĞϮϵͿ͘
• :LOG ࢆVK DQG RWKHU DTXDWLF DQLPDOV RXWVLGH FDJH /DUJH FDWࢉVK OLYLQJ ZLOG LQ PDQPDGH
UHVHUYRLUVFDQSXVKXSFDJHVWRNQRFNRXWWKHIHHG,QVXFKFDVHVXVHDULJLGFDJHKHDYLHU
VLQNHUVRUDQDGGLWLRQDOLQWHUQDORUH[WHULRUFDJHIUDPHZLWKYHUWLFDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH 'RXEOH/9+'QXUVHU\FDJHIRURࢆVKRUHXVHLQDODNHRUULYHU1RWHWKHLQQHUFDJHXV
ࢆQHUPHVKZKLWHLQWRZKLFKMXYHQLOHVDUHLQLWLDOO\VWRFNHG:KHQWKH\JURZROGHUWKHLQQHU
FDJHLVSXOOHGRXW)RUVXFKVPDOOFDJHVWKHVLQNHULQWKHLQQHUFDJHLVPDGHRIDQDLUWLJKW
VHDOHGSODVWLFIUDPHࢆOOHGZLWKVDQGRUDQLURQEDU
7RS)UDPHZLWKIHHGLQJULQJ
ࢇRDWVDQGFDJHQHWDWWDFKHG
2XWHUFDJHPDGHRIODUJH
PHVKVL]HIRUJURZRXW7KLV
is a locally woven cage coated
with food-grade bitumen to
improve ability to withstand
exposure once installed
Inner Cage
6LQNHUVKDSHGWRࢆWERWWRPRI
cage and maintain cage shape
6HOHFWLQJWKH$SSURSULDWH6KDSHDQG6L]HRI&DJHIRUD3DUWLFXODU6LWH
a. Cage shape
&DJHVFDQEHRIDQ\VKDSHDQGVL]H0RVWFDJHVDUHVTXDUHUHFWDQJXODURUFLUFXODU7DEOHH[-
SODLQVWKHDGYDQWDJHVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHGLࢆHUHQWFDJHW\SHV
7DEOH $GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI5HFWDQJXODUDQG&LUFXODU&DJHV
Cage Shape Advantage Disadvantage
Rectangular • (DVHRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ • %HDUPRUHLPSDFWRIZDYH

• &DQSURGXFHODUJHPRGXODU VWUXFWXUHV forces at corners which can
HYHQWXDOO\UHVXOWLQEUHDNDJH
• +DYHDKLJKHUVXUIDFHDUHDYROXPHUDWLR LQVLWHVZKHUHZDYHDFWLRQ
KHQFHKLJKHUZDWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHZLWKLQWKH is great (Polygonal collars
QHWVRFDQVWRFNKLJKHUGHQVLWLHVSHUXQLW have more corners than
YROXPH rectangular cages so can
• &DQXVHࢉ[HGRUࢊH[LEOHQHWWLQJ withstand wave stress better).
• 3UHIHUDEOHLQVKHOWHUHGED\VVKDOORZZDWHUV • 1RWVXLWHGWRRSHQRࢆVKRUH
DQGIDLUO\HXWURSKLFZDWHUV sites
Circular • +LJKHUVXUIDFHSHULPHWHUUDWLRIRUDQ\JLYHQ • ORZHUVXUIDFHDUHDYROXPH

YROXPHKHQFHOHVVPDWHULDOLVXVHG+HQFH UDWLR !ZDWHUH[FKDQJH
ORZHUFRVWSHUXQLWYROXPHFRPSDUHGWR through cages is lower hence
rectangular cages FDQQRWEHVWRFNHGDWKLJK
• )RUVRPHVSHFLHVEHWWHUXWLOLVDWLRQRIVSDFHDV GHQVLWLHVSHUXQLWYROXPHDQG
FRUQHUVRIUHFWDQJXODUFDJHVDUHOHVVXWLOLVHG QRWVXLWHGWRHXWURSKLFZDWHUV
• /LJKWHULQZHLJKWKHQFHVLPSOHUPRRULQJDQG • &RQVWUXFWLQJFROODUVUHTXLUHV
ࢊRDWLQJV\VWHPV PRUHVNLOODQGWHFKQRORJ\
• %HDUZDYHIRUFHVHTXDOO\VLGHVKHQFH •
ZLWKVWDQGG\QDPLFVWUHVVEHWWHUKHQFHFDQEH
XVHGLQOHVVVKHOWHUHGVLWHVIXUWKHURࢆVKRUH
&DQUHSODFHRUDGGDQ\RQHFRPSRQHQWPRGXOHZLWKRXWDࢆHFWLQJWKHUHVWRIWKHFDJH

E &DJH6L]H
&KRLFHRIWKHVL]HRIFDJHGHSHQGVRQWKHVLWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGH[SHFWHGG\QDPLFVWUHVVRQWKH
FDJHDULVLQJIURPZDYHDFWLRQWDEOH
7DEOH $GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRI6PDOODQG/DUJH&DJHV
Cage Size Advantages Disadvantages
Small cages • HDVLHUWRVRUWDQGJUDGH • 0RUHFRVWO\WRFRQVWUXFWSHUXQLW

YLVXDOO\PRQLWRUKHDOWKDQG
IHHGLQJ
Large cages • cheaper to construct per unit • PRUHGLࢇFXOWDQGFRVWO\PDQDJHGXULQJ

DVVDYHPDWHULDOHJP RSHUDWLRQHJUHPRYDORIPRUWDOLWLHV
cage will cost less to construct LQVSHFWLRQRIQHWVPRQLWRULQJKHDOWKHWF
WKDQWZRPFDJHV • ODWHUDOVXUIDFHDUHDYROXPHUDWLRUHGXFHV
• easier to manage fewer large WKHODUJHUWKHFDJHLUUHVSHFWLYHRIZKHWKHU
cages on a farm rather than LWVUHFWDQJXODUDQGFLUFXODU !ORZHUZDWHU
VHYHUDOVPDOORQHV H[FKDQJHUDWHWKDQVPDOOHUFDJHV
• JUHDWHUULVNRIORVVDVVRFLDWHGKROGLQJWHQVRI
WRQQHVLQDVLQJOHFDJHUDWKHUWKDQVHYHUDO
F6HOHFWLQJWKHPRVWVXLWDEOHW\SHRIFDJHIRUWKHVLWH
*XLGHOLQHVIRUFKRRVLQJWKHDSSURSULDWHFDJHIRUDSDUWLFXODUVLWHDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH
7DEOH,GHQWLI\LQJDSSURSULDWHFDJHIRUDVLWH
Site Characteristics Suitable Cage Type
Shape Size Volume
Sheltered waters 6TXDUHUHFWDQJXODU Large large

&DQEHPRGXODU
2SHQH[SRVHGZDWHUV &LUFXODUKH[DJRQDO small small
Good water quality $OOVKDSHV large large

KLJKOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGR[\JHQ
Suboptimal water quality 6TXDUHUHFWDQJXODU 6PDOO small

ORZOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGR[\JHQ &DQEHPRGXODU
DQGIDLUO\HXWURSKLFZDWHU)
4.4.4.3 Making the Cage

0DWHULDOVXVHGIRUFDJHFRQVWUXFWLRQVKRXOGEH
Ȏ ZDWHUDQGURWUHVLVWDQW
Ȏ OLJKWDQGVWURQJ
• weather resistant
• fouling resistant
Ȏ VPRRWKQRQDEUDVLYHIRUࢉVK
Ȏ GUDIWIUHH
Ȏ DࢆRUGDEOH

1. Rigid Cages
5LJLGFDJHVKDYHDVWXUG\IUDPHDOODURXQG7KHEDJPD\EHPDGHRIࢊH[LEOHRUULJLGPHVKPDWHUL-
DOࢉJXUH
Figure 30: Rigid cages
(a) 5LJLGFDJHZLWKࢇH[EOHPHVK$FROODUZLWK (b)5LJLGFDJHZLWKULJLGPHVK6XFKFDJHVDUH

ࢇRDWVFDQEHDWWDFKHGWRVXFKFDJHVWRPDNH
XVHIXOIRUWHPSRULO\KROGLQJࢆVKLQSRQGV
WKHPࢇRDW
Figure 30. Rigid cages
2. Floating Cages
)ORDWLQJ&DJHV
&ROODUVࢊRDWVDQGRUSODWIRUPVNHHSࢊRDWLQJFDJHVEXR\DQW7KH\KHOSEDODQFHWKHWRWDOGRZQZDUG
ŽůůĂƌƐ͕ĨůŽĂƚƐĂŶĚͬŽƌƉůĂƚĨŽƌŵƐŬĞĞƉĨůŽĂƚŝŶŐĐĂŐĞƐďƵŽǇĂŶƚ͘dŚĞǇŚĞůƉďĂůĂŶĐĞƚŚĞ
DQGXSZDUGVWDWLFIRUFHVIURPJUDYLW\DQGWKHZDWHUFROXPQWRNHHSWKHFDJHEXR\DQWࢉJXUHVDQG
ƚŽƚĂůĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚĂŶĚƵƉǁĂƌĚƐƚĂƚŝĐĨŽƌĐĞƐĨƌŽŵŐƌĂǀŝƚǇĂŶĚƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĐŽůƵŵŶƚŽŬĞĞƉ

ƚŚĞĐĂŐĞďƵŽǇĂŶƚ;ĨŝŐƵƌĞƐϯϭĂŶĚϯϮͿ͘
)ORDWLQJFDJHVDUHNHSWLQSRVLWLRQRQFHLQVWDOOHGE\WKHPRRULQJVHFWLRQ
&ůŽĂƚŝŶŐĐĂŐĞƐĂƌĞŬĞƉƚŝŶƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽŶĐĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚďǇƚŚĞŵŽŽƌŝŶŐ;ƐĞĐƚŝŽŶϰ͘ϰ͘ϱͿ
)LJXUH )RUFHVDࢆHFWLQJGHVLJQFULWHULDDQGLQVWDOODWLRQRIࢊRDWLQJFDJHV
ǁŝŶĚ
ŐƌĂǀŝƚǇ
ǁĂǀĞƐ

ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐ
WATER COLUMN
ďƵŽǇĂŶĐǇ
DŽŽƌŝŶŐ
ƐǇƐƚĞŵ
LAKE BOTTOM

Figure 31. Forces affecting design criteria and installation of floating cages.

currentscompetitive and sustainable aquaculture
Improved livelihoods through profitable, [61]
)LJXUH &ROODUV)ORDWVDQG3ODWIRUPV1RWHWKDWWKHVL]HRIFROODUࢇRDWRUSODWIRUPYDULHVZLWKWKH
VL]HRIFDJHDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV6HYHUDOFDJHVFDQEHDWWDFKHGWRRQHSODWIRUP
(b) 3ODVWLFGUXPVࢆOOHGZLWK3RO\VW\UHQH
(a) Polystyrene blocks attached to the
pieces then sealed to be water-tight. WKHࢇRDW
frame to make a collar. Cover them before
ZLOOVLQNUDWKHUWKDQࢇRDW:DWHULVKHDYLHUWKDQ
installation in water.
Styrofoam
(c) Floating wooden platform
3. Cage Cover
$OOFDJHVVKRXOGEHFRYHUHGZLWKRSDTXHQHWWLQJWR
Ȏ 3URWHFWࢉVKLQWKHFDJHIURPSUHGDWRUVVXFKDVRWWHUVELUGVDQGWKHIW
Ȏ /LPLWDPRXQWRIVXQOLJKWHQWHULQJWKHFDJHWRUHVWULFWWKHࢉVKYLVLRQRIREMHFWVDQGPRYHPHQWV
DERYHWKHFDJHWKDWPLJKWVWUHVVWKHPHJELUGV
Ȏ 8VHOLJKWZHLJKWDQGZHDWKHUUHVLVWDQWPDWHULDOIRUWKHFRYHU
4. Feeding Attachments
)HHGLQJ HQFORVXUHV DXWRPDWLF RU GHPDQG IHHGHUV FDQ EH DWWDFKHG WR WKH FDJHV IRU DGPLQLVWHULQJ
IHHGV
Ȏ )HHGHQFORVXUHIRUࢊRDWLQJIHHGVLVDULQJRUDER[SRVLWLRQHGLQWKHWRSFHQWUHRIWKHFDJHZLWK
DQRSHQERWWRPDQGUHPRYDEOHWRSFRYHU,WVKRXOGH[WHQGFPEHORZDQGFPDERYHWKH

ZDWHUVXUIDFH,WVSXUSRVHLVWRSUHYHQWORVVRIࢊRDWLQJIHHGZKLOHDOORZLQJWKHࢉVKIUHHDFFHVV
WRWKHIHHG:DWHUVXUIDFHDUHDLQVLGHWKHIHHGFRQWDLQHUVKRXOGEHRIWKHWRWDOFDJH
VXUIDFHDUHD)ORDWLQJIHHGHQFORVXUHVVKRXOGEHSODFHGLQWKHFHQWUHRIFDJHVࢉJXUH
Ȏ 'HPDQGIHHGHUVPD\EHXVHGDVWULFNOHIHHGHUV
Ȏ 6ROLGRUࢉQHPHVKWUD\FRYHULQJRIWKHFDJHERWWRPZLWKWRFPUDLVHGVLGHVLIVLQNLQJ
IHHGVDUHXVHG
)LJXUH$WWDFKPHQWIRUIHHGLQJVLQNLQJSHOOHWVLQFDJHV
)RUIHHGLQJULQJVDQGGHPDQGIHHGHUVVHH0RGXOH6L[
4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm

4.4.5.1 Positioning of Cages
:KHQSRVLWLRQLQJFDJHVRQWKHIDUP
Ȏ 6HWWKHPSHUSHQGLFXODUWRFXUUHQWWRRSWLPLVHZDWHUH[FKDQJHWKURXJKWKHFDJHࢉJXUHVWR
Ȏ (DVHDFFHVVWRWKHFDJHVWRKDUYHVWIHHG
Ȏ $OORZQDWXUDOPRYHPHQWURXWHVRIRWKHUDTXDWLFDQLPDOVHJRWWHUVDQGWKHLUKDELWDWV
Ȏ 0DLQWDLQPLQLPXPGLVWDQFHVEHWZHHQFDJHVWRPLQLPLVHULVNVRISRRUZDWHUTXDOLW\ZLWKLQFDJHV
DQGGLVHDVHVSUHDGEHWZHHQFDJHV
D /+9'FDJHVWKHPLQLPXPGLVWDQFHVKRXOGEHPLQEHWZHHQFDJHVZLWKLQWKHVDPHURZDQG
PLQEHWZHHQURZV
E +9/'ȁGHSHQGVRQWKHGLDPHWHURIWKHFDJHV)RUPGLDPHWHUFDJHQRWOHVVWKDQP
DSDUW
)RUIHHGLQJULQJVDQGGHPDQGIHHGHUVVHH0RGXOH6L[

Figure 34: Positioning Cages. )LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHPDQQHULQZKLFKFDJHVVKRXOGEHSODFHGLQD

ZDWHUERG\&DJHVVKRXOGEHSRVLWLRQHGLQDVLQJOHOLQHSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHFXUUHQW7KLV
LVWRHQVXUHWKDWZDVWHVDUHZDVKHGRXWRIWKHFDJHV,IWKH\DUHSRVLWLRQHGLPSURSHUO\LQD
FKHTXHUERDUGIDVKLRQZLWKRXWVSDFHVLQEHWZHHQWKHFDJHVLQWKHPLGGOHDQGHQGZLOOUHFHLYH
WKHZDWHUZLWKZDVWHVIURPWKHFDJHVRQWKHLQࢇRZVLGH
Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned

in a Single File with Adequate Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly
Spacing Between Cages and Positioned with No Spacing.
Rows.
4.5.5.2. Fixing the Cages in Position

&DJHVDUHࢉ[HGLQWRSRVLWLRQZLWKZKDWȆVWHUPHGWKH‘mooring system’7KHPRRULQJV\VWHPKDVWZR
FRPSRQHQWV
L 7KHPRRULQJFRPSULVLQJWKHDQFKRUVJURXQGFKDLQVURSHVDQGUHODWHGVKDFNOHVDQGEXR\V
ࢉJXUH
LL 7KHJULGZKRVHFRPSRQHQWVDUHWKHIUDPHURSHVPRRULQJEXR\VFRQQHFWRUULQJVRUSODWHVEUL-
GOHVDQGUHODWHGVKDFNOHV7KHJULGV\VWHPNHHSVDVHWRIFDJHVZLWKLQWKHIDUPLQJDUHD

)LJXUH %DVLFFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH0RRULQJ
Buoy showing Smaller buoy showing position
position of anchor where anchor rope connects to
cage frame.
Water level
Knot/joint where
Cage frame
both anchor
ropes/chains are
joined
Anchor ropes
sinker
Thimble metal loop through
which rope is fixed to anchor)
ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ
Anchor hook fixing anchor
into substrate

dd) Consideration for Making the Mooring
7KHPRRULQJGHSHQGVRQ
L 7KHGHVLJQW\SHDQGQXPEHURIFDJHV
LL 6LWH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV ZDYHV FXUUHQWV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VXEVWUDWH )RU
H[DPSOH ZKHUH FXUUHQWV DUH VWURQJ VHFXUH WKH FDJHV LQ WKH SRVLWLRQ RI OHDVW UHVLVWDQFH WR WKH
SUHYDLOLQJZLQGVDQGFXUUHQWV,QVKHOWHUHGVLWHVZLWKSRRUZDWHUFLUFXODWLRQPRRUFDJHVLQWKH
SRVLWLRQWKDWDOORZVIRUWKHEHVWZDWHUH[FKDQJH
$WWHQWLRQPXVWEHSDLGWRPRRULQJEHFDXVHLWLQࢊXHQFHV
Ȏ WKHOHYHORIVWUHVVRQWKHVWUXFWXUDOHOHPHQWVRIWKHFDJH
Ȏ EHKDYLRURIFDJHVLQURXJKZHDWKHU
Ȏ OHYHOVRISURGXFWLRQDQGSURࢉWDELOLW\
Ȏ VWDࢆVDIHW\
&DJHVFDQEHPRRUHGLQWZRZD\VDVGHVFULEHGLQWDEOHDQGࢉJXUH
7DEOH 7\SHVRI0RRULQJ
Mooring system Description Comments
Single point &DJHVDUHVHFXUHGIURPRQH • VLQJOH/9+'

SRLQWDOORZLQJWKHPWRPRYHLQ • QRWUHFRPPHQGHGLQH[SRVHGVLWHV
DFRPSOHWHFLUFOHGHSHQGLQJRQ
position of least resistance to the • GLVWULEXWHZDVWHRYHUODUJHUVXUIDFH
SUHYDLOLQJZLQGZDYHVFXUUHQW DUHDWKDQWKHPXOWLSOHSRLQWV\VWHP
IRUFHVLQWHUFDJHIRUFHVDQG • OHVVVLWHDUHDLVXVHGIRUWKHIDUP
WRUVLRQDOIRUFHVDWOLQNDJHV FRPSDUHGWRPXOWLSOHSRLQWV\VWHP
because much less surface area is
WDNHQXSE\WKHPRRULQJVWUXFWXUHV
Multiple point 0RRULQJDUHDWWDFKHGWRPRUHWKDQ • use up more farm space than the

RQHSRLQWRIWKHFDJHV VLQJOHSRLQWV\VWHP

)LJXUH ([DPSOHVRIFRQࢉJXUDWLRQRIPRRULQJV\VWHP7KHQXPEHUDQGURZVRIFDJHVPD\EH
LQFUHDVHGLQPXOWLSOHSRLQWPRRULQJ
^ŝŶŐůĞĐĂŐĞ͕ƐŝŶŐůĞ
ƉŽŝŶƚŵŽŽƌŝŶŐ
DƵůƚŝƉůĞĐĂŐĞƐ͕ƐŝŶŐůĞƉŽŝŶƚ
ŵŽŽƌŝŶŐ
DƵůƚŝƉůĞƉŽŝŶƚŵŽŽƌŝŶŐ

0DLQWHQDQFHRI&DJHV
Ȏ :DVKGU\LPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUXVH
Ȏ 0HQGDQ\GDPDJHLQQHW
Ȏ 6WRUHZKHQKXQJLQDQHWVKHGWRDYRLGGDPDJH
2WKHU5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU&DJH)DUPV
7KHIROORZLQJDUHHVVHQWLDOWRROVQHFHVVDU\IRUFDJHIDUPV
Ȏ :DWHUWUDQVSRUWDFDQRHERDWRXWERDUGHQJLQHOLIHMDFNHWVDQGIXHOWRIDFLOLWDWHPRYHPHQWV
IURPWKHVKRUHWRWKHFDJHV
Ȏ /LIHMDFNHWV
4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

5HFLUFXODWLQJDTXDFXOWXUHV\VWHPV5$6ZHUHLQLWLDOO\GHVLJQHGWRPDLQWDLQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHZLWKLQ
WKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
7KHEDVLFFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH5$6V\VWHPDUHWKH
(i) %LRࢆOWHUWRUHPRYHVROXEOHZDVWHPDLQO\DPPRQLD
LL 3URGXFWLRQWDQNVIRUࢉVKUHDULQJ
(iii) Filtration unitFRPSULVLQJDVHGLPHQWDWLRQWDQNDQGࢉOWHUWRUHPRYHQRQVROXEOHZDVWHSDUWLFOHV
ࢉJXUHVWR

)LJXUH.H\&RPSRQHQWVRID5$66\VWHP
Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks

)LJXUH %LRࢉOWHU6XEVWUDWHDQG6XEPHUVLEOH3XPS
D 6XEVWUDWHXVHGLQELRࢆOWHU3ODVWLFVKDYLQJ (b) Submersible Pumps. 1RUPDOO\SODFHGLQVLGH

RUERWWOHWRSV XQLWZLWKࢆOWHUHGZDWHU
4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems

7KHREMHFWLYHLVWRRSWLPL]HQXWULHQWF\FOLQJRQWKHIDUPLQRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHRYHUDOOIDUPSURGXFWLRQDQG
SURGXFWLYLW\:DVWHIURPRQHDFWLYLW\LVFRQYHUWHGLQWRDUHVRXUFHIRUDQRWKHUDFWLYLW\
4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems

7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHPDMRULQWHJUDWHGࢉVKIDUPLQJV\VWHPVSUDFWLFHGRQWHUUHVWULDOIDUPV
D /LYHVWRFNSRXOWU\FXPࢉVKIDUPLQJ
E &URSFXPOLYHVWRFNFXPࢉVKIDUPLQJ
F &URSFXPࢉVKIDUPLQJࢉJXUHVDQG
)LJXUH ,OOXVWUDWLRQRI,QWHJUDWHG)LVK)DUP

Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms
6LPSOHSRXOWU\SHQSODFHGRYHUDࢆVKSRQG
Water from ponds can be used to irrigate
The waste feed and poultry droppings go
fruits and vegetables
directly into pond
&KDQQHODWHGJHRIULFHSDGG\IRUࢆVKLQ
6DPSOLQJࢆVKLQWKHSDGG\
LQWHJUDWHGULFHSDGG\ࢆVKFXOWXUH
4.6.2 Aquaponics
$TXDSRQLFVV\VWHPVDUHLQWHJUDWLQJWKH5$6IRUJURZLQJERWKࢉVKDQGSODQWV7KHSODQWVDUHJURZQ
LQQXWULHQWULFKZDWHUH࢈XHQWIURPWKHࢉVKWDQNVRQO\ZLWKRXWVRLORUDQ\VXEVWUDWHࢉJXUHDQG
)LJXUH $GDSWDWLRQRIWKH5$6LQWRDQ$TXDSRQLFV6\VWHP

Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System
$TXDSRQLFVXQLWVFDQEHHVWDEOLVKHGDQ\ZKHUH:KHQFRQVWUXFWLQJDQDTXDSRQLFVXQLW
Ȏ /HYHODQGࢉUPWKHJURXQGWRSUHYHQWVLQNLQJZKHQWKHZDWHUWDQNVDUHIXOO&RQFUHWHVODEV
FHPHQWRUVWRQHEORFNVDQGVWRQHFKLSSLQJVFDQEHXVHG
Ȏ /LPLWH[SRVXUHWRZLQGDQGUDLQ6LPSOHURRࢉQJLQFOXGLQJJUHHQKRXVLQJLVUHFRPPHQGHG
Ȏ (QVXUHDGHTXDWHVXQOLJKWIRUSODQWV
Ȏ 7KHUHPXVWEHDVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\WRUXQSXPSV
)DUP(࢈XHQW
/DQGEDVHGࢉVKIDUPVVKRXOGKDYHDVHGLPHQWDWLRQSRQGIHGE\WKHPDLQGUDLQDJHWRUHPRYHH[FHVV
VLOWDQGQXWULHQWVIURPWKHZDWHUEHIRUHLWVUHOHDVHGEDFNLQWRVWUHDPV
5HHGVFDQEHSODQWHGLQVXFKSRQGV$OWHUQDWLYHO\WKHZDWHUIURPIDUPVFDQEHFKDQQHOHGWRFURS
farms for irrigation

MODULE FIVE:
WATER QUALITY
MANAGMENT
7KHTXDOLW\RIZDWHUGHWHUPLQHVWKHVXFFHVVRUIDLOXUHIRUDQ\DTXDFXOWXUHRSHUDWLRQ7KLVPRGXOHH[-
SODLQVZK\ZDWHUTXDOLW\LVLPSRUWDQWIRUSURGXFWLRQWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWZDWHUTXDOLW\YDULDEOHVDQGKRZ
WRPDQDJHWKHPGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ
7KH,PSRUWDQFHRI:DWHU4XDOLW\LQ
Aquaculture
,QDTXDFXOWXUHZDWHUTXDOLW\UHIHUVWRDOOWKHSK\VLFDOFKHPLFDODQGELRORJLFDODWWULEXWHVRIZDWHUWKDW
DࢆHFW\LHOGV7KHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIZDWHUGLUHFWO\DࢆHFWWKHࢉVKȆVSK\VLRORJ\DQG
FRQVHTXHQWO\LWVSURGXFWLRQSHUIRUPDQFH:KHQZDWHUTXDOLW\LVVXERSWLPDOࢉVKEHFRPHVWUHVVHG
7KLVUHVXOWVLQWRSRRUJURZWKLOOKHDOWKDQGPRUWDOLW\
7KHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVVXVSHQGHGVROLGVWHPSHUDWXUHGLVVROYHGJDVHVS+
PLQHUDOFRQWHQWDQGWKHSUHVHQFHRIWR[LFPHWDOVLQZDWHUDUHODUJHO\LQࢊXHQFHGE\WKHZDWHUVRXUFH
6LWHVHOHFWLRQZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVIDFLOLW\GHVLJQDQGSURGXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWDOODࢆHFWZDWHUTXDOLW\

GXULQJSURGXFWLRQ+\GURORJLFDODVSHFWVVXFKDVZDWHUࢊRZUDWHDQGYROXPHDUHLPSRUWDQWIRUZDWHU
TXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQW
$TXDWLFSODQWVSK\WRSODQNWRQDQGDQLPDOV]RRSODQNWRQFRQVWLWXWHWKHELRORJLFDODWWULEXWHVRIZDWHU

TXDOLW\/LNHࢉVKWKH\DUHOLYLQJWKLQJVDQGWKHLUSUHVHQFHLQZDWHUGHSHQGVRQZDWHUKDYLQJZDWHU
TXDOLW\EHLQJIDYRXUDEOHIRUWKHLUVXUYLYDO6RPHSODQNWRQDUHEHQHࢉFLDOIRUࢉVKIDUPLQJEHFDXVHWKH\
DUHDVRXUFHRIIRRGIRUࢉVKDQGPRGHUDWHZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUV)RUH[DPSOHQLWULI\LQJEDFWHULD
FRQYHUWWR[LFDPPRQLDLQWROHVVWR[LFDPPRQLXP:KHQIDUPLQJࢉVKWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWV
IRUXVHIXODTXDWLFRUJDQLVPVLVDOVRFRQVLGHUHG:DWHUTXDOLW\DOVRDࢆHFWVWKHTXDOLW\DQGVDIHW\RIࢉVK
SURGXFHGIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQ
Ȏ 7KH WDEOH EHORZ VKRZV ZKLFK ZDWHU TXDOLW\ SDUDPHWHUV PXVW EH FRQWUROOHG IRU SURGXFWLRQ ࢉVK
KHDOWKDQGIRRGVDIHW\
5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production.

7KHPDMRUIDFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWZDWHUTXDOLW\GXULQJࢉVKSURGXFWLRQDUHWKHHQYLURQPHQWZDWHUVRXUFH
DQG SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHP :HDWKHU SDWWHUQV DQG FOLPDWLF IDFWRUV VXFK DV UDLQIDOO ambient tempera-
WXUHZLQGVDQGFORXGFRYHUDࢆHFWZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHSK\WRSODQNWRQJURZWKDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKH
GLVVROYHGR[\JHQ'2DQGS+OHYHOVRIVXUIDFHZDWHU0LQHUDOVLQVRLOV GLVVLSDWHLQWRWKHZDWHUDQG
GHWHUPLQHKDUGQHVVDONDOLQLW\DQGS+RIWKHZDWHU
6XUIDFHZDWHUVWKDWDUHH[SRVHGWRDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGDLUWHQGWREHZDUPHUZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRI
'2FRPSDUHGWRZDWHUIURPXQGHUJURXQGVRXUFHV6LPLODUO\VXUIDFHZDWHUVWHQGWREHPRUHDࢆHFWHG
E\HQYLURQPHQWDOSROOXWLRQKDYHZLOGࢉVKDQGSDWKRJHQVDVRSSRVHGWRXQGHUJURXQGZDWHU8QGHU-
JURXQGZDWHUVDUHFROGHUZLWKPRUHSUHVVXULVHGZLWKJDVHVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDW,QࢊXHQFH:DWHU4XDOLW\LQ)LVK)DUPLQJ
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
>ĂŶĚƵƐĞƉĂƚƚĞƌŶƐ
WŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ
tĞĂƚŚĞƌĂŶĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞ
WƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵ
tĂƚĞƌ dǇƉĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƐǇƐƚĞŵ
ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ
^ƚŽĐŬŝŶŐƌĂƚĞƐ
&ĞĞĚƐĂŶĚĨĞĞĚŝŶŐ
tĂƐƚĞĂĐĐƵŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶ
tĂƚĞƌƐŽƵƌĐĞ
^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ
hŶĚĞƌŐƌŽƵŶĚ

7KH PRVW FULWLFDO ZDWHU TXDOLW\ SDUDPHWHUV IRU ࢉVK SURGXFWLRQ DUH ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH '2 S+ DQG
DPPRQLD7KHLUOHYHOVLQZDWHUDUHLQࢊXHQFHGE\WKHPHWDEROLVPRIࢉVKDQGRWKHUDTXDWLFRUJDQLVPV
WKHEXࢆHULQJFDSDFLW\RIZDWHUSURGXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWLQFOXGLQJRIZDWHUYROXPHDQGࢊRZUDWHV
DQGWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDWWULEXWDEOHWRWKHZDWHUVRXUFH)DLOXUHWRPDLQWDLQWKHVHNH\
SDUDPHWHUVZLWKLQWKHRSWLPXPUDQJHVUHVXOWVLQWRࢉVKVWUHVVUHGXFHGIHHGLQJSRRUJURZWKGLVHDVH
DQGRUPRUWDOLW\7KHUHIRUHWKHVHNH\ZDWHUTXDOLW\YDULDEOHVPXVWEHPDLQWDLQHGZLWKLQWKHUHFRP-
PHQGHGUDQJHVGXULQJSURGXFWLRQWDEOH

Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges
Parameter Relevance to Production Recommended Range What happens when What happens when
Consistently below consistently above
recommended Value recommended value
Dissolved • )LVKEUHDWKHLQR[\JHQIRUWKHLU )URPPJOWRVDWXUDWLRQ • ȁPJO/HWKDOHVSHFLDOO\LI • $ERYHVDWXUDWLRQJDVEXEEOH

2[\JHQ PHWDEROLVP H[SRVHGIRUVHYHUDOKRXUV WUDXPD
• 'LVVROYHGR[\JHQLVQHHGHGWR • ȁPJO)LVKVXUYLYHEXW
R[LGLVHSRWHQWLDOO\WR[LFPHWDEROLF UHGXFHGPHWDEROLVPDQGIHHG
ZDVWHVLQWROHVVWR[LFIRUPV LQWDNH
HJDPPRQLD1+WRQLWULWH • )HHG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR)&5
12DQGWKHQQLWUDWH12 VKLJKHUVORZJURZWKVWUHVV
DQGR[LGDWLRQRIDQLRQVLQWR DQGLQFUHDVHGVXVFHSWLELOLW\WR
EDVLFFRPSRXQGVZKLFKUHGXFHV GLVHDVHUHVXOWV
IRUPDWLRQRIDFLGV
• %XLOGXSRIWR[LFZDVWHV
• %DFWHULDWKDWKHOSWUDQVIRUP EHFDXVHWKH\DUHQRWEURNHQ
ZDVWHVLQWROHVVWR[LFSURGXFWV GRZQR[LGLVHG
QHHGR[\JHQIRUWKHLU
PHWDEROLVP
Temperature • )LVKDUHFROGEORRGHGDQLPDOV o&WRo& • R&WRR&/RZHUOHWKDO • /RZHUVROXELOLW\RIR[\JHQ

7KHLUPHWDEROLFUDWHLVGLUHFWO\ limits VWUHVVDQGGHDWKDWH[WUHPH
LQࢊXHQFHGE\ZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH • R&WRR&3RRUJURZWK WHPSHUDWXUHV
• 5DWHDWZKLFKZDVWHVDUHEURNHQ DELOLW\WRUHSURGXFHJUHDWO\
GRZQDQGFKHPLFDOVGLVVROYH UHGXFHGLIDQ\DWDOO
faster in warmer waters • WRR&5HGXFHGIHHG
• $ࢆHFWVWKHVROXELOLW\RIR[\JHQ LQWDNHDQGJURZWKUDWHV
7KHZDUPHUWKHZDWHUWKHORZHU +LJKHU)&5)LVKPRUH
WKHVROXELOLW\RIR[\JHQ VWUHVVHGDWORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHV
WKHUHIRUHPRUHVXVFHSWLEOHWR
GLVHDVH
• 7LODSLDFDQQRWZLWKVWDQGWKH
VWUHVVRIKDQGOLQJZKHQZDWHU
WHPSHUDWXUHVDUHRR&DQG
EHORZ
• 2UJDQLFPDWWHUDQGRWKHU
ZDVWHEURNHQGRZQDW
VORZHUUDWH+LJKHUULVNRI

HXWURSKLFDWLRQ
[73]
[74]
Parameter Relevance to Production Recommended Range What happens when What happens when
Consistently below consistently above
recommended Value recommended value
pH • $ࢆHFWVWKHVROXELOLW\DQGFKHPLFDO WR • %HORZS+DFLGGHDWKSRLQW • ȁ6WUHVVIXOIRUࢉVKVORZ

IRUPVRIYDULRXVFRPSRXQGV • S+6XUYLYHEXWVWUHVVHGVORZ JURZWKUDWH
VRPHRIZKLFKFDQEHWR[LF JURZWKUHGXFHGIHHGLQWDNH • $ERYHDONDOLQHGHDWKSRLQW
KLJKHU)(('&219(56,215$7,2 $OOOLIHLQFOXGLQJEDFWHULDLQ
)&5V/RZHUOLPLWIRUWLODSLD SRQGZLOOGLHDWWKLVSRLQW
• +LJKHUSURSRUWLRQRI7RWDO • +LJKHUSURSRUWLRQRI7RWDO
$PPRQLXP1LWURJHQLQWKH $PPRQLXP1LWURJHQLQWKH
IRUPRILRQL]HGDPPRQLD IRUPRIXQLRQL]HGDPPRQLDLQ
ZKLFKࢉVKFDQWROHUDWHIRUVKRUW ZDWHUZKLFKLVPRUHWR[LFIRU
H[SRVXUHV WKHࢉVK
Alkalinity • ,QFRPELQDWLRQLQࢊXHQFHWKHEXࢆ- $ONDOLQLW\!SSP • ([WUHPHࢊXFWXDWLRQVS+ • :DWHUZLOOEHZHOOEXࢆHUHG

and HULQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHSRQGZDWHU OHYHOVGXULQJWKHGD\ZKLFKLV DQGGLXUQDOࢊXFWXDWLRQVLQS+
+DUGQHVV!SSP VWUHVVIXOWRWKHࢉVK ZLOOEHOHVVH[WUHPH
Hardness • +DUGQHVVLVFRPSRVHGPRVWO\RI
FDOFLXPDQGPDJQHVLXPZKLFK 7RWDODONDOLQLW\DQG • )LVKDUHXQGHUSK\VLRORJLFDO • )LVKZLOOEHOHVVVWUHVVHG
DࢆHFWWKHSK\VLRORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQ KDUGQHVVDERYHSSPLV stress SK\VLRORJLFDOO\
RIWKHࢉVK GHVLUDEOH
• ,QSRQGVDQGRSHQZDWHU • <RXQJࢉVKZLOOKDYHPRUH
• &DOFLXPIRXQGLQKDUGZDWHUVLV ERGLHVORZOHYHOVRISULPDU\ QDWXUDOIRRG
LPSRUWDQWIRUࢉVKHJJERQHDQG SURGXFWLRQZKLFKUHVXOWVLQ • +DUGZDWHUVLQFDWࢉVK
WLVVXHGHYHORSPHQW ORZHUQDWXUDOVRXUFHVRIIRRG KDWFKHULHVVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG
• $ONDOLQLW\DOVRFRQWUROV
WKHDPRXQWDQGIRUPRI
FDUERQGLR[LGHLQZDWHU
Ammonia • $PPRQLDRFFXUVLQWZRIRUPV )LVKFDQWROHUDWHWR • )LVKDUHKDSSLHVWZKHQWKHUHLV • 7KHXQLRQLVHGIRUPDPPRQLD

GHSHQGLQJRQWKHDFLGLW\RI PJORIDPPRQLD OLWWOHRUQRDPPRQLDLQZDWHU LVWR[LF+LJKOHYHOVRI

WKHZDWHU7KHXQLRQLVHGIRUP ZLWKRXWDVLJQLࢉFDQW GLVVROYHGDPPRQLDLQZDWHU
RIDPPRQLD1+LVPRUH QHJDWLYHHࢆHFWRQ QHJDWLYHO\DࢆHFWDPPRQLD
GRPLQDQWZKHQWKHZDWHULV SURGXFWLRQDVORQJDV H[FUHWLRQEORRGS+HQ]\PH
DONDOLQHDQGWKHLRQLVHGIRUP WKHOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHG V\VWHPVDQGWKHSK\VLFDO
DPPRQLXP1+ZKHQWKH R[\JHQDQGZDWHU LQWHJULW\RIERG\WLVVXHV
ZDWHULVDFLGLF7RWDO$PPRQLXP temperature are within HVSHFLDOO\WKHJLOOVRIࢉVK
1LWURJHQ7$1LVWKHFRPELQHG WKHUHFRPPHQGHGUDQJH *LOOGDPDJHLPSDLUVR[\JHQ
PHDVXUHRILWVWZRIRUPV FDWࢉVKFDQZLWKVWDQG XSWDNHDQGRVPRUHJXODWLRQ
XQLRQLVHGDPPRQLD1+DQG OHYHOVRIDPPRQLDRIXSWR EHFRPHVLPSDLUHG
DPPRQLXPLRQ1+7KH PJOWRPJOIRURQO\ • )LVKVXFFXPEPRUHWRDWWDFNV
OHYHOVRIHLWKHUIRUPDOVRGHSHQG VKRUWSHULRGV E\WUHPDWRGHVDQGRWKHU
DVZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH7DEOH parasites
6RPHVSHFLHVPD\UHTXLUHVRIWZDWHU5LYHUVLQUDLQIRUHVWXVXDOO\KDYHVRIWZDWHUVOHVVWKDQPJOZKLOHZDWHUVIURP(DVW$IULFDȆVJUHDWODNHVDUH
XVXDOO\DERYHPJO
'LVVROYHGR[\JHQ'2

'2OHYHOVLQDSURGXFWLRQXQLWDUHPDQDJHGE\
L &RQWUROOLQJR[\JHQFRQVXPSWLRQUDWHVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
LL $HUDWLRQ
LLL 2[\JHQDWLRQ
LY %LRORJLFDOO\
a. &RQWUROOLQJR[\JHQFRQVXPSWLRQUDWHVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
'2XWLOLVDWLRQZLWKLQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVDVDࢉVKPHWDEROLVPEDFWHULDDQGRUJDQLFZDVWHFDQEH
FRQWUROOHGE\
Ȏ 6WRFNLQJZLWKLQWKHOLPLWVRIFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\VHHVHFWLRQ
• 0LQLPLVHEXLOGXSRIRUJDQLFZDVWHDQGRWKHUVXVSHQGHGVROLGVLQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVE\ࢇXVK-
ing out waste and limiting levels of organic inputs to what is necessary
b. Aeration
$LULVLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHZDWHUWRLQFUHDVHWKHOHYHOVRI'2$HUDWRUVDUHXVHGWRGRWKLV
Ȏ 7\SHVRI$HUDWRUV
1. Submersible Aeration: $LULVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKHDWPRVSKHUHXVLQJDLUSXPSVEORZHUVRU
FRPSUHVVRUVDQGLVUHOHDVHGXQGHUWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHWKURXJKGLࢆXVHUV'LࢆXVHUVPD\EH
KLJKSUHVVXUHRUORZSUHVVXUHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDPRXQWRIDLUUHVLVWDQFHEXLOWZLWKLQWKH
GLࢆXVHUDVWKHDLUSDVVHVWKURXJKࢉJXUH
)LJXUH (TXLSPHQWIRUVXEPHUVLEOHDHUDWRUVDQGGLࢆXVHUV
Air pump Aquarium air pump
Air blower Tyre tube air blower
Air stones /RZSUHVVXUHGLࢃXVHUWXELQJ

0LFURSRUHGLࢃXVHUVKLJKSUHVVXUH
6XUIDFH$HUDWLRQ6XUIDFHDHUDWLRQLVGRQHPHFKDQLFDOO\E\WKURZLQJZDWHUIURPWKHZD-
WHUVXUIDFHXSLQWRWKHDLU$LULVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHZDWHUDVWKHZDWHUIDOOV7KHKLJKHU
WKHZDWHULVWKURZQXSDQGWKHVPDOOHUWKHZDWHUSDUWLFOHVWKHPRUHDLUJHWVLQFRUSRUDWHG
LQWRWKHZDWHU6XUIDFHDHUDWLRQLVPRUHFRPPRQO\GRQHLQSRQGVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH 6XUIDFHDHUDWRUV
Paddle wheel aerator
Dual-prop aerator
Trickle aeration with cascades.

3LFWXUHRQWKHULJKWVKRZVLOOXVWUDWHVKRZWKLVFDQEHGRQHVLPSO\RQIDUPWRGHJDVZDWHUIURPD
ERUHKROHLQWRPDLQKDWFKHU\VXSSO\ZDWHUWDQN

Ȏ )DFWRUVWRFRQVLGHUZKHQVHOHFWLQJDHUDWLRQHTXLSPHQW
)RUWDQNVWKHWRWDOZDWHUYROXPHDQGIRUSRQGVWKHWRWDOVXUIDFHDUHDWREHDHUDWHG
7RWDOࢉVKELRPDVVLQWKHXQLW
6RXUFHUHOLDELOLW\DQGFRVWRISRZHU
7\SHRISRZHURQWKHIDUPLHDFFHVVWRSRZHUOLQHVVLQJOHSKDVHWKUHHSKDVHVRODUJHQHU-
DWRUHWF
:LOODHUDWLRQEHXVHGIXOOWLPHRUSDUWWLPH"
0DLQWHQDQFHDQGUXQQLQJFRVWVRIWKHHTXLSPHQWSURSRVHG
$FFHVVWRWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUWIRULQVWDOODWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH
:KHWKHULWPDNHVHFRQRPLFVHQVHIRUWKHEXVLQHVV
c. Oxygenation
2[\JHQDWLRQLVWKHDGGLWLRQRISXUHR[\JHQLQWRZDWHU,WLVXVHGIRUOLYHࢉVKWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQ
WHPSRUDU\OLYHࢉVKKROGLQJIDFLOLWLHVHPHUJHQF\VLWXDWLRQVZKHQR[\JHQOHYHOVGURSWRRORZDQGLQ
VXSHULQWHQVLYHJURZRXWV\VWHPV3XUHR[\JHQJDVLVDYDLODEOHRQWKHORFDOPDUNHWLQSUHVVXUL]HG
F\OLQGHUV
,W LV QHFHVVDU\ WR KDYH R[\JHQ F\OLQGHUV ZLWK WKH DVVRFLDWHG DFFHVVRULHV LQ KDWFKHULHV RU RQ
LQWHQVLYHWDQNEDVHGIDFLOLWLHVIRUSDFNDJLQJOLYHࢉVKDQGHPHUJHQF\VLWXDWLRQV
d. Biological Processes
'LVVROYHGR[\JHQLQQRQDHUDWHGࢉVKSRQGVLVJHQHUDWHGGXULQJSKRWRV\QWKHVLVE\SK\WRSODQNWRQ
DQGIURPDLUZKHQZLQGEORZVRYHUWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHDQGPL[HVLQWRWKHZDWHUVHHVHFWLRQ
5.2.2 Temperature
7HPSHUDWXUHLVDSDFHVHWWHU7KHZDUPHUWKHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHIDVWHUWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIRUJDQLF
PDWWHUDQGࢉVKPHWDEROLVPLPSO\LQJDKLJKHUGHPDQGIRUR[\JHQ+RZHYHUWKHVROXELOLW\RIR[\JHQ
LQZDWHUIDOOVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJWHPSHUDWXUH,QWURSLFDOIUHVKZDWHUVSD\JUHDWHUDWWHQWLRQWRWKHLP-
SDFWVRIGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIRUJDQLFPDWWHU
:DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLQSRQGVDQGRXWGRRUWDQNVLVLQࢊXHQFHGE\DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGIUHTXHQF\
ZDWHUH[FKDQJH,QWDQNVZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVFDQEHPDQDJHGE\UHFLUFXODWLQJKHDWHGZDWHURUKRXV-
LQJWKHXQLWVXQGHUJUHHQKRXVHV
5.2.3 Organic Matter

'XULQJSURGXFWLRQRUJDQLFPDWWHULQSXWLVIURPIHHGVDQGPDQXUH2UJDQLFPDWWHULQFUHDVHVWKHGH-
PDQGIRU'2DQGWKHOLNHOLKRRGRISROOXWLRQXQOHVVLWLVEURNHQGRZQLQWRVPDOOHUOHVVFRPSOH[SDUWLFOHV
WKDWDUHOHVVWR[LF7KHbreak-down and assimilationRIRUJDQLFPDWWHUUHTXLUHVR[\JHQDQGEDFWHULD
DQGLVIDVWHUDWZDUPHUWHPSHUDWXUHV
&RQWUROOLQJRUJDQLFLQSXWOHYHOVLVNH\IRUPDQDJLQJ'2DQGRWKHUZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUV
such as ammonia.
Feeds: $VVRRQIHHGLVIHG'2FRQVXPSWLRQLQWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLWULVHVGXHWRWKHR[LGDWLRQRIIHHG
LQJHVWLRQDQGGLJHVWLRQE\WKHࢉVKDQGDVVLPLODWLRQRIXQHDWHQIHHGDQGIDHFHV7KHUHIRUHPLQLPLVH
WKHSUHVHQFHRIOHIWRYHUIHHGDQGIDHFHVZLWKLQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVE\
Ȏ )HHGLQJRQO\ZKDWWKHࢉVKFDQFRQVXPHDWHDFKPHDO

Ȏ 3UHIHUDEO\IHHGKLJKO\GLJHVWLEOHIHHGVWKDWKDYHDKLJKZDWHUVWDELOLW\IRUH[DPSOHVWHDP
H[WUXGHGࢊRDWLQJSHOOHWV
Ȏ (QVXUHWKDWGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVLQWKHSRQGGRQRWJREHORZPJOIRUVHYHUDOKRXUVDWD
WLPHDIWHUIHHGLQJHVSHFLDOO\LQWDQNV
Ȏ *LYHOHVVIHHGZKHQXVLQJDORZTXDOLW\IHHGWKDWGLVLQWHJUDWHVHDVLO\LQZDWHU
)RUPRUHGHWDLOVVHH0RGXOH6L[
2UJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUV,WLVEHWWHUWRDGGVPDOODPRXQWVRIPDQXUHPRUHIUHTXHQWO\UDWKHUWKDQDGGODUJH
DPRXQWVRQDQRFFDVLRQDOEDVLV,QWKLVUHJDUGFKHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUVDUHDGYDQWDJHRXVEHFDXVHWKH\DUH
FRQFHQWUDWHGVROXEOHQXWULHQWVRIQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXVIRUPRUHGHWDLOVVHHVHFWLRQ
5. 2.4 Ammonia
$PPRQLDLVWKHE\SURGXFWRISURWHLQmetabolismE\ࢉVKDQGEDFWHULDOGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIRUJDQLFPDW-
WHU,WRFFXUVLQWZRIRUPVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDFLGLW\RIWKHZDWHU7KHXQLRQLVHGIRUPRIDPPRQLD1+)
LVPRUHGRPLQDQWZKHQWKHZDWHULVDONDOLQHDQGWKHLRQLVHGIRUPDPPRQLXP1+) when the water
LVDFLGLF7RWDO$PPRQLXP1LWURJHQ7$1LVWKHFRPELQHGPHDVXUHRILWVWZRIRUPVXQLRQLVHGDP-
PRQLD1+DQGDPPRQLXPLRQ1+7KHOHYHOVRIHLWKHUIRUPDOVRGHSHQGRQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH
Controlling levels of Ammonia

/HYHOVRIDPPRQLDDUHPDQDJHGE\
D /LPLWLQJ)HHGLQJ5DWHV
E &RQWUROOLQJZDWHUS+WRSUHYHQWLWIURPULVLQJDERYH
F )HUWLOLVDWLRQ5HJLPH
G ,QFUHDVH:DWHU([FKDQJHWKURXJKSURGXFWLRQXQLWV
7XUELGLW\DQGFRORXUDWLRQRIZDWHU
7XUELGLW\LVWKHUHODWLYHFODULW\RUFORXGLQHVVRIZDWHUGXHVXVSHQGHGVROLGSDUWLFOHVGLVSHUVHGZLWKLQ
WKHZDWHUFROXPQ6XVSHQGHGVROLGVDUHXVXDOO\LQYLVLEOHWRWKHQDNHGH\HDQGPD\EHRUJDQLFRU
LQRUJDQLF,QSRQGVWXUELGLW\IURPJUHHQZDWHULVDJRRGLQGLFDWLRQRISRQGSURGXFWLYLW\+RZHYHULQ
LQGRRUWDQNVFOHDUZDWHULVSUHIHUUHG
5.2.6 Dissolved Gases

*DVHVZKHQGLVVROYHGLQWRWKHZDWHUXQGHUKLJKSUHVVXUHFDQEHKDUPIXOIRUࢉVKVHHModule Eight
9RODWLOHGLVVROYHGJDVHVFDQEHUHPRYHGE\VWULSSLQJZDWHUZLWKDQDHUDWRURUOHWWLQJWKHZDWHUVWDQG
H[SRVHGWRDLU
:DWHUYROXPHDQGH[FKDQJHUDWHV
:DWHU YROXPH DQG ࢊRZ DUH LPSRUWDQW LQ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW IRU WKH GLOXWLRQ DQG ࢊXVKLQJ RI
ZDVWHV
5.2.8 Fish Density

7KHSK\VLFDOFURZGLQJRIࢉVKDWKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLW\LVQRWWKHSULPDU\OLPLWLQJIDFWRUIRUSURGXFWLRQ
7KHSULPDU\OLPLWLQJIDFWRUVDWKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLW\LQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVDUHWKHORZOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHG
R[\JHQDQGWKHEXLOGXSRIPHWDEROLFZDVWHV

5.3 Carrying Capacity

7KHFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\LVWKHPD[LPXPELRPDVVWKDWFDQEHDFKLHYHGLQDQ\SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPࢉJXUH
Figure 49. Carrying Capacity
&DUU\LQJFDSDFLW\LVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHIROORZLQJIDFWRUV
L ࢉVKVSHFLHVDQGVL]H
(ii) ZDWHUTXDOLW\IDFWRUVQRWDEO\GLVVROYHGR[\JHQWHPSHUDWXUHDPPRQLDZDWHUࢊRZDQGYROXPH
LLL )HHG
'LࢆHUHQWVSHFLHVDQGVL]HVRIࢉVKKDYHGLࢆHUHQWZDWHUTXDOLW\UHTXLUHPHQWV)LVKIU\IRUH[DPSOHKDYH
KLJKHUPHWDEROLFUDWHVDQGQHHGPRUH'2)HHGVLQࢊXHQFHFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\EHFDXVHRIWKHLULPSDFW
RQ WKH OHYHOV RI VXVSHQGHG VROLGV DQG DPPRQLD :DWHU ࢊRZ DQG YROXPH LQࢊXHQFH FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\
EHFDXVH WKH\ GHWHUPLQH WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK ZDVWHV DUH ࢊXVKHG DQG GLOXWHG ZLWKLQ SURGXFWLRQ XQLWV
UHVSHFWLYHO\ࢉJXUH
)LJXUH /LPLWLQJIDFWRUVDQGWKHLULPSDFWRQ6WDQGLQJ&URSat Carrying Capacity
7KHPDQDJHPHQWRIZDWHUTXDOLW\LQWKHYDULRXVSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDLPVDWRYHUFRPLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\
FRQVWUDLQWVWRDFKLHYHWKHV\VWHPȆVRSWLPXPFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\

0DQDJLQJ:DWHU4XDOLW\LQWKHGLࢆHUHQW
Production Systems
5.4.1 Water Source

:DWHUTXDOLW\IURPWKHGLࢆHUHQWVRXUFHVFDQEHLPSURYHGDVGHVFULEHGLQWDEOH
7DEOH &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIXQGHUJURXQGDQGVXUIDFH
waters
Water Under-ground Water 6XUIDFH:DWHU
Quality
Parameter Common Recommendation Common Issue Recommendation
Issue
Dissolved low ([SRVHWRDLU :DWHUGUDZQ ([SRVHWRDLUR[\JHQDWLRQ

2[\JHQ R[\JHQDWLRQRU IURPZHWODQGV or aeration
aeration XVXDOO\ORZ'2
Temperature low 6WDQGLQRSHQ n/a

UHVHUYRLUKHDWZDWHU
Alkalinity/ *HQHUDOO\ 9HULI\OHYHOV 0D\EHVRIWZDWHU $GGDJULFXOWXUDOOLPH

hardness 0HGLXP
to high
pH 2IWHQ ([SRVHWRDLUR[\JHQ 6ZDPS\ZDWHUV ([SRVHWRDLUDGG

DFLGLF ation or aeration RIWHQDFLGLF agricultural lime
Ammonia n/a 5XQRࢆ 6LWLQJRIIDUPFKDQQHO

from animal
establishments
Turbidity n/a 5XQRࢆHXWURSKLF 3UHYHQWHURVLRQE\SDVV

waters ZDWHUFKDQQHOVVHWWOH
ZDWHU7UHDWPHQWVIRUDOJDH
Dissolved high 'HJDVZDWHUE\H[SR n/a

Gases VXUHWRDLUDHUDWLRQ
Organic n/a 6ZDPS\DUHD 6FUHHQPDMRULQOHWV

Matter WUDVKZDVWH VHWWOHPHQWSRQGSULRUWR
HQWU\FOHDQLQOHWFKDQQHO
Wild Fish n/a Various aquatic 6FUHHQLQOHWVNHHSLQOHW

DQLPDOVDQGSODQWV channels clear
Pollution rare 6LWHVHOHFWLRQFKHFN 0D\RFFXU 6LWHVHOHFWLRQ

ZDWHUSURࢉOHDWVRXUFH
7R[LF0HWDOV 0D\ $YRLGVXFKVLWHV 0D\RFFXU $YRLGVXFKVLWHV,IGXHWR

occur HQYLURQPHQWDORULQGXVWU\
DFFLGHQWVSXWLQSODFH
PLWLJDWLRQVPHDVXUHVDQG
PRQLWRULQJ
5.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds

7KHLQWHUDFWLRQRIIDFWRUVWKDWLQࢊXHQFHZDWHUTXDOLW\G\QDPLFVLQHDUWKHQSRQGVDUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQࢉJXUH


)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWZDWHUTXDOLW\G\QDPLFVLQSRQGV
5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds

3RQGVDUHOLPHGWRQHXWUDOLVHWKHDFLGLW\RISRQGVRLOVDQGZDWHULQRUGHUWR
L LPSURYHRUSHUPLWWKHVXUYLYDORIWKHIDUPHGࢉVK
LL SHUPLWQRUPDOUHSURGXFWLRQDQGJURZWK
LLL ,PSURYHUHVSRQVHWRIHUWLOLVDWLRQLQDFLGLFRUORZDONDOLQLW\SRQGV
/LPLQJLVEHQHࢉFLDOZKHQSRQGS+LVOHVVWKDQRUWRWDODONDOLQLW\LVOHVVWKDQPJO7KHFRPPRQHVW
ORFDOO\DYDLODEOHPDWHULDOVIRUOLPLQJDUH
Ȏ $JULFXOWXUDOOLPHFDOFLXPFDUERQDWH
Ȏ +\GUDWHGOLPHFRPPRQO\NQRZQDVEXLOGHUVȆOLPH
Ȏ 4XLFNOLPHFDOFLXPR[LGHEXUQWOLPHRUZKLWHZDVK
NOTE:&DOFLXPR[LGHDQGFDOFLXPK\GUR[LGHFDXVHWKHS+WRULVHUDSLGO\DERYHS+DQGDERYH
LVWR[LFIRUࢉVKDQGRWKHUDTXDWLFRUJDQLVPV)RUWXQDWHO\EHFDXVHWKH\DUHOHVVVWDEOHWKHS+DOVR
IDOOVEDFNGRZQLQDIHZGD\V&DOFLXPR[LGHDQGFDOFLXPK\GUR[LGHDUHWKHUHIRUHUHFRPPHQG-
HGDVGLVLQIHFWDQWVLQDTXDFXOWXUH
$JULFXOWXUDOOLPHLVSUHIHUUHGIRUPDQDJLQJVRLODQGZDWHUS+OHYHOV,WSURYLGHVDEHWWHUEXࢃ-
ering capacityEHFDXVHLWFRQWDLQVFDUERQDWH&RQVHTXHQWO\S+FKDQJHVDUHQRWDVGUDVWLFDQGࢊXF-
WXDWHEHWZHHQDQG$GGLWLRQDOEHQHࢉWVRIXVLQJDJULFXOWXUDOOLPHLQSRQGVLQFOXGH
• Increased soil pH7KLVLQWXUQUHVXOWVLQWKHLQFUHDVHGDYDLODELOLW\RISKRVSKRUXVLQWKHZDWHU

FROXPQZKLFKLPSURYHVSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQ
• Increased alkalinity and hardness of water
• Flocculate’s suspended soil particlesZKLFKKHOSVUHGXFHFOD\WXUELGLW\
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHGEXࢃHULQJFDSDFLW\RIZDWHU7KHUHIRUHOHVVS+ࢊXFWXDWLRQVLQSRQGV
• ,QFUHDVHGDYDLODELOLW\RIFDUERQLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQIRUSKRWRV\QWKHVLV

:KHQXVHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKIHUWLOLVDWLRQLPSURYHPHQWVLQZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGSURGXFWLRQDUHUHDOLVHG
NOTE:,ISRQGVDUHnot acidicOLPLQJZLOOQRWEHEHQHࢉFLDO
a. Recommended Liming Rates

7KHSRQGȆVOLPHUHTXLUHPHQWGHWHUPLQHVKRZPXFKOLPHWRDSSO\
)RUQHZSRQGVVRLOVDPSOHVWRWKHODERUDWRU\WRHVWDEOLVKWKHOLPHUHTXLUHPHQW
'XULQJSURGXFWLRQDFLGLW\OHYHOVRIZDWHUFDQEHGHGXFHGE\WKHSRQGȆVUHVSRQVHWRIHUWLOLVDWLRQ
DQGࢉVKEHKDYLRXU8VHOLWPXVSDSHUS+PHWHURUZDWHUTXDOLW\WHVWNLWWRDVVHVVWKHOHYHORIDFLGLW\
DQGHVWLPDWHOLPHUHTXLUHPHQW$ERXWȁNJKDDJULFXOWXUDOOLPHPD\EHDGHTXDWH
b. Application of Lime to Ponds

Ȏ /LPHEHIRUHIHUWLOLVDWLRQWRREWDLQPD[LPXPEHQHࢉWVIURPWKHIHUWLOLVHU
Ȏ ,QHPSW\SRQGVVSUHDGWKHOLPHXQLIRUPO\RYHUWKHSRQGERWWRPࢉJXUH
Ȏ 3RQGVPLJKWUHTXLUHOLPLQJGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ7KLVLVPRUHOLNHO\WRKDSSHQZKHUHSRQGVDUH
PDGHIURPSHUPHDEOHDFLGVRLOVZLWKKLJKVHHSDJHUDWHV,QVXFKFDVHPL[WKHOLPHZLWKZDWHU
DQGWKHQVSULQNOHRYHUWKHSRQG
)LJXUH $SSOLFDWLRQRIOLPHEHIRUHࢉOOLQJWKHSRQGZDWHU
5.4.2.2 Fertilisation
7KHPDMRUREMHFWLYHRIIHUWLOLVLQJWLODSLDSRQGVLVWRLPSURYHZDWHUTXDOLW\IRUSURGXFWLRQE\HQFRXUDJ-
LQJQDWXUDOSRQG productivity to enhance SK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQ7KHPDWHULDOVXVHGWRIHUWLOLVH
SRQGVDUHVRXUFHVRIQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXVZKLFKSURPRWHWKHJURZWKRISODQWV7KHVDPHIHU-
WLOLVHUVXVHGLQFURSSURGXFWLRQDUHDOVRXVHGWRIHUWLOLVHSRQGV
a. Types of Fertilizers, their Advantages and Disadvantages

7KHFRPPRQO\DYDLODEOHIHUWLOLVHUVIRUSRQGSURGXFWLRQDUH
2UJDQLF)HUWLOLVHUVȁ$QLPDOPDQXUHVDQGJUDVVHV
&KHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUV
1. Organic Fertilisers
6RXUFHVRIRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUVLQFOXGH
L 3RXOWU\GURSSLQJV
LL &RZGXQJ
LLL 3LJPDQXUH
LY *RDWDQGVKHHSGURSSLQJV
Y 5DEELWGURSSLQJV
YL *UHHQPDQXUHJUDVVHVDQGOHDYHV

2. Inorganic Fertilisers
,QRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUVFRQWDLQQLWURJHQSKRVSKRUXVDQGSRWDVVLXPHLWKHUDORQHRULQFRPELQD-
WLRQ7KHFRPPRQO\DYDLODEOHLQRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUVRQWKHORFDOPDUNHWDUHIRU
L 3KRVSKRUXVVRXUFHVȁ'LDPPRQLXP3KRVSKDWH'$3DQG7ULSOH6XSHU3KRVSKDWH

763
LL 1LWURJHQVRXUFHVXUHD
,QRUJDQLFIHUWLOLVHULVDYDLODEOHLQHLWKHUDJUDQXODURUOLTXLGIRUP7DEOHSURYLGHVDFRPSDUL-
VRQEHWZHHQSURVDQGFRQVRIRUJDQLFDQGFKHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUV
Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers

Organic Fertilisers Chemical Fertilisers (eg. DAP, TSP, Urea, MAP)
Ȏ &RQWDLQVWUDFHPLQHUDOVDQGYLWDPLQV Ȏ &RQWDLQVRQO\ZKDWWKHODEHOVD\VSOXVࢉOOHU
Ȏ 8VHVR[\JHQWRGHFRPSRVH Ȏ 'RHVQRWXVHR[\JHQZKHQGLVVROYLQJ
Ȏ ,VKLJKO\YDULDEOHLQFRPSRVLWLRQGHSHQGLQJ Ȏ 9DULHVOLWWOHLQFRPSRVLWLRQIURPZKDWLVLQGLFDWHG
RQIHHGVJLYHQDQGEHGGLQJXVHG on the label
Ȏ &DQKHOSUHGXFHWXUELGLW\GXHWRFOD\VLOWLQ Ȏ 'RHVQRWUHGXFHWXUELGLW\
WKHSRQGV
Ȏ &DQKHOSUHGXFHVHHSDJHLQSRQGV Ȏ 'RHVQRWDFWRQVHHSDJH
Ȏ 6RPHRIWKHLQJUHGLHQWVFDQEHGLUHFWO\ Ȏ ,VQRWGLUHFWO\FRQVXPHGE\WKHࢉVK
FRQVXPHGE\ࢉVK
Ȏ $QLPDOPDQXUHVPD\FRQWDLQXQZDQWHG
substances such as antibiotics
ATTENTION!!'RQRWXVH1LWURJHQFRQWDLQLQJIHUWLOLVHUVLQDUHVHUYRLUZKRVHPDLQIXQFWLRQLVGULQN-
LQJZDWHUIRUSHRSOH
b. Fertilisation Rates
:KHQIHUWLOLVLQJSRQGVWKHDLPLVWRHQVXUHDGHTXDWHOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGQLWURJHQDQGSKRVSKRUXV
LQWKHZDWHUFROXPQWRVXSSRUWSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQZLWKRXWDGYHUVHO\DࢆHFWLQJ'2OHYHOV
7KHUHFRPPHQGHGIHUWLOLVDWLRQUDWHVWRVXVWDLQDGHTXDWHSK\WRSODQNWRQEORRPVLQWLODSLDSRQGV
DUHNJKDZHHNRIQLWURJHQDQGNJKDZHHNRISKRVSKRUXVWDEOH
7DEOH*XLGHOLQHVIRU)HUWLOLVLQJ7LODSLD3URGXFWLRQ3RQGV
7\SH&RPELQDWLRQRI Amounts to Use* Comments
Fertiliser
Organic Manure’s
3RXOWU\'URSSLQJV NJPZHHN The actual quantities of

RUJDQLFPDQXUHWRDSSO\ZLOO
3RXOWU\OLWWHUXUHD NJPZHHNXUHDJP/ YDU\GHSHQGLQJRQZKHWKHULW
ZHHN LVIUHVKRUGULHGIRUUHDVRQV
PHQWLRQVDERYHLHRUJDQLF
&RZGXQJ NJPZHHN ORDGLQJDQGQXWULHQWFRQWHQW
&RPSRVWV Variable
Plant Meals

&RWWRQVHHGPHDOFDNH 8VXDOO\WRNJKD 3ODQWPHDOVDUHDOVRXVHG

SULPDULO\DVDIHHGLQWKHPRUH
6XQࢊRZHUVHHGPHDOFDNH H[WHQVLYHDTXDFXOWXUHV\VWHPV
VHHVHFWLRQ
Inorganic Fertilisers
8UHD763 JXUHDPZHHNDQGJ
763PZHHN
8UHD'$3 JXUHDPZHHNDQGJ
'$3PZHHN
8UHDRQO\ JXUHDPZHHNLH
JPZHHNDERXW
WDEOHVSRRQIXOV
'$3 JPZHHN
LHJSHUPSHUZHHN
RUWDEOHVSRRQIXOVZHHNO\IRU
HYHU\P
*7KHVSHFLࢉFDPRXQWRIIHUWLOLVHUUHTXLUHGLVSUDFWLFDOO\LQࢊXHQFHGDORWE\VSHFLࢉFSRQGDQGPDQDJH-
PHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFV+HQFHHYHU\IDUPHUVKRXOGDGMXVWTXDQWLWLHVWRREWDLQRSWLPXPOHYHOVRIIHUWLOLW\
2WKHUWKLQJVWRQRWHZKHQIHUWLOLVLQJSRQGV
Ȏ 7KHDPRXQWRISK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQKHQFHSKRWRV\QWKHVLVGHSHQGVRQWKHSURSRUWLRQ
RIWKHWRWDOZDWHUVXUIDFHDUHDH[SRVHGWRVXQVKLQH)HUWLOLVDWLRQUDWHVDUHWKHUHIRUHH[-
SUHVVHGDVNJKDZHHNRUNJPZHHN
Ȏ 7RDYRLG'2IDOOVDIWHUIHUWLOLVDWLRQDSSO\VPDOODPRXQWVRIPDQXUHIUHTXHQWO\UDWKHUWKDQ
ODUJHDPRXQWVLQIUHTXHQWO\
Ȏ 7LODSLDFRQWLQXRXVO\JUD]LQJRࢆWKHSK\WRSODQNWRQLQSRQGV2SWLPDOSODQNWRQGHQVLW\
VKRXOGEHPRQLWRUHGDQGPDLQWDLQHGGXULQJSURGXFWLRQWDEOH
Ȏ ,W LV SUHIHUDEOH WR SXUFKDVH VLQJOHQXWULHQW IHUWLOL]HUV UDWKHU WKDQ FRPSRXQG IHUWLOL]HUV FRQ-
WDLQLQJDOOWKHWKUHHPDLQQXWULHQWVIRUSODQWJURZWK7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHUHPD\EHPRPHQWV
ZKHQ RQH PD\ RQO\ QHHG WR DGG QLWURJHQ RQO\ RU SKRVSKRUXV RQO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ VRLO DQG
ZDWHUTXDOLW\YDULDEOHVWRPDLQWDLQRSWLPXPSK\WRSODQNWRQEORRP,IDOOWKDWLVDYDLODEOHLVD
FRPSRXQGIHUWLOL]HUSXUFKDVHWKHRQHWKDWFRQWDLQVDKLJKHUOHYHORISKRVSKRUXV3EHFDXVH
LQPRVWFDVHVSKRVSKRUXVLVWKHOLPLWLQJQXWULHQWLQࢉVKSRQGV
f. Managing Pond Fertility Levels

7LODSLDSURGXFWLRQLQSRQGVLVPRUHSURGXFWLYHZKHQWKHȅJUHHQZDWHUȆWHFKQLTXHLVXVHG3K\WR-
SODQNWRQDORQHFDQSURYLGHDVLJQLࢉFDQWDPRXQWRIQXWULWLRQIRU\RXQJWLODSLDXSWRDERXW
J$YRLGKDYLQJWRRPXFKRUWRROLWWOHSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQWDEOH
7DEOH &KDOOHQJHVZLWKWRROLWWOHRUWRRPXFKSRQGIHUWLOLW\
Too Low Too High
• ,QDGHTXDWHSK\WRSODQNWRQIRUࢉVKWR • ([FHVVLYHSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQ8QHDWHQ
JUD]H SK\WRSODQNWRQGLHVRࢆDQGVHWWOHVWRERWWRPRISRQG
,QFUHDVHGRUJDQLFPDWWHU
• /RZ'2 • *UHDWHUOLNHOLKRRGRIDQR[LDGXULQJQLJKWDQGHDUO\
morning

Too Low Too High
• &OHDUHUSRQGZDWHUPDNLQJLWHDVLHU • ([WUHPHGLXUQDOS+ࢊXFWXDWLRQV
IRUELUGVWRSUH\XSRQࢉVK
• *URZWKRIDTXDWLFZHHGVEHFDXVH • /LJKWFDQQRWSHQHWUDWHIDULQVXFKSRQGV
VXQUD\VSHQHWUDWHGHHSHU
• 0RUHVWUHVVIXOWRࢉVKDQGࢉVKNLOOVEHFRPHPRUHOLNHO\
• 3RQGVZLWKWRRKLJKIHUWLOLW\DUHGLࢇFXOWWRPDQDJH
$YRLGWKLVVLWXDWLRQ
Measuring Pond Fertility

7KHPRVWSUDFWLFDOZD\RIPHDVXULQJOHYHOVRIWXUELGLW\LQSRQGVLVZLWKDVLPSOHWRROFDOOHGD secchi
disc ࢉJXUH:KHQXVHGDQGLQWHUSUHWHGLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHFRORXURIZDWHULQWKHSRQGVȆRQH
LVEHWWHUDEOHWRGHFLGHZKHWKHUWRDGGPRUHIHUWLOL]HUWRWKHSRQGࢉJXUHDQGWDEOH7KHVHFFKL
GLVFVKRXOGEHXVHGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRORXURIWKHZDWHUWRPDNHPDQDJHPHQWGHFLVLRQVDV
GHVFULEHGLQWDEOH
+RZWR8VHD6HFFKL'LVFZLWKWKH5HIHUHQFH:DWHU&RORU&KDUWDQG,QWHUSUHWWKH5HVXOWV
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc

A secchi disc can easily be made by cutting out a
circle of diameter 20 cm from a piece of wooden
board or metal. Paint it white and black in equal
quadrants as shown. In the centre, drill a small hole
and pass a string or piece of wood through. Graduate
the piece of string or wood in cm.
Ȏ 7DNLQJ6HFFKL5HDGLQJV
Step 1. 7DNHVHFFKLUHDGLQJVGXULQJWKHGD\DWDERXWPLGGD\ZKHQWKHUHLVQRVKDGRZ,IWKLVLV
QRWSRVVLEOHWDNHUHDGLQJVDWDERXWWKHVDPHWLPHHYHU\GD\
Step 2. 3RVLWLRQ\RXUVHOIVXFKWKDWWKHUHLVWKHOHDVWDPRXQWRIVKDGRZIDOOLQJRYHUWKHVHFFKLGLVF
+ROGWKHURSHRUERDUGIURPZKLFKWKHVHFFKLGLVFLVVXVSHQGHGXSULJKWDQGUHOHDVHWKHVHFFKL
GLVFLQWRWKHZDWHUVRWKDWLWLVO\LQJࢊDWࢉJXUH
Step 3. 6ORZO\ORZHUWKHVHFFKLGLVFLQWRWKHZDWHUWRWKHSRLQWZKHUHLWVWDUWVEHFRPLQJLQYLVLEOH
DQG\RXFDQQRWFOHDUO\VHHLW5HDGIURPWKHPHDVXUHPHQW
Step 4. 6ORZO\UDLVHWKHVHFFKLGLVFRXWRIWKHZDWHUXQWLOLWMXVWVWDUWVWREHFRPHEHFRPHVYLVLEOH
0HDVXUHWKLVGHSWK
Step 5. *HWWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHVHWZRUHDGLQJV7KLVZLOOJLYH\RXWKHVHFFKLGHSWK
Step 6./RRNDWWKHUHIHUHQFHFRORXUFKDUWLQDQQH[WRDVVHVVZKDWVRUWRIWXUELGLW\\RXKDYH
ZKHWKHUSK\WRSODQNWRQRUFOD\

Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings
7DEOH 0DQDJHPHQW5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU0DLQWDLQLQJ3K\WRSODQNWRQ%ORRPVDW'LࢆHUHQW
Secchi Readings.
SECCHI DISC READING (cm) COMMENTS
Less than 20 cm 3RQGWRRWXUELG,ISRQGLVWXUELGZLWKSK\WRSODQNWRQWKHUHZLOO

EHSUREOHPVZLWKORZGLVVROYHGR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\
DWQLJKW:KHQWKHWXUELGLW\LVIURPVXVSHQGHGVROLGVHJFOD\
SURGXFWLYLW\ZLOOEHORZ'RQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU,IWKHUHLVD
IRXOVPHOOࢊXVKWKHSRQG
ȁFP 7XUELGLW\LVJRRGIRUWLODSLDSURGXFWLRQ'RQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU
LIWXUELGLW\LVOHVVWKDQFP/HYHOVRIIHUWLOLVDWLRQGXULQJ
SURGXFWLRQVKRXOGEHWRPDLQWDLQWKLVOHYHOZLWKWKHSUHVFULEHG
OHYHORIIHUWLOLVDWLRQ
ȁFP ,IWXUELGLW\LVIURPSK\WRSODQNWRQJUHHQLVKZDWHUWKHQWKH

SRQGLVLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQEXWWLODSLDJURZWKZLOOLPSURYHLIPRUH
SODQNWRQFDQEHSURGXFHGVRFRQWLQXHWKHZHHNO\DSSOLFDWLRQV
ȁFP 3K\WRSODQNWRQLVEHFRPLQJVFDUFH$GGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU\RXUSRQG
WRJHWDEHWWHUEORRP,I\RXGRQRWJHWDEORRPWKHQSUREDEO\
FKHFN\RXUS+DQGDONDOLQLW\$OVRPDNHVXUH\RXUSRQGLVQRW
OHDNLQJDQGWKDWLWLVQRWEHLQJȉࢊXVKHGȊ
More than 60 cm :DWHULVWRRFOHDU,QDGHTXDWHSURGXFWLYLW\DQGGDQJHURIDTXDWLF

ZHHGSUREOHPV,IWKHUHDUHDTXDWLFZHHGJURZLQJLQWKHSRQG
GRQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU:HHGWKHPRXWࢉUVWEHIRUHIHUWLOLVLQJ
WKHSRQG
g. Application of Fertilisers
0HWKRGVRI$SSO\LQJ2UJDQLF0DQXUH
(i) Crib Methodȁ$FRPSRVWFULELVPDGHRIZRRGHQSROHVDWRQHRUPRUHVLGHVRIWKHSRQG

1XWULHQWVIURPWKHFRPSRVWDUHVORZO\UHOHDVHGLQWRWKHSRQG,QVRGRLQJWKHSRQGJUDG-
XDOO\EHFRPHVIHUWLOLVHG&ULEVUHTXLUHIUHTXHQWWXUQLQJWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHUHOHDVHRIQXWULHQWV
$FULEVKRXOGEHDERXWRIWKHWRWDOSRQGDUHD&RQVLGHULQJWKHPDQDJHPHQWUHTXLUH-
PHQWVRIDFULEWKH\DUHPRUHDSSURSULDWHIRUVPDOOHUSRQGV
(ii) Bag Methodȁ$SRURXVEDJLVࢉOOHGZLWKPDQXUHDQGWLHGLQWKHFRUQHURIWKHSRQG7KH
EDJLVVKDNHQDQGWXUQHGZHHNO\RUGDLO\WRDOORZWKHQXWULHQWVZLWKLQVHHSRXW
(iii) Directly into the pondȁ0DQXUHPD\EHVSUHDGGLUHFWO\LQWRWKHSRQG:KHQSRQGVDOUHDG\
KDYHZDWHULWLVEHWWHUWRPL[WKHGXQJZLWKVRPHZDWHUࢉUVWWKHQVSULQNOHWKHPL[WXUHDURXQG
WKHSRQGࢉJXUH

)LJXUH$SSOLFDWLRQRI2UJDQLF0DQXUHVLQ3RQGV
Bag Method 6SUHDGLQJPDQXUHGLUHFOW\LQWRSRQG
Ȏ 0HWKRGVRIDSSO\LQJFKHPLFDOIHUWLOLVHUV
(i) Granular Fertilisersȁ:KHQEURDGFDVWHGRYHUWKHSRQGJUDQXODUIHUWLOLVHUVVHWWOHRQWKH
SRQGERWWRPࢉUVWEHIRUHGLVVROYLQJLQWRWKHZDWHU3KRVSKDWHLQWKHIHUWLOLVHULVVWURQJO\
DGVRUEHGELQGVE\SRQGPXG:KHQWKLVKDSSHQVPXFKRIWKHSKRVSKDWHQHYHUHQWHUV
WKHZDWHUFROXPQ7KHUHIRUHLWLVEHWWHUWRGLVVROYHWKHIHUWLOLVHUࢉUVWLQZDWHUWRSUHYHQWLW
VHWWOLQJWRWKHSRQGERWWRP6SULQNOHWKHPL[WXUHRYHUWKHSRQG
*UDQXODUIHUWLOLVHUVFDQDOVREHDSSOLHGE\KHDSLQJRQXQGHUZDWHUSODWIRUPRUSODFLQJWKHPLQ
DSRURXVEDJRQXQGHUZDWHUSODWIRUPVRUVXVSHQGHGRQSROHQHDUWKHSRQGLQOHWRUIURPWKH
HQGRIWKHSRQGZKHUHWKHSUHYDLOLQJZLQGEORZV7KHZDWHUFXUUHQWVVORZO\ZDVKWKHIHUWLOLVHU
LQWRWKHSRQG
7KHSODWIRUPVRUEDJVVKRXOGQRWVLWGLUHFWO\RQWKHSRQGȆVERWWRP7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHSKRV-
SKDWHZLOOEHUDSLGO\DGVRUEHGE\WKHERWWRPVRLODQGEHFRPHXQDYDLODEOHIRUWKHSK\WRSODQN-
WRQ7KHXVHRIEDJVDQGSODWIRUPVWRDSSO\IHUWLOLVHULVPRUHSUDFWLFDOLQODUJHSRQGV
(ii) /LTXLGIHUWLOLVHUVVKRXOGDOVREHGLOXWHGࢉUVWZLWKZDWHUEHIRUHDSSOLFDWLRQLQWRWKHSRQG
:KHQVWLOOFRQFHQWUDWHGOLTXLGIHUWLOLVHUVDUHKHDYLHUWKDQZDWHUDQGLISRXUHGGLUHFWO\ZLOO
VHWWOHDWWKHERWWRP'LVVROYHWKHIHUWLOLVHULQDEXFNHWRIZDWHUE\VWLUULQJࢉUVWDQGWKHQ
VSODVKWKHVROXWLRQDWGLࢆHUHQWSRLQWVDURXQGWKHSRQG
,WLVEHWWHUWRDSSO\IHUWLOL]HUVPLGPRUQLQJZKHQGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVDUHSLFNLQJXSWRDOORZ
HQRXJKKRXUVRIVXQVKLQHWRREWDLQPD[LPXPEHQHࢉWVIURPVXQVKLQH
h. Other Important Points to Note on Fertilisation

,I\RXDUHIHUWLOLVLQJ\RXUSRQGWRHQKDQFHࢉVKSURGXFWLRQXVHWKH‘static water’
technique. 'RQRWDOORZZDWHUWRFRQWLQXRXVO\ࢊRZWKURXJK\RXUSRQGRWKHUZLVHSRQG
IHUWLOLW\DQGSODQNWRQDUHORVW2QO\WRSXSZDWHUWRUHSODFHHYDSRUDWLRQDQGRUVHHSDJHRU
ZKHQWKHUHLVDQHHGWRࢊXVKWKHSRQG
'R1RW)HUWLOLVH\RXU3RQGLI
D -XVWEHIRUHKDUYHVWLQJDQGRUVDPSOLQJࢉVKLQWKHSRQG
E ,IWKHSRQGLVYHU\PXGG\:KHQPXGG\SRQGVDUHIHUWLOLVHGRQHJHWVDHXJOHQDEORRP
WKDWIRUPVRQWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHUDWKHUWKDQDEOXHJUHHQSK\WRSODQNWRQEORRPXQLIRUPO\
GLVWULEXWHGZLWKLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQ7KHJHQHUDOUHVSRQVHWRIHUWLOLVDWLRQLVDOVRSRRU
F ,IWKHUHDUHPDFURSK\WHVODUJHSODQWVJURZLQJLQWKHSRQGVLQFHRQO\PDFURSK\WHVJURZ
1LOHWLODSLDFDQQRWFRQVXPHWKHVHPDFURSK\WHV

G ,I\RXQRWLFHWKHࢉVKSLSLQJLQWKHSRQGVODWHLQWRWKHPRUQLQJIRUDQXPEHURI
FRQVHFXWLYHGD\V7KLVLVDQLQGLFDWLRQWKDWOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDUHGURSSLQJWR
DOPRVW]HURGXULQJWKHQLJKW$GGLQJPRUHPDQXUHLQWKLVFDVHLQFUHDVHVWKHGHPDQG
IRUR[\JHQDVPRUHRUJDQLFPDWWHULVSXWLQWRWKHSRQG,QDGGLWLRQLQFUHDVLQJWKH
DPRXQWRISK\WRSODQNWRQZLOORQO\VHUYHWRZRUVHQWKHVLWXDWLRQDWQLJKWZKHQWKH
SK\WRSODQNWRQrespires
H ,I\RXUVHFFKLGLVFUHDGLQJLVOHVVWKDQFP7KLVLVDVLJQWKDWWXUELGLW\OHYHOVDUHKLJK
,IWKHSRQGZDWHULVEURZQWKHQWKHSRQGLVPXGG\,IRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHSRQGLV
JUHHQWKHQWKHIHUWLOLW\OHYHOVRIWKHSRQGDUHWRRKLJK
I ,I\RXUSRQGZDWHUKDVDEDGVPHOO7KLVLVDVLJQRIDQXWULHQWRYHUORDG<RXZRXOGKDYH
to ȂࢇXVKȃWKHSRQGLQVWHDG
J 'RQRWIHUWLOLVHSRQGVRQDUDLQ\GD\V7KHUHLVQRQHHGWRIHUWLOLVHSRQGVRQUDLQ\FORXG\
GD\VEHFDXVHWKHUDLQVKDOOGLOXWHWKHIHUWLOLVHUDQGWKHUHZLOOEHLQDGHTXDWHVXQVKLQHIRU
SKRWRV\QWKHVLV
3. Trust your Observations

'RQRWUHO\HQWLUHO\RQQXPEHUV:KHQGHFLGLQJZKHWKHUWRDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHUWRWKHSRQGRU
KRZPXFK\RXVKRXOGDGGHDFKWLPHREVHUYHWKHZDWHUFRORXUZDWHUWXUELGLW\WDNHQRWHRI
WKHVPHOODQGࢉVKEHKDYLRXU,IWKHࢉVKVKRZVLJQVRIVWUHVVRUDEQRUPDOEHKDYLRXUWKHSRQG
VPHOOVEDGRUWKHWXUELGLW\OHYHOVDUHWRRKLJKGRQRWDGGPRUHIHUWLOLVHU

&RQWURORI.H\:DWHU4XDOLW\3DUDPHWHUVLQWKH'LࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV
7DEOH 0DQDJLQJ&RPPRQ:DWHU4XDOLW\,VVXHVLQWKH'LࢆHUHQW3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPV
Water Earthen Ponds Flow Through Tanks Cages Re-Circulatory Aquaponics
Quality and Raceways Systems
Parameter
Low DO • ,PSURYHSRQGIHUWLOLW\LI • $HUDWLRQDQG • 6LWHVHOHFWLRQȁ • $HUDWLRQDQG • $HUDWHZDWHU

too low R[\JHQDWLRQ DYRLGVLWHVZLWKD R[\JHQDWLRQ • 'RQRWRYHUIHHG
• )OXVKSRQGGRQRW • 'RQRWRYHUIHHG ORWRIVLOWFORVHWR • 'RQRWRYHUIHHG
DORWRIYHJHWDWLRQ • 5HPRYHH[FHVVIHHGDQG
DGGIHUWLOLVHULIVHFFKL • 5HPRYHH[FHVVIHHG • 5HPRYHH[FHVV waste
UHDGLQJORZHUWKDQ SRLQWVRIH࢈XHQW
DQGZDVWH GLVFKDUJHIURP IHHGDQGZDVWH • Maintain optimum water
UHFRPPHQGHG
• Maintain optimum ODQGDQGKLJKO\ • Maintain optimum H[FKDQJHUDWHVDQGZDWHU
• 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJ ZDWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHV eutrophic sites ZDWHUH[FKDQJH YROXPH
GHQVLWLHV DQGZDWHUYROXPH UDWHVDQGZDWHU
• 2SWLPXPVWRFNLQJ • 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHV
• 5HGXFHIHHGLQJ • 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJ rates YROXPH
• 'DLO\PRQLWRULQJRI'2
• $HUDWHDWQLJKW GHQVLWLHV • &DJHDOLJQPHQW • 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJ LQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVDIWHU
ZKHQ'2OHYHOVDUH • 'DLO\PRQLWRULQJRI'2 with respect to GHQVLWLHV IHHGLQJ
FRQVLVWHQWO\ORZ LQSURGXFWLRQXQLWV FXUUHQWVPHVK • 'DLO\PRQLWRULQJ •
• 'RQȆWȆFRQWLQXRXVࢊRZ DIWHUIHHGLQJ VL]HVDQGGLVWDQFH RI'2LQ
ZDWHUWKURXJKLQSRQGV between cages SURGXFWLRQXQLWV
XQGHUVWDWLFJUHHQ LQFRQVLGHUDWLRQ DIWHUIHHGLQJ
-water management RIHࢆHFWLYHZDWHU
•
H[FKDQJHWKURXJK
• 3RQGGHVLJQDQG cages •
PDLQWHQDQFH)UHH
ERDUGKHLJKWVKRXOG • 5HJXODU
QRWEHWRRKLJKFRQWURO PRQLWRULQJRI'2
VLOWDWLRQDQGDYRLG LQFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
VKDOORZSRQGV RIVHDVRQDODQG
GLXUQDOFKDQJHV
Low • 1RWPXFKFDQEHGRQH • 1RWPXFKFDQEHGRQH • 1RWPXFKFDQ • 1RWPXFKFDQ • 1RWPXFKFDQEHGRQHGXH

temperature GXHWRVHDVRQDORU GXHWRVHDVRQDORU EHGRQHGXH EHGRQHGXH to seasonal or weather
weather weather to seasonal or to seasonal or
• ,QKLJKDOWLWXGH • ,QKLJKDOWLWXGH weather weather
areas green-housing areas green-housing • +HDWZDWHUWR

GHSHQGLQJRQFRVW GHSHQGLQJRQFRVW units
HࢆHFWLYHQHVV HࢆHFWLYHQHVV • *UHHQKRXVLQJ
[89]
[90]
Parameter
Low • /LPHSRQGVZLWK&D&2 • 'RVHLQOHWZDWHUZLWK • $YRLGVXFKVLWHV • 'RVHLQOHWZDWHU • 'RVHLQOHWZDWHUZLWK&D&2

Alkalinity/ (agricultural lime) &D&2DJULFXOWXUDO ZLWK&D&2 (agricultural lime)
hardness lime) (agricultural lime)
Too high pH • &RQWUROSRQGIHUWLOLW\ • 'DLO\UHPRYHH[FHVV • 1RWPXFKFDQ • 'DLO\UHPRYH • 'DLO\UHPRYHH[FHVVIHHG

ZKHUHDVVRFLDWHG IHHGDQGZDVWHIURP EHGRQHLIGXHWR H[FHVVIHHGDQG DQGZDVWHIURPWDQNV
ZLWKH[WUHPHGLXUQDO WDQNV VHDVRQDOYDULDWLRQV ZDVWHIURPWDQNV • $GMXVWZDWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHV
changes • $GMXVWZDWHUH[FKDQJH LQGLXUQDOF\FOHV • $GMXVWZDWHU • $GMXVWIHHGLQJUHJLPHV
• /LPHSRQGVZLWK&D&2 rates • ,IFRQVLVWHQW H[FKDQJHUDWHV
(agricultural lime) to change sites • $HUDWLRQRUR[\JHQDWLRQ
• $GMXVWIHHGLQJUHJLPHV • $GMXVWIHHGLQJ
LPSURYHSRQGEXࢆHULQJ regimes
FDSDFLW\ • $HUDWLRQRU
R[\JHQDWLRQ • $HUDWLRQRU
• )OXVKSRQGVZLWKKLJKHU R[\JHQDWLRQ
WKDQQRUPDOIHUWLOLW\
ORZVHFFKLUHDGLQJV
Low pH • /LNHO\WREHDWWRZDUGV • 'DLO\UHPRYHH[FHVV • 6LWHVHOHFWLRQȁ • &RQWUROOHYHOVRI • &RQWUROOHYHOVRI&2

HDUO\PRUQLQJ&RQWURO IHHGDQGZDVWHIURP DYRLGVLWHVZLWKD &2EXLOGXSLQ EXLOGXSLQV\VWHPHJE\
OHYHOVRISRQGIHUWLOLW\ WDQNV ORWRIVLOWFORVHWR V\VWHPHJE\ GHJDVLQJ
• &KHFNDONDOLQLW\DQG • &KHFNDONDOLQLW\DQG DORWRIYHJHWDWLRQ GHJDVLQJ • 'DLO\UHPRYHH[FHVVIHHG
KDUGQHVV,IORZOLPH KDUGQHVV SRLQWVRIH࢈XHQW • 'DLO\UHPRYH DQGZDVWHIURPWDQNV
GLVFKDUJHIURP
SRQG • $GMXVWZDWHUH[FKDQJH H[FHVVIHHGDQG

ODQG ZDVWHIURPWDQNV
rates
• 1RWPXFKFDQ
• $GMXVWIHHGLQJUHJLPHV EHGRQHLIGXHWR
• $HUDWLRQRU VHDVRQDOYDULDWLRQV

R[\JHQDWLRQ LQGLXUQDOF\FOHV
• ,IFRQVLVWHQW
change sites
Ammonia • )OXVKSRQGV • $GMXVWZDWHUH[FKDQJH • &KHFNVHGLPHQW • &KHFNIXQFWLRQLQJ • &KHFNIXQFWLRQLQJRI

• $GMXVWIHHGLQJUHJLPHV rates TXDOLW\ RIELRࢉOWHU ELRࢉOWHU
DQGWHFKQLTXHV • $GMXVWIHHGLQJUHJLPHV • 5HORFDWHFDJHV • $GMXVWZDWHU • $GMXVWZDWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHV
• 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJUDWHV DQGWHFKQLTXHV H[FKDQJHUDWHV • $GMXVWIHHGLQJUHJLPHVDQG
• 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJUDWHV techniques
Parameter
• UHPRYHXQHDWHQIHHG • &OHDQWDQNVDQG • $GMXVWIHHGLQJ • 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJUDWHV

DQGRUJDQLFPDWWHU UHPRYHGXQHDWHQIHHG UHJLPHVDQG • &OHDQWDQNVDQGUHPRYHG
DFFXPXODWHGDWSRQG DQGRWKHURUJDQLF techniques XQHDWHQIHHGDQGRWKHU
bottom matter • 5HGXFHVWRFNLQJ organic matter
• )HHGKLJKO\GLJHVWLEOH rates • )HHGKLJKO\GLJHVWLEOHIHHGV
IHHGVZLWKKLJKZDWHU • &OHDQWDQNVDQG ZLWKKLJKZDWHUVWDELOLW\
VWDELOLW\)ORDWLQJ UHPRYHGXQHDWHQ )ORDWLQJSHOOHWVSUHIHUUHG
SHOOHWVSUHIHUUHG IHHGDQGRWKHU
organic matter
• )HHGKLJKO\
GLJHVWLEOHIHHGV
with high water
VWDELOLW\)ORDWLQJ
SHOOHWVSUHIHUUHG
High Clay turbidity ,IFOD\WXUELGLW\GXHWR • site selection • &KHFNWKDW • &KHFNWKDWVHWWOHPHQWWDQNV

Turbidity UXQRࢆDWZDWHUVRXUFH • 0D\EHGXHWR VHWWOHPHQWWDQNV DQGࢉOWHUVIRUVXVSHQGHG
• )ROORZUHFRPPHQGHG
VHDVRQDOYDULDWLRQ DQGࢉOWHUVIRU VROLGVDQGSODQWWDQNVDUH
SRQGGHVLJQDQG • SUHYHQWUXQRࢆ
VXVSHQGHGVROLGV ZRUNLQJZHOO
construction criteria entering water source • LIFRQVLVWHQW DUHZRUNLQJZHOO • $GMXVWࢊRZUDWHVDQGZDWHU
• 3UHYHQWUXQRࢆDQG DQGFRQWUROHURVLRQ FKDQJHVLWH
DURXQGZDWHUVRXUFH SDUWLFXODUO\LIFDXVH • DGMXVWࢊRZ H[FKDQJHLQV\VWHP
erosion
is inorganic or UDWHVDQGZDWHU • 6LSKRQRXWXQHDWHQIHHG
• $YRLGVKDOORZSRQGV ,IGXHWRVXVSHQGHGIHHG
UHODWHGWRDFWLYLWLHV H[FKDQJH DQGZDVWHIURPWDQNV
EHFDXVHRIZDGLQJ ZDVWHLQZDWHU
RQODQGLQIDUPV • FOHDQWDQNVDIWHU • FRQWUROIHHGLQJDQGDGMXVW
ELUGV • DGMXVWࢊRZUDWHVDQG SUR[LPLW\ IHHGLQJVLSKRQ IHHGLQJWHFKQLTXHV
• )HUWLOLVHZLWKRUJDQLF ZDWHUH[FKDQJH RXWXQHDWHQIHHG
manure to enhance • FOHDQWDQNVDIWHU DQGZDVWH
FROORLGELQGLQJFDSDFLW\ IHHGLQJVLSKRQRXW • FRQWUROIHHGLQJ
where construction soil XQHDWHQIHHGDQG DQGDGMXVWIHHGLQJ
ZDVRIKLJKFOD\FRQWHQW waste) techniques
Plankton • FRQWUROIHHGLQJ
• 5HGXFHIHUWLOLVDWLRQ DQGDGMXVWIHHGLQJ
rates techniques

• )OXVKSRQGV
[91]
[92]
Parameter
Organic • 5HPRYHH[FHVVRUJDQLF • 6LSKRQRXWXQHDWHQ • 6LWHVHOHFWLRQ • 6LSKRQRXW • 6LSKRQRXWXQHDWHQIHHG

Matter matter IHHGDQGZDVWHGDLO\ DYRLGLQJDUHDVZLWK XQHDWHQIHHGDQG DQGZDVWHGDLO\
• &RQWUROIHHGLQJ • $GMXVWZDWHUH[FKDQJH high organic matter ZDVWHGDLO\ • $GMXVWZDWHUH[FKDQJHUDWHV
UDWHVWRHࢆHFWLYHO\ • $OLJQPHQWRIFDJHV • $GMXVWZDWHU WRHࢆHFWLYHO\ࢊXVKRXWZDVWH
ࢊXVKRXWZDVWH with respect to H[FKDQJHUDWHVWR
currents to wash HࢆHFWLYHO\ࢊXVK
DZD\DFFXPXODWHG out waste
wastes at bottom • &KHFNWKDW
• 0RYHIDUPVLWH VHWWOHPHQWWDQNV
DIWHUVRPDQ\\HDUV DQGࢉOWHUVIRU
VXVSHQGHGVROLGV
DUHZRUNLQJZHOO
•
Wild Fish and • 6FUHHQLQOHWV • 3UHYHQWHQWU\LQWRIDUP • 3UHYHQWHQWU\LQWR • 3UHYHQWHQWU\LQWR • 3UHYHQWHQWU\LQWRIDUP

predators • 3UHYHQWHQWU\LQWRIDUP farm farm
• )UHHERDUGKHLJKW
VKRXOGQRWEHWRRKLJK
DQGSRQGVVKRXOGQRW
EHWRRVKDOORZ

0HWKRGVIRU0RQLWRULQJ:DWHU4XDOLW\
Parameter
7KHUHLVDQDVVRUWPHQWRIHTXLSPHQWWRPHDVXUHZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVUDQJLQJIURPHOHFWURQLFPH-
WHUVWHVWVWULSVWKHUPRPHWHUVDQGࢉHOGZDWHUDQDO\VLVNLWV0RVWDUHPXOWLSXUSRVH(OHFWURQLFPHWHUV
UHTXLUHFDOLEUDWLRQWRJLYHDFFXUDWHDQGUHOLDEOHUHVXOWV+DYHWKLVGHPRQVWUDWHGWR\RXE\WKHVXSSOLHU
Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment

Meters &RQGXFWLYLW\PHWHUVPHDVXUHWKH
HOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\DQGJLYHDQ
LQGLFDWLRQRIWKHOHYHORIPLQHUDOLVDLWRQ
RIWKHZDWHUSROOXWLRQ8VHGLQ
LQWHQVLYHDTXDFXWXUH
6DOLQLW\PHWHU
7XUELGLW\PHWHU
Oxygen meter pH meter Other meters used in aquaculture

Test strips
Multi-purpose 6LQJOHSDUDPHWHUWHVWVWULSS+
Test kits 0HDVXUHV
ȋ $PPRQLD1LWURJHQPJO
ȋ 1LWULWHPJO
ȋ S+
ȋ $ONDOLQLW\PJO
ȋ &DUERQ'LR[LGHPJO
ȋ &KORULGHPJO
ȋ 'LVVROYHG2[\JHQPJO
ȋ +DUGQHVVPJO
ȋ 7HPSHUDWXUHWRr&
6LQJOHSDUDPHWHU 0XOWLSXUSRVHࢆHOGDTXDFXOWXUHWHVWNLW
Turbidity/ 7XUGLW\PHWHUV
transparency PHDXVXUHFORXGLQHVV
WUDQVSDUHQF\FDXVHG
E\VXVSHQGHGVROLGV
6HFFKLGLVF
Temperature 0RVWRIWKHYDULRXV
ZDWHUTXDOLW\PHWHUV
can measure
temperature
Thermometer

ee) Collecting and sending water quality samples to a laboratory

1RW HYHU\RQH LV DEOH WR KDYH WKH QHFHVVDU\ HTXLSPHQW WR DVVHVV ZDWHU TXDOLW\ SDUDPHWHUV ,Q
DGGLWLRQVRPHWLPHVH[WUDSDUDPHWHUVQHHGEHPHDVXUHGIRUH[DPSOHZKHQ
Ȏ (VWDEOLVKLQJDQHZIDUP
Ȏ 7KHUHDUHࢉVKKHDOWKFKDOOHQJHVRQIDUPVXFKDVVXGGHQࢉVKNLOOV
Ȏ $GRSWLQJQHZSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVHTXLSPHQWDQGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHV
Ȏ 8QGHUWDNLQJFRPSUHKHQVLYHURXWLQHDQQXDORUELDQQXDOVDPSOLQJWRGHWHUPLQHLIWKHZDWHU
TXDOLW\QHHGVWREHDGMXVWHG
,QVXFKVLWXDWLRQVZDWHUVDPSOHVFDQEHFROOHFWHGDQGWDNHQWRWKHQHDUHVWODERUDWRU\
:KHQFROOHFWLQJZDWHUVDPSOHV
Ȏ 2EWDLQDFOHDQOLWUHVDPSOHERWWOHLQWKHࢉHOGRQHPD\XVHDQHZXQRSHQHGPLQHUDO
ZDWHUERWWOH(PSW\RXWWKHPLQHUDOZDWHU2WKHUZLVHFOHDQERWWOHVFDQEHREWDLQHGIURP
laboratories
• Label the bottle with sites information
Ȏ 2EWDLQVDPSOHVIURPZDWHUFROXPQZKHUHWKHUHLVQRGHEULVPXGDOJDHLQVXUIDFHࢉOP%H
FDUHIXOQRWWRVWLUXSVHGLPHQWVRIDFFXPXODWHGGHEULVIURPERWWRPRIWDQNV
Ȏ 3ULRUWRFROOHFWLQJVDPSOHULQVHWKHERWWOHWKUHHWLPHVZLWKWKHZDWHU\RXVKDOOWDNHWRWKH
ODERUDWRU\E\ࢉOOLQJERWWOH~IXOOFORVHFDSWKHQSRXURXWȁQRWEDFNLQWRVDPHVSRW
Ȏ 6XEPHUJHERWWOHDERXWFPIURPZDWHUVXUIDFHGHSHQGVRQGHSWKRIZDWHUFROXPQWR
GUDZZDWHUIRUVDPSOH
Ȏ :DWHUVDPSOHVVKRXOGEHNHSWFRROSUHIHUDEO\RQLFHDQGRXWRIWKHVXQDQGVXEPLWWHGWR
WKHODERUDWRU\DVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH,ISRVVLEOHUHGXFHGHOD\VGXULQJVKLSSLQJDQGDYRLGVXE-
mitting samples at times
Ȏ :KHQ WKH\ ZLOO UHDFK WKH ODERUDWRU\ RQ D KROLGD\ RU ZHHNHQG DV WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI WKH
YDULDEOHVPD\FKDQJHRYHUWLPHLQXQSUHVHUYHGZDWHUVDPSOHV
5.6 Water Treatment

7UHDWPHQWVPD\EHDGGHGWRZDWHUWRLPSURYHTXDOLW\LQH[WUHPHFDVHVSDUWLFXODUO\GXULQJOLYHWUDQV-
SRUWDWLRQGXULQJZKLFKWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUZDWHUH[FKDQJHDUHPLQLPDO
Alum AlumLVXVHGWRUHGXFHWXUELGLW\IURPFOD\SDUWLFOHVVXVSHQGHG
LQZDWHU
$OXPLVDFLGIRUPLQJDQGFDQVXEVWDQWLDOO\UHGXFHWRWDO
DONDOLQLW\DQGS+7KLVPDNHVDOXPXQVXLWDEOHIRUXVHLQSRQGV
ZLWKORZWRWDODONDOLQLW\DVLWPD\ORZHUS+WRSRLQWVZKHUHLWLV
WR[LFWRࢉVK$OXPDOVRUHGXFHVSKRVSKRUXVLQZDWHU
7KHUHIRUHXVHRIDOXPPD\QHFHVVLWDWH
Ȏ /LPLQJLIS+GURSVWRRORZ
Ȏ )HUWLOL]DWLRQWRLQFUHDVHOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGSKRVSKRUXV

Zeolite ZeoliteLVDQHࢆHFWLYHPHDQVRIUHGXFHVOHYHOVRIDPPRQLD
GLVVROYHGLQZDWHU,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGIRUXVHLQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
WDQNVZKHQXQGHUWDNLQJORQJGLVWDQFHOLYHࢉVKKDXODJH
=HROLWHPD\EHUHFKDUJHGVHYHUDOWLPHVE\
RYHUQLJKWLPPHUVLRQLQDVDOWVROXWLRQRURYHQGU\LQJ=HROLWHLV
QRWHࢆHFWLYHLQVDOWZDWHU
Rock Salt (Magadi) Rock saltLVXVHGWRPDQDJHZDWHUTXDOLW\LQOLYHࢉVKWUDQVSRUW

FRQWDLQHUV6LQFHLWLVDEDODQFHGVDOWLWKHOSVEXࢆHUWKH
ZDWHU,WDOVRKHOSVFRQWUROWKHEXLOGXSRIQLWULWHOHYHOVLQWKH
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQWDQNV&RQVHTXHQWO\ࢉVKVWUHVVLVUHGXFHG
Salt SaltLVRQHWKHHDVLHVWDQGFKHDSHVWIRUPVRIPHGLFDWLRQ
DYDLODEOHIRUIUHVKZDWHUࢉVK6DOWVRGLXPFKORULGHRU1D&O
LVVDIHIRUPRVWVSHFLHVRIࢉVK,WFDQDOVREHXVHGLQOLYHࢉVK
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQLIRQHKDVQRURFNVDOW


MODULE SIX:
FISH FEEDING AND
NUTRITION
7KH REMHFWLYH RI IHHGLQJ ࢉVK LV WR SURYLGH WKHP ZLWK WKH QXWULWLRQDO UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU JRRG KHDOWK
RSWLPXPJURZWKRSWLPXP\LHOGDQGPLQLPXPZDVWHZLWKLQUHDVRQDEOHFRVWVRDVWRRSWLPL]HSURࢉWV
(YHU\IDUPHUVKRXOGEHSDUWLFXODUDERXWWKHTXDOLW\RIIHHGIHGEHFDXVHLWGHWHUPLQHVWKH
L 1XWULHQWORDGLQJDQGFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
LL *URZWKUDWHRIWKHࢉVK
LLL (FRQRPLFYLDELOLW\RIWKHHQWHUSULVHRIRSHUDWLRQDOFRVWVDUHQRUPDOO\GXHWRIHHG
LY +HDOWKVWDWXVRIWKHࢉVK
Y 4XDOLW\RIWKHࢊHVKDWKDUYHVW7KHIHHGLQࢊXHQFHVWDVWHWH[WXUHFRORXUDQGUHVLGXHOHYHOVLQWKH
ࢊHVK
7KLVPRGXOHJLYHVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRQQXWULWLRQIHHGVDQGIHHGLQJ
:KDWDUHWKH$WWULEXWHVRID*RRG)LVK
Feed?
$JRRGIHHGVKRXOG
Ȏ %HQXWULWLRXVZLWKQRXQGHVLURXVVXEVWDQFHV
Ȏ +DYHDQDWWUDFWLYHVPHOODQGWDVWHIRUWKHࢉVK
Ȏ %HRIWKHULJKWSDUWLFOHVL]HWKDWFDQEHHDVLO\LQJHVWHGE\WKHࢉVK

Ȏ +DYHORZRUQRQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRQZDWHUTXDOLW\
Ȏ %HDEOHWRPDLQWDLQLWVIRUPLQZDWHUZLWKRXWEUHDNLQJDSDUWXQWLOLWKDVEHHQLQJHVWHGE\WKHࢉVK
LHZDWHUVWDEOH
Ȏ 1RWEHPRXOG\RUKDYHDQ\FRQWDPLQDQWVDQG
Ȏ $VPXFKDVSRVVLEOHQXWULHQWVVKRXOGQRWOHHFKRXWRIWKHIHHGLQWRWKHZDWHU
1XWULWLRQDORI5HTXLUHPHQWVRI)LVK
7KHQXWULWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUࢉVKUHIHUWRWKHPLQLPXPDPRXQWVRIHQHUJ\SURWHLQIDWPLQHUDOVDQG
YLWDPLQVࢉVKQHHGIRUPDLQWHQDQFHJURZWKUHSURGXFWLRQDQGKHDOWK1XWULWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVYDU\
EHWZHHQVSHFLHVDJHVL]HDQGUHSURGXFWLYHVWDWHRIࢉVK7DEOHEHORZOLVWVWKHEDVLFQXWULWLRQUH-
TXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHFRPPRQO\IDUPHGVSHFLHV7KHDELOLW\RIࢉVKWRXWLOLVHQXWULHQWVLQWKHIHHGGHSHQGV
RQWKHGLJHVWLELOLW\RIWKHIHHG
7DEOH1XWULWLRQDO5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU)DUPHG)LVK
Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet
Tilapia $IULFDQ Mirror Carp

&DWࢉVK
Protein Ȏ 3URYLGHVWKHSURSHUUDWLRRI ȁ

DPLQRDFLGV GHSHQGLQJRQ
Ȏ 1HFHVVDU\IRUWKHEXLOGLQJ SRQGIHUWLOLW\
PXVFOHFRQQHFWLYHWLVVXHEORRG
HQ]\PHVKRUPRQHVHWF
Dietary Energy Ȏ 1RWDQXWULHQWEXWUHTXLUHGWR .FDOJ ȁ .FDOJ

GULYHFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVIRUWLVVXH protein .FDOJ protein
PDLQWHQDQFHJURZWKDQGDFWLYLW\ protein
Fats Ȏ 0DMRUVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\IRUࢉVK ȁ

Ȏ 0HDQVE\ZKLFKIDWVROXEOH (increase
QXWULHQWVOLNHVRPHYLWDPLQVHJ as protein
$DQG'FDQEHDEVRUEHGE\WKH OHYHO
ERG\ increases)
Ȏ +RUPRQHVVRPHVXEFHOOXODU
components as well as structural
HOHPHQWVRIWKHFHOOV
Ȏ )OHVKWH[WXUHDQGࢊDYRXU
Ȏ )HHGࢊDYRXUWDVWHDWWUDFWDQW
Carbohydrates Ȏ 0LQRUVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\LQࢉVK ȁ ȁ

)LVKGRQRWGLJHVWFDUERK\GUDWHV
well enough for them to be their
PDMRUVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\IURP
IHHG
Ȏ 0DMRUXVHLQࢉVKIHHGVLVDV
ELQGHURUࢉOOHU
Fibre Ȏ 1RWUHDOO\DQXWULHQW)LVKKDUGO\

UHTXLUHLWDQGGRQRWGHULYHPXFK
EHQHࢉWIURPKLJKOHYHOVRIࢉEUH
LQGLHW([FHVVࢉEUHZLOOLQFUHDVH
SROOXWLRQRIWKHSRQG

Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet
Tilapia $IULFDQ Mirror Carp

&DWࢉVK
Minerals and Ȏ :LGHYDULHW\RIIXQFWLRQV 3KRVSKRUXV 9LW&ȁ 3KRVSKRUXV

Vitamins Ȏ 6WUXFWXUDOFRPSRQHQWRIKDUGDQG WRJ ppm JNJGLHW
soft tissues NJGLHW
&DOFLXP
Ȏ &RIDFWRUVDQGRUDFWLYDWRUVRI &DOFLXPȁ ȁJNJGLHW
HQ]\PHV JNJGLHW
Ȏ 2VPRUHJXODWRUVDQGDFLGEDVH 9LWDPLQ&ȁ
balance PJNJ
GLHW
Ȏ 3URGXFWLRQRIPHPEUDQHSRWHQWLDOV
7\SHRI)LVK)HHGV
7KHUHDUHWKUHHW\SHVRIIHHG
Ȏ 1DWXUDOIRRG
Ȏ 6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV
Ȏ &RPSOHWHIHHGV
1DWXUDOIRRG
1DWXUDOIRRGVFRPSULVHDTXDWLFSODQWVDQGDQLPDOVWKDWࢉVKLQWKHZLOGHDW7KH\LQFOXGH]RRSODQNWRQ
EHQWKRVSK\WRSODQNWRQGHWULWXVEDFWHULDSODQNWRQZRUPVLQVHFWVVQDLOVPDFURSK\WHVDPSKLELDQV
IURJVDQGࢉVK7KHLUDEXQGDQFHLQࢉVKSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVGHSHQGVRQWKHZDWHUȆVSURGXFWLYLW\VHH
Module Five
7KHQXWULWLRQDOFRQWHQWRIQDWXUDOIRRGVLVKLJKO\YDULDEOH,WGHSHQGVRQWKHELRFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ
VL]H GLJHVWLELOLW\ SURGXFWLRQ RI WR[LF FRPSRXQGV DQG WKH FXOWXUH FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH QDWXUDO IRRGVWXࢆ
3XUHFXOWXUHVRIVHOHFWHG]RRSODQNWRQDUHIDUPHGIRUIHHGLQJODUYDHDQGIU\LQKDWFKHULHVDV‘live feeds’
(see Section 6.6.2.
6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV
6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJLVGRQHWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUWKHQXWULWLRQDOGHࢉFLWVIURPIHHGLQJQDWXUDOIRRGV
WKDWDULVHDVࢉVKJURZODUJHULQIHUWLOL]HGSRQGV7KH\DUHJLYHQWRVXSSOHPHQWWKHLQDGHTXDWHHQHUJ\
DQGSURWHLQOHYHOVRIQDWXUDOIRRGVWRVXVWDLQࢉVKJURZWK:KHQWKLVLVGRQHWKHFXOWXUHV\VWHPLV
UHIHUUHGWRDVDVHPLLQWHQVLYHFXOWXUHV\VWHP
6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJPD\EHGRQHZLWKRQHRUDPL[WXUHRILQJUHGLHQWV7KHLQJUHGLHQWVPRVWXVHG
IRUVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGLQJLQFOXGHIDUPUHVLGXHVKRXVHKROGZDVWHDQGDJULFXOWXUDOE\SURGXFWVVXFK
DVFHUHDOEUDQVRLOVHHGFDNHVDQGVODXJKWHUKRXVHZDVWH7KHVHDUHIHGDVGU\SRZGHUVSHOOHWVRU
PRLVWGRXJK6RPHWLPHVQXWULWLRQDOO\FRPSOHWHGLHWVDUHJLYHQDVVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV
6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets

)DFWRU\PDGHQXWULWLRQDOO\FRPSOHWHGLHWVFRQWDLQDOOWKHQHFHVVDU\QXWULHQWVIRURSWLPXPJURZWKDQG
KHDOWK7KH\DUHDYDLODEOHDVVLQNLQJRUࢊRDWLQJIHHGVLQWKHIRUPRISRZGHUVFUXPEOHVSHOOHWVRUࢊDNHV
ࢉJXUH

)LJXUH )RUPVRI&RPPHUFLDO)HHGV
Powders Crumbles Pellets Flakes
$JRRGFRPPHUFLDOO\PDQXIDFWXUHGIHHGSDUWLFOHVKRXOGKDYHDXQLIRUPWH[WXUHDQGVL]HZLWKQRࢉQHV
DQGDZDWHUVWDELOLW\RIDWOHDVWWKLUW\PLQXWHV
7DEOHFRPSDUHVWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGIHHGW\SHV
7DEOH$GYDQWDJHVDQG'LVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKH0DMRU7\SHVRI)HHG
Feed Type Advantages Disadvantages
Natural Food Ȏ (QYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\ Ȏ /LPLWHGLQHQHUJ\

Ȏ 1RHQHUJ\UHTXLUHGWRPDNHWKHP Ȏ 'LࢇFXOWWRJHQHUDWHDGHTXDWH
Ȏ &RQWDLQPRVWQXWULWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWV amounts to meet nutritional
HVSHFLDOO\IRUHDUO\OLIHVWDJHV QHHGVRIJURZHUVLQPRVW
FRPPHUFLDOXQLWV
Ȏ (DV\WRGLJHVW
• cheaper
Supplementary Ȏ &DQEHPDGHRQIDUPXVLQJRUGLQDU\IDUP Ȏ +LJKHUULVNRIIRXOLQJ

Feeds LPSOHPHQWVDQGRUVLPSOHHTXLSPHQW Ȏ +LJKHU)&5VKHQFHPRUHIHHG
Ȏ (DV\WRPDNH LVUHTXLUHGWRSURGXFHDNLOR
Ȏ 8WLOLVHORFDOZDVWHSURGXFWV RIࢉVK
Ȏ 'U\VXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGVODVWORQJHUWKDQ Ȏ 1RWUHFRPPHQGHGIRUXVH
LQWDQNVFDJHVDQGLQWHQVLYH
FXOWXUHV\VWHPV
Complete Diets Ȏ %HWWHUGLJHVWLELOLW\DQGZDWHUVWDELOLW\WKDQ Ȏ 5HTXLUHVNLOOHGODERXU

(pellets) VXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGV PDFKLQHU\DQGHQHUJ\WR
Ȏ )ORDWLQJSHOOHWVKDYHORZHU)&5VWKDQ PDNH
VLQNLQJSHOOHWVEHFDXVHVWDUFKDQGDQWL Ȏ 0RUHH[SHQVLYH
QXWULWLRQDOIDFWRUVDUHFRPSOHWHO\EURNHQ Ȏ 0D\QRWEHVXLWDEOHIRU
GRZQGXULQJWKHVWHDPH[WUXVLRQSURFHVV IHHGLQJODUYDHVRRQDIWHU
Ȏ :KHQࢊRDWLQJIHHGVDUHXVHG hatching in some species
&DQVHHWKHࢉVKIHHGLQJ
&DQVHHKRZPXFKIHHGLVOHIWRYHU
Ȏ &DQEHXVHGLQDOOSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV

6HOHFWLQJWKHULJKWIHHG
7DEOHOLVWVWKHIDFWRUVWREHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQVHOHFWLQJDIHHG
Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds

Factor Reason
1. Species • )LVKPD\EHFDUQLYRUHVRPQLYRUHVKHUELYRUHVDQGOLPQLYRUHV
• 7KHQXWULWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGDELOLW\WRGLJHVWFHUWDLQIHHGVWXࢆV
FRQVHTXHQWO\YDULHV
• )RUH[DPSOHVFDUQLYRURXVࢉVKKDYHPRUHDFLGLFJXWVZLWKDODUJHU
VWRPDFKZKHUHDVKHUELYRURXVࢉVKKDYHPRUHDONDOLQHJXWVZLWK
ORQJLQWHVWLQHV
/LIHVWDJHRIWKH)LVK • 7KHUHDUHIRXUNH\OLIHVWDJHVHJJODUYDHMXYHQLOHDQGDGXOW
• 7KHDELOLW\WRLQJHVWGLJHVWDQGIXOO\XWLOLVHFHUWDLQIHHGVDQGRU
QXWULHQWVGLࢆHUVZLWKHDFKOLIHVWDJH
• %UHHGLQJࢉVKQHHGH[WUDQXWULWLRQIRUJDPHWHSURGXFWLRQ
3. Fish size (weight) • 7KHDPRXQWRIIRRGWKDWFDQEHFRQVXPHGDWHDFKPHDOYDULHVZLWK

ࢉVKVL]HDQGVL]HRIWKHVWRPDFK
• )LVKZLWKODUJHVWRPDFKVFDQKROGPRUHIRRGLQWKHLUVWRPDFKVDQG
VRHDWOHVVIUHTXHQWO\
• -XYHQLOHVVPDOOHUࢉVKKDYHKLJKHUPHWDEROLFUDWHVVRGLJHVWIHHG
IDVWHUDQGQHHGPRUHIUHTXHQWPHDOV
4. Production unit and • &RPSOHWHGLHWVDUHPRUHVXLWDEOHWRLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPV

culture system • 1DWXUDOIRRGVDQGVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGVDUHPRUHVXLWHGWRSRQGV
DQGVHPLLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPV
• /DUYDHFDQEHIHGOLYHIHHGVLQWDQNV
5. Cost • 7KHIHHGVKRXOGEHDࢆRUGDEOHIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPLQXVH
PRUHGHWDLOVLQ6HFWLRQ
$YDLODELOLW\RIWKHIHHG • 7KHIHHGVKRXOGEHHDVLO\DYDLODEOH)LVKࢉQGVXGGHQFKDQJHVLQ
IHHGVWUHVVIXO
)HHGLQJࢉVK
7RJHWWKHEHVWUHVXOWVIURPIHHGLQJIHHG
• 7KHULJKWQXWULWLRQDOTXDOLW\IRUWKHVSHFLࢉHGDJHRIࢉVK
• 7KHULJKWVL]HRIIHHGIRUHDV\FRQVXPSWLRQ
• 7KHFRUUHFWDPRXQWVDWHDFKPHDO
• 7KHULJKWQXPEHURIPHDOVSHUGD\
7KHDERYHFRQVWLWXWHWKHIHHGLQJUHJLPH)HHGLQJFKDUWVSURYLGHDJXLGHIRUWKLV$SSHQGL[
:KHQࢉVKDUHIHGFRUUHFWO\JURZWKUDWHVDUHJRRGDQGXQLIRUPDFURVVWKHSRSXODWLRQIHHGFRQYHUVLRQ
UDWLRV)&5VDUHORZDQGSRQGZDWHUTXDOLW\LVEHWWHUPDQDJHG

(VWDEOLVKLQJWKHFRUUHFWIHHGLQJUHJLPH
)LVKFDQEHDOORZHGWRHDWDQ\WLPHXQWLOWKH\DUHVDWLVࢉHGLHfed ad lib to satiation)RURQO\DWVSH-
FLࢉFWLPHV7KHFKRLFHRQZKHWKHUWRIHHGad libRUDWVSHFLࢉFWLPHVGHSHQGVRQWKHࢉVKDJHIHHGLQJ
VWUDWHJ\DQGSURGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHV-XYHQLOHVLQIHGOLYHIHHGVLQERWKH[WHQVLYHDQGLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPV
DUHW\SLFDOO\IHGad lib.
:KHQࢉVKDUHIHGDWLQWHUYDOVIHHGLQJFKDUWVDUHDXVHIXOWRROWRKHOSJXLGHRQWKHKRZPXFKWRIHHG
DQGZKHQ+RZHYHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHLUDSSHWLWHࢉVKZLOOQRWDOZD\VHDWWKHDPRXQWVLQGLFDWHGLQWKH
IHHGLQJFKDUW
7KHDSSHWLWHRIࢉVKLVLQࢊXHQFHGE\
• )HHGW\SH
• &KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHIHHG
• :DWHUTXDOLW\DWWKHWLPHRIIHHGLQJ
• 6WUHVVDQGKHDOWKVWDWXVRIWKHࢉVK
• )LVKEHKDYLRXUVHHWDEOH
7DEOH )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWࢉVKDSSHWLWH
Factors Eat less Eat more
Characteristics • 6XGGHQFKDQJHVLQIHHGIRUPXODWLRQ • &RQVLVWHQF\LQWKHTXDOLW\WH[WXUH

RIWKHIHHG WDVWHRUWH[WXUH DQGWDVWHRIIHHGJLYHQ
• :URQJSHOOHWVL]HHYHQZKHQQXWULWLRQDO • *LYHQWKHFRUUHFWW\SHDQGSHOOHW
FRQWHQWDQGIRUPXODWLRQUHPDLQWKH VL]HRIIHHGIRUHDFKUHVSHFWLYH
same stage
Water Quality • :KHQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVGURSHJ • :DWHUTXDOLW\FRQGLWLRQVDUH

GXULQJUDLQ\VHDVRQ RSWLPXPLQWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
• ,IIHHGLQJLVGRQHZKHQ'2DQGS+DUH • :DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHULVHZLWKLQ
ORZDPPRQLDLVKLJKDQGGLVVROYHG acceptable limits
gases in water
• 6XGGHQDQGRUIUHTXHQWࢊXFWXDWLRQVLQ
ZDWHUTXDOLW\HJZKHQUDLQZDVKRࢆ
HQWHUVXQLWV7KLVLVVWUHVVIXOIRUࢉVK
HVSHFLDOO\MXYHQLOHV
Stress and • 8SWRWZRWRWKUHHGD\VDIWHUEHLQJ • 1RWVWUHVVHG

health status H[SRVHGWRVWUHVVIXOPDQDJHPHQW • 1RWVLFN
SUDFWLFHVVXFKDVJUDGLQJDQGVDPSOLQJ
• 6XGGHQVKDUSQRLVHVDQGPRYHPHQWV
WKDWVFDUHWKHࢉVKHJDWWDFNVE\
SUHGDWRUVGLYLQJELUGV
• 'LVHDVH
Fish behaviour • 7HUULWRULDOEHKDYLRXUDQGEXOO\LQJE\ • 8QLIRUPDFFHVVWRWKHIHHG

ODUJHUࢉVK • :KHQࢉVKDUHXQLIRUPO\VL]HG
• ,QFRQVLVWHQWIHHGLQJ

:KHQVKRXOG,IHHG"
7DEOHEHORZVXPPDULVHVZKHQLWLVEHVWWRIHHGࢉVK
Table 33: When to Feed

When to Feed When not to Feed
• In ponds and other • )HHGLQJUHVSRQVHLVSRRU

outdoor units: :KHQ • 7KHࢉVKDUHVLFN
ZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDQG
'2OHYHOVKDYHEHJXQWR • Low temperature
ULVH1RUPDOO\IURP DERXW • 7ZRGD\VEHIRUHKDUYHVWDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
DPZLWKWKHODVWIHHG
• $IWHUQRRQEHIRUHVDPSOLQJ
EHLQJDWDERXWSP.
• +LJKOHYHOVRIVRLODQGSODQNWRQWXUELGLW\
• $ORWRIOHIWRYHUIHHGLQXQLW
• 'DUNHQHGFDJHQHWV
• 3RQGERWWRPVVKRZLQJVLJQVDFFXPXODWLRQRIOHIWRYHUIHHGVVXFK
DVEXEEOHVLQIHHGLQJDUHDV
• 7KHPHDODIWHUDSSO\LQJWUHDWPHQWVWRSRQGRUWUHDWLQJࢉVK
• Indoor units::KHUH • )HHGLQJUHVSRQVHLVSRRU

ZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHDQG • 7KHࢉVKDUHVLFN
DHUDWLRQDUHGRQHWLPLQJ
FDQEHVHWE\PDQDJHU • 7ZRGD\VEHIRUHKDUYHVWDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
• $IWHUQRRQEHIRUHVDPSOLQJ
• /RZ'2OHYHOV
• $ORWRIOHIWRYHUIHHGLQXQLW
• 7KHPHDODIWHUDSSO\LQJWUHDWPHQWVWRWDQNRUWUHDWLQJࢉVK
6.4.3 Determining the ration

The rationLVKRZPXFKIHHGIRRGHDFKࢉVKVKRXOGEHJLYHQSHUGD\DQGDWHDFKPHDO
6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed

(i) Pond productivityLQH[WHQVLYHDQGVHPLLQWHQVLYHV\VWHPVZKHUHࢉVKIRUDJHRࢆ]RRSODQNWRQ
DQGSK\WRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQVHFFKLUHDGLQJVDQGFRORXURIZDWHUJLYHDQLQGLFDWLRQRI
SODQNWRQDYDLODELOLW\VHH Module 5IRUPRUHGHWDLOV
(ii) 1DWXUDOIRRGVȁ7KHDYDLODELOLW\RIOLYHIHHGVLVPHDVXUHGLQWHUPVRIQXPEHURIRUJDQLVPVOLWUHV
&RXQWLQJFDQEHGRQHZLWKWKHDLGRIDJODVVRUSHWULGLVKZLWKNQRZQYROXPHVRIZDWHUDVLOOXVWUDW-
HGLQࢉJXUHEHORZ
)LJXUH (VWLPDWLQJWKHTXDQWLW\RI/LYH)HHG
glass Petri-dish

(iii) Dry Feedȁ:HLJKRXWWKHWRWDOGDLO\UHTXLUHPHQWDQGGLVWULEXWHWKHWRWDOGDLO\DPRXQWEHWZHHQ

WKHWRWDOQXPEHURIPHDOVWREHIHGSHUGD\DVLOOXVWUDWHGLQDSSHQGL[
Measuring out the Quantities to Feed

,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZKRZPXFKIHHGLVFRQVXPHGVRWKDWRQHFDQHVWLPDWH)&5V+RZHYHUDZHLJK-
LQJVFDOHPD\QRWEHDYDLODEOHDWHDFKIDUPWRPHDVXUHRXWWKHDPRXQWRIIHHGWREHIHGHDFKGD\
,Q VXFK VLWXDWLRQV GLࢆHUHQW VL]HG FRQWDLQHUV FDQ EH FDOLEUDWHG WR HVWDEOLVK weight-volume HTXLYDOHQW
ࢉJXUHEHORZ7KHFDOLEUDWLRQPXVWEHGRQHIRUHDFKGLࢆHUHQWW\SHDQGSHOOHWVL]HRIWKHIHHGIDUP
EHFDXVHWKH\KDYHGLࢆHUHQWGHQVLWLHV
Figure 59: Graduated bucket.
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration

5DWLRQVVKRXOGEHDGMXVWHGUHJXODUO\LQFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHIDFWRUVOLVWHGLQWDEOHEHORZ
Table 34: When to adjust the Ration

Factor Remarks
D6L]HRIWKH)LVK • 6PDOOࢉVKKDYHDKLJKHUPHWDEROLFUDWHDQGVRJURZIDVWHU
• $GMXVWWKHLUUDWLRQVHYHU\WRGD\V
b. Growth rate • 6DPSOHXQLWVUHJXODUO\WRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHVL]HRIࢉVK

• 'HWHUPLQHQHZUDWLRQEDVHGRQWKHDYHUDJHVL]HDWVDPSOLQJDQG127
EDVHGWKHZHHNVLQSURGXFWLRQDVZRXOGEHLQGLFDWHGE\IHHGLQJFKDUWV
$QQH[
c. Environmental • )LVKGRQRWHDWWKHVDPHDPRXQWHYHU\GD\RUDWHDFKPHDO
conditions and • 7KHDPRXQWFRQVXPHGHDFKGD\GHSHQGVRQWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\RQWKDW
IHHGLQJUHVSRQVH GD\ZKHWKHUWKHࢉVKDUHVWUHVVHGRUVLFN
• /RZWHPSHUDWXUHORZ'2KLJK3+KLJKDPPRQLDVWUHVVDQGVLFNQHVV
UHGXFHDSSHWLWH
d. Carrying capacity • :KHQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVDUHDWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\UHGXFHWKHDPRXQWRI

IHHG
• $WFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\IHHGIRUERG\PDLQWHQDQFHWRSUHYHQWORVVRIZHLJKW
• '2127IHHGIRUJURZWKEHFDXVHQRPDWWHUKRZPXFKDGGLWLRQDOIHHGLV
JLYHQWKHUHZLOOEHQRLQFUHDVHLQJURZWKVHH0RGXOHIRUPRUHGHWDLOV
• *URZRXWࢉVKPDLQWHQDQFHUDWLRQVUDQJHWRRIERG\ZHLJKW
• ,IDWOHDVWRIࢉVKLQWKHXQLWDUHGXHIRUKDUYHVWZLWKLQDFRXSOHRI
GD\VVWRSIHHGLQJXQWLODIWHUKDUYHVWLQJ

+RZVKRXOG,DGPLQLVWHUIHHGWRࢉVK"
7KHGLࢆHUHQWPHWKRGVRIIHHGLQJࢉVKDUHVXPPDULVHGLQ7DEOHEHORZ
Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods.

Broadcasting. )HHGLVEURDGFDVWLQWRWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
PDQXDOO\RUZLWKDEORZHULQODUJHSRQGV 8VHGZKHQIHHGLQJ
ࢊRDWLQJRUVLQNLQJSRZGHUVFUXPEOHVRUSHOOHWV
Demand Feeders. +XQJRYHUSURGXFWLRQXQLW5HOHDVHIHHG

ZKHQWKHࢉVKKLWWKHP8VHGIRUIHHGLQJࢊRDWLQJRUVLQNLQJ
FUXPEOHVDQGSHOOHWV
Ȏ 'LVDGYDQWDJH)LVKVRPHWLPHVSOD\ZLWKWKHIHHGHUVZKLFK
UHVXOWVLQWRIHHGEHLQJUHOHDVHGEXWQRWHDWHQ
Feeding Ring. 8VHGLQKDSDVWRIHHGMXYHQLOHVࢊRDWLQJIHHGV.

7KHULQJSUHYHQWVWKHIHHGࢊRDWLQJDZD\DQGODUYDHDQGHDUO\IU\
FDQQRWVZLPWRWKHIHHGDVIDVWDVROGHUࢉVK
Automatic Feeders. $UHGHVLJQHGZLWKLQEXLOWWLPLQJEHOW

)HHGLVUHOHDVHGLQWRWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLWFRQWLQXRXVO\RYHUD
JLYHQGXUDWLRQRIWLPHQRUPDOO\VL[RIWZHOYHKRXUV 8VHGIRU
VLQNLQJRUࢊRDWLQJFUXPEOHVRUSHOOHWV
Trays. $UHXVHGWRIHHGZHWPHDOVVXFKDVFRRNHGGRXJKVRU
PDVKHGIUHVKJURXQGVLQNLQJE\SURGXFWVHJWUDVKࢉVKRࢆDOV

3ODWIRUPV$UHXVHGWRIHHGZHWPHDOVVXFKDVFRRNHGGRXJKV
RUPDVKHGIUHVKJURXQGVLQNLQJE\SURGXFWVHJWUDVKࢉVK
RࢆDOV
Pouring. /LYHIHHGVLQVXVSHQVLRQDUHSRXUHGLQWRWKH
SURGXFWLRQXQLW
• 7KHFKRLFHRIIHHGLQJPHWKRGGHSHQGVRQ
D )HHGLQJKDELWRIWKHVSHFLHV
E $JHRIࢉVK
F 6L]HRIWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLW
G 1XPEHURIWLPHVSHUGD\WKHࢉVKZLOOQHHGWREHIHG
H 7\SHRIIHHGWREHIHG
I /DERXUUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGFRVWVRIIHHGLQJDQG
J &RVWRIIHHGHU
7KHEHVW)&5VDUHREWDLQHGZKHQWKHࢉVK
D 5DSLGO\HDWXSWKHIHHG
E 6SHQGOLWWOHHQHUJ\IHHGLQJEHFDXVHWKHIHHGLVHDV\WRJHWWRDQGRIWKHULJKWVL]H
F +DYHHTXDODFFHVVWRWKHIHHG
7RDFKLHYHWKLVWUDLQWKHࢉVKWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH
6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response

2QFHWKHࢉVKDUHDERYHWKHHDUO\UHDULQJVWDJHWUDLQWKHPWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH7KLVKDVWKHIROORZLQJ
DGYDQWDJHV
• (QDEOHVRQHIHHGWKHࢉVKEDVHGRQWKHLUDFWXDOQHHGVDWHDFKPHDOWKXVPLQLPLVLQJRYHUIHHGLQJ
RUXQGHUIHHGLQJ
• (QDEOHVRQHYLVXDOO\PRQLWRUWKHࢉVKQXPEHUVDQGJURZWKUDWHVZLWKRXWKDQGOLQJWKHPࢉJXUH
EHORZDQG
• (QDEOHVRQHGHWHFWZKHQࢉVKKDYHORVWappetite3UREOHPVDQGUHPHGLDOPHDVXUHVFDQWKHUHIRUH
EHLGHQWLࢉHGHDUO\
)LJXUH $*RRG)HHGLQJ5HVSRQVH$OOࢉVKFRPHWRIHHGDWWKHVDPHWLPH
DO NOT OVER-FEEDࢉVKDVLWUHVXOWVLQWRIHHGZDVWDJH
GHWHULRUDWLRQRIZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\SRRUJURZWK
2YHUIHHGLQJUHGXFHV\RXUSURࢉWPDUJLQ8QGHUIHHGLQJUHVXOWV
LQSRRUJURZWKDQGSURGXFWLRQ7KHRSWLPXPUDWLRQLVREWDLQHG
ZKHQࢉVKDUHIHGMXVWEHORZVDWLDWLRQ

a. Assessing the feeding response

,WLVextremely importantWRHVWDEOLVKH[DFWO\KRZPXFKWRIHHGWRIHHGWKHࢉVKDWHDFKPHDODQG
HDFKGD\7RGRWKLVDVVHVVWKHIROORZLQJ
+RZIDVWWKHࢉVKPRYHWRZDUGVWKHIHHGDQGKRZWKHLUIHHGLQJEHKDYLRXUFRPSDUHVZLWKWKDW
RISUHYLRXVIHHGLQJV"
:KHWKHURUQRWWKHࢉVKDUHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHIHHG"
7KHFRORXUDQGVPHOORIWKHZDWHUSULRUWRIHHGLQJ"
3URSRUWLRQRIࢉVKLQWKHXQLWWKDWFRPHWRIHHG"
:KDWWKHZHDWKHUZDVDIHZGD\VEHIRUHDQGRQWKDWGD\ (especially for outdoor units)"
:DVLWUDLQLQJFROGRUKRW"
,QWDQNVWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVMXVWSULRUWRIHHGLQJDQGDQKRXURUWZRDIWHU
6SHQGWLPHWRREVHUYHWKHࢉVKIHHGHYHU\GD\5HO\LQJHQWLUHO\RQFDOFXODWLRQVIURPIHHGLQJFKDUWV
RUERRNVIUHTXHQWO\UHVXOWVLQWRZDVWDJHKLJK)&5VDQGSRRUHUZDWHUTXDOLW\
)HHGLQJEDVHGRQFDOFXODWLRQVRQO\LV ‘dumping’ theIHHGnotIHHGLQJWKHࢉVK
b. Criteria for judging the feeding response

(ȁ([FHOOHQWȁ)LVKDUHYHU\DFWLYHDQGFRPHWRIHHGLPPHGLDWHO\7KH\ࢉQLVKDOOWKHIHHGJLYHQ
ZLWKLQWRPLQXWHV
*ȁ*RRGȁ)LVKDUHOHVVDFWLYH7KH\FRPSOHWHIHHGLQJZLWKLQWRPLQXWHV
) ȁ )DLU ȁ )LVK DUH VOXJJLVK DQG FRQVXPH DERXW WKUHH TXDUWHUV RI WKH IHHG RYHU PRUH WKDQ
PLQXWHV
3ȁ3RRUȁ:KHQIHHGLVJLYHQࢉVKGRQRWFRPHWRIHHG0RUHWKDQWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWKHIHHG
JLYHQLVQRWHDWHQ
NOTE:7KHDERYHFULWHULDDUHVXEMHFWLYH$OZD\VREVHUYHDQGPDNHGHFLVLRQVEDVHGRQࢉVKȆVDFWXDO
IHHGLQJEHKDYLRXU7KHUHIRUHLWLVVWURQJO\UHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWKHVDPHSHUVRQVKRXOGIHHGWKHࢉVK
HDFKGD\,QDGGLWLRQWKHSHUVRQZKRIHHGVWKHࢉVKVKRXOGEHWKHRQHZKRNHHSVWKHGDLO\IHHGLQJ
UHFRUGV
c. +RZWRWUDLQࢆVKWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH
)LVKDUHWUDLQHGWRFRPHXSWRWKHVXUIDFHWRIHHGDVIROORZV
L $GPLQLVWHUWKHIHHGDWWKHsame place in the pond and at about the same time every
day. 7KLVJHWVWKHࢉVKLQWRWKHKDELWRIEHLQJLQDFHUWDLQDUHDRIWKHXQLWDWIHHGLQJWLPH,I
WKHࢉVKGRQRWFRPHWRWKHDUHDWRIHHGLQLWLDOO\GRQRWDGGDQ\PRUHIHHGXQWLOWKH\OHDUQWR
FRPHWRWKHDVVLJQHGIHHGLQJDUHD,WPD\WDNHXSWRDZHHNWRWUDLQࢉVKWRFRPHDQGIHHG
IURPWKHVDPHDUHDDQGOHDUQWKHLUIHHGLQJWLPHV'RQRWZRUU\LILQWKHPHDQWLPHWKH\GR
QRWHDWPXFK)U\DQGࢉQJHUOLQJVLQIHUWLOLVHGSRQGVZLOOWDNHORQJHUWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVH
EHFDXVHWKH\HDWSODQNWRQDYDLODEOHLQSRQGV7RJHWWKHࢉVKOHDUQWRFRPHWRWKHVDPHIHHG-
LQJVSRWPDNHDVRXQG)RUH[DPSOHE\VWXPSLQJWKHHGJHRIWKHSRQGHDFKWLPHEHIRUH
IHHGLQJWKHP
LL :KHQ PRVW RI WKH ࢉVK KDYH FRPH WR WKH IHHGLQJ DUHD WKHQ EURDGFDVW D KDQGIXO RU D SODWH
IXOORIWKHIHHG,IWKHࢉVKFRPHRXWWRIHHGDQGLPPHGLDWHO\FRQVXPHWKHIHHGDGGDQRWKHU
VFRRSIXOXQWLOWKHࢉVKȆVUHVSRQVHVWDUWVIDOOLQJDQGWKH\VWRSHDWLQJPRUH:HLJKDQ\OHIWRYHU
IHHGDQGNHHSLWIRUWKHQH[WPHDO

Do not trickle LQIHHGLQVPDOOELWVZKLOHIHHGLQJ
:KHQRQHWUDLQVࢉVKWRIHHGE\UHVSRQVHRQHLVGHOLEHUDWHO\FUHDWLQJFRPSHWLWLRQIRUIRRG7KH
ࢉVKVRRQUHDOLVHWKDWLIWKH\GRQRWFRPHWRIHHGDWPHDOWLPHVWKHQWKH\ZLOOQRWKDYHIRRGXQWLO
WKHQH[WPHDOWLPH7KHࢉVKWKHUHIRUHDFWLYHO\FRPSHWHWRJHWWRWKHIHHGDWPHDOWLPHVDQGHDW
DVPXFKDVWKH\FDQDVIDVWDVWKH\FDQ%HFDXVHDOOWKHࢉVKHDWDWWKHVDPHWLPHJURZWKUDWHV
EHFRPHPRUHXQLIRUPDQG)&5VFRQVHTXHQWO\LPSURYH
(YDOXDWLQJWKH)HHG3HUIRUPDQFH
The Feed Conversion Ratio )&5LVWKHDPRXQWRIIRRGUHTXLUHGWRSURGXFHDXQLWZHLJKWRIࢉVKVHH
HTXDWLRQEHORZ,WLVDQLQGLFDWRURIWKH
L 3HUIRUPDQFHRIDIHHG
LL (ࢇFLHQF\RIWKHUHVSRQVHWRIHHGLQJDQG
LLL &RVWHࢆHFWLYHQHVVRIXVLQJWKHIHHG
FCR =
total amount of food given kg
Equation 1
total amount of fish produced kg
%R[+RZWR&DOFXODWH)&5DQGXVH)&5WR$VVHVV5HWXUQVWR)HHG
L,IDWWKHHQGRIDSURGXFWLRQF\FOHDWRWDORINJRIࢉVKDUHKDUYHVWHGIURPDSRQG
DQGDWRWDORINJRIIHHGZDVIHGWRWKHࢉVKGXULQJSURGXFWLRQKRZPXFKIHHGZDV
UHTXLUHGXVHGWRSURGXFHHDFKNLORJUDPRIࢉVKKDUYHVWHG"7KHWRWDOQXPEHURIࢉVK
VWRFNHGZHLJKHGDNLOR+DOIDNLORJUDPRIࢉVKZDVVWRFNHG
7KH)&5ZLOOEH
NJWRWDODPRXQWRIIHHGIHGGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ
NJȁNJLQFUHDVHLQࢉVKZHLJKWGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ

This means a total of 1.4 kg RIIHHGZDVXVHGWRSURGXFHHDFKNLORJUDPRIࢉVKIURPVWRFNLQJ
LL,IHDFKNLORJUDPRIIHHGFRVW86K KRZPXFKGLGLWFRVWWRSURGXFHNJRIࢉVK"
$PRXQWRIIHHGUHTXLUHGWRSURGXFHNJRIࢉVK)&5[8QLW&RVWRIIHHG86K
NJ;86K
86K
86K ZDVVSHQWWRIHHGHDFKNJRIࢉVKSURGXFHG
3RRU)&5ȆVDUHREWDLQHGZKHQ
L 3RRUTXDOLW\IHHGLVIHG([DPSOHVRISRRUTXDOLW\IHHGVLQFOXGHWKRVHGRQRWPHHWWKH
QXWULWLRQDOQHHGVRIWKHࢉVKSRRUSK\VLFDODWWULEXWHVDUHPRXOG\UDQFLGRUFRQWDPLQDWHG
LL 7KHZURQJVL]HDQGIHHGW\SHLVIHGWRWKHࢉVK
LLL 7KHFXOWXUHFRQGLWLRQVDUHVWUHVVIXO
LY )LVKDUH‘RYHUIHGȃ
Y 6XUYLYDOUDWHVDWKDUYHVWDUHORZ
YL 2QHFRQWLQXHVIHHGLQJIRUJURZWKZKHQWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLWLVDWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\

b. $VVHVVLQJWKH&RVW(ࢃHFWLYHQHVVRID)HHG
7KH)&5DQGXQLWFRVWRIWKHIHHGVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DQGQRWLQGHSHQGHQWO\RI
HDFKRWKHU8VLQJWKHFKHDSHVWIHHGDYDLODEOHGRHVQRWDOZD\VUHVXOWLQWRWKHORZHVWIHHGLQJFRVW
SHUNLORJUDPRIࢉVKSURGXFHG7DEOHEHORZ
7DEOH $VVHVVLQJWKH&RVW(ࢆHFWLYHQHVVRID)HHG
Maize bran )DUPPL[HGࢉVKIHHGa Complete diet/pellets
8QLW&RVWRIIHHGNJ
)&5RIWKHIHHG
$PRXQWRIIHHGUHTXLUHG NJ NJ NJ

WRSURGXFHNJRIࢉVK
7RWDO&RVW86KRIIHHG NJEUDQ[86K NJIHHG[86K NJSHOOHWV[86K

XVHGWRSURGXFHDNLORRI

ࢉVK

Note: a)DUPHUȃVIHHGPL[WXUHǾPDL]HEUDQࢆVKPHDOVXQࢇRZHUFDNHDQGFDVVDYDࢇRXU
7KHORZHUWKH)&5WKHOHVVDPRXQWRIIHHGUHTXLUHGWRSURGXFHDNLORJUDPRIࢉVK7KHUHIRUHWKH
IHHGZKLFKJLYHVWKHORZHVW)&5HYHQWKRXJKLWPLJKWEHPRUHFRVWO\LVRIWHQWKHRQHZLWKWKHORZHVW
SURGXFWLRQFRVW
c. Managing FCRs
7RPDNHSURࢉWVWKH)&5PXVWEHZLWKLQDQHFRQRPLFUDQJH7KLVLVEHFDXVHIHHGQRUPDOO\FRQVWL
WXWHVDERXWRIRSHUDWLRQDOFRVWV$Q\GURSLQWKH)&5UHVXOWVLQWRLQFUHDVHGSURࢉWPDUJLQV
7KH IHHG JLYHQ WKH ࢉVK WKHPVHOYHV SRQG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG PDQDJHPHQW RI IHHGLQJ LQࢊXHQFH
)&5VࢉJXUH7KHVHIDFWRUVGHWHUPLQHWKHࢉVKȆVDSSHWLWH$ODSVHLQDQ\RIWKHIRXUIDFWRUVDW
DQ\RQHWLPHZLOOFDXVH)&5VWRULVH
)LJXUH )DFWRUVWKDW,QࢊXHQFHWKH)&5
WĞƌƐŽŶĨĞĞĚŝŶŐͲ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
dŚĞ&ĞĞĚ

&Z

dŚĞ&ŝƐŚ dŚĞtĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇ

7KHUHIRUH
7KHSHUVRQIHHGLQJLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSHUVRQRQWKHIDUP+HRUVKHPXVWEHLQSRVL-
WLRQWR
D 7UDLQࢉVKWRIHHGEDVHGRQUHVSRQVH
E .HHSWUDFNRIDQGHYDOXDWHࢉVKIHHGLQJUHVSRQVHDVZHOODVSHUIRUPDQFHWKURXJKDFWXDO
REVHUYDWLRQDVZHOODVNHHSLQJRIUHFRUGVLHZLWKERWKTXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ
F .HHSWUDFNRIࢉVKQXPEHUVDQGVL]HVLQWKHYDULRXVSURGXFWLRQXQLWVGXULQJSURGXFWLRQ

G 'HGXFH FRUUHFWO\ IURP WKH SRQG DQG IHHGLQJ UHFRUGV DQG WKH ࢉVKȆV IHHGLQJ EHKDYLRXU
ZKDWWKHQH[WFRXUVHRIDFWLRQVKRXOGEHHJZKDWW\SHRIIHHGWRJLYHKRZPXFKIHHGWR
give, whether or not to adjust or withhold feeding, how best to administer the feed, what
SRQGZDWHUPDQDJHPHQWGHWDLOVQHHGDGMXVWLQJHWF
,IWKHSHUVRQIHHGLQJFDQQRWGRWKLVWKHQLWLVQRWZRUWKVSHQGLQJPRQH\RQFRPPHUFLDOIHHGV
DV\RXZLOOHQGXSORVLQJPRQH\LQVWHDG
7KHIHHG
D Quality ERWKSK\VLFDODQGQXWULWLRQDO
E Quantity. ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHULJKWDPRXQWVDUHIHG
7KHࢉVK
D The species being raised.)RUH[DPSOHWLODSLDࢉQJHUOLQJVZLOOSHUIRUPEHWWHUWKDQ
FDWࢉVKࢉQJHUOLQJVLQDQHDUWKHQSRQGUHFHLYLQJRQO\IHUWLOLVHUDVDQLQSXW
E 7KHVL]HRIࢉVK)U\UHTXLUHDKLJKHUSURWHLQOHYHOLQWKHLUIHHGDVZHOODVDVPDOOHUIHHG
SHOOHWFRPSDUHGWRDGXOWࢉVK
F 4XDOLW\RIVHHGVWRFNHG:DVWKHࢉVKVWUHVVHGDWVWRFNLQJ":DVLWRIWKHFRUUHFWVWRFNLQJ
VL]HIRUWKHXQLWDQGLQWHQWLRQIRUZKLFKLWLVEHLQJUDLVHG"
The water quality within the production pondQRWDEO\

D 7KHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH
E /HYHOVRIR[\JHQ
F /HYHOVRIDPPRQLDS+DQGRWKHUSROOXWDQWVLQZDWHU
G 3RQGIHUWLOLW\OHYHOV+DYLQJDGHTXDWHDPRXQWVRISODQNWRQLQWKHSRQGUHGXFHVWKHGH-
PDQGIRUIHHGLQMXYHQLOHWLODSLD
7UDQVSRUWDQGVWRUDJHRIIHHGVWXࢆV
7KHTXDOLW\RIDIHHGEHJLQVWRGHWHULRUDWHVWHDGLO\VRRQDIWHULWKDVEHHQPDGH7KHUDWHDQGPDJQL-
WXGHRIGHFOLQHFDQVLJQLࢉFDQWO\EHVORZHGWKURXJKSURSHUKDQGOLQJGXULQJWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGVWRU-
DJH7KHIROORZLQJDUHUHFRPPHQGHGJXLGHOLQHVIRUKDQGOLQJDQGVWRULQJGU\SHOOHWHGࢉVKIHHGIURP
WKHWLPHRISXUFKDVH
a) Dry Feeds
• &KHFNWKHODEHOVDQGEX\WKHIUHVKHVWIHHGLQWKHVWRUH)HHGXWLOL]HGZLWKLQZHHNVRIPDQ-
XIDFWXUHRIWHQPHHWVWKHQXWULWLRQDODQGSK\VLFDOVWDQGDUGVVWDWHGRQWKHODEHO
• 3XUFKDVHRQO\WKHTXDQWLW\RIIHHGWKDWZLOOEHFRQVXPHGZLWKLQWRZHHNV7KHORQJHUWKH
IHHGLVLQVWRUDJHWKHORZHULWVQXWULWLRQDOTXDOLW\RYHUWLPH
• 'XULQJWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGKDQGOLQJSURWHFWWKHIHHGIURPPRLVWXUHKHDWDQGGLUHFWVXQOLJKW
+HDWDQGVXQOLJKWGLUHFWO\GHVWUR\IHHGQXWULHQWVOLNHYLWDPLQV
• 6WRUHWKHIHHGLQDFRROVKDGHGGU\DQGZHOOYHQWLODWHGURRP:KLWHZRRGHQEXLOGLQJVZLWK
UHࢊHFWLYHPHWDOURRIVDUHH[FHOOHQWIRUVWRULQJIHHG:DUPPRLVWDQGVWDJQDQWDLUHQKDQFHV
PRXOGJURZWKDQGDWWUDFWVLQVHFWV
• 3URWHFWWKHIHHGIURPURGHQWVEDWVFKLFNHQVDQGRWKHUDQLPDOVEHFDXVHWKH\FRQVXPHWKH
IHHGDQGFRQWDPLQDWHLWZLWKWKHLUXULQHIDFHVDQGGLUW\IHHW)HHGFDQEHVWRUHGLQFDJHV
PDGHRIFRࢆHHZLUHPHVKWRNHHSRࢆVXFKDQLPDOVࢉJXUH
• 'RQRWVWDFNEDJVRIIHHGGLUHFWO\DJDLQVWDZDOORURQDFRQFUHWHࢊRRU6WDFNWKHPRQWRSRI

SDOOHWVRࢆWKHZDOOVRIWKHEXLOGLQJWRSUHYHQWPRLVWXUHFRPLQJLQWRFRQWDFWZLWKWKHEDJV
2WKHUZLVHIHHGZLOOJRPRXOG\
• 0LQLPL]HLQVHFWFRQWDFWDQGLQIHVWDWLRQ
• 'RQRWXVHSHVWLFLGHVRURWKHUWR[LFPDWHULDOVQHDUWKHIHHGV
• 'RQRWNHHSIHHGWKDWLVPRXOG\RUVSRLOW6LJQVRIVSRLODJHLQFOXGHFKDQJHVLQFRORXUVPHOO
WDVWHDSSHDUDQFHDQGWH[WXUH
• ,QYHQWRU\VKRXOGEHXVHGRQDࢉUVWLQࢉUVWRXWEDVLV
• +XPDQWKHIWDQGLQGLUHFWGDPDJHWRIHHGVWRUHVPD\DOVRLQFUHDVHRWKHUFRQWUROSUREOHPV
NOTE: ,I\RXDUHIHHGLQJGXULQJWKHUDLQDQGWKHIHHGJHWVZHWIHHGDOOWKDWZHWIHHGWKDWGD\'RQRW
VWRUHZHWIHHGRUIHHGLWWRWKHࢉVKWKHIROORZLQJRUDQRWKHUGD\
)LJXUH)HHG6WRUDJH/HIWȁ%DJVRQIHHGVWRUHGLQDFDJHRࢃWKHZDOODQGRQSDOOHWV
b) Moist and Live Feeds

• .HHSLQUHIULJHUDWHG
6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm

7KHIROORZLQJDUHDPRQJWKHPDLQFRQVLGHUDWLRQVZKHQPDNLQJIHHGVRQIDUP
Ȏ 1XWULWLRQDOTXDOLW\VXSSO\FRVWDQGDYDLODELOLW\RIHDFKRIWKHLQJUHGLHQWV
Ȏ /HYHOVRIDQWLQXWULWLRQDOIDFWRUVLQLQJUHGLHQWVWKLVVHWVWKHPD[LPXPLQFOXVLRQUDWHLQWKHGLHWV
Ȏ 3URFHVVLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHLQJUHGLHQWVWRPDNHWKHPVXLWDEOHIRUIHHGPDNLQJ
Ȏ /LIHVWDJHRIWKHࢉVK
Ȏ &RVWVDQGUHWXUQVIURPPDNLQJDQGXVLQJWKHIHHG
6.6.1 Formulated Feeds

6.6.1.1 Ingredients
7KHPDMRULQJUHGLHQWVXVHGDUH
a. Proteins
)LVKPHDOJHQHUDOO\LVWKHEHVWVRXUFHRISURWHLQDQGHVVHQWLDODPLQRDFLGV+RZHYHULWLVH[SHQVLYH
,WFDQSDUWLDOO\EHUHSODFHGE\DQLPDOE\SURGXFWVRLOVHHGPHDOVDQGFDNHVOHJXPHVFHUHDOE\
SURGXFWVDQGDTXDWLFSODQWVEHFDXVHWKH\GRQRWVXSSO\DOOWKHHVVHQWLDODPLQRDFLGV
d. 6RXUFHVRIHQHUJ\
&HUHDOV DQG JUDLQV SURYLGH D PDMRU VRXUFH RI HQHUJ\ +RZHYHU ࢉVK GR QRW GLJHVW FHUHDOV DQG
grains well because plants arePDGHWKLFNFHOOZDOOFRPSOH[FDUERK\GUDWHPROHFXOHVDQGKDYH
KLJKࢉEUH7KH\PXVWEHFRRNHGWRLPSURYHWKHLUSDODWDELOLW\DQGGLJHVWLELOLW\IRUࢉVK
e. Fats
2LOVHHGFDNHVDUHWKHFRPPRQHVWVRXUFHRIIDWIRURQIDUPIHHGV)LVKRLOLVH[SHQVLYH&RQWUROOLQJ
WKHR[LGDWLRQRIIDWVDQGRLOVLVRIWHQDFKDOOHQJHZKHUHGLHWVUHTXLUHKLJKOHYHOVRIIDW
f. $GGLWLYHVb
$GGLWLYHVDUHRSWLRQDO7KH\DUHDGGHGLQVPDOODPRXQWVDVUHFRPPHQGHGE\PDQXIDFWXUHUWR
LPSURYHWKHQXWULWLRQDOSURࢉOHSDODWDELOLW\ZDWHUVWDELOLW\DQGVKHOIOLIHRIWKHIHHG0HGLFDWLRQV
RQSUHVFULSWLRQFDQEHGLVSHQVHGWKURXJKWKHIHHGV
([DPSOHVRIDGGLWLYHV
Ȏ 0LQHUDODQGYLWDPLQSUHPL[HVȁQRUPDOO\SXUFKDVHGIURPYHWHULQDU\SKDUPDFHXWLFDORXW-
OHWV7KHUHDUHZDWHUVWDEOHIRUPXODWLRQVIRUDTXDWLFIHHGV
Ȏ %LQGHUVȁKHOSLQJUHGLHQWVELQGLQWRSHOOHW([DPSOHVZKHDWJOXWHQFDVVDYDࢊRXUZKHDW
ࢊRXUFDOFLXPOLJQRVXOSKDWHSRO\PHWK\OFDUEDPLGH
Ȏ $QWLIXQJDODJHQWVȁP\FRWR[LQELQGHUVPRXOGLQKLELWRU
• Preservatives -SURSLRQLFDFLG3RO\1YLQ\OEXW\OURODFWDPDQGVRGLXPPRQPRULOORQLWHEXW\O-
DWHGK\GUR[\WROXHQH
Ȏ 7UHDWPHQWVȁVH[UHYHUVDOKRUPRQHVSUHVFULEHGDQWLELRWLFVLPPXQRVWLPXODQWVJURZWK
SURPRWHUV
Ȏ $QWLR[LGDQWVȁ%XW\ODWHGK\GUR[\DQLVROH%+$%XW\ODWHGK\GUR[\WROXHQH%+7HWKR[\TXLQ
Ȏ $WWUDFWDQWVȁFLWULFDFLGODFWLFDFLG
$SSHQGL[JLYHVH[DPSOHVRIIRUPXODWLRQVIRURQIDUPࢉVKIHHGV
6.6.1.2 Preparing the feed

a) 6HOHFWLQJDQG(VWLPDWLQJDPRXQWRI,QJUHGLHQWVWR8VH
:KHQPL[LQJWKHIHHGLQJUHGLHQWVWRJHWKHULWLVLPSRUWDQWWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH\DUH
• 'U\LQJUHGLHQWVGRQRWH[FHHGWKHUHFRPPHQGHGPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW – nutritional pro-
ࢉOHVDQGPL[WXUHUDWHDUHJLYHQRQDGU\PDWWHUEDVLV
• )UHHIURPPRXOGVȁSUHYHQWSRRUJURZWKDQGSRVVLEOHGLVHDVHIURPP\FRWR[LQV
• Finely groundȁWRHQVXUHHTXDOGLVWULEXWLRQRILQJUHGLHQWVZLWKLQWKHIHHG
• &RQWDLQQRFRQWDPLQDQWVRUXQGHVLUDEOHPDWHULDOVVXFKDVVDQGVWRQHVFKHPLFDOV
• Each ingredient is prepared as recommended HJURDVWLQJRIOHJXPHVWRGHVWUR\DQWL
QXWULWLRQDOIDFWRUVSULRUWRJULQGLQJDQGPL[LQJLQWKHIHHG
• 'RQRWH[FHHGWKHPD[LPXPUHTXLUHPHQWIRUIHHGLQJUHGLHQWVZLWKUHFRPPHQGHGOLPLWV
7KHTXDQWLWLHVRIHDFKLQJUHGLHQWWRPL[FDQEHGRQHXVLQJ
D 7KHȅ3HDUVRQȆVVTXDUHȆVTXDUHIRUIHHGZLWKWZRRUPRUHLQJUHGLHQWV
E Least cost formulation forVHYHUDOLQJUHGLHQWVH[FHOVSUHDGVKHHWV
6HHDSSHQGL[ for an e[DPSOHRQKRZWRXVHWKH3HDUVRQȆVVTXDUHWRIRUPXODWHIHHGV

c) Mixing the Ingredients

$IWHUFDOFXODWLQJWKHTXDQWLWLHVRILQJUHGLHQWVWRXVHPHDVXUHRXWWKHLQJUHGLHQWV,ISUHPL[HVDUH
WREHDGGHGGRVRIROORZLQJWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRIWKHPDQXIDFWXUH
'XULQJPL[LQJRIGU\LQJUHGLHQWVPDNHVXUHDOOWKHLQJUHGLHQWVDUHXQLIRUPO\PL[HG'HHSHQLQJ
RQWKHTXDQWLW\EHLQJPL[HGRQHPD\XVHDVSDGHRUYDULRXVIHHGPL[HUV
7KHPL[WXUHPD\WKHUHDIWHUEHFRRNHGDQGIHGDV GRXJKRUSHOOHWHG'RXJKVIHGLPPHGLDWHO\
3HOOHWVVKRXOGEHGULHGDIWHUXVH
6.6.2.3 Other important things to note

• .HHSDQGUHFRUGRIWKHIHHGVZLWKEDWFKQXPEHURIWKHIHHGV\RXPDNHDQGXVHLQWKHHYHQWRI
DQ\HYHQWXDOLW\ZLWKWKHIHHGPL[WXUH
• 8VHWKHIHHGV\RXࢉQLVKࢉUVW
• ,IWKHSHOOHWVDUHWREHVROGWKH\PXVWKDYHDODEHOFRROHGDQGSURSHUO\GULHGEHIRUHSDFNDJLQJ
3DFNLQFOHDQEDJVDQGODEHOHDFKEDWFKZLWKWKHUHVSHFWLYHEDWFKQXPEHU
• 6WRUHDUHUHFRPPHQGHGLQDERYH
/LYHIHHGV
=RRSODQNWRQDQGRWKHUOLYLQJDTXDWLFRUJDQLVPVDUHUDLVHGWRIHHGࢉVKODUYDH7KH\SURYLGHDVRXUFH
RIHDVLO\GLJHVWLEOHKLJKTXDOLW\SURWHLQLQWKHIRUPRIDPRWLOHVL]HDEOHVLQJHFHOOIRUWKHODUYDH
7KHDELOLW\RIࢉVKODUYDHWRVHHDQGVZLPDORQJGLVWDQFHLQVHDUFKRIIHHGLVORZ7KH\DUHDWWUDFWHGWR
IHHGPRUHE\PRYHPHQWRISDUWLFOHV/LYHIHHGVUHPDLQVXVSHQGHGZLWKLQWKHZDWHUFROXPQDQGDUH
PRWLOHZKLFKPDNHVIHHGLQJIRUWKHODUYDHHDVLHU
$UWHPLD%ULQH6KULPS

$UWHPLDDUHFUXVWDFHDQVWKDWOLYHLQVDOWODNHV$UWHPLDUHSURGXFHHLWKHUOLYH\RXQJRUF\VWVGHSHQG-
LQJRQWKHFRQGLWLRQVZLWKLQWKHLUQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW:KHQJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQVDUHXQIDYRXUDEOHLQ
WKHLUQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQWVWKH\IRUPF\VWVWKDWKDWFKLQWRQDXSOLLZKHQFRQGLWLRQVEHFRPHIDYRXUDEOH
7KHQDXSOLLDUHDJRRGVRXUFHRIOLYHIHHGIRUࢉVKODUYDH
)LJXUH /LIH&\FOHRI$UWHPLD
14 days
14 days
Cysts hatch into Optimal environmental conditions 100 – 300 nauplii/
nauplii
female every 4-5
adult days
Ovoviviparous reproduction
artemia to produce live young
Optimal environmental
conditions
Sub-optimal conditions (periods of high salinity)
Oviparous reproduction to produce cysts
Cysts can be stored for

several years
100 - 300
cysts/female
every 4-5 days

7KHF\VWVDUHKDUYHVWHGDQGPDUNHWHGDVDUWHPLDF\VWVࢉJXUH7KHF\VWVDUHGHF\VWHGRUKDWFKHGLQ

KDWFKHULHVIRUODUYDOIHHG
)LJXUH $UWHPLDSDFNDJHGIRUVDOH
Ȏ 8SWRSURWHLQ
Ȏ +LJKTXDOLW\HDVLO\GLJHVWLEOHSURWHLQ
Ȏ /LYHPRWLOHKLJKTXDOLW\IRRG
Ȏ &DQEHVWRUHGIRUVHYHUDO\HDUVZLWKRXW
GHWHULRUDWLRQLQTXDOLW\
Ȏ (DV\WRGHF\VW
Ȏ 0DWHULDOVIRUGHF\VWLQJDYDLODEOHORFDOO\
Disadvantage
Ȏ 1RW\HWORFDOO\SURGXFHG
Ȏ ([SHQVLYH
Ȏ 2QFHGHF\VWHGGRQRWODVWLQIUHVKZDWHUIRU
PRUHWKDQKRXUV
Preparing artemia cysts for feeding

6WHS'HFDSVXODWLRQGHF\VWLQJ
7KHVKHOORIWKHF\VWLVWRRKDUGIRUࢉVKODUYDHWRGLJHVW,WVKRXOGEHUHPRYHGSULRUZKHWKHUWKHODUYDH
DUHWREHIHGGHF\VWHGF\VWVRUKDWFKHGQDXSOLLࢉJXUH
Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii
Shell
1st instar
nauplii
Decapsulated
cyst
,QJUHGLHQWVIRU'HFDSVXODWLRQ
Ȏ JDUWHPLDF\VWV
Ȏ OLWUHVVRGLXPK\SRFKORULWHKRXVHKROGMLN
Ȏ JVRGLXPK\GUR[LGH
Ȏ OLWUHVRIFROGZDWHU
&\VWFRORXUEURZQJUD\RURUDQJH
5LQVHLQIUHVKZDWHU
1HXWUDOLVHZLWK+\GURFKORULFDFLGDQGRUVRGLXPWKLRVXOSKDWH

Step 2: Hatching of artemia

$GGPORIZDWHUWRD]RXJMDURULQYHUWHGFRQLFDOFRQWDLQHURUODUJHPLQHUDOZDWHUERWWOHV
$GGWHDVSRRQVRIGHK\GUDWHGDUWHPLDF\VWVWRWKHPOZDWHU
%XEEOHDLUWKURXJKWKHPL[WXUHIRUKRXU
$GGPO-,.VRGLXPK\SRFKORULWHIRUPLQ&RQWLQXHEXEEOLQJDLUWKURXJKWKHPL[WXUH
:DVKVHYHUDOWLPHVZLWKZDWHU8VHDSLHFHRIࢉQHSRO\HVWHUFORWKDVDࢉOWHU7KHDUWHPLDLV
FROOHFWHGLQWKHFORWK
:DVKLQYLQHJDUIRUPLQXWHV
:DVKVHYHUDOWLPHVZLWKZDWHUWLOOWKHUHLVQRVPHOORIYLQHJDU
6.6.2.2 Cladocerans.
a) Moina
0RLQDIDYRXUDSDURWKJHQHWLFHQYLURQPHQW Figure 66: Moina sp.
ࢉJXUH7KH\SURGXFHDQHZEURRGHYHU\
RWKHUGD\RIXSWRODUYDHEURRG
Production of Moina in Outdoor Tanks

Requirements
Ȏ &RQFUHWHRUSODVWLFWDQNRUWXEH
Ȏ &RYHUOLNHEODFNVKDGHFORWKIRUWKHWDQN
Ȏ 2UJDQLFIHUWLOLVHUVVXFKDVPDQXUHVDJULFXOWXUDOE\SURGXFWVVXFKDVVWUDZRU\HDVWV
Ȏ )LOOWKHWDQNWRDGHSWKRIKDOIDPHWHUZLWKZDWHU Recommended Growing Conditions

Ȏ &RYHUWKHWDQNDWOHDVWDWKLUGRIWKHWDQNWRDOORZRQO\ Ȏ :DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHȁWRR&
GLࢆXVHOLJKW1RGLUHFWVXQOLJKW Ȏ 1RQSROOXWHGZDWHU
Ȏ )HUWLOLVHWKHZDWHUZLWKIHUWLOLVHU Ȏ *HQWOHDHUDWLRQ
Ȏ S+QHXWUDO
Ȏ ,QRFXODWHDERXWPRLQDOLWUHRIZDWHUDERXW
• low ammonia
hours after fertilising water
b. Daphnia
Figure 67: Daphnia

Production outdoors
Ȏ 7DQNV
Ȏ ,QLWLDOIHUWLOL]DWLRQNJPZDWHUIUHVKFRZGXQJDQ\DQLPDOPDQXUHFDQEHXVHG3UHIHUDEOH
because of the straw in the manure)
Ȏ :DLWKUVIRUEDFWHULDOJURZWK
Ȏ 6HHGDW'DSKQLDOLWUH
6.6.2.3 Rotifers
)LJXUH 5RWLIHUV
%UDFKLRQXVURWLIHUVSURGXFWLRQ
Ȏ )HPDOHOLIHVSDQGD\VPDOHVGD\VDWr&
Ȏ )LUVWUHSURGXFHKUSRVWKDWFKRࢆVSULQJOLIHF\FOH
Ȏ $OJDHRU<HDVWJLYHQDVIRRG
g. Enrichment of live feeds

-XVWEHIRUHIHHGOLYHIHHGVFDQEHSODFHGLQQXWULHQWULFKPHGLDMXVWEHIRUHIHHGࢉJXUH1RU-
PDOO\WKHVHZRXOGFRQWDLQH[WUD9LWDPLQ&DQGOLQROHLFDFLGWRLPSURYHODUYDOVXUYLYDODQGJURZWK
Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds
EƵƚƌŝĞŶƚŵĞĚŝĂŝƐ
ĂĚĚĞĚƚŽĞŶƌŝĐŚǁĂƚĞƌ
ŝŶƚĂŶŬ
,ĂƌǀĞƐƚƌŽƚŝĨĞƌƐ
ZŽƚŝĨĞƌ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĞƚĂŶŬ
ŶƌŝĐŚŵĞŶƚ
ƚĂŶŬ
ZŽƚŝĨĞƌƐŚĂƌǀĞƐƚĞĚƚŽĨĞĞĚ
ůĂƌǀĂĞϲͲϮϰŚŽƵƌƐĂĨƚĞƌƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ
ŝŶƚŽĞŶƌŝĐŚŵĞŶƚƚĂŶŬ


MODULE SEVEN:
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
3URGXFWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW SUDFWLFHV FRPSULVH WKH GLࢆHUHQW VHW RI DFWLYLWLHV RQH GRHV WR WUDQVIRUP WKH
LQSXWLQWRDSURGXFW,QDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVDUHEDVHGRQWKHPHHWLQJWKH
QHHGVRIWKHࢉVKDWWKHGLࢆHUHQWSKDVHVRILWVSURGXFWLRQF\FOHࢉJXUH
)LJXUH )LVK/LIH&\FOH

+HQFH
a) Hatchery Management –
7KH REMHFWLYH LV WR SURGXFH OLYH KLJKTXDOLW\ JDPHWHV IURP SDUHQW ࢉVK EURRGVWRFN WR SURGXFH
MXYHQLOHࢉVKIRUVWRFNLQJJURZRXWXQLWV
7KHPDMRUPDQDJHPHQWDFWLYLWLHVXQGHUWDNHQLQࢉVKKDWFKHU\PDQDJHPHQWDUH
Ȏ %URRGVWRFNPDQDJHPHQWIRUJDPHWHSURGXFWLRQ
Ȏ *DPHWHFROOHFWLRQVSDZQLQJDQGPLOWFROOHFWLRQ
Ȏ )HUWLOL]DWLRQRIHJJV
Ȏ (JJ,QFXEDWLRQ
Ȏ +DWFKLQJ
Ȏ /DUYDOUHDULQJ
Ȏ )U\SURGXFWLRQ
Ȏ )LQJHUOLQJV
b) Grow-out Management
7KHREMHFWLYHLVWRUHDUࢉVKIRUWDEOH,WFRYHUVWKHMXYHQLOHVWRDGXOWVWDJHRIWKHࢉVKȆVOLIHF\FOH
7.2 Hatchery Management

7KHUHDUHWKUHHEDVLFPHWKRGVIRUSURSDJDWLQJࢉVKWRSURGXFHIU\
a) Natural Propagation - 0DOHVDQGIHPDOHVDUHSODFHGWRJHWKHULQDVPDOOSRQGRUWDQNZKHUH
IHPDOHVVSDZQQDWXUDOO\ࢉJXUH
Figure 71: Natural Propagation
7KHVXFFHVVIXOEUHHGLQJRIVRPHVSHFLHVVXFKDV$IULFDQFDWࢉVKDQGPLUURUFDUSRIWHQUHTXLUHVRPH
PDQLSXODWLRQWRPLPLFWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHVWKDWWULJJHUVSDZQLQJLQQDWXUHVXFKDV(i)VXGGHQ
LQFUHDVHLQZDWHUYROXPH(ii)SURYLGLQJVXEVWUDWHIRUHJJDWWDFKPHQWRUQHVWLQJ
E 6HPL1DWXUDO3URSDJDWLRQȁ7KHIHPDOHLVLQGXFHGWRVSDZQXVLQJDUWLࢉFLDOJRQDGRWURSLQVRU
SLWXLWDU\H[WUDFWVDIWHUZKLFKWKHPDOHDQGIHPDOHVDUHSODFHGLQWKHVDPHXQLWWRSURSDJDWHDV
GHVFULEHGLQ(a)DERYH)LJXUHEHORZ

Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation
F $UWLࢉFLDOSURSDJDWLRQ7KHIHPDOHVDUHJLYHQDUWLࢉFLDOKRUPRQHVRUSLWXLWDU\H[WUDFWWULJJHU
ERWKWKHPDWXUDWLRQDQGUHOHDVHRIHJJV2QFHWKHHJJVDUHULSHIRUVSDZQLQJWKHIHPDOHLV
PDQXDOO\DLGHGWRUHOHDVHKHUHJJVDSURFHVVNQRZQDVVWULSSLQJ*DPHWHVIURPWKHPDOHV
PLOWDUHDOVRH[WUDFWHGPDQXDOO\7KHHJJVDUHIHUWLOLVHGE\GLUHFWO\VTXLUWLQJWKHFROOHFWHGPLOW
RYHUWKHHJJVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH $UWLࢉFLDO3URSDJDWLRQRI)LVK

7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management

7DEOHDQGࢉJXUHOLVWDQGLOOXVWUDWHWKHPDMRUVWHSVLQWLODSLDVHHGSURGXFWLRQ
7DEOH 'HVFULSWLRQRI6WDJHVLQ7LODSLD3URGXFWLRQ
Production Description Product /RFDWLRQ.LQGRI
Stage Farm
Phase 0 +DWFKLQJ )U\ +DWFKHU\
Phase 1 6H[5HYHUVDOLQ+DSDVȁGD\V 0RQRVH[$OOPDOHIU\ +DWFKHU\
Phase 2 )LUVW1XUVHU\65WRJ )U\ +DWFKHU\
Phase 3 6HFRQG1XUVHU\JWRJ )LQJHUOLQJV +DWFKHU\RUQXUVHU\
Phase 4 6WRFNHUJWRJ 6WRFNHUVKDQGVH[LQJ *URZRXWIDUP
Phase 5 7DEOH6L]HJWRJ 7DEOH)LVK *URZRXWIDUP


Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production

7.2.1.1 Broodstock Management

Key Objectives ,WLVSUHIHUDEOHWRPDLQWDLQSXUHKLJKTXDOLW\VWRFNRQWKHIDUPDVWKLVDࢆHFWV
WKHTXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\RIRࢆVSULQJ0DQDJLQJRQHȆVRZQEURRGVWRFNSXWVWKH
KDWFKHU\RSHUDWRULQDEHWWHUSRVLWLRQWRDVFHUWDLQSUHVSDZQLQJFRQGLWLRQ7KH
FRQGLWLRQRIWKHEURRGVWRFNGHWHUPLQHVHJJTXDOLW\KDWFKDELOLW\ODUYDOJURZWKDQG
VXUYLYDO
Pond 3RQGVVKRXOGPHHWVWDQGDUGVIRUFRPPHUFLDOHDUWKHQSRQGV
Preparation 6FUHHQWRHQVXUHWKDWQRZLOGࢉVKRUHJJVFDQHQWHUSRQGDWDQ\WLPHGXULQJWKH
F\FOH
(UDGLFDWHDOORWKHUࢉVKRUDTXDWLFOLIHLQSRQGVEHIRUHVWRFNLQJZLWKEXLOGHUVOLPH
/LPHDQGIHUWLOLVHWRKDYHJUHHQZDWHULQSRQGV3RQGVFDQEHIHUWLOLVHGZLWK
DUWLࢉFLDOIHUWLOLVHUV
)LOOSRQGV
Stocking 2QO\VWRFNgenetically pure stock8QGHUORFDOSUDFWLFDOFRQGLWLRQVWKLVLV

RIWHQOLPLWHGWRVWRFNLQJࢉVKZLWKW\SLFDOSK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI2UHRFKURPLV
QLORWLFXV
2QO\VWRFNࢉVKIURPDknown sourceLHHLWKHUWKHZLOGDNQRZQEUHHGLQJ
VWDWLRQ,I\RXFROOHFWࢉVKIURPWKHZLOGLQLWLDOO\RUUHJXODUO\UHDU\RXRZQ
VWRFNRQWKHIDUPLQJURZRXWSRQGV7KLVLVPRUHUHOLDEOHUHGXFHVLQFLGHQFH
RIGLVHDVHWKHQHJDWLYHHࢆHFWVRIZLOGVWRFNSRSXODWLRQVDQGRIFRQWLQXRXVO\
KDUYHVWLQJULSHࢉVKIURPWKHZLOG
Never everREWDLQVWRFNIURPDQRWKHUSRQGIDUPZKHUHࢉVKDUHRIPL[HGVL]HV
ZLWKLQWKHXQLWQRVFUHHQLQJLVGRQHDQGWKHUHDUHQRUHFRUGVRUKLVWRU\RIWKH
VRXUFHRIࢉVK
6WRFNPDOHVDQGIHPDOHVLQVHSDUDWHSRQGV
Size to stock:6HOHFWࢉVKRIDERXWJRUPRUHDVEURRGVWRFN)LVKWKDWDUH
WRRVPDOOZLOOEHOHVVIHFXQGOHVVHࢇFLHQWDWHJJLQFXEDWLRQDQGIU\SURWHFWLRQ
6WRFNࢉVKRIXQLIRUPVL]H
$JHRI)LVK'RQRWVWRFNࢉVKWKDWKDYHVSDZQHGVHYHUDOWLPHVEHIRUHEHFDXVH
IHFXQGLW\GHFUHDVHVZLWKPDWHUQDODJHDQGVXFFHVVLYHVSDZQLQJ/LNHZLVH
PDOHVVKRXOGQRWEHWRRROG5HJXODUO\UHSODFHPDOHVZLWK\HDUROGࢉVK
Physical Condition: )LVKVKRXOGKDYHQRSK\VLFDOGHIRUPLWLHVLQMXU\RUVLJQVRI
GLVHDVH
Stocking Rate:WRNJKDWRࢉVKSHUP)
Pond 0DQDJHSRQGVDVVWDWLFJUHHQZDWHUPDQDJLQJIHUWLOLW\OHYHOVDWDVHFFKLUHDGLQJ
Management RIFP
(QVXUHSRQGVDUHEHORZFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\$VPXFKDVSRVVLEOHHQVXUHWKDW
HDUO\PRUQLQJGLVVROYHGOHYHOVRIR[\JHQGRQRWIDOOEHORZPJO:KHQOHYHOV
GURSEHORZWKLVUHJXODUO\GURSEHORZWKLVRYDULDQJURZWKEHFRPHVDࢆHFWHG
6FUHHQVPXVWDOZD\VEHDWWDFKHGWRLQOHWDQGRXWOHW(QVXUHVFUHHQVDUHQRW
FORJJHGDQGLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQ$Q\LQࢊRZLQJZDWHUPXVWEHFRQWLQXRXVO\
ࢉOWHUHGWKURXJKDࢉQHPHVK
Feeding +LJKTXDOLW\GLHWRISURWHLQOHYHO$GLHWULFKLQSURWHLQLVLPSRUWDQWDV
WKLVLQࢊXHQFHVWKHTXDOLW\RIHJJ\RONKHQFHHPEU\RQLFDQGHDUO\ODUYDOQXWULWLRQ
)HHGWZLFHDGD\DWERG\ZHLJKWSHUGD\
Harvesting 'RQRWIHHGࢉVKWKHPHDOEHIRUHKDUYHVW
nests
and Handling +DUYHVWSUHIHUDEO\ZLWKDVHLQHZLWKDEDJ
IRU6SDZQLQJ
(QVXUHࢉVKDUHDOZD\VLQJRRGTXDOLW\ZDWHU
6HOHFWWKHࢉVKIRUVSDZQLQJDQGWUDQVIHUWRSUHSDUHGVSDZQLQJSRQG

6SDZQLQJ)HUWLOLVDWLRQ(JJ,QFXEDWLRQDQG+DWFKLQJ
1DWXUDODQGDUWLࢉFLDOSURSDJDWLRQFDQEHGRQH
L ,QSRQGVPLPLFNLQJWKHQDWXUDOUHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVV
c) Natural Propagation in Ponds
Key 3URYLGHDQHQYLURQPHQWLQZKLFKࢉVKFDQVSDZQHࢇFLHQWO\ZLWKQRFRQWDPLQDWLRQ
Objectives RIWKHRࢆVSULQJ:KLOHWLODSLDFDQVSDZQLQDQ\SRQGSRQGVL]HVKDSHDQGGHSWK
DࢆHFWKDUYHVWHࢇFLHQF\DQGVHHGSURGXFWLRQ
Pond 3RQGVVKRXOGPHHWVWDQGDUGVIRUFRPPHUFLDOHDUWKHQSRQGV+DUYHVWEDVLQLV
Preparation LPSRUWDQW/LQHKDUYHVWEDVLQZLWKFPPHVKQ\ORQQHWWLQJEHIRUHࢉOOLQJLQRUGHU
WRKHOSUHPRYHEURRGVWRFNDWGUDLQDJH
6FUHHQWRHQVXUHWKDWQRZLOGࢉVKRUHJJVFDQHQWHUSRQGDWDQ\WLPHGXULQJWKH
F\FOH
(UDGLFDWHDOORWKHUࢉVKRUDTXDWLFOLIHLQSRQGVEHIRUHVWRFNLQJZLWKEXLOGHUVȆOLPH
/LPHDQGIHUWLOLVHWRKDYHJUHHQZDWHULQSRQGV
)LOOSRQGV
Stocking 6WRFNERWKPDOHVDQGIHPDOHVLQWKHVDPHSRQG
6HOHFWࢉVKIURPEURRGVWRFNSRQGWKDWDUHLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQKDYHJRRGJDPHWHV
Stocking Rate: ࢉVKP
Stocking Ratio: $UDWLREHWZHHQPDOHIHPDOHWRPDOHIHPDOHV*HQHUDOO\
WKHUHVKRXOGEHPRUHIHPDOHVWKDQPDOHV
Feeding Feeding options: ,QJUHHQZDWHUGRQRWDGGIHHGWRVSDZQLQJSRQGV)HHGࢉVK

after spawning
,IRQHRSWVWRIHHGIHHGGLHWRISURWHLQOHYHODWUDWHRIRIVDWLDWLRQ
,IIHHGLQJDGLHWPD\IHHGDWUDWHRIERG\ZHLJKWSHUGD\5HPHPEHU
IHPDOHVGRQRWIHHGZKLOHEURRGLQJ
)HHGUHVWULFWLRQUHGXFHVJURZWKUDWHVEXWLQFUHDVHVVSDZQLQJIUHTXHQF\WRWDO
QXPEHURIHJJVRYHUDJLYHQSHULRGDVXQGHUVXFKFRQGLWLRQVWKHIHPDOHȆVERG\
RSWVWRDOORFDWHHQHUJ\WRHJJSURGXFWLRQ:KHQࢉVKDUHIHGWRVDWLDWLRQLQ
VSDZQLQJSRQGVVRPDWLFLHERG\VL]HJURZWKLVIDYRXUHGRYHUHJJSURGXFWLRQ
Pond 6WDWLFJUHHQZDWHUPDQDJHPHQWZLWKRSWLPXPOHYHOVRISRQGIHUWLOLW\FP

Management VHFFKLUHDGLQJ
(QVXUHHDUO\PRUQLQJGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVGRQRWGURSEHORZPJO:KHQ
OHYHOVGURSDVORZDVPJOWKHUHLVDQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRQRYDULDQJURZWK
FRXUWVKLSVHHGSURGXFWLRQDQGTXDOLW\DVZHOODVWKHDELOLW\RIWLODSLDIHPDOHVWR
PRXWKEURRGHJJVDQGIU\/RZGLVVROYHGR[\JHQUHGXFHGIHHGLQWDNHDQGVWUHVV
WREURRGVWRFNODUYDHDQGIU\
:DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVLQSRQGVKRXOGEHDERXWo&KHQFHWKH
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQIRUVWDWLFZDWHUPDQDJHPHQW
&RQWUROSUHGDWRUVHJELUGV)URJVHJJPDVVHVVKRXOGEHUHPRYHG
.HHSVFUHHQVRQLQOHWDQGRXWOHWࢉ[HGDQGLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQ
Harvesting )LUVWVHLQHZLWKDFPPHVKVHLQHWRUHPRYHEURRGVWRFN7KLVUHGXFHVVWUHVVWR
\RXQJIU\EHLQJFDXJKWLQZLWKEURRGVWRFN
)RU6H[5HYHUVHG)U\+DUYHVWIU\ZLWKLQZHHNVRIVWRFNLQJVSDZQLQJSRQGLI
RQHLQWHQGVWRVH[UHYHUVHIU\*UDGHDQGWRVRUWRXWIU\JUHDWHUPP6WRFNIU\
OHVVWKDQPPIRUWUHDWPHQWLQKDSDV/DUJHUࢉVKGLVFDUGHG
0L[HG6H[)U\+DUYHVWDIWHUZHHNV *UDGHDQGVWRFNࢉVKRIXQLIRUPVL]HVLQ
VHOHFWHGQXUVHU\SRQGV
NB: $WDOOWLPHVHQVXUHࢉVKDUHKDQGOHGDVUHFRPPHQGHGDQGDUHDOZD\VLQJRRG
TXDOLW\ZDWHU

Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond.
G $UWLࢆFLDO3URSDJDWLRQRI7LODSLD
,QWLODSLD
Ȏ &ROOHFWULSHHJJVIURPWKHIHPDOHȆVPRXWKLQWRDGU\EDVLQ
Ȏ *HQWO\SUHVVWKHDEGRPHQRIWKHPDOHWRH[SUHVVWKHPLOWRYHUWKHHJJV
Ȏ *HQWO\PL[WKHPL[WXUHIRUDERXWDPLQXWH
Ȏ 5LQVHRXWZLWKZDWHUDQGDGGZDWHUWRWKHEDVLQDQGSRXUPL[WXUHLQWR0F'RQDOGMDUV
Ȏ (QVXUHXSZHOOLQJPRYHPHQWRIZDWHUGXULQJLQFXEDWLRQ:DWHUVKRXOGEHZHOODHUDWHGDQG
WHPSHUDWXUHNHSWFRQVWDQWEHWZHHQSUHIHUDEO\WRR&
Ȏ +DWFKHGODUYDHZLOOࢊRDWDQGࢊRZLQWREDVLQVDWWKHVLGH
Ȏ 6WRFNWKHVHLQODUYDHWDQNVRUKDSDVࢉJXUH
Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation
(a) Hapas for Female Broodstock. (b) Eggs within Mouth of a Female Brooder.
)LQHUQHWWLQJOLQHVWKHVLGHRIWKHKDSDIHPDOHVDUH 5LSHHJJVORRNJHHQLVKZLWKDEODFNGR
KDUYHVWHGIURPWRSUHYHQWHJJVKHOGLQWKHPRXWK
EHLQJORVW

(c) Incubating fertilized tilapia (d) Method for harvesting female

eggs in McDonald Jars brooders and early fry from hapas.
Larval rearing to fry

Ȏ IU\OLWUH&DQQLEDOLVP
Ȏ &RQWLQXRXVJUDGLQJLQIU\XQLWVEHFDXVHRIFDQQLEDOLVP
Ȏ )HHGLQJUDWHERG\ZHLJKW
Ȏ 5HGEOXHGLHWVEHWWHUIRUYLVLELOLW\
3URGXFWLRQRI6LQJOH6H[7LODSLD
$IWHUODUYDOUHDULQJWKHGHFLVLRQRQZKHWKHUWRSURGXFHVLQJOHVH[DOOPDOHRUPL[HGVH[ࢉVKPXVWEH
PDGH7KHUHDUHWZRPHWKRGVIRUSURGXFLQJDOOPDOHࢉVK
D +RUPRQDOVH[UHYHUVDO
E +DQGVH[LQJ
$OOPDOHFXOWXUHLVSUHIHUUHGLQWLODSLDIDUPLQJEHFDXVHWKHPDOHVJURZIDVWHUDQGWRDYRLGUHSURGXFWLRQ
LQJURZRXWSRQGVVWRFNHGZLWKERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHࢉVK
)LJXUH 2SWLRQVIRU7LODSLD6HHG3URGXFWLRQ
Production Description 0RQRVH[7LODSLD 0L[HG6H[
Phase and Hand-
6H[HG7LODSLD
6H[5HYHUVHG7LODSLD
Phase 0 %URRGVWRFNVHOHFWHGDQG %URRGVWRFN %URRGVWRFN $OOVWDJHG

VWRFNHGLQVSDZQLQJSRQG VWRFNHGLQSRQGV VWRFNHGLQKDSDV GRQHLQSRQG
KDSDVSDZQHGHJJVDUH 6ZLPȁXSIU\ )HUWLOLVHGHJJV RUKDSD)U\
IHUWLOLVHGE\PDOHHJJ KDUYHVWHGIURP FROOHFWHGIURP KDUYHVWHG
LQFXEDWLRQKDWFKLQJDQG VSDZQLQJSRQG IHPDOHVJUDGHG VOLJKWO\ROGHU
UHDULQJRI\RONVDFODUYDH DQGJUDGHG EDVHGRQVWDJH than swim-up
WRVZLPXSIU\*UDGLQJRI EHIRUHVWRFNLQJ RIHPEU\R IU\ZKHQWKH\
HJJVDQGVZLPXSIU\ LQWRDQRWKHUXQLW GHYHORSPHQW are easier
DQGLQFXEDWHG WRKDQGOH
in appropriate +DUYHVWLQJ
MDUV(JJVDW PD\EHGRQH
the same stage ZHHNO\
RIGHYHORSPHQW
DUHSODFHGLQWKH
VDPHMDU

Production Description 0RQRVH[7LODSLD 0L[HG6H[

Phase and Hand-
6H[HG7LODSLD
6ZLPXSIU\IHGKRUPRQH 6ZLPXSIU\ 6ZLPXSIU\ 6ZLPXSIU\QRW

WUHDWHGIHHGIRUDERXW OHVVWKDQPP VWRFNHGLQKDSD WUHDWHG
GD\VLQSURWHFWHG VWRFNHGLQKDSD RUWDQN6WRFN
SURGXFWLRQXQLWVKDSDV 6WRFNXQLIRUP XQLIRUPVL]HVRI
RUWDQNVWKDWSUHYHQW VL]HV)HHG OHVVWKDQPP
Phase 1
contamination with other WUHDWHGIHHGIRU )HHGWUHDWHGIHHG
ࢉVKHVDQGHQVXUHWKDWDOO DERXWGD\V$W IRUDERXWGD\V
ࢉVKLQWKHXQLWKDYHDFFHVV KDUYHVWIU\VKRXOG $WKDUYHVWIU\
WRRQO\WKHWUHDWHGIHHG EHDERXWJ VKRXOGEHDERXW
J
Phase 2 )LUVW1XUVHU\1XUVHU\ )LVKUHDUHGLQ )LVKUHDUHGLQ 6ZLPXSRU

SRQGVRUKDSDVZKHUH QXUVHU\SRQGRU QXUVHU\SRQGRU VOLJKWO\ODUJHU
management focuses at KDSDWLOODERXW KDSDWLOODERXWJ IU\
HDUO\UHDULQJRIIU\XQWLO g each HDFK
WKH\DUHDERXWJHDFK
3ULPDU\VRXUFHRIIRRG
LVQDWXUDOSURGXFWLRQ
$UWLࢉFLDOIHHGDOVRJLYHQ
HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQUHDUHGLQ
KDSD
6HFRQG1XUVHU\)U\UHDUHG 3RQGUHDULQJ 3RQGUHDULQJ 3RQGUHDULQJ

IURPJWRࢉQJHUOLQJVL]H )LVKKDUYHVWHGDW )LVKKDUYHVWHGDW )LVKKDUYHVWHG
LQSRQGV1DWXUDOSRQG ࢉQJHUOLQJVL]H ࢉQJHUOLQJVL]H DWࢉQJHUOLQJ
SURGXFWLYLW\DPDMRUVRXUFH VL]H
Phase 3 RIQXWULWLRQIRUWKHࢉVK
+LJKSURWHLQDUWLࢉFLDOIHHG
PD\DOVREHJLYHQ
GHSHQGLQJRQOHYHORI
PDQDJHPHQW
Phase 4 6WRFNHU)LQJHUOLQJVIURP This phase This phase This phase

JVWRFNHGDQGUHDUHG optional for optional for optional for
WRJGHSHQGLQJRQ KDWFKHU\ KDWFKHU\ KDWFKHU\
WKHREMHFWLYHRIWKHRQ 'HSHQGV 'HSHQGV +DQGVH[LQJ
JURZHUJࢉVKDUH RQIDUPHUVȆ RQIDUPHUVȆ GRQHZKHQ
VXLWDEOHIRUVWRFNLQJLQ VSHFLࢉFDWLRQV VSHFLࢉFDWLRQV ࢉVKDUH
FDJHV/DUJHUVL]HGࢉVK EHWZHHQ
IRUVWRFNLQJLQJURZRXW JGHSHQGLQJ
SRQGV$OVRSDUWRIJURZ on grow-
RXWV\VWHP out farmers
UHTXLUHPHQWV
0DQDJHPHQWRIࢉVKRI 0RQRVH[ࢉVKIRU 0RQRVH[ࢉVKIRU 0L[HGRU

ࢉQJHUOLQJRUVWRFNHUVWR VWRFNLQJJURZRXW VWRFNLQJJURZRXW PRQRVH[ࢉVK
Phase 5 WDEOHVL]H LQSRQGVRUFDJHV LQSRQGVRUFDJHV IRUVWRFNLQJ
grow-out in
SRQGVRUFDJHV

E +RUPRQDO6H[5HYHUVDO
Key Objectives 3URGXFHDOOPDOHVDQGSUHYHQWFRQWDPLQDWLRQRIࢉVKZLWKIHPDOHVRU
RWKHUZLOGࢉVK
Pond Preparation 3RQGVVKRXOGPHHWVWDQGDUGVIRUFRPPHUFLDOHDUWKHQSRQGV+DUYHVWEDVLQ

and Management LVLPSRUWDQW/LQHKDUYHVWEDVLQZLWKFPPHVKQ\ORQQHWWLQJEHIRUHࢉOOLQJ
LQRUGHUWRKHOSUHPRYHEURRGVWRFNDWGUDLQDJH
6FUHHQWRHQVXUHWKDWQRZLOGࢉVKRUHJJVFDQHQWHUSRQGDWDQ\WLPH
GXULQJWKHF\FOH
(UDGLFDWHDOORWKHUࢉVKRUDTXDWLFOLIHLQSRQGVEHIRUHVWRFNLQJZLWKEXLOGHUV
OLPH
/LPHDQGIHUWLOLVHWRKDYHJUHHQZDWHULQSRQGV
)LOOSRQGV6WRFNZKHQSRQGLVJUHHQDo not stockDQ\ࢉVKLQSRQGVHW
DVLGHDVKDSDSRQGV
6HWLQKDSDHQVXULQJWKDWQRWKLQJHQWHUVKDSDDVLWLVEHLQJSODFHGLQ
SRQG7KHUHIRUHRQO\XVHKDSDVZLWKQRKROHVKROGKDSDXSULJKWZLWKWRS
RSHQLQJFORVHWLJKWWKHQSXOORXWZDUGWRࢉVKRQȅGHDGPHQȆZLWKRXWWLOWLQJ
+DSDZKHQSODFHGLQSRQGVKRXOGEHDWOHDVWFPDERYHSRQGࢊRRUKDYH
DZDWHUGHSWKRIDWOHDVWFP
Stocking Hapa Size:6WRFNRQO\JUDGHGIU\OHVVWKDQPPORQJHVWLPDWHGDYHUDJHZHLJKW

J)U\LQWRHDFKKDSDVKRXOGEHRIXQLIRUPVL]H
Stocking Rate:6WRFNWRIU\P
Feeding )HHGPHWK\OWHVWRVWHURQHWUHDWHGIHHGIRUDSHULRGRIDERXWGD\V
7KHIHHGKLJKTXDOLW\IHHGRISURWHLQOHYHOSHOOHWVL]HFUXPEOHV
)HHGLQJUDWHIRXUWLPHVDGD\DWDQLQLWLDOIHHGLQJUDWHRIERG\ZHLJKW
SHUGD\XQWLOࢉVKDUHDERXWPPWKHQIHHGERG\ZHLJKWSHUGD\
XQWLOHQGRIWUHDWPHQW
8VHIHHGLQJULQJIRUIHHGLQJ
Hapa Management &OHDQRXWVLGHKDSDZLWKDVRIWEUXVKZHHNO\WRSUHYHQWFORJJLQJ
Sampling, grading 6DPSOHZHHNO\LQRUGHUWRUHDGMXVWIHHGLQJOHYHO

and Harvesting $WࢉQDOKDUYHVWJUDGHࢉVK(VWLPDWHࢉVKZHLJKWDWKDUYHVWJ
7UDQVIHUKDUYHVWHGࢉVKWRࢉUVWQXUVHU\SRQG
e) +DQG6H[LQJ
7KHIROORZLQJSK\VLFDOIHDWXUHVDUHXVHGWRKDQGVH[WLODSLD
Ȏ *HQLWDOSDSLOODHࢉJXUHE
Ȏ %RG\VL]HDQGFRORXUEUHHGLQJPDOHVKDYHDUHGGLVKKXHRQWKHLUWDLODQGDEGRPHQࢉJXUHD
)LJXUH 6H['LࢆHUHQWLDWLRQRI1LOH7LODSLD
D 'LࢃHUHQFHLQVL]HEHWZHHQIHPDOHDERYH (b) Female (left) and Male (right)

and male (below) tilapia of the same age

&DWࢉVK+DWFKHU\0DQDJHPHQW
a) Broodstock Management
Ȏ 6WRFNPDOHVDQGIHPDOHVVHSDUDWHO\LQEURRGVWRFNPDQDJHPHQWSRQGVDWWKHUDWHRIPDOHV
PDQGIHPDOHVPࢉJXUH
Ȏ 6WRFNLQVPDOOSRQGVRIDYHUDJHSRQGVL]HVWRP
Ȏ )HHGDGLHWRI&3
Ȏ $YHUDJHVL]HDERYHJHDFK
)LJXUH 6H[GLࢆHUHQWLDWLRQRI$IULFDQ&DWࢉVK0DOHOHIWDQG)HPDOHULJKW
I 6SDZQLQJIHUWLOLVDWLRQ,QFXEDWLRQDQGKDWFKLQJ
• &RQGLWLRQLQJRI3DUHQWV
• *DPHWHFROOHFWLRQ
• 6HOHFWIHPDOHVZLWKULSHHJJVHJJVORRNEURZQLVKJUHHQZLWKDEODFNH\HGRW+DYHDVZROOHQ
DEGRPHQIXOORIHJJV
)LJXUH 6HOHFWLQJ)HPDOH&DWࢉVKIRU%UHHGLQJ
Large abdomen in a gravid female &KHFNLQJIRUUHDGLQHVVRIIHPDOHࢆVK

ࢆVKRQWKHULJKW Ripe eggs will be brownish-green with
a black dot

• $QDHVWKHWLVHWKHPWRFDOPWKHPGRZQDQGLQMHFWZLWK/+5+RUZLWKSLWXLWDU\H[WUDFWWRLQ-
GXFHVSDZQLQJ'RVDJHLVEDVHGRQZHLJKW,QMHFWLQWRWKHGRUVDOPXVFOH6HHDOVR$SSHQGL[
IRUGHWDLOVRQKRZWRSUHSDUHSLWXLWDU\H[WUDFW
• +ROGLQMHFWHGIHPDOHVLQDFRYHUHGWDQNWRNHHSLWGDUNDQGSUHYHQWIHPDOHVMXPSLQJRXWIRU
DERXWKRXUV7DQNVKRXOGKDYHࢊRZLQJZDWHUDWUDWHRIDERXWOLWUHVSHUPLQXWH
• &KHFNIHPDOHVHJJVDUHULSHȁWKH\ZLOOEHGDUNJUHHQ
• 6WULSHJJVLQWRDVKDOORZERZO
• ,QFDWࢉVKWKHPLOWFDQQRWHDVLO\EHH[SUHVVHGIURPWKHPDOHVDVRSSRVHGWRWLODSLD&XWRXW
WKHWHVWLVLQTXDUWHUDQGZLWKDSLHFHRIFORWKVTXHH]HRXWWKHPLOWRYHUWKHHJJV
• :LWKIHDWKHUPL[PLOWLQWRHJJVWKHQULQVHRXWZLWKZDWHU
• )HUWLOLVHGHJJVEHFRPHVWLFN\RQFHPL[HGLQZDWHU6SUHDGRYHUDVFUHHQ3ODFHLQKDWFKLQJ
WDQN
• +DWFKLQJRFFXUVZLWKLQWRKRXUVDWR&
• ,QFXEDWLRQWDQNVPXVWEHZHOODHUDWHGJRRGTXDOLW\ZDWHUFRQVWDQWWHPSHUDWXUHOLWWOHLURQ
)LJXUH
)LJXUH $UWLࢉFLDO3URSDJDWLRQLQ$IULFDQ&DWࢉVK6WULSSLQJULSHIHPDOHV/HIWDQGIHUWLOLVDWLRQRI

HJJVFROOHFWHGZLWKPLOWIURPWHVWLV5LJKW
g) Larval Rearing
Ȏ &DWࢉVKODUYDHZLOOKDYHDEVRUEHGWKHLU\RONVDFDQGEHUHDG\WRVWDUWFRQVXPLQJWKHLUࢉUVW
IHHGDERXWIRXUGD\VIURPKDWFKLQJ
Ȏ 7KHLUࢉUVWIHHGQDWXUDOIRRGVIRUPSRQGVRUDUWHPLD7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHLUGLJHVWLYHV\VWHPLV
QRW\HWIXOO\GHYHORSHG0RGXOH
Ȏ $IWHUGD\VRIIHHGLQJ]RRSODQNWRQQDWXUDOIRRGVVWDUWZHDQLQJWKHPRQWRGU\IHHGVE\
SURJUHVVLYHO\UHGXFLQJWKHDPRXQWRI]RRSODQNWRQDQGLQFUHDVLQJWKHDPRXQWRIDUWLࢉFLDO
IHHGRYHUDSHULRGRIGD\V
Ȏ $IWHUGD\VFDQIHHGRQO\GU\GLHWV
h) Rearing Fry to Fingerlings

Ȏ )U\FDQEHVWRFNHGIURPWKHIRXUWKGD\LQWRSRQGVWDQNVRUKDSDV
Flow through Tanks

Ȏ *RRGZDWHUTXDOLW\DHUDWLRQDQGJHQWOHZDWHUࢊRZWROLWUHVSHUPLQXWH
Ȏ (YHU\PRUQLQJFOHDQZDOOVDQGVLSKRQRXWGLUWDQGGHDGIU\
Ȏ )HHGDGOLEEDVHGRQIHHGLQJFKDUWVDSSHQGL[

Ȏ $YRLGVWUHVVLQJࢉVK
Ȏ 7UDQVIHUDIWHUDERXWWRGD\VLQWRDODUJHUWDQNRUSRQG
Ȏ *UDGHE\UHPRYLQJWKHREYLRXVVKRRWHUVZLWKDVFRRSQHWDQGVSRRQ
Ȏ $IWHUZHHNVࢉQJHUOLQJVZLOOEHDERXWWRLQFKHVORQJࢉJXUH
)LJXUH &DWࢉVK)LQJHUOLQJVLQD7DQN
Ponds
Ȏ )HUWLOLVHSRQGVWRSURPRWH]RRSODQNWRQSURGXFWLRQSULRUWRVWRFNLQJ
Ȏ 0DLQWDLQZDWHUGHSWKRIWRFPSULRUWRVWRFNLQJ3RXUROGHQJLQHRLORUJDVROLQHSULRUWR
VWRFNLQJLQRUGHUWRNLOORࢆDOOLQVHFWV7KHVHDUHSRWHQWLDOSUHGDWRUV%HVXUHWKDWWKH\DUHQR
frogs
Ȏ )HHGEDVHGRQIHHGLQJFKDUW)U\PD\HDWVOLJKWO\OHVVDUHWKH\KDYH]RRSODQNWRQDYDLODEOHWR
WKHP
Ȏ $IWHUGD\VZDWHUGHSWKFDQEHLQFUHDVHGWRFP
Ȏ 6WRFNWRIU\SHUPIU\LQP
Ȏ 5DLVHࢉVKIRUWRZHHNVLQQXUVHU\SRQGRUWDQNV
Ȏ *UDGHHYHU\GD\VWRUHPRYHVKRRWHUV
Ȏ ([SHFWHGVXUYLYDOUDWHVDUHWR
+DUYHVWLQJIU\DQGࢆQJHUOLQJV
Ȏ $IWHUZHHNVࢉQJHUOLQJVZLOOEHDERXWWRLQFKHVORQJ
5HFLUFXODWRU\6\VWHPV
Ȏ )U\JDUHIHGZLWK$UWHPLDDQGPPIU\IHHGIRUGD\VLQOLWUHWDQNV
JPVWRFNLQJGHQVLW\
Ȏ $GYDQFHGIU\JVWRFNHGDWPDUHIHGPPGU\IHHGIRUGD\VLQ
OLWUHWDQNV
Ȏ -XYHQLOHVJDUHUHDUHGLQOLWUHWDQNVDWPIRUGD\VDQGIHGPPGU\
IHHG
Ȏ :DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLVPDLQWDLQHGDWr&S+DWDQGELRࢉOWHUVHQVXUHWKDW1+DQG12OHYHOV
UHPDLQEHORZDQGPJOLWUHUHVSHFWLYHO\
Ȏ 7RDYRLGGLVHDVHSUREOHPVDOOFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHV\VWHPDUHGLVLQIHFWHGEHWZHHQHDFKF\FOH

7.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management

a) Natural Method
Ȏ 7KHEURRGࢉVKDUHNHSWLQEURRGࢉVKSRQGVVHJUHJDWHGE\VH[
Ȏ 6HOHFWEUHHGLQJࢉVKRIIURPJ5LSHIHPDOHVZLOOKDYHHQODUJHGDEGRPHQZLWK\HOORZLVK
HJJVZLWKDEODFNGRW0DOHVVKRXOGKDYHUXQQLQJPLOW
Ȏ 3RQGFOHDQHGDQGSUHSDUHGDVDQXUVHU\SRQG
Ȏ 6XEVWUDWHRISDS\UXVKHDGVWKUHDGVIURPVDFNVDUHSODFHGLQWRWKHSRQGV
Ȏ 0DWXUHGEURRGࢉVKDUHWUDQVIHUUHGWRPtVSDZQLQJSRQGV
Ȏ 7KHࢉVKOD\WKHLUHJJVRQERWKVLGHVRIWKHVXEVWUDWH
Ȏ :KHQVSDZQLQJLVFRPSOHWHGWKHVXEVWUDWHLVWUDQVIHUUHGWRKDWFKLQJQXUVLQJSRQGVZKHUH
WKH\KDWFKDQGODUYDHDUHOHIWWRJURZWRIU\
L $UWLࢆFLDO0HWKRG
Ȏ %URRGࢉVKFRQGLWLRQHGLQWDQNVZLWKZDWHUVDWXUDWHGZLWKR[\JHQZLWKLQWKHWHPSHUDWXUH
UDQJHRI|&
Ȏ *LYHQWZRGRVHVRISLWXLWDU\JODQGLQMHFWLRQRUDPL[WXUHRI*Q5+GRSDPLQHDQWDJRQLVWWR
LQGXFHRYXODWLRQDQGVSHUPLDWLRQ
Ȏ 7KHHJJVDUHIHUWLOL]HGDVIRUFDWࢉVKDQG
D 6SUHDGRQWUD\V
E 7KHDGKHVLYHQHVVRIWKHHJJVLVHOLPLQDWHGXVLQJVDOWXUHDWUHDWPHQWIROORZHGE\D
WDQQLQDFLGEDWK,QFXEDWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWLQ=RXJMDUV
Ȏ 7KHKDWFKHGIU\UDLVHGLQWDQNVIRUWRGD\VWRVWDJHRIȅVZLPXSȆRUȅIHHGLQJIU\Ȇ
Ȏ )U\WUDQVIHUUHGWRSRQGVRUWDQNVIRURQZDUGUHDULQJ
Ȏ $SSUR[LPDWHO\WRQHZO\KDWFKHGIU\FDQEHH[SHFWHGIURPDVLQJOHIHPDOH
j) Nursery Ponds
Ȏ 1XUVHU\SRQGVPXVWEHSUHSDUHGEHIRUHVWRFNLQJWRHQFRXUDJHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDURWLIHU
SRSXODWLRQVLQFHWKLVFRQVWLWXWHVWKHࢉUVWIRRGRIIHHGLQJIU\
Ȏ 7KHVWRFNLQJGHQVLW\LVIU\Pt
Ȏ 7KHSRQGVVKRXOGEHLQRFXODWHGZLWK0RLQDRU'DSKQLDDIWHUVWRFNLQJ
Ȏ )HHGLQJ
D 6XSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGVVXFKDVVR\EHDQPHDOFHUHDOVPHDOVPHDWPHDORUPL[WXUHVRI
WKHVHPDWHULDOV
E 1XWULWLRQDOO\FRPSOHWHGLHWVIHGEDVHGRQUHVSRQVHJXLGHGE\IHHGLQJFKDUWV
Ȏ 7KHOHQJWKRIWKHQXUVHU\SHULRGLVWRZHHNV7KHࢉQDOࢉVKZHLJKWLVJ7KHVXUYLYDO
UDWHLVSHUFHQW
7.3 Harvesting, Handling, Grading and

'LVWULEXWLRQRI)LVK
,QKDWFKHULHVWKHIUHTXHQF\RIKDUYHVWLQJKDQGOLQJDQGWUDQVIHUULQJࢉVKLVPXFKKLJKHUWKDQLWLVLQ
JURZRXWRSHUDWLRQV7KHVHSURFHGXUHVDUHH[WUHPHO\VWUHVVIXODQGDUHDFRPPRQFDXVHRIPRUWDOLW\
DPRQJMXYHQLOHࢉVK0LQLPLVLQJSURFHGXUDOVWUHVVLVSDUDPRXQWModule 8

7KHUHIRUHEHIRUHXQGHUWDNLQJDQ\DFWLYLW\WKDWUHTXLUHVKDQGOLQJ ofࢉVK
3ODQZKHQDQGZKDWZLOOEHUHTXLUHG
3UHSDUHWKHPDWHULDOVLQFOXGLQJDOOSHUVRQQHOEHIRUHKDQG
([HFXWHWKHSURFHGXUHDQGHYDOXDWHWKHUHVXOWV
,PSURYHXSRQWKHSURFHVVHDFKWLPH
7.3.1 Handling Fish

6WUHVVFDQEHDYRLGHGRUPLQLPL]HGDWKDQGOLQJE\REVHUYLQJWKHIROORZLQJ
Ȏ 2QO\KDQGOHࢉVKWKDWKDYHQRWEHHQIHGIRUDWOHDVWKRXUV
Ȏ (QVXUHࢉVKDUHDOZD\VLQZDWHUZLWKDGHTXDWHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQLGHDOO\DERXWPJO2QO\WDNH
ࢉVKRXWRIZDWHUZKHQQHFHVVDU\HJGXULQJZHLJKLQJDQGIRUQRWPRUHWKDQDIHZVHFRQGVDW
HDFKWLPHࢉJXUH
Ȏ :RUNZLWKࢉVKZKHQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHZDUPSUHIHUDEO\DERYHR&7KHRSWLPXPZDWHU
WHPSHUDWXUHIRUUDLVLQJWLODSLDDQGFDWࢉVKLVEHWZHHQR&DQGR&+DQGOLQJࢉVKLQFROG
ZDWHUSUHGLVSRVHVWKHPWRVWUHVVDQGGLVHDVH1HYHUKDQGOHWLODSLDDQGFDWࢉVKZKHQWKHZDWHU
WHPSHUDWXUHLVR&RUEHORZ
Ȏ 6WRFNࢉVKZKHQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHSUHIHUDEO\DERYHR&
Ȏ 'RQRWH[SRVHࢉVKWRWHPSHUDWXUHGLࢆHUHQFHVRIPRUHWKDQo&ZLWKRXWDGHTXDWHDFFOLPDWLRQ
Ȏ $YRLGH[SRVLQJࢉVKWRFKHPLFDOVDQGSROOXWDQWV,I\RXPXVWWUHDWࢉVKGRVRXVLQJRQO\
DSSURYHGWUHDWPHQWVDQGRQO\DVSUHVFULEHG7KHRQO\H[FHSWLRQLVZLWKVDOWIRUWUHDWLQJH[WHUQDO
LQMXULHVXVHDVDdipIRUSURSK\OD[LV)RUGHWDLOVVHH0RGXOH
Ȏ $YRLGKROGLQJࢉVKWHPSRUDULO\LQWDQNVDQGVLPLODUVWULFWFRQࢉQHPHQWIRUORQJHUWKDQQHFHVVDU\,I
\RXPXVWXVHDHUDWLRQRUࢊRZLQJZDWHU
Figure 83: Fish Basket. 'XULQJKDQGOLQJࢆVKPXVWEHNHSWZLWKLQZDWHUPRVWRIWKHWLPH)LVKEDVNHWV

FRPHLQKDQG\

7.3.2 Sampling
6DPSOLQJLVWKHWHPSRUDOUHPRYDORIࢉVKIURPWKHSRQG7KHPDMRUUHDVRQVIRUVDPSOLQJDUHWR
0RQLWRUJURZWKDQGJHQHUDOSHUIRUPDQFH
5HFDOFXODWHIHHGUHTXLUHPHQWV
'HWHUPLQHZKHQࢉVKDUHUHDG\IRUPDUNHW
'HWHUPLQHLIWKHSRQGKDVUHDFKHGLWVFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
$VVHVVWKHKHDOWKRIWKHࢉVK
$IWHUPDNLQJWKHREVHUYDWLRQVUHTXLUHGࢉVKDUHUHWXUQHGWRWKHLUXQLW\SRQG6DPSOLQJLVDVWUHVVIXO
EHFDXVHࢉVKDUHFURZGHGSK\VLFDOO\KDQGOHGDQGUHPRYHGIURPZDWHUGXULQJWKHSURFHVV+DQGOLQJ
FDQOHDGWRSK\VLFDOUXEELQJRIWKHࢉVKȆVERG\FDXVLQJWKHUHPRYDORIWKHVXUIDFHPXFXVOD\HUDQG
LQMXULHV
6DPSOHEURRGVWRFNSRQGVRQFHDPRQWKHDUO\MXYHQLOHVWDJHVHYHU\WRGD\VDQGROGHUIU\WRࢉQ-
JHUOLQJVWDJHRQFHHYHU\WZRZHHNV1XUVHU\XQLWVDUHVDPSOHGPRUHIUHTXHQWO\DWWKLVVWDJHIU\LV
JURZLQJUDSLGO\DQGWKHLUIHHGUHTXLUHPHQWQHHGVWREHDGMXVWHGPRUHIUHTXHQWO\DSSHQGL[
*UDGLQJLVLPSRUWDQWDWWKHQXUVHU\VWDJHWRHQVXUHXQLIRUPVL]HVZLWKLQWKHSRQGVRDVWRDYRLGFDQ-
QLEDOLVP
D +RZ%HVWWR6DPSOH
Ȏ 7KHVDPSOHWDNHQVKRXOGEHUDQGRPDQGWUXO\UHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKHUHVWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ$OO
ࢉVKFDXJKWLQWKHQHWVKRXOGEHZHLJKHG
Ȏ 7RDYRLGVWUHVVLQJࢉVK
L 'RQRWIHHGࢉVKWKHPHDOMXVWEHIRUHVDPSOLQJ)RUEURRGVWRFNGRQRWIHHGWKHGD\
EHIRUH
LL 3UHSDUHDOOHTXLSPHQWVXFKDVVFRRSQHWVEDVLQVDQGVFDOHVWKHGD\EHIRUH
LLL ([HFXWHWKHWDVNDWKDQGIDVWDQGHࢇFLHQWO\LQZHOODHUDWHGZDWHU
LY .HHSWKHࢉVKLQZDWHUDOOWKHWLPHRUDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOHࢉJXUH7KHRQO\WLPHWKH\
VKRXOGEHRXWRIZDWHULVZKHQWKHࢉVKEDVNHWLVOLIWHGWRWKHZHLJKLQJVFDOH
Y /DUYDHDQGIU\VKRXOGEHZHLJKHGLQZDWHU:HLJKDVSHFLࢉHGYROXPHRIZDWHUSODFHWKH
IU\LQVLGHDQGJHWWKHWRWDOZHLJKWRIWKHZDWHUDQGVDPSOH7KHGLࢆHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH
WZRJLYHWKHZHLJKWRIWKHࢉVK
Do not sample when:
)LVKDUHVLFNDQGVKRZVLJQVRIH[WUHPHVWUHVV
,QSRQGVZKHQWKHUHLVOLJKWHQLQJGXULQJDUDLQVWRUP7KLVLVEHFDXVHGXULQJVXFKPR-
PHQWVDSHUVRQVWDQGLQJXSULJKWLQZDWHUEHFRPHVDJRRGFRQGXFWRUIRUWKHOLJKWHQLQJ
7KHULVNRIJHWWLQJVWUXFNLVWKHUHIRUHKLJK
,ILWKDVMXVWUDLQHGDQGWKHUHKDVMXVWEHHQDORWRIUXQRࢆLQWRWKHSRQG
:KHQWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\LVSRRUVXFKDVZKHQ
D %DGVPHOO
E )LVKVKRZVLJQVRIVWUHVVDQGLQWLODSLDSLSLQJIRUDLU0RGXOH
F 7KHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHOHVVWKDQR&
G '2OHYHOVDUHOHVVWKDQSSP
,Q VXFK VLWXDWLRQV RQH VKRXOG SRVWSRQH WKH VDPSOLQJ XQWLO ZKHQ WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG ࢉVKȆV
FRQGLWLRQKDYHLPSURYHG

7.3.3 Harvesting
:KHQࢉVKDUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHSRQGDQGQRWUHWXUQHGWKH\KDYHEHHQKDUYHVWHG)LVKDUHQRUPDOO\
KDUYHVWHGIRUWKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQV
6DOH
7UDQVIHUWRRWKHUSRQGV
0RUWDOLWLHVDUHDOVRUHJDUGHGDVKDUYHVWEXWSURYLGHQHJDWLYHLQFRPH
D+RZWR+DUYHVW+DWFKHU\8QLWV
Spawning UnitsPXVWEHGUDLQHGslowlyVRDVWRPLQLPLVHVWUHVVRQWKHࢉVK
Fingerling and broodstock unitsFDQEHGUDLQHGIDVWHU+DUYHVWVPDOOࢉQJHUOLQJVE\ORZHULQJ

WKH SRQG ZDWHU OHYHO DV UDSLGO\ DV SRVVLEOH ZLWKRXW VWUDQGLQJ WKH ࢉVK RU FDWFKLQJ WKHP RQ WKH
RXWOHWVFUHHQ5HPHPEHUWKDWWKHVHࢉVKDUHWREHNHSWDOLYHIRUUHVWRFNLQJLQRQJURZLQJIDFLOLWLHV
RUIRUUHSURGXFWLRQLQWKHFDVHRIEURRGVWRFN7KHVFUHHQDWWKHRXWOHWVKRXOGEHODUJHZLWKD
ODUJHVXUIDFHDUHDDQGRIWKHDSSURSULDWHPHVKVL]H
:KHQDSRQGLVWREHKDUYHVWHGFRPSOHWHO\LWLVEHWWHUWRSDVVDVHLQHSUHIHUDEO\RQHZLWKDEDJ
WZRRUWKUHHWLPHVEHIRUHFRPSOHWHO\GUDLQLQJLWLQRUGHUWRUHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIࢉVKLQWKHSRQG
2QFHWKHQXPEHURIࢉVKFDXJKWLQWKHVXFFHVVLYHVHLQHVGURSVWRDERXWDTXDUWHURIWKHHVWLPDWHG
VWRFNWKHZDWHUOHYHOLQWKHSRQGFDQEHUHGXFHG$IWHUWKLVGUDLQWKHSRQGFRPSOHWHO\DQGJDWKHU
WKHࢉVKXVLQJVFRRSQHWVIURPWKHKDUYHVWEDVLQ'XULQJGUDLQDJHHQVXUHWKDWWKHVFUHHQRQWKH
RXWOHWDVZHOODVLQOHWSLSHLVSURSHUO\ࢉ[HGWRSUHYHQWࢉVKJRLQJRXWRIWKHSRQGDQGIUHTXHQWO\
UHPRYHGHEULVWKDWPLJKWFORJLWWRPDLQWDLQWKHJUDGXDOࢊRZRIZDWHUWKURXJK
,QQXUVHU\SRQGV,WKHUHZLOOEHIU\OHIWDWWKHSRQGERWWRPRQFHDOOWKHZDWHUKDVGUDLQHG'RQRW
SLFNWKHVHࢉVK6XFKIU\VWXFNLQWKHPXGDUHDOUHDG\H[WUHPHO\VWUHVVHGGXHWRWKHH[SRVXUHWR
DLUPXGRQWKHLUJLOOVDQGDUHXQOLNHO\WRVXUYLYHLQRQJURZLQJXQLWV,IRQHFDQQRWKDUYHVWSRQG
LQDGD\WKHQSDUWLDOO\UHࢉOOIRURYHUQLJKWKROGLQJ+ROGLQJSDUWLDOO\KDUYHVWHGSRQGDWDORZOHYHO
IRUORQJSHULRGVRIWLPHVKRXOGEHDYRLGHGȁORVVWRSUHGDWRUVDQGGLVHDVH&URZGLQJDQGWKHODFN
RIIRRGDOVRUHGXFHWKHDELOLW\RIVPDOOࢉVKWRZLWKVWDQGKDQGOLQJVWUHVV$IUHVKVXSSO\RIZDWHU
VKRXOGEHSURYLGHGZKLOHWKHࢉVKDUHFRQࢉQHGWRWKHFROOHFWLRQEDVLQ
3RQGVPXVWHDVLO\EHDFFHVVLEOHVRWKDWWUDQVIHUVWRRWKHUXQLWVDUHTXLFN
k) Temporary Holding Fish after Harvest

%DWFKHVRIࢉVKUHPRYHGIURPQHWVDWKDUYHVWVKRXOGVWUDLJKWDZD\EHWUDQVIHUUHGLQWRDࢉVKEDVNHW
SODFHG ZLWKLQ D WXE RI ZDWHU ZLWK VLPLODU ZDWHU TXDOLW\ WDNLQJ QRWH RI WHPSHUDWXUH DQG R[\JHQ
OHYHOVWKDWSUHIHUDEO\KDVDHUDWLRQ,WLVEHVWWRࢉOOWKHWXEZLWKZDWHUIURPZKLFKWKHࢉVKDUHEHLQJ
KDUYHVWHGRUDVLPLODUSRQG7KHࢉVKVKRXOGWKHQEHWUDQVIHUUHGVWUDLJKWWRWKHLUGHVWLQDWLRQ
,IࢉVKDUHEHLQJZHLJKHGLWLVEHVWWKDWWKH\DUHEDWFKZHLJKHGDVWKH\DUHEHLQJUHPRYHGIURPWKH
ZDWHULQWRWKHFRQWDLQHU7KLVSUHYHQWVWKHࢉVKEHLQJRXWRIZDWHUIRUDVLJQLࢉFDQWGXUDWLRQWZLFH
,IDQHQWLUHQXUVHU\XQLWKDVEHHQKDUYHVWHGDUDQGRPVDPSOHFDQEHEDWFKZHLJKHGDQGFRXQWHG
LQDWWKHGHVWLQDWLRQZKLOHWKHUHVWLVGRQHYROXPHWULFDOO\

7.3.4 Sorting and Grading

*UDGLQJࢉVKPHDQVVRUWLQJࢉVKE\VL]H
D %HQHࢆWVRI*UDGLQJ)LVK
0LQLPLVLQJVL]HYDULDWLRQLQSURGXFWLRQXQLWV
:KHQࢉVKLQWKHXQLWDUHRIDVLPLODUVL]HLWEHFRPHVHDVLHUWRVHOHFWWKHDSSURSULDWHIHHGW\SH
DQGIHHGLQJUHJLPHHJDPPSHOOHWLIWKHࢉVKLQWKHXQLWDUHVD\J
5HGXFHVLQFLGHQFHVRIFDQQLEDOLVPDQGWHUULWRULDOLW\WKDWDUHPDMRUFDXVHVIRUORVVRIDSSDUHQWO\
KHDOWK\ODUYDHDQGIU\LQKDWFKHULHV
3HUPLWVPRUHDFFXUDWHVDPSOHFRXQWLQJDQGLQYHQWRU\HVWLPDWHVDVࢉVKRIGLࢆHULQJVL]HVDUH
HOLPLQDWHG
(QDEOHVDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHKHDOWKDQGYLJRXURIWKHVWRFNHGZKLFKFDQHDVLO\EHDVVHVVHGGXULQJ
PRYHPHQW
0DNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRVWRFNDQGRUVXSSO\XQLIRUPVL]HGࢉVKZKLFKLVLPSRUWDQWIRUSURGXFWLRQ
PDQDJHPHQWSURJUDPV
l) How to Grade Fish
)LVKDUHJUDGHGXVLQJDJUDGHU$JUDGHUFDQEHPDGHRIDQ\PDWHULDODVORQJDVWKHVSDFLQJEHWZHHQ
WKHEDUVLVXQLIRUPࢉJXUH
)LJXUH*UDGLQJ)LVKZLWKD*UDGHU%R[LQD+DSD7KHVPDOOHUVL]HGࢆVKSDVVHVSDVVWKURXJK

DQGWKHODUJHUࢆVKKROGVUHPDLQZLWKLQWKHJUDGHU$VHULHVRIVHYHUDOVL]HGJUDGHUVPD\EH
QHHGHGZKHUHVL]HYDULDWLRQLVELJZLWKLQDFRKRUW
Passes (approximately 95%) are Holds (approximately 5%) are

stocked in hapas stocked in a reservoir pond

P0LQLPL]LQJ6WUHVVGXULQJ*UDGLQJDQG+DUYHVWLQJ
'XULQJJUDGLQJPRVWRIWKHVWUHVVDULVHVGXHWRSK\VLFDOKDQGOLQJDQGFKDQJHVLQZDWHUTXDOLW\
7KHUHIRUH
D 'RQRW2YHUORDG*UDGHUȁRWKHUZLVH
7KHࢉVKDWWKHERWWRPVKDOOEHDUWKHZHLJKWRIWKRVHDERYHZKHQWKHJUDGHULVOLIWHG
$YRLGVNLQDEUDVLRQV
7KHDPRXQWRIࢉVKLQJUDGHUVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGNJPRIJUDGHUFDSDFLW\
b. Do not Touch Fish with your Hands.,IVPDOOࢉVKUHPDLQDWWDFKHGWRRULQVLGHWKHJUDGHU
GULYHWKHPLQWRWKHJUDGHUE\SRXULQJZDWHUJHQWO\LQWRWKHJUDGHU
c. Minimise Physical Trauma.
&RQWDLQHUVVKRXOGEHIXOORIZDWHUVRWKDWࢉVKDUHQRWWKURZQDJDLQVWWKHVLGHVRIWKH
FRQWDLQHU
7KHZDWHULQWKHFRQWDLQHUVKRXOGEHDEOHWRVORVKVZLOODQGQRWEDVK
$GLSQHWDQGWXEFDQEHXVHGWRDYRLGSK\VLFDOGDPDJHZKHQVPDOOZHLJKWVRIࢉVKRU
WLQ\ࢉVKDUHPRYHG
$YRLGODUJHPHVKHGQHWVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQVFDOHVDUHLQYROYHG8VHWKHULJKWVL]HGQHWIRU
WKHVL]HRIࢉVKEHLQJWUDQVIHUUHG
d. Water quality 0DLQWDLQRSWLPXP'2WHPSHUDWXUHDPPRQLDDQGPLQLPL]HVXVSHQGHGVRO-
LGV
e. Keep grading records.7KLVZLOOHQDEOH\RXNQRZZKDWVL]HRIࢉVKSDVVHVWKURXJKHDFKJUDG-
HUVL]HDIWHUZKLFKWKHUHVKDOOEHQRQHHGWRNHHSUHZHLJKLQJFOXVWHUV
7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation

/LYHࢉVKWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLVVWUHVVIXOGXHWRWKHFRQࢉQHPHQWRIODUJHQXPEHUVRIࢉVKZLWKLQDFRQWDLQHU
0RUWDOLWLHVRFFXUDVUHVXOWRIRVPRUHJXODWRU\SUREOHPVWULJJHUHGE\H[SRVXUHWRSRRUZDWHUTXDOLW\
RYHUFURZGLQJDQGLPSURSHUKDQGOLQJRUWKHDFWLYDWLRQRIODWHQWGLVHDVHRUJDQLVPV)LVKH[SRVHGWR
VXFKFRQGLWLRQVHYHQWKRXJKWKH\VXUYLYHDUHXQOLNHO\WREHKHDOWK\HQRXJKWRVXUYLYHVWRFNLQJLQ
JURZRXWIDFLOLWLHV
$KDWFKHU\PXVWVXSSO\KHDOWK\ࢉQJHUOLQJVWKDWVXUYLYHDIWHUVWRFNLQJ6XFFHVVIXOOLYHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
ࢉVKIU\DQGࢉQJHUOLQJVGHSHQGVRQ
a) Maintain Optimum Water Quality within Transport Containers

• Do not useZDWHUIURPSRQGVZLWKKHDY\SODQNWRQEORRPVVHH0RGXOH
Ȏ 8VHRQO\ZDWHURIJRRGTXDOLW\DVGHVFULEHGDERYH'LVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVVKRXOGEHDW
VDWXUDWLRQPLQLPXPDERYHPJOZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVEHWZHHQR&WRR&DPPRQLDȁ
]HURVXVSHQGHGVROLGVQHJOLJLEOH
Ȏ 7KHYROXPHRIZDWHUVKRXOGEHDGHTXDWHWRKROGࢉVKDQGGLOXWHZDVWHV
Ȏ $GGVDOWSUHIHUDEO\ȂPDJDGLȃVDOWWKDWKDVELFDUERQDWHWRWKHZDWHULQRUGHUWRSUHYHQWࢉVK
ORRVLQJVDOWVKHOSFRQWUROQLWULWHDQGS+OHYHOV
Ȏ &RQGLWLRQLQJࢉVKIRUKRXUVEHIRUHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQGRHVDORWWRFRQWURODPPRQLDEXLOGXS
GXULQJWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ+RZHYHULIOHYHOVRIDPPRQLDGRJRXSLQWUDQVSRUWWDQNVDERYH
PJOWKHQ]HROLWHFDQEHDGGHGWRDGVRUELW
Ȏ 'RQRWRYHUORDGFRQWDLQHUV$JHQHUDOUXOHLVNJRIࢉVKIRUHYHU\OLWUHVRIZDWHU2[\JHQ

XWLOL]DWLRQLVH[WUHPHO\KLJKGXULQJWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ/HYHOVRIDHUDWLRQRUR[\JHQDWLRQVKRXOG
EHDGMXVWHGWRHQVXUHWKDWRSWLPXPGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVPJODUHPDLQWDLQHGGXULQJ
WKHMRXUQH\
Ȏ .HHSFRQWDLQHUVRXWRIIURPGLUHFWVXQ&RYHUFRQWDLQHUVRUSRO\WKHQHEDJVDWWKHEDFNRI
RSHQWUXFNVWRSUHYHQWWKLVZLWKSDS\UXVPDWVRUJXQQ\EDJVLIRQHLVWUDYHOOLQJDORQJGLVWDQFH
b) The Fish’s Condition
2QO\KDQGOHSDFNDJHDQGWUDQVSRUWKHDOWK\ࢉQJHUOLQJVLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQ)U\DQGࢉQJHUOLQJVLQ
JRRGFRQGLWLRQDUH
Ȏ 1RWHPDFLDWHGQRWWKLQ
Ȏ $OHUWDQGDFWLYH
Ȏ /RRNEULJKW
Ȏ +DYHQRSK\VLFDOGHIRUPLWLHV
Ȏ 1RVLJQVRIGLVHDVHDQG
Ȏ 7KHULJKWVL]H
Ȏ 8QLIRUPVL]H
Ȏ 1RVLJQVRIࢉVKVWUHVV
%HIRUHSDFNDJLQJDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWࢉQJHUOLQJVDUHFRQGLWLRQHGVRWKDW
RQO\WKRVHWKDWPHHWWKHDERYHFULWHULDDUHSDFNDJHG
7.4.1 Conditioning Fish

)LVKVKRXOGEHFRQGLWLRQHGIRU+RXUVEHIRUH&ROOHFWLRQ7ZRGD\VEHIRUHFROOHFWLRQWKHࢉQ-
JHUOLQJVKDYHWREHVHLQHGVRUWHGJUDGHGFRXQWHGDQGWKHQKHOGLQWHPSRUDU\KROGLQJFRQGLWLRQLQJ
IDFLOLWLHVHLWKHUWDQNVRUKDSDVZLWKJRRGZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGDHUDWLRQZLWKRXWIHHGXQWLOWKHFROOHFWLRQ
GD\EXWIRUQRWPRUHWKDQGD\V&RQGLWLRQLQJSURYLGHVWLPHIRUWKHࢉVKWRHPSW\WKHLUJXWVEHIRUH
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGIRUWKHZHDNGHIRUPHGࢉVKWREHLGHQWLࢉHGDQGUHPRYHG
0HWKRGVIRU/LYH)LVK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
a) In Closed Polythene Bags
3RO\WKHQHEDJVDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGZLWKDFROXPQRIR[\JHQVHDOHGLQDERYHWKHZDWHUFROXPQ
ZLWKࢉVK7KH\DUHYHUVDWLOHDQGHDV\WRVWRUH&OHDUEDJVDUHSUHIHUUHGEHFDXVHRQHFDQVHHWKH
ࢉVKLQWKHEDJ
Packaging in Bags for Live Transportation.

Ȏ $JDXJHSODVWLFWXEHLVUHFRPPHQGHGEHFDXVHLWLVWKLFNHQRXJKWRZLWKVWDQGSULFNV
IURPࢉVKࢉQDQGLVSOLDEOHHQRXJKWREHIROGHGRYHUDQGWLHGLQDFORVHNQRWWRSUHYHQWORVVRI
DLU
Ȏ &XWRࢆDERXWPHWHUVIURPWKHUROODQGWLHDVLPSOHUHHINQRWKDOIZD\VRWKDWࢉQDOO\WKH
SDFNDJLQJZLOOEHGRXEOHOD\HUHG+DYLQJDGRXEOHOD\HULVGRQHWRVDIHJXDUGDJDLQVWORVVRI
DLULQWKHHYHQWRIDSXQFWXUH
Ȏ 6HWWKHWLHGEDJLQDEDVLQRUEDVNHWRSHQLWXSDQGࢉOOLWDWKLUGȁZD\ZLWKZDWHUȁ
OLWUHVRIZDWHUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHOHQJWK7KHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHEDJVKRXOGDERXW
WKDWRIWKHKROGLQJZDWHURUQRWPRUHWKDQR&DERYHRUEHORZLW$GGVRPHVDOWPDJDGL
VDOWFDQEHXVHGDWWKHUDWHRIRIWKHYROXPHRIZDWHU6WLUWKHVDOWLQDQGHQVXUHLWLV
SURSHUO\GLVVROYHGEHIRUHࢉVKDUHDGGHGLQWRWKHEDJ

Ȏ $GGࢉQJHUOLQJVDWWKHUDWHRIWRNJWRWDOELRPDVVIRUHYHU\OLWUHVRIZDWHULQWRWKH
EDJ8VHNJIRUHYHU\OLWHUVLIࢉVKDUHJRUOHVVEHFDXVHVPDOOHUࢉVKKDYHDKLJKHU
PHWDEROLFUDWH'RQRWH[FHHGNJIRUHYHU\OLWHUVRIZDWHUIRUࢉQJHUOLQJV
Ȏ ,PPHGLDWHO\FORVHWKHLQQHUEDJRYHUDQGVTXHH]HRXWDOOWKHDLULQWKHEDJWKDWLVDERYHWKH
ZDWHU
Ȏ ,QVHUWWKHGHOLYHU\WXEHIURPWKHR[\JHQF\OLQGHULQWRWKHEDJZKLOHVWLOOKROGLQJWKHWRSFORVH
WRSUHYHQWDLUHQWHULQJWKHEDJ
Ȏ 5HOHDVHR[\JHQLQWRWKHEDJDQGࢉOOWKHEDJZLWKR[\JHQ(QVXUHWKDWWKHDPRXQWRIDLU
DERYHWKHZDWHUFROXPQLVDWOHDVWDERXWWZLFHWKHFROXPQOHQJWKRIWKHZDWHU
Ȏ 7ZLVWWKHWRSRIWKHLQQHUEDJWLJKWDV\RXSXOORXWWKHGHOLYHU\WXEHIURPWKHF\OLQGHU7ZLVW
WLJKWIROGWKHWZLVWRYHUDQGWLHWKHIROGWLJKWO\LQSODFHXVLQJDUXEEHUEDQGIURPDQROGW\UH
WXEH
Ȏ 3ODFHWKHVHDOHGEDJLQDFDUGERDUGER[EXFNHWRUZLWKLQDQ\FRQWDLQHUWKDWFDQSURYLGHLW
VXSSRUWDQGSURWHFWLRQIURPSXQFWXUHGXULQJWUDQVSRUWDWLRQࢉJXUHVDQG
)LJXUH3DFNDJLQJ/LYH)LVKLQ%DJVIRU7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
a) Packing Fingerlings for Live Transportation in Bags with Oxygen. 1RWHWKHGRXEOHEDJJLQJ

,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRGRVRWRUHGXFHWKHULVNRIORVVRIR[\JHQLQWKHHYHQWRIDSXQFWXUHLQHLWKHUOD\HU
GXULQJWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
b) Packed Bags Ready for Transportation c) Transporting Fingerlings Packed in Bags

to Farm. %DJVVKRXOGEHSODFHGLQER[HV
EDVLQVRUEDVNHWVWRKHOSVXSSRUWWKHPGXULQJ
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGSUHYHQWSXQFWXUHV

)LJXUH /LYHࢉVK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQLQ%DJV
b) Tanks
7DQNVFDQEHRIDQ\VKDSHZLWKDZLGHRSHQLQJEXWSUHIHUDEO\UHFWDQJXODU7KLVPDNHVLWHDV\WR
ORDGࢉVKFKHFNRQWKHࢉVKGXULQJWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGSURYLGHVZLGHVXUIDFHDUHDH[SRVHGWRDLU
/DUJHWDQNVQRWVSHFLࢉFDOO\GHVLJQHGWRFDUU\ODUJHYROXPHVRIZDWHUVKRXOGEHUHLQIRUFHGDWWKH
VLGHWRSUHYHQWWKHPEXOJLQJRXW
:KHQWUDQVSRUWLQJࢉVKWKHUHVKRXOGEHDHUDWLRQLQWKHWDQN7KHWDQNVKRXOGEHFRYHUHGZLWKD
VROLGFRYHUDWVXFKPRPHQWVWRSUHYHQWWKHHVFDSHRIR[\JHQRUDLU,IWKHUHLVQRPHFKDQLFDO
DHUDWLRQFRYHUWKHWDQNVZLWKVRPHIRUPRIQHWWLQJWRSUHYHQWࢉVKIURPHVFDSLQJ

Packaging in Tanks for Live Transportation.

Ȏ &DOFXODWHWKHYROXPHRIWKHWDQN
Ȏ )LOOLWZLWKZDWHUWRDERXWWZRWKLUGV$GGVDOWRUPDJDGLVDOWDWDUDWHRIRIWKHWRWDOZDWHU
YROXPH6WLUWKHVDOWLQDQGHQVXUHLWLVSURSHUO\GLVVROYHGEHIRUHࢉVKDUHDGGHGLQWRWKHWDQN
Ȏ 6HWLQWKHDHUDWLRQXQLWLQWRWKHWDQNDQGWXUQLWRQ
Ȏ $GGWKHࢉVKLQWRWKHWDQNDWDUDWHRIWRNJRIࢉVKIRUHYHU\OLWUHVRIZDWHUDVLQDERYH
Ȏ 5HPHPEHUWKHࢉVKDGGHGZLOOGLVSODFHDYROXPHRIZDWHUHTXDOWRWKHLUZHLJKW7KLVVKRXOG
EHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQGHWHUPLQLQJKRZPXFKࢉVKFDQDFWXDOO\EHWUDQVSRUWHGLQ
DWDQNRIDFHUWDLQYROXPH
Ȏ &RYHUWKHWDQNRQFHWKHࢉVKDUHLQWKHWDQNZLWKDVROLGDQGNHHSLWFRYHUHGGXULQJWKH
FRXUVHRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ7KHOLGSUHYHQWVQRWRQO\ZDWHUIURPVSODVKLQJRXWRIWKHWDQNEXW
DOVRH[FHVVR[\JHQHVFDSLQJWRWKHDWPRVSKHUH
Ȏ &KHFNWKHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGR[\JHQUHDGLQJVEHIRUH\RXVHWRࢆ,IWKHR[\JHQOHYHOVDUH
VWDEOHDQGDERYHPJORIGLVVROYHGR[\JHQWKHࢊRZUDWHRIR[\JHQLQWRWKHWDQNFDQEHUH-
GXFHG0RQLWRUR[\JHQOHYHOVDQGࢉVKEHKDYLRUIUHTXHQWO\GXULQJWKHFRXUVHRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
,IWKHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVNHHSIDOOLQJIDVWWREHORZPJOWKHQLQFUHDVHWKHR[\JHQࢊRZ
UDWH
N.B. )RU ORQJ GLVWDQFH WUDYHO OLNHO\ WR H[FHHG HLJKW KRXUV ]HROLWH SDFNV FDQ EH DGGHG WR ERWK
WUDQVSRUWEDJVDQGWDQNVWRDGVRUEDQ\H[FHVVDPPRQLDWKDWPLJKWEHUHOHDVHGE\WKHࢉVK
c) Labelling Containers and Bags

2QO\ KDUYHVW JUDGH FRQGLWLRQ DQG SDFNDJH FRUUHFWO\ ZKDW LV UHTXLUHG E\ \RXU FOLHQW WR DYRLG
LQFLGHQFHVRIࢉVKEHLQJUHWXUQHGWRSURGXFWLRQXQLWV2EWDLQWKHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKH
ࢉQJHUOLQJEX\HU
7KHQXPEHUDQGVL]HVRIWDQNVSRQGVRUFDJHVWREHVWRFNHG
+RZPDQ\ࢉVKDUHWREHVWRFNHGLQWRHDFKXQLW
7KHVL]HRIࢉVK\RXUHTXLUHG7KHPLQLPXPUHFRPPHQGHGVL]HIRUVWRFNLQJWLODSLDJURZRXW
SRQGVLVFPRUJ)RUFDJHVLWLVJ
7KHGLVWDQFHWRWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ
2QZKLFKGD\DQGDWZKDWWLPH\RXLQWHQGWRFROOHFWWKHࢉVK
+RZWKHࢉVKLVOLNHO\WREHWUDQVSRUWHG)RUH[DPSOHZLOOWKHIDUPHUXVHSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWLQ
ZKLFKFDVHWKHKDWFKHU\RSHUDWRUPLJKWQHHGWRDUUDQJHIRUSDFNLQJER[HVVRWKDWWKHWUDQV-
SRUWEDJVUHPDLQVHFXUHLQWKHEXV")DUPHUVGHSHQGDORWRQWKHDGYLFHRIKDWFKHU\RSHUDWRUV
LQVXFKFDVHV
7KLVKHOSVRQHFRQࢉUPWKHQXPEHUWRFRQGLWLRQ
/DEHOHDFKRIWKHWUDQVSRUWFRQWDLQHUVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ
Ȏ +DWFKHU\1DPHDQG&RQWDFW'HWDLOV
• Fish Species
• 1XPEHU:HLJKWRIࢉVKLQEDJ
• $YHUDJH:HLJKWRI)LVKJ
• Lot or Batch No.WKLVVKRXOGEHWUDFHDEOHEDFNWRXQLWIURPZKLFKWKHࢉVKZHUHREWDLQHG
DQGWKHGDWHRIKDUYHVW
• Estimated DOB'DWHRIELUWKࢉVKVROGDVDORWRUEDWFKVKRXOGEHZLWKLQDPRQWKROGIURP
each other)

• $Q\RWKHU6SHFLࢉFDWLRQVRU5HTXLUHG'HWDLOVHJLIVHOHFWHGVWRFNLQWHQGHGGHVWLQDWLRQȁ
e.g. Johns farm, pond CZKHWKHURUQRWWKHࢉVKDUHDOOPDOHVVH[UHYHUVHGRUDOOPDOHVKDQG
VH[HGHWF
7KHREMHFWLYHRIKDYLQJHDFKEDJWDQNODEHOOHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\LVWR
Ȏ $VVXUH4XDOLW\
Ȏ 0LQLPLVHWKH$PRXQWRI3K\VLFDO+DQGOLQJDWVWRFNLQJ
Ȏ (QVXUHWKH)LVKDUHLQ*RRG4XDOLW\:DWHUXSWR6WRFNLQJ
/LYH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQIURP+DWFKHU\WRWKH)DUP
7KHVXUYLYDORIWKHࢉVKIURPWKHKDWFKHU\WRWKHIDUPLVWKHWUDQVSRUWHUȆVUHVSRQVLELOLW\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
VKRXOGEHDVVWUHVVIUHHDVSRVVLEOH7KHUHIRUH
Ȏ 0LQLPLVHWUDQVLWWLPH'RQRWVWRSWRUXQHUUDQGVDIWHUFROOHFWLQJࢉVKIURPWKHKDWFKHU\
Ȏ 'RQRWOHDYHEDJVRUWDQNVVWDQGLQJRXWLQWKHGLUHFWVXQ
Ȏ .HHSUHFRUGVRILQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHODEHOVDQGVDOHV
7.5 Grow-Out Management
7.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units

D *XLGHOLQHVIRUVWRFNLQJࢆVKIURPEDJV
7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHUHFRPPHQGHGVWHSVWRIROORZZKHQVWRFNLQJࢉVKLQWRSRQGVIURPEDJV
Ȏ 7UDQVSRUWDOOEDJVWRWKHHGJHRIWKHGHVLJQDWHGSRQGDo not RSHQDQ\RIWKHEDJVEHIRUH

WKH\JHWWRWKHSRQGEHFDXVHRQFHDEDJLVRSHQHGDOOWKHR[\JHQLQWKHEDJZLOOOHDYHLQWR
WKHDWPRVSKHUH7KHࢉVKRQO\KDYHDERXWWRPLQXWHVEHIRUHWKH\UXQRXWRIR[\-
JHQDIWHUDEDJKDVEHHQRSHQHG
Ȏ $FFOLPDWLVHWKHࢉVK6HWWKHEDJVULJKWQH[WWRWKHSRQGLQEDVNHWRUER[WRVXSSRUWWKHEDJ
RULQWKHSRQG
Ȏ ,I\RXKDYHWKHHTXLSPHQWFKHFNWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\RIWKHSRQGEHIRUHRSHQLQJWKHEDJVIRU
R[\JHQDQGWHPSHUDWXUH
Ȏ 2SHQRQO\RQHEDJDWDWLPH&KHFNZDWHUTXDOLW\LQEDJIRU'2DQGWHPSHUDWXUH,I\RX
KDYHQRWRROVIRUFKHFNLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\XVH\RXUࢉQJHUVWRGHWHFWIRUDQ\REYLRXVWHPSHUD-
WXUHGLࢆHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHSRQGZDWHUDQGZDWHULQWKHEDJ
Ȏ $GGZDWHUIURPWKHSRQGLQWRWKHEDJJUDGXDOO\RYHUDSHULRGRIWRPLQXWHVWRDOORZ
WKHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGRWKHUZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVRIWKHWUDQVSRUWHGZDWHUWRVORZO\EH-
FRPHVLPLODUWRWKDWRIWKHSRQGZDWHU7KHWRWDODPRXQWRIZDWHUDGGHGVKRXOGEHGRXEOHRU
WULSOHWKHDPRXQWDOUHDG\LQWKHEDJ
Ȏ :KLOHGRLQJWKLV\RXFDQDOORZWKHRWKHUXQRSHQHGEDJVWRࢊRDWRQWKHSRQG&RYHUWKHVH
EDJVWRVKDGHDQGSUHYHQWH[FHVVLYHVXQOLJKW
NOTE: )ORDWLQJWKHXQRSHQHGEDJVRQSRQGVDORQHLVLQVXࢇFLHQWWRDFFOLPDWHWKHࢉVKSURSHUO\
Ȏ /RZHUWKHEDJLQWKHSRQGDQGWLSLWVRWKDWWKHࢉVKFDQVZLPRXWRQWKHLURZQJHQWO\2EVHUYH
KRZWKH\VZLPRXW

b) Guidelines for stocking from Transport Tanks/Containers

'ULYHGRZQDVFORVHDVSRVVLEOHWRWKHSRQG
&KHFNWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\LQWKHSRQGDQGLQWKHWDQN
:LWKDEXFNHWUHPRYHDERXWDWKLUGRIWKHZDWHULQWKHWDQN7KHQDGGSRQGZDWHU5HSHDW
WKLVSURFHVVRUPRUHWLPHVJLYLQJWLPHIRUWKHSDUDPHWHUVWRJUDGXDOO\UHDGMXVWDVPHQ-
WLRQHGLQDERYH
6FRRSRXWDIHZࢉVKDWDWLPHLQWRDEXFNHWZLWKDGHTXDWHZDWHUXVLQJDVFRRSQHW
*HQWO\ORZHUEXFNHWLQWRWKHSRQGDQGOHWࢉVKVZLPRXWRQWKHLURZQ
NOTE:
.HHSWKHDHUDWLRQJRLQJLQWKHWDQNULJKWWKURXJKWKHSURFHVVXQWLODOOWKHࢉVKKDYHEHHQ
VWRFNHG
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRVWD\DURXQGDQGREVHUYHKRZWKHࢉVKVZLPRXWRIWKHEDJRUFRQWDLQHU
Ȏ $Q\ࢉVKWKDWOLHLPPHGLDWHO\RQWKHSRQGERWWRPZLOOOLNHO\GLHZLWKLQDGD\RUWZR
Ȏ )LVKWKDWVZLPHUUDWLFDOO\RUKDYHDQ\GLVFRORUDWLRQRQWKHLUERGLHVRUࢉQVPD\GLHZLWKLQWR
GD\V
Ȏ ,IWKHࢉVKVZLPEDFNLQWRWKHFRQWDLQHULWLVSUREDEO\GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHZDWHUFXUUHQW
KDVUHYHUVHGࢉVKVZLPDJDLQVWWKHFXUUHQWRUWKDWWKHࢉVKDUHVKRFNHG
Ȏ %HDURXQGWRHQVXUHQRELUGVWDNHWKHࢉVKGXULQJVWRFNLQJRUVRRQDIWHU
Ȏ 5HFRUGDOOVWRFNLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ0RGXOH
7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production

7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHRSWLRQVIRUWLODSLDWDEOHࢉVKFXOWXUH
7.5.1.1 Ponds
ii) D)HUWLOL]HG6WDWLF:DWHU3RQGV
Activity/Item Recommendations
1. Pond Ȏ 5HPRYHVLOWIURPSRQGDQGHQVXUHWKDWWKHSRQGLVQRWOHDNLQJ(Module 4)

Preparation Ȏ &RUUHFWO\VFUHHQWKHLQOHWDQGRXWOHW
Ȏ /LPHSRQGVLIWKHZDWHUDONDOLQLW\LVOHVVWKDQPJORUWKHSRQGLVDFLGLF
EHORZS+DWUDWHRINJDJULFXOWXUDOOLPHSHUKHFWDUHZDWHUVXUIDFHDUHD
7KLVLVWRHQVXUHSRVLWLYHUHVSRQVHWRSRQGIHUWLOLVDWLRQ0RGXOH
Ȏ )HUWLOLVHWKHSRQGDGHTXDWHO\WRHQVXUHRSWLPDOOHYHOVSULPDU\SURGXFWLYLW\DW
VWRFNLQJ0RGXOH
Ȏ 7KHUHVKRXOGEHQRROGࢉVKOHIWLQSRQGEHIRUHࢉOOLQJDQGVWRFNLQJ
Ȏ )LOOSRQG3RQGVVKRXOGEHVWRFNHGZLWKLQDZHHNRIࢉOOLQJZLWKZDWHU
2. Stocking Ȏ 6WRFNRQO\ࢉVKLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQIURPDUHJLVWHUHGKDWFKHU\VHHVHFWLRQ

Ȏ &DOFXODWHQXPEHUVWRVWRFNEDVHGRQWKHSRQGVFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\DQGWKH
WDUJHWHGPDUNHWVL]H7KHFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\IRUWLODSLDSRQGVRIDQDYHUDJH
ZDWHUGHSWKRIRQHPHWHUIHGFRPPHUFLDOSHOOHWVLVWRWRQVKDLH
WRNJP7KHPD[LPXPIHHGLQSXWLQVXFKIHUWLOLVHGSRQGVUHFHLYLQJQR
DHUDWLRQLVNJKDGD\LHJPGD\
Ȏ 6WRFNࢉVKRIXQLIRUPVL]H
Ȏ 3UHIHUDEO\VWRFNRQO\PDOHVPRQRVH[
Ȏ 6WRFNFDWࢉVKIRUSRSXODWLRQFRQWUROLIPRQRVH[WLODSLDLVXVHGDQG
LIPL[HGVH[WLODSLDVWRFNLVXVHG7KHFDWࢉVKFDQZDLWPRQWKVDIWHUVWRFNLQJ
ZLWKWLODSLDࢉQJHUOLQJV

MODULE EIGHT:
FISH HEALTH AND
BIOSECURITY
8.1 Introduction
7KHJRDOVRIKHDOWKPDQDJHPHQWDUHSUHYHQWLQJGLVHDVHVIURPKDSSHQLQJUHGXFHWKHIUHTXHQF\RI
GLVHDVHVDQGVHYHULW\RIGLVHDVHVLQRUGHUWRSURGXFHVDIHIRRGSURGXFWVSURࢉWDEO\:KHQࢉVKDUHQRW
KHDOWK\
Ȏ *URZWKUDWHVUHSURGXFWLRQUDWHVDQGVXUYLYDOUDWHVDUHSRRU
Ȏ &RVWVDUHLQFXUUHGIRUWUHDWPHQWDQGGLVLQIHFWLQJSUHPLVHV
Ȏ )LVKTXDOLW\LVSRRUDQGࢉVKFDQQRWEHVROGGXULQJWUHDWPHQW
'LVHDVHVRFFXUZKHQWKHࢉVKȆVLPPXQHV\VWHPLVFRPSURPLVHGSHUPLWWLQJSDWKRJHQVWRFDXVHLQIHF-
WLRQ&RPPRQO\WKHࢉVKȆVLPPXQHV\VWHPEHFRPHVFRPSURPLVHGZKHQࢉVKDUHVWUHVVHGࢉJXUH

Figure 90: The Disease Triad
)LVK:HOIDUH
)LVKwelfareLVWKHVWDWHLQZKLFKࢉVKFDQFRSHZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQW2QFHWKH\FDQQRWFRSHࢉVKEH-
FRPHVWUHVVHG&KDQJHVLQLWVEHKDYLRXUDQGSK\VLRORJ\HQVXHWKDWORZHUWKHࢉVKȆVLPPXQLW\7KHࢉVK
WKHQEHFRPHPRUHSURQHVXVFHSWLEOHWRLQIHFWLRQVLQIHFWHGE\GLVHDVHFDXVLQJDJHQWVpathogens)
DQGHYHQWXDOO\IDOOVLFNVWDWHRIGLVHDVHV
(QVXULQJࢉVKZHOIDUHHQWDLOVJRRGZDWHUTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQWQXWULWLRQKDQGOLQJVWRFNLQJDQGVDQLWD-
WLRQ,WLVDPRQJWKHࢉUVWVWHSVLQGLVHDVHFRQWURODVPRVWSDWKRJHQVOLYHQDWXUDOO\LQWKHࢉVKȆVJURZLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWRIWKHࢉVK:KHQࢉVKZHOIDUHLVSRRUWKHUHIRUHWKHOLNHOLKRRGIUHTXHQF\DQGVHYHULW\RI
GLVHDVHVLVKLJKHU7KHSULPDU\UROHRIPHGLFDWLRQVLQKHDOWKPDQDJHPHQWLVWRVXSSRUWࢉVKRYHUFRPH
LQIHFWLRQV0HGLFDWLRQVDUHQRWVXEVWLWXWHIRUSRRUPDQDJHPHQW
7KHRYHUDOOEHQHࢉWVRILPSOHPHQWLQJࢉVKZHOIDUHDQGKXPDQHWUHDWPHQWRIIDUPHGࢉVKDUHVXPPD-
UL]HGLQWKH%R[EHORZ
%HQHࢆWVRI)LVK:HOIDUH
Aquaculture Producers
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHGSURGXFWLRQDQGSURGXFWLYLW\
Ȏ 2SWLPDODQLPDOKHDOWKSXEOLFKHDOWK DTXDWLFDQLPDOIRRGVDIHW\
Ȏ %HWWHUTXDOLW\SURGXFWV
Ȏ 3UHPLXPSULFHIRUSURGXFWV LQFUHDVHGLQFRPH
Supporting Industries (VODXJKWHUSURFHVVLQJVDOHVUHFUHDWLRQ
Ȏ 0HHWSXEOLF FRQVXPHUH[SHFWDWLRQV
Ȏ 3UHPLXPSULFHIRUSURGXFWV LQFUHDVHGLQFRPH
Countries
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHGSURGXFWLRQSURGXFWZLOOGLUHFWO\DࢆHFW
Ȏ *OREDOSURGXFWDSSHDO PHHWH[SHFWDWLRQV
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHGWUDGH

8.3 Stress
6WUHVVLVWKHFRQGLWLRQXQGHUZKLFKࢉVKEHFRPHXQDEOHWRPDLQWDLQDQRUPDOSK\VLRORJLFDOVWDWHERG\
IXQFWLRQVEHFDXVHRIYDULRXVIDFWRUVWKDWDGYHUVHO\DࢆHFWWKHLUZHOOEHLQJZHOIDUH
0DMRU&DXVHVRI6WUHVV
7KHIRXUPDMRUVRXUFHVRIVWUHVVLQDTXDFXOWXUHDUHFKHPLFDOSK\VLFDOELRORJLFDODQGWKRVHDVDUHVXOW
RIPDQDJHPHQWSURFHGXUHVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH &RPPRQFDXVHVRIࢉVKVWUHVV
ŚĞŵŝĐĂů WŚǇƐŝĐĂů
Water Chemistry Temperature
Pollution Light
Metabolic Wastes Sound
Diet quality (e.g. type of Low Dissolved Oxygen
protein and amino acids)
ŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů
WƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĂů
Population Density
Handling
Diet Composition
Transporting
Micro and Macro-organisms
Stocking
Aggressive fish behavior
Treating
Predators
6LJQVRI6WUHVVLQ)LVK
7KHUHDUHIRXUGLVWLQFWVWDJHVRIVWUHVVWKDWDUHSK\VLFDOO\LGHQWLࢉDEOHLQࢉVK
Alarm Reaction.7KLVLVZKHQWKHࢉVKWU\WRHVFDSHWKHVWUHVVRU$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVLVZKHQ

VWRFNLQJWKHSRQGDQGLQVWHDGRIVZLPPLQJRXWIUHHO\LQWRWKHSRQGWKH\WU\WRVZLPEDFNLQWR
WKHEDJRUFRQWDLQHUEHLQJXVHGWRVWRFNWKHࢉVK
Resistance. :KHQWKHࢉVKUHDFWWRWKHVWUHVVRUWKURXJKSK\VLRORJLFDODGDSWDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOH
ZKHQGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVDUHORZWLODSLDZLOOFRPHRXWRIWKHZDWHUWRpipe
Fatigue.7KHࢉVKDUHQRWLFHDEO\ZHDNEXWUHVSRQGWRVWLPXOL
([KDXVWLRQ7KLVLVZKHQWKHࢉVKȆVSK\VLRORJ\LVXQDEOHWRVXࢇFLHQWO\DGDSWWRDSHUVLVWLQJ
VWUHVVIXOFRQGLWLRQDQGLWFDQQRORQJHUUHVSRQGWRVWLPXOL7KHLPSDFWRIVWUHVVRQࢉVKGHSHQGV
RQWKHGXUDWLRQDQGPDJQLWXGHRIWKHVWUHVVFRQGLWLRQ'HDWKLVWKHXOWLPDWHUHVXOW6XEOHWKDO
VWUHVVIXOFRQGLWLRQVFDXVHUHGXFHGࢉVKJURZWKORZ\LHOGVSRRUIHHGFRQYHUVLRQDQGSRRUKHDOWK
LQFOXGLQJREYLRXVGLVHDVHWDEOHDQGࢉJXUH

7DEOH 7\SLFDO$SSHDUDQFHVRI)LVKDW'LࢆHUHQW6WDJHVRI6WUHVV
NORMAL
+HDOWK\DOHUWQRUPDODFWLYLW\QRUPDOERG\FRORXUVRFLDOVFKRROLQJDFWLYLW\
ESCAPE
+HDOWK\DOHUWLQFUHDVHGDFWLYLW\DQGERG\PRYHPHQWVOLJKWLQFUHDVHLQ
RSHUFXODUUHVSLUDWLRQPRYHPHQWSRVVLEOHVOLJKWERG\FRORXUFKDQJH
XVXDOO\GDUNHUVFKRROLQJࢉVKUHPDLQWRJHWKHU
ADAPT
+HDOWK\DOHUWXVXDOO\VZLPPLQJKLJKHUWKDQQRUPDOLQZDWHULQFUHDVHG
RSHUFXODUPRYHPHQWVFKRROLQJࢉVKUHPDLQWRJHWKHU
FATIGUE
/HWKDUJLFEXWVXࢇFLHQWO\DOHUWWRDYRLGGLSQHWFDSWXUHUHGXFHGDFWLYLW\DQG
PRYHPHQWXVXDOO\JDVSLQJDWRUQHDUVXUIDFHFRORUFKDQJHGLVWLQFWXVXDOO\
PXFKGDUNHUVFKRROLQJࢉVKVHSDUDWHWRLQGLYLGXDOV
EXHAUSTION
+DQJLQJOLVWOHVVO\XVXDOO\GLVRULHQWHGFRPPRQO\XSVLGHGRZQDWVXUIDFH
OLWWOHRUQRUHVSRQVHWRDYRLGGLSQHWFDSWXUH
$GDSWHGIURP6FKPLWWRXHWDO
'DLO\ REVHUYDWLRQ RI ࢉVK EHKDYLRXU DQG IHHGLQJ DFWLYLW\ DOORZV HDUO\ GHWHFWLRQ RI KHDOWK SUREOHPV
EHIRUHWKHPDMRULW\ࢉVKLQWKHWKHSRSXODWLRQEHFRPHVVLFN7UHDWPHQWVDUHPRUHVXFFHVVIXOLIJLYHQ
HDUO\LQWKHFRXUVHRIWKHGLVHDVHZKHQWKHࢉVKDUHVWLOOLQJRRGVKDSH
7KHࢉJXUHEHORZGHVFULEHVVWUHVVUHVSRQVHVXQGHUFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQV
Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to Environmental

Stressors.
Environmental Factor
Fish Response
pH Ammonia Temperature
([KDXVWLRQDQG'HDWK 'HDWK
)DWLJXH 6KRUWWHUPWROHUDQFHOLPLW
$GDSW Long-term tolerance limit
(VFDSH 8SSHURSWLPXPOLPLW
1RUPDO ,GHDO WR WR
(VFDSH Lower optimum limit WR
$GDSW Long-term tolerance limit
)DWLJXH 6KRUWWHUPWROHUDQFHOLPLW
([KDXVWLRQDQG'HDWK 'HDWK
:KHQ'2DUHORZLQWKHZDWHUWLODSLDEHJLQWRpipeLQRUGHUWREUHDWKHDWPRVSKHULFR[\JHQࢉJXUH
7LODSLDFDQSLSHIRUDERXWDQKRXUHYHU\PRUQLQJZLWKYHU\OLWWOHSUREOHPV+RZHYHULIWKH\pipe

IRUORQJSHULRGVOLNHVL[KRXUVSHUQLJKWWKLVZLOOVHYHUHO\UHGXFHJURZWKUDWHEHFDXVHH[WUDHQHUJ\LV

VSHQWSLSLQJDQGHYHQWXDOVWUHVV)LVKࢉQVEHFRPHHURGHZKHQࢉVKDUHVWUHVVHG
:K\DUHVWUHVVHGࢉVKPRUHOLNHO\WRIDOOVLFN"
6WUHVVHG ࢉVK DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR IDOO VLFN EHFDXVH WKH ERG\ȆV SURWHFWLYH EDUULHUV WR LQIHFWLRQ (immune
system)VWDUWVWREUHDNGRZQ,WEHFRPHVHDVLHUIRUSDWKRJHQVWRHQWHUWKHERG\DQGDࢆHFWWKHࢉVKȆV
SK\VLRORJ\VHHWDEOH
7DEOH 3URWHFWLYH%DUULHUVDJDLQVW,QIHFWLRQLQ)LVK
Protective Normal Function (ࢆHFWRI6WUHVV
Barrier
Mucus (slime • 3UHYHQWVHQWU\RISDWKRJHQVLQWR • /RVVRIPXFXVUHVXOWLQJLQHDVLHUHQWU\RI

coat) ࢉVKIURPWKHHQYLURQPHQW SDWKRJHQVLQWRࢉVK
• &RQWDLQVHQ]\PHVDQG • &KHPLFDOFKDQJHVLQPXFXVWKDWUHGXFHLWV
DQWLERGLHVWKDWNLOOSDWKRJHQV HࢆHFWLYHQHVVRIHQ]\PHVDQGDQWLERGLHV
• /XEULFDWHVࢉVKPDNLQJWKHLU • 5HGXFHGDELOLW\RVPRUHJXODWLRQ)UHVK
PRYHPHQWHDVLHUWKURXJKZDWHU ZDWHUࢉVKFRQVHTXHQWO\WDNHXSPRUH
• ,QYROYHGLQRVPRUHJXODWLRQ ZDWHUDQGVDOWZDWHUࢉVKEHFRPH
GHK\GUDWHG
• Common causes of mucus loss:SK\VLFDO
KDQGOLQJFKDQJHVLQZDWHUTXDOLW\
chemical
Scales and • 3URWHFWVࢉVKDJDLQVWLQMXU\ • /RVVRIVFDOHVRUGDPDJHWRVNLQFUHDWHV

skin HQWU\SRLQWVIRUSDWKRJHQLQWRࢉVKȆVERG\
• Common causes of damage: SK\VLFDO
KDQGOLQJࢉJKWLQJDPRQJࢉVKSDUDVLWHV
,QࢊDPPDWLRQ • ,VRODWHDQGGHVWUR\VLQYDGLQJ • +RUPRQDOFKDQJHV

SURWHLQVFDQEHIURPEDFWHULD • 7HPSHUDWXUHVWUHVVFDQKDOWDFWLYLW\RI
YLUXVSDUDVLWHVIXQJXVRUWR[LQV ȅNLOOHUFHOOVȆ
Antibodies • 0ROHFXOHVSURGXFHGWRࢉJKW • 7HPSHUDWXUHVWUHVVLPSDLUVࢉVKȆVDELOLW\WR

WDUJHWHGLQYDGLQJSURWHLQVRU UHOHDVHDQWLERGLHV
organisms • 3URORQJHGVWUHVVOLPLWVHࢆHFWLYHQHVVRIWKH
• 6XEOHWKDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI LPPXQHV\VWHPLQFUHDVLQJRSSRUWXQLW\
SDWKRJHQVWKXVKHOSGHYHORS IRULQYDGHUVWRFDXVHGLVHDVH
PRUHFRPSHWHQWLPPXQHV\VWHP
FRPSDUHGWRZKHQࢉVKDUHUDLVHG
XQGHUVWHULOHFRQGLWLRQVDQGLV
UDWLRQDOHIRUYDFFLQDWLRQ
8.4.3 Preventing Stress

*RRGPDQDJHPHQWLVNH\WRSUHYHQWLQJVWUHVV
Ȏ 0DLQWDLQJRRGZDWHUTXDOLW\JRRGQXWULWLRQDQGVDQLWDWLRQ
Ȏ 0LQLPL]HXQQHFHVVDULO\SK\VLFDOKDQGOLQJ
Ȏ 3URWHFWDJDLQVWVXGGHQVFDUHVHJE\SUHGDWRUV
2EVHUYHࢉVKGDLO\FKDQJHVLQࢉVKEHKDYLRXUSK\VLFDODSSHDUDQFHDQGIHHGLQJUHVSRQVHDVWKHVHDUH
LQGLFDWRUVIRUVWUHVV6WUHVVRIWHQSUHFHGHVRFFXUUHQFHRIGLVHDVH

8.4 Fish Disease

'LVHDVHLVDQDEQRUPDOFRQGLWLRQZKHUHE\WKHࢉVKLQFUHDVLQJO\EHFRPHVXQDEOHWRPDLQWDLQLWVQRU-
PDOSK\VLRORJLFIXQFWLRQVLQEDODQFHZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQWࢉJXUHDERYH
&ODVVLࢉFDWLRQRIࢉVKGLVHDVHV
)LVKGLVHDVHVDUHGHVFULEHGEDVHGRQWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHLQIHFWLRQDQGWKHSDWKRJHQW\SH
a. Characteristics of the Infection.

L ,QIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHVDUHFDXVHGE\SDWKRJHQLFDJHQWVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGVSUHDGEH-
WZHHQࢉVKHVDQGࢉVKSRSXODWLRQV
LL 1RQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHVDUHFDXVHGE\HQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPVQXWULWLRQDOGHࢉFLHQFLHV
JHQHWLFDQRPDOLHVRUSK\VLFDOLQMXULHV6XFKGLVHDVHVGRQRWVSUHDGIURPRQHࢉVKWRDQRWKHU
DQGXVXDOO\FDQQRWEHFXUHGE\PHGLFDWLRQV
b. Type of Pathogen
L %DFWHULD
LL )XQJL
(iii) Viruses
LY 3DUDVLWHV
+RZWRLGHQWLI\VLFNࢉVK
7KHVLJQVV\PSWRPVRIࢉVKGLVHDVHDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDEQRUPDOFKDQJHVLQࢉVKIHHGLQJEHKDYLRXU
DQGSK\VLFDODSSHDUDQFHWDEOHDQGࢉJXUHVDQGEHORZ
7DEOH 6\PSWRPVRI)LVK'LVHDVH
Parameter $EQRUPDOLWLHVWRORRNRXWIRU
Feeding • 5HGXFHGIHHGLQJ
• 8QFRQWUROOHGRYHUHDWLQJJROGࢉVK
Behaviour • 6ZLPPLQJZKLUOLQJFLUFOLQJHUUDWLFERWWRPVLWWLQJFXUOLQJGULIWLQJLQYHUWHG

swimming)
• 6RFLDOEHKDYLRXUDJJUHVVLYHLVRODWLRQGXOO
• 3RVLWLRQKHDGVWDQGLQJO\LQJRQRQHVLGH
• piping
Physical • &KDQJHLQFRORXU
Appearance • 3DWFKHVZRXQGVORVVRIVFDOHV
• 6ZHOOLQJVJURZWK
• (QODUJHGRUJDQV
• 'HIRUPLWLHVLQVKDSH
• (URGHGࢉQV
• %OHHGLQJKDHPRUUKDJHV
Mortality • &KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIPRUWDOLW\DFXWHFKURQLFVHHࢉJXUH

• 3URSRUWLRQRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ

)LJXUH 'HVFULSWLRQRI0RUWDOLW\DQG,QIHFWLRQ7UHQGV
7KHDERYHVLJQVGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\WHOO\RXZKDWWKHFDXVHRIWKHGLVHDVHLVEXWDOHUW\RXWRDQRQJR-
LQJFRQGLWLRQ,GHQWLI\LQJWKHFDXVHZLOOKHOSLQVWLWXWHFRUUHFWLYHPHDVXUHVWRSUHYHQWVSUHDGUHGXFH
VHYHULW\DQGPRUWDOLW\
)LJXUH 6RPHFRPPRQ6LJQVRI)LVK'LVHDVH
Brownish gills Pale gills
Eroded gills and excess mucus Gas bubbles within gills

Fluid behind eye (pop-eye) Fluid in abdomen (ascites)
Body deformities and wounds Bleeding
(URGHGࢆQV 'HDGWLVVXHLQOLYLQJࢆVKQHFURVLV
Changes in skin colouration 6ZROOHQLQࢇDPHGLQWHUQDORUJDQV

:KDWVKRXOG,GRLI,QRWLFHVLFNࢉVK"
Ȏ 6WRSIHHGLQJ
Ȏ (YDOXDWHWKHHQYLURQPHQWZDWHUTXDOLW\ࢊRZUDWHVEUHDNGRZQRIHTXLSPHQWHQWU\RISUHGDWRUV
&KHFNDQGNH\LPSURYHZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUV
Ȏ 2EWDLQFDVHKLVWRU\UHYLHZGDLO\SURGXFWLRQUHFRUGVIRUSHULRGZKHQࢉVKPD\KDYHEHHQ
H[SRVHGWRVWUHVVRUVDQGZKHQV\PSWRPVVWDUWHGVSHFLHVVL]HDJHPRUWDOLW\UDWHV
Ȏ ([DPLQHࢉVKIRUPRUHGHWDLOHGFOLQLFDOVLJQV
Ȏ ,GHQWLI\SDWKRJHQWR[LFDQWRURWKHUFDXVH6DPSOHVPD\QHHGWREHVXEPLWWHGWRODERUDWRU\
Ȏ ,PSOHPHQWUHFRPPHQGHGFRQWUROPHDVXUHV
8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory

,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRYHULI\WKHFDXVHRILQIHFWLRQHYHQWKRXJKWUHDWPHQWPD\KDYHEHJXQEDVHGRQGLDJ-
QRVLVIURPGLVHDVHKLVWRU\DQGV\PSWRPVREVHUYHGDWWKHIDUP7KLVLVEHFDXVHRIWHQ
Ȏ 7KHFRPPRQV\PSWRPVRIGLVHDVHDUHW\SLFDOIRUPRUHWKDQRQHGLVHDVH
Ȏ 7KHࢉVKPD\VLPXOWDQHRXVO\EHUXQQLQJPRUHWKDQRQHLQIHFWLRQDWWKHVDPHWLPH
6DPSOHVWR6HQG
(a) Fish Samples. )LVKVKRZLQJW\SLFDOVLJQVRIWKHGLVHDVHLQTXHVWLRQDUHWKHEHVWVDPSOHVWR
VHQG,WLVEHWWHUWRVHQGmoribundࢉVKWKDWDUHDOLYHand not:
Ȏ 'HDGࢉVK
Ȏ )LVKWKDWORRNQRUPDO
Ȏ 6DPSOHVIURPVHLQHRU
Ȏ :LWKSK\VLFDOLQMXULHVIURPKDQGOLQJ
/LYHIUR]HQRUSUHVHUYHGVDPSOHVPD\EHVHQWWRWKHODERUDWRU\+RZHYHULWLVEHWWHUWRVHQGOLYH
ࢉVKVDPSOHVSDFNHGLQEDJVZLWKR[\JHQJLYHQWKHFRQVWUDLQWVLQ8JDQGDȆVFROGFKDLQDQGLWSURYLGHV
DGGLWLRQDOPDWHULDOIRUWKHODERUDWRU\WRWDNHPRUHWLVVXHIURPWKHࢉVKLWPD\UHTXLUH7DEOH
7DEOH VKLSPHQWRI)LVK6DPSOHV
Fish Samples Shipment Conditions
Live Samples • %DJVZLWKR[\JHQLQZDWHUIURPWKHSURGXFWLRQXQLWVHHModule Seven

VHFWLRQRQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRIOLYHࢉVK
Very Fresh Dead • 3ODFHLQUHIULJHUDWRURURQLFHLQDQLFHER[

• .HHSVDPSOHPRLVWNOT wet
• DO NOT allow the ice or water to touch the sample
Frozen Samples • &DQQRWEHXVHGIRUSDWKRORJ\

• 6RPHEDFWHULDDQGYLUXVHVPD\EHUHWULHYHG
• 2QO\XVHLIVDPSOHLVQRWOLNHO\WRUHDFKODERUDWRU\LQWLPHO\
)L[HG6DPSOHV • 3UHVHUYHLQIRUPDOLQRU%RXLQȆVࢉ[DWLYH
• 8VH21/<IUHVKWLVVXHIRUSUHVHUYDWLRQ
• $OFRKROLV127Dࢉ[DWLYH

(b) Aquatic plants -VKLSPRLVWLQSODVWLFEDJ7DNHVDPSOHVIURPDERYHDQGEHORZZDWHUOLQH3DFN

WKHPVHSDUDWHO\
(c) Pesticide analysis- POJODVVERWWOHFRYHUHGZLWKDOXPLQXPIRLO
G Water sample- DWOHDVW/LQFOHDQERWWOHFRROHGNHSWRQLFH
N.B: Always:
$OHUWWKHODERUDWRU\SULRUWRVHQGLQJVDPSOHVDQGREWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHPRQH[DFWO\
Ȏ :KDWVDPSOHVDQGZKDWTXDQWLW\WRVHQG(not all samples may be necessary)
Ȏ +RZWRSUHVHUYHDQGVHQGWKHVDPSOHV
Ȏ :KDWDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGEHVHQWDORQJZLWKWKHVDPSOHV"
/DEHOHDFKVDPSOHEDJRUFRQWDLQHU
%DVLF,QIRUPDWLRQWR6HQGZLWK6DPSOHVWRWKH/DE
<RXUQDPH
&RQWDFWDGGUHVVDQGORFDWLRQRIIDUP
3KRQHQXPEHU
'DWHDQGWLPHVDPSOHVZHUHWDNHQ
'HVFULSWLRQRIVDPSOHEHLQJVHQW
6L]HRISURGXFWLRQXQLWDQGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHV
1XPEHURIGHDGࢉVK
1XPEHUG\LQJSHUGD\
'DWHࢉVKVWDUWHGG\LQJ
1XPEHURIࢉVKVWRFNHG
3K\VLFDODSSHDUDQFHRIWKHࢉVK
%HKDYLRURIࢉVK
:DWHUVDPSOHDWOHDVWSLQWLQDVHSDUDWHFRQWDLQHU
3UHYLRXVWUHDWPHQWV
&RQWUROOLQJࢉVKGLVHDVHVRQIDUP
'LVHDVHDUHFRQWUROOHGRQIDUPE\KHDOWKPDLQWHQDQFHSUHYHQWLRQHDUO\GLVHDVHUHFRJQLWLRQDQGFRQ-
WURO
,QRUGHUWRSUHYHQWGLVHDVHVIURPKDSSHQLQJRQHPXVWXQGHUVWDQGWKHࢉVKFXOWXUHV\VWHPDQGSR-
WHQWLDOSDWKRJHQVZHOOHQRXJKWRSUHHPSWDQGLQVWLWXWHPHDVXUHVDJDLQVWWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIGLV-
HDVH7DEOHH[SODLQVKRZWKLVPD\EHGRQHLQSUDFWLFH

Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control

What to control/Observe Control Measures in Event
RI'LVHDVH
Fish • :DWHUTXDOLW\WROHUDQFHVRIWKHࢉVKEHLQJUHDUHG • (DUO\GLDJQRVLVIURP

• 1HHGVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVGXULQJWKHGLࢆHUHQWVWDJHVRI REVHUYDWLRQRIFKDQJHVLQ
life EHKDYLRUJURVVOHVLRQV
SRSXODWLRQDࢆHFWHG
• &KDQJHVRQWKHࢉVKDQGLWVEHKDYLRUWKDWRFFXUZKHQ
LWVH[SRVHGWRSK\VLFDOFKHPLFDORUELRORJLFDOVWUHVVRUV • /LPLWVHYHULW\E\LPSURYLQJ
ZDWHUTXDOLW\
• )LVKDVFROGEORRGHGDQLPDOVZLOOLPPHGLDWHO\DGDSWWR
FKDQJHVLQWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDO • (QKDQFHLPPXQLW\DQGRU
treatment
• )DFWRUVWKDWLQࢊXHQFHQDWXUDOUHVLVWDQFHWRGLVHDVH
• 6HOHFWEURRGVWRFNDQGHJJV
• 5HDUGLVHDVHUHVLVWDQWVWRFN
LIDYDLODEOH
Culture • 6LWHVHOHFWLRQHJSULRUODQGXVHZDWHUVRXUFH • 'LVLQIHFWLRQRIHTXLSPHQW

System • :DWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVOLHZLWKLQRSWLPXPUDQJHV DQGSURGXFWLRQXQLWV
• 3URGXFWLRQFDSDELOLWLHV • 5HPRYHGHDGࢉVK
• :DWHUWHPSHUDWXUHV • Quarantine
• 3URWHFWLRQIURPSUHGDWRUVDQGRWKHUDQLPDOV • 'U\SRQGV
• Management practices • &RQWURORWKHUDQLPDOVDQG
• $QWLFLSDWHDQGRUEHREVHUYDQWRIFKDQJHVZDWHU • (OLPLQDWHZLOGࢉVK
TXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVRUWHPSHUDWXUHV • 6FUHHQRU)LOWHUZDWHU
• 5HFRUGNHHSLQJ
• 6SHFLHVDQGKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVZLWKLQWKHZDWHUVKHGLH
XSVWUHDPDQGGRZQVWUHDPRIWKHIDUP
• 3RWHQWLDOGLVHDVHFDUULHUVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW
Disease • &DXVHRIWKHGLVHDVHLQIHFWLRXVRUQRQLQIHFWLRXV • /DEGLDJQRVLV

• 1RQLQIHFWLRXV,VLWQXWULWLRQDOZDWHUTXDOLW\UHODWHG • (OLPLQDWHSUHGLVSRVLQJ
JHQHWLFSROOXWDQWWXPRXUSK\VLFDOLQMXU\" factors
• ,QIHFWLRXV,VLWFDXVHGE\DEDFWHULXPYLUXVSDUDVLWH • 3UHYHQWLRQWUHDWPHQWDQG
IXQJLLVWKHSDWKRJHQDQRSSRUWXQLVWLFRUDQREOLJDWH control measures for the
SDWKRJHQYLUXOHQFHRIWKHRUJDQLVP GLVHDVH
• 3RVVLEOHVRXUFHVRISDWKRJHQHQWU\LQWRWKHIDUPHJ • ,QVWLWXWHELRVHFXULW\
RWKHULQIHFWHGࢉVKHTXLSPHQWRQIDUPVQDLOVELUGV measures
etc)
• 0HWKRGRIVSUHDGRIWKHGLVHDVHHJIURPRQHࢉVKWR
DQRWKHUWKURXJKFRQWDFWIURPSDUHQWWRRࢆVSULQJYLD
gametes)
• 6RXUFHRIHQWU\RIWKHSDWKRJHQVLQWRWKHࢉVKZDWHU
JLOOVQDUHVZRXQGVYLDIHHG
• 6HYHULW\DQGSDWWHUQVRIPRUWDOLW\FKURQLFDFXWHVXE
DFXWHDFXWHSHUDFXWHODWHQW
• &OLQLFDOVLJQVRIWKHGLVHDVH
• )DFWRUVWKDWDࢆHFWUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHࢉVKWRWKHGLVHDVH
HJVSHFLHVDJHSULRUH[SRVXUH
• (QYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHVWKDWHQKDQFHYLUXOHQFHRIWKH
SDWKRJHQDQGLQIHFWLRQUDWHV

8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines

7KHSXUSRVHRIJLYLQJYDFFLQHVLVWRVDIHO\H[SRVHWKHࢉVKWRDSDWKRJHQLQDFRVWFRVWHࢆHFWLYHPHWK-
RGWRLPSURYHVXUYLYDODQGSURGXFWLRQHࢇFLHQF\
9DFFLQHVDJDLQVWEDFWHULDEDFWHULQVDUHDYDLODEOHIRUXVHLQDTXDFXOWXUH3URWHFWLRQLVE\DQWLERGLHV
SURGXFHGRQO\DQGERRVWHUVDUHXVXDOO\UHTXLUHG
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bacterins

Bacterins 6DIHW\ (ࢇFDF\LVSRRUWRPRGHUDWH

Low cost 2IWHQQHHGERRVWHU
)DFWRUVWKDWDࢃHFWWKHHࢄFDF\RI9DFFLQDWLRQ
7KHHࢇFDF\RIYDFFLQDWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHKHDOWKVWDWXVRIWKHࢉVKWKHW\SHRIYDFFLQHEHLQJXVHGDQG
HQYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVWKDWPD\DࢆHFWWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHYDFFLQHDQGYDFFLQDWLRQSURFHVVVHHWDEOH
7DEOH )DFWRUVWR&RQVLGHUIRU)LVK9DFFLQDWLRQ
Fish Vaccine ([SRVXUHGRVHWRZLOGȁW\SH
organism
• $JHȁ\RXQJࢉVKKDYHWR • The organism • ,QWHUIHUHQFHIURPPXOWLSOH

be immuno-competent • +RZLWFDXVHVGLVHDVHDQG YDFFLQHV
• 1XWULWLRQVWDWXVȁYLWDPLQV W\SHRILPPXQHUHVSRQVHWKDW • &RQFXUUHQWGLVHDVHV
DQGPLQHUDOVDUHFRFR ȅFRPEDWVȊLW • +XVEDQGU\SUDFWLFHV
IDFWRUVIRUPDQ\LPPXQH • $QWLJHQLFVLPLODULWLHVGLࢆHUHQFHV
functions • +DQGOLQJSUDFWLFHV
• 7\SHRIYDFFLQHNLOOHGRUOLYH • 6WRFNLQJGHQVLW\
• *HQHWLFVȁYDULDELOLW\LQ
immune responses • 'HOLYHU\PHWKRGXVHGIRU • (QYLURQPHQWDOPDQDJHPHQW
DGPLQLVWHULQJWKHYDFFLQH
• 6HOHFWLRQIRUSURWHFWLRQ • 5HFRUGPDQDJHPHQW
DJDLQVWRQHGLVHDVH ȁ ,QMHFWLRQVXVXDOO\UHTXLUH
PD\OHDGWRLQFUHDVHG DGMXYDQWWRLQFUHDVHHࢇFDF\
VXVFHSWLELOLW\WRRWKHUV ȁ %DWKVRIWHQXVHGRI\RXQJ
• 6WUHVVIDFWRUVRYHUULGH ࢉVK
HࢆHFWVRIYDFFLQDWLRQ ȁ 2UDORIWHQSUREOHPVZLWK
• 3RSXODWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV YDFFLQHXSWDNH
• 'RVH
6XFFHVVIXOYDFFLQDWLRQSURJUDPV
Ȏ 6KRZFRQVLVWHQWHࢇFDF\DQGVDIHW\XQGHUࢉHOGFRQGLWLRQV
Ȏ 8VHDSSOLFDWLRQPHWKRGVWKDWFDQEHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRSURGXFWLRQF\FOH
Ȏ 1HWUHGXFWLRQLQSURGXFWLRQFRVWVULVNORVVHV
Ȏ 5HGXFHGPRUWDOLWLHV
Ȏ ,PSURYHGSURGXFWLRQSDUDPHWHUV
Ȏ 1RWQHFHVVDU\IRUFRPSOHWHHUDGLFDWLRQ
Ȏ &DQEHSURGXFHGLQFRPPHUFLDOYROXPHVDQGDUHDYDLODEOH

6DQLWDWLRQDQG'LVLQIHFWLRQ
/LPLQJWR6WHULOL]HSRQGVDQGRWKHUIDFLOLWLHV
+\GUDWHGOLPHFDOFLXPK\GUR[LGHLVXVHGGLVLQIHFWSURGXFWLRQSRQGVDQGRWKHUXQLWVVHHDOVR0RG-

XOH,WGRHVWKLVE\FDXVLQJDUDSLGULVHLQS+WRRUKLJKHUDOHYHOZKLFKZLOONLOOPRVWGLVHDVH
DJHQWVDQGRUSHVWV
'UDLQDQGFOHDQSRQGVRUSUHPLVHVSULRUWRDSSOLFDWLRQ(QRXJKK\GUDWHGOLPHVKRXOGEHDGGHGWR
FRYHUWKHHQWLUHSRQGERWWRPZLWKDWKLQOD\HUDQGWKHQZDWHUDGGHG7KHHOHYDWHGS+ZLOOODVWIRU
DERXWDZHHNDo not stockࢉVKGXULQJWKLVSHULRG
Also Note:
Ȏ $OZD\VFKHFNWKHS+EHIRUHVWRFNLQJ
Ȏ 7KHXVHRIK\GUDWHGOLPHLVUHFRPPHQGHGZKHQWKHUHLVFRQFHUQRIFDUU\LQJGLVHDVHVRUSHVWVRYHU
WRWKHQH[WFURS
Ȏ 'RQRWDGGK\GUDWHGOLPHZKHQࢉVKDUHSUHVHQWLQDSRQGRUWDQN7KHUDSLGLQFUHDVHLQS+LV
DOPRVWDOZD\VOHWKDOIRUࢉVK
Ȏ +\GUDWHGOLPHLVDVWURQJEDVH&DUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQZKHQDSSO\LQJLWWRDYRLGEUHDWKLQJWKHGXVW
RUDOORZLQJFRQWDFWZLWKVNLQRUH\HV
8.4.5.3 Treatments
7UHDWPHQWVDUHRQO\JLYHQWRKHOSUHGXFHWKHVHYHULW\DQGRWKHUQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRIDGLVHDVHE\LQ-
WHUUXSWLQJDQLQIHFWLRXVSURFHVV7UHDWPHQWVVXSSOHPHQWWKHࢉVKȆVQDWXUDOLPPXQLW\7KH\DUHNOT
DVXEVWLWXWHIRUJRRGKXVEDQGU\
a) Types of Treatment
$QWLEDFWHULDODQWLSDUDVLWLFDJHQWVYDFFLQDWLRQVDQHVWKHWLFV
b) Determining whether to treat

%HIRUHJLYLQJDQ\WUHDWPHQWWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVVKRXOGEHDVNHG
:KHWKHURUQRWWKHGLVHDVHLVWUHDWDEOHDQGLIVRWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIVXFFHVVIXOWUHDWPHQW"
7KHOLNHOLKRRGRIWKHVHYHULW\DQGVSUHDGRIWKHGLVHDVHLQFUHDVLQJ
7KHFRVWEHQHࢉWRIDGPLQLVWHULQJWKHWUHDWPHQWWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQW
Ȏ FRVWVRIJLYLQJWKHWUHDWPHQW
Ȏ ,PSDFWRIKDQGOLQJRQDQDOUHDG\VWUHVVHGSRSXODWLRQ
Ȏ /LNHOLKRRGRIWKHGLVHDVHZDQLQJ
Ȏ 2YHUDOOFRVWRIJLYLQJWUHDWPHQWYHUVXVYDOXHRIWKHࢉVK"
:KHWKHUWKHࢉVKDUHLQJRRGHQRXJKFRQGLWLRQWRZLWKVWDQGWKHWUHDWPHQW"
'RWKHVHYHULW\DQGPRUWDOLW\WUHQGVRIWKHGLVHDVHZDUUDQWWUHDWPHQW"
c) How to Give Treatments to Fish

7DEOH/LVWVWKHGLࢆHUHQWPHWKRGVIRUDGPLQLVWHULQJWUHDWPHQWVWRࢉVK

7DEOH 0HWKRGVIRU$GPLQLVWHULQJ7UHDWPHQWVWR)LVK
7\SHRI Description Advantages Disadvantages
Treatment
Topical • 'UXJRUFKHPLFDODSSOLHGGLUHFWO\ • 'LUHFWFRQWDFWZLWK • (DFKࢉVKPXVWEH

to lesion lesion SK\VLFDOO\KDQGOHG
• /DERULQWHQVLYH
Injection • $QWLELRWLFLQMHFWHGGLUHFWO\LQWRࢉVK • (DFKࢉVKUHFHLYHV • (DFKࢉVKPXVWEH

LQWRWKHDEGRPHQRUPXVFOHV H[DFWDPRXQWRI SK\VLFDOO\KDQGOHG
• 0HWKRGDOVRXVHGIRUYDFFLQDWLRQ GUXJ • /DERULQWHQVLYH
Food • $QWLELRWLFVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKH • (DV\WRDSSO\WR • 1RWDOOࢉVKUHFHLYH

additives IHHGRUPL[HGZLWKRLODQGVSUD\HG SRQGVDQGFDJHV VDPHGRVH
RQDIWHUH[WUXVLRQ • 1RWDSSOLFDEOHLIࢉVK
DUHQRWIHHGLQJ
Dip • )LVKDUHSODFHGLQDVWURQJ • $OOࢉVKDUHWUHDWHG • )LVKKDYHWREH

concentration of chemical for up to KDQGOHG
WZRPLQXWHV • )LVKDUHH[SRVHG
• 8VXDOO\IRUVPDOOQXPEHUVRIࢉVK to high chemical
concentration which
DGGVWRVWUHVV
• Labor requirements
Bath • )LVKDUHSODFHGLQDPRGHUDWHO\ • $OOࢉVKUHFHLYH • )LVKPXVWEH

VWURQJFKHPLFDOIRUXSWRKRXU VDPHGRVH KDQGOHGLIQRWGRQH
• $HUDWHDQGREVHUYHࢉVKGXULQJ • )LVKDUHQRW LQUHDULQJWDQN
process KDQGOHGLQWKLV
• ,QDࢊRZWKURXJKV\VWHPWXUQRࢆ PHWKRG
ZDWHUWUHDWࢉVKDQGWKHQWXUQ
ZDWHURQWRࢊXVKRXWFKHPLFDO
• 5HFLUFXODWLQJV\VWHPVHWXSWKH
V\VWHPWRSUHYHQWGDPDJHWRELR
ࢉOWHU
Flushing • &RQFHQWUDWHGFKHPLFDOGRVHGLQWR • 1RWODERU • )LVKPD\UHDFW

WKHLQOHWRIDࢊRZWKURXJKV\VWHP LQWHQVLYH DGYHUVHO\WR
DQGȉࢊXVKHGȊWKURXJK • )LVKDUHQRW chemical
• 8VXDOO\GRQHLQUDFHZD\V KDQGOHG
• $OOࢉVKUHFHLYH
VDPHGRVH
,QGHࢉQLWH • &KHPLFDODSSOLHGLQDUHODWLYHORZ • (DV\DSSOLFDWLRQ • 1RWDOOࢉVKUHFHLYH

FRQFHQWUDWLRQWRDSRQGDQGLV • )LVKDUHQRW VDPHGRVHLI
DOORZHGWRGLVVLSDWHQDWXUDOO\ KDQGOHG chemical is not
GLVWULEXWHGHYHQO\
• 1RWODERXU
LQWHQVLYH
•

d) Calculating the Required amount of Treatment
ࢃࢋ࢏ࢍࢎ࢚࢕ࢌࢉࢎࢋ࢓࢏ࢉࢇ࢒࢘ࢋ࢛ࢗ࢏࢘ࢋࢊ
ͳͲͲ
ൌ ܸ‫ݔ݀݁݀݁݁݊݉݌݌ݔܨܥݔ݁݉ݑ݈݋‬
Ψܽ݅
tŚĞƌĞ͗
sŽůƵŵĞсǁĂƚĞƌǀŽůƵŵĞŝŶĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌͬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ
ƵŶŝƚ
сĂƌĞĂŽĨƵŶŝƚǆĚĞƉƚŚŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ
&сĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĨĂĐƚŽƌƚŽŐŝǀĞǁĞŝŐŚƚŽĨĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů
ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽϭƉƉŵŝŶŽŶĞͲƵŶŝƚǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ
ƉƉŵсĚĞƐŝƌĞĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶƉĂƌƚƐ
ƉĞƌŵŝůůŝŽŶΎ
йĂŝсйĂĐƚŝǀĞŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂƐ
ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞůĂďĞů
ΎƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐ
WWDсKŶĞǁĞŝŐŚƚƵŶŝƚŽĨĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůŝƐĂĚĚĞĚ
ƚŽϵϵϵ͕ϵϵϵǁĞŝŐŚƚƵŶŝƚƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ
ϭŐƌĂŵŝŶϭϬϬϬŵůсϭϬϬϬƉƉŵ
ϭƉƉŵсϭŵŐͬůŝƚĞƌ
/͘ϬůŝƚƌĞсϭ͕ϬϬϬ͕ϬϬϬŵŐ How to estimate water volume in
different shaped containers (Adapted
from FAO).

H 6HOHFWLQJWKH7UHDWPHQW
7KHFKRLFHRIWUHDWPHQWGHSHQGVRQWKH
• Disease: .QRZDOOWUHDWPHQWRSWLRQV
• Fish:$JH6SHFLHV
• Culture system:9ROXPHDFUHVZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUV
• Chemical:SRWHQWLDOWR[LFLW\RIFKHPLFDOWREHXVHGLWVHࢆHFWLYHQHVVWHPSHUDWXUHWROHUDQFH
HࢆHFWVRQR[\JHQSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWIRUWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGFRQVXPHUV
f) Common Treatments
8VHRQO\WUHDWPHQWVNQRZQWREHDSSURYHGIRUXVHLQIRRGDQLPDOVLIWKHࢉVKLVIRUFRQVXPSWLRQ
7KHIROORZLQJDUHWUHDWPHQWVWKDWPD\EHXVHGLQIRRGࢉVKWDEOH
Table 45: Treatment Rates

Chemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications
A: TOPICAL TREAMTENTS
Formalin • 3RQGVSSP • &RQWURORI • 'RQRWXVHDWOHVV

IRUPDOGHK\GH PO/ SURWR]RDQ WKDQR&
• %DWKWDQNSSP SDUDVLWHV • 3K\WRWR[LFZLOO
&RPHVLQYDULRXVWUDGH
IRUKU Monogenic NLOODOJDOEORRP
QDPHV
WUHPDWRGHVDQG
fungal infections • 'LVHDVHGRU
on eggs \RXQJࢉVKPD\
QRWKDQGOHXSSHU
rates
• 0D\EHFRVW
SURKLELWLYHLQ
ODUJHSRQGV

&RSSHU6XOIDWH&X62 • &RQVLGHUHGDFWLYH • Treatment of • 8VHH[WUHPH

• 7UHDWPHQWUDWHSSP SURWR]RDQ caution in water
WRWDODONDOLQLW\ parasites such as OHVVWKDQSSP
‘Ichthyophillus 7$9HU\WR[LF
• ([7$ SSPDV&D&R mulitphillisDQG • /DEHOHGZLWK
• PJ/ Flavobacterium (3$DVDOJLFLGH
columnare ZLOONLOOWKHDOJDO
• 7KLVZLOODOVREHFDOOHGȉD
infections EORRPDQGFDXVH
IXOOSDUWȊ6RPHZLOOXVH
ȉKDOIȊRUȉȊSDUW R[\JHQSUREOHPV
• Chelated copper – • 'RQRWXVHȉ)XOOȊ
FKHPLFDOO\ERXQGWRHLWKHU UDWHRQYHU\
inorganic or organic \RXQJࢉVK
FRPSRXQG
$OORZVFRSSHUWRUHPDLQ
DFWLYHO\LQZDWHUIRU
ORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPH
5DWHGHSHQGVRQ
IRUPXODWLRQUHDG
GLUHFWLRQV
Potassium • &RQVLGHUHGDFWLYH • 3URWR]RDQ • 3K\WRWR[LF

permanganate • 2[LGL]HUHࢆHFWVFHOOXODU SDUDVLWHVDQG • 'LVHDVHGRU
PHPEUDQHVDQGIXQFWLRQ F. columnare \RXQJࢉVKPD\
infections QRWKDQGOHKLJK
• 5DWH
rate
- PondGHSHQGRQWKH
R[LGDWLYHGHPDQGRI
water
R $GGSSPDWD
time
R 3XUSOLVKȉZLQHȊFRORU
WRGHYHORSLQZDWHU
IRUKUV
- TankSSPIRUK
Salt VROXWLRQPLQ • 3DUDVLWHV

• 'LVLQIHFWZRXQGV
Organophosphate • Monogenetic • &DQEHWR[LFWR

'\OR[RU0DVRWHQ) WUHPDWRGHV ERWKࢉVKDQG
OHHFKHV humans
crustacean
parasites
FRSHSRGV
Lernea spDQG
Argulus sp
1LWURIXUD]RQH antibiotic • 8VHGLQEDLWࢆVK • $EVRUEHGLQWR

• 8VHGDVDEDWKRU WURSLFDOࢆVK ࢉVKQRIRRGࢉVK
LQGHࢉQLWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQW systems,
ornamentals;

Romet (ormetoprim $QWLELRWLFVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWR • (6&LQFKDQQHO • +HDWVWDELOH

DQGVXOIDGLPHWKR[LQH WKHIHHG FDWࢉVK • 3DODWDELOLW\
)XUXQFXORVLVLQ problems
2QO\DSSURYHGIRUXVHLQ
VDOPRQLGV
IRRGࢉVK
• )RUPXODWHGWRIHHGDWD
UDWHRIRURIWKH
ERG\ZHLJKW7KLVJLYHV
DࢉQDOUDWHRIPJNJRI
ࢉVK
• )HHGGD\V
• :LWKGUDZDOGD\VLQ
FDWࢉVK
• :LWKGUDZDOGD\VLQ
VDOPRQLGV
Terramycin 5DWHIHGPJNJ%: • /DEHOOHGWR • :LWKDOO

R[\WHWUDF\FOLQH )RUPXODWHGWRIHHGRIWKH treat motile DQWLELRWLFVIHHG
ERG\ZHLJKWSHUGD\ Aeromonas XQWLOGRVHDQG
infections time frame is
)HHGGD\V
• 9HU\HࢆHFWLYHIRU FRPSOHWHGRQRW
:LWKGUDZDOGD\VLQDOO
F. columnare JLYHPRUHWKDQ
species before slaughter
LQIHFWLRQV,1$' WZRȉURXQGVȊ
+HDWODELOH or treatment
• *HWLQVLQNLQJ SHULRGV
IHHGRULQȉFROGȊ
H[WUXGHGIHHG o *antibacterial
resistance*
• 3URSK\ODFWLF
treatments are
FRQWUDLQGLFDWHG
because of
antimicrobial
resistance
Tranquilisers • 8VHGWRLPPRELOL]HࢉVKIRU
KDQGOLQJ
• 06)'$DSSURYHG
8VHPJ/ȁ
GHSHQGLQJRQQHHG
GZLWKGUDZDOEHIRUH
VODXJKWHULQIRRGࢉVK
• &ORYHRLOUHJDUGHGDVVDIH
IRUXVHLQIRRGࢉVKEXWLV
QRWDQDSSURYHGGUXJ
8SWRPJ/
GHSHQGLQJRQVSHFLHV
DQGQHHG
1RZLWKGUDZDOWLPH

8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture

and their Control
1RQ,QIHFWLRXV'LVHDVHV
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases
D /RZ'LVVROYHG2[\JHQ6\QGURPH/2'26RU(QYLURQPHQWDO+\SR[LD
,QSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV'2OHYHOVFDQDOVRVXGGHQO\GURSWROHWKDORUQHDUOHWKDOOHYHOVRUVORZO\
RYHU VHYHUDO GD\V :KHQ '2 OHYHOV VXGGHQO\ IDOO ࢉVK LPPHGLDWHO\ VKRZ VLJQV RI VWUHVV DQGRU
PRUWDOLW\ࢉJXUH
*UDGXDO GHFOLQHV LQ '2 RYHU VHYHUDO GD\V UHVXOWV LQWR /2'26 7KH FRPPRQ FDXVHV RI /2'26
LQFOXGH
Ȏ 2YHUFURZGLQJ
Ȏ /RZ:DWHU)ORZRUH[FKDQJHUDWHV
Ȏ $OJDH3RSXODWLRQ&UDVKPD\EHGXHWRQDWXUDOFDXVHVRUEHFDXVHRIGHOLEHUDWHWUHDWPHQWWR
UHGXFHOHYHOVRIDOJDHLQSRQGVDQGWDQNV
Ȏ &ORXG\'D\V2QFORXG\GD\VDOJDHUHVSLUHWKHUHLVQRSKRWRV\QWKHVLVVRGLVVROYHGR[\JHQLV
XVHGXSUDWKHUWKDQSURGXFHGGXULQJWKHGD\
&OLQLFDO6LJQV )LJXUH 7LODSLDSLSLQJIRUDLU
Ȏ $FXWH0RUWDOLW\
Ȏ 3LSLQJIRUDLU
Ȏ *DWKHULQJDWLQࢊRZ
Ȏ )LVKQRQUHVSRQVLYHWRH[WHUQDOVWLPXOL
Ȏ 'HDWKZLWKRSHUFXOXPࢊDUHGPRXWKDJDSH
3UHYHQWLRQRI/2'26
Ȏ 0DLQWDLQ'2DWRUDERYHPJO
Diagnosis
Ȏ 0HDVXUH'2WUHQGVRQVLWH
Ȏ ,QSRQGVLWLVEHDVWWRPHDVXUHHDUO\LQWKHPRUQLQJVEHWZHHQWRDP
Management of Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHDHUDWLRQ
Ȏ 5HGXFHIHHGUDWHV
Ȏ 5HGXFHࢉVKGHQVLW\
• Manage algal blooms
Temperature
Ȏ 6XGGHQFKDQJHVLQWHPSHUDWXUHDUHH[WUHPHO\VWUHVVIXOIRUMXYHQLOHࢉVK
Ȏ )LVKQHHGWREHDFFOLPDWHGZKHQWHPSHUDWXUHGLࢆHUHQFHVDUHJUHDWHUWKDQR&DWUDWHRI
DERXWR&SHUWRDYRLGVWUHVV
Ȏ 'HDWKVDVDUHVXOWRIVXGGHQWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHVDUHQRWLPPHGLDWH0RUWDOLWLHVEHJLQWR
RFFXUVHYHUDOGD\VDIWHUVXGGHQWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHV

b. Low pH
7KHRSWLPXPUDQJHRIS+LVWR
Ȏ $FXWHORZS+FDXVHVDFXWHPRUWDOLW\DFXWHVWUHVVDQGK\SR[LD
Ȏ &KURQLFORZS+UHVXOWVLQLQFUHDVHGPXFXVSURGXFWLRQDQGFKURQLFVWUHVVUHVSRQVH
Ȏ ,QGLUHFWHࢆHFWVRIORZS+LQFOXGH
ȁ ,QFUHDVHGWR[LFLW\WRRWKHUZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVVHH0RGXOH
ȁ 6RPHPHWDOVEHFRPHPRUHWR[LFDWORZS+HJDOXPLQLXP
&OLQLFDO6LJQV
Ȏ K\SRWURSK\DQGPXFXVSURGXFWLRQLQJLOOVVHHࢉJXUHȏDERYH
Ȏ 6ORXJKLQJRIFHOOVIURPVNLQDQGJLOOV
Ȏ &DXVHVK\SR[LD
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHXQLRQLVHGDPPRQLDDWKLJKS+
Treatment
Ȏ &KDQJHDQGDGGEXࢆHUWRZDWHU
Ȏ ,QDTXDULDLIS+LVWRRKLJKDGGDQDFLGVXFK0XUDWLFDFLG+&ORUDFHWLFDFLG
c. Ammonia Poisoning
7KH OHYHOV RI DPPRQLXP QRQWR[LF DQG DPPRQLD WR[LF LQ ZDWHU DUH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG S+
GHSHQGDQW0RGXOH
&OLQLFDO6LJQV
Ȏ +\SHUH[FLWDELOLW\
Ȏ )LVKVWRSIHHGLQJ
Ȏ ,VDPRQJWKHFKURQLFFDXVHVRIK\SHUWURSK\DQGK\SHUSODVLDRIWKHJLOOV
Ȏ 5HGXFHGJURZWKDQGUHVLVWDQFHWRGLVHDVHV
d. Excessive Levels of Dissolved Carbondioxide (Hypercarbia)
+\SHUFDUELD LV FRPPRQO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LQ UHFLUFXODWRU\ V\VWHPV DQG KDWFKHULHV VRXUFLQJ
XQGHUJURXQGZDWHU,WLVDOVRREVHUYHGZKHUHWKHUHLVRYHUFURZGLQJDOJDOEORRPFUXVKHVDQG
SRRUO\EXࢆHUHGZDWHULVXVHGIRUSURGXFWLRQ
,WRFFXUVZKHQZDWHUKDVORZS+DQGOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHG&2H[FHHGLQJPJO
+LJKOHYHOVRIGLVVROYHGFDUERQGLR[LGHLQZDWHU
D ,QKLELWGLࢆXVLRQRI&2RXWRIWKHEORRG
E +LJKEORRG&2UHGXFHVEORRGS+
F 5HGXFHVWKHDELOLW\RIࢉVKWRJHWR[\JHQLQWREORRG
)LVKFRQVHTXHQWO\EHFRPHZHDNORRVHDSSHWLWHUHGXFHGJURZWKDQGLQFUHDVHGVXVFHSWLELOLW\WR
GLVHDVH
Diagnosis:
ZDWHUTXDOLW\WHVWNLW
Treatment:
DHUDWLRQGHFUHDVHVWRFNLQJGHQVLW\DQGDGGOLPHVODNHGRUK\GUDWHGWRLPPHGLDWHO\UDLVHS+

e. Nitrite Poisoning (Brown Blood Diseases)

&RPPRQO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKUHFLUFXODWLQJV\VWHPV
Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease
&OLQLFDO6LJQV
Ȏ %URZQEORRGLQWKHJLOOVDQGLQWHUQDORUJDQV)LJXUH
Ȏ 6LJQVRIK\SR[LDHYHQZKHQ'2OHYHOVDUHVXLWDEOH
Ȏ )LVKQRQUHVSRQVLYHWRH[WHUQDOVWLPXOL
Diagnosis
0HDVXUHQLWULWHOHYHOVZLWKZDWHUTXDOLW\NLW
Treatment
Ȏ WRZDWHUH[FKDQJH
Ȏ ,QFUHDVHDHUDWLRQ
Ȏ $GGQLWULI\LQJEDFWHULDWRELRࢉOWHU
Ȏ 'HFUHDVHࢉVKGHQVLW\
Ȏ 5HGXFHIHHGLQJV
Ȏ $GGFRPPRQVDOWWRWKHZDWHUDWWKHUDWHRIWLPHVFKORULQHSHUSSPQLWULWH
f. Gas Bubble Disease (Gas supersaturation)

:KHQWKHUHȆVVXSHUVDWXUDWLRQRIJDVHVXQGHUSUHVVXUHLQWKHZDWHUWKHJDVHVGLࢆXVHWKHEORRG
YHVVHO*DVEXEEOHVDSSHDULQWKHEORRGYHVVHOVRIWKHYDULRXVERG\RUJDQVLQFOXGLQJWKHH\HV
JLOOVVNLQYLVFHUDDQGSHULWRQHDOFDYLW\ࢉJXUH
Figure 97: *DVEXEEOHVLQODUYDHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVXSHUVDWXUDWHGOHYHOVRIFDUERQGLR[LGHLQ

water

8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases

0RVWQXWULWLRQDOGLVHDVHVGHYHORSVORZO\RYHUDQH[WHQGHGSHULRGDQGDUHGLࢇFXOWWRGLVWLQFWO\GLDJ-
QRVH
a) 0DOQXWULWLRQ6WXQWLQJ
:KHQࢉVKGRQRWJHWHQRXJKIRRGHQHUJ\DQGSURWHLQWKHLUJURZWKEHFRPHVLPSDLUHGWKH\DUH
OHWKDUJLFSRRUERG\FRQGLWLRQWKLQDQGDUHPRUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRGLVHDVHV)RUWKHLUDJHWKH\ZLOO
EHPXFKVPDOOHUȁFRPPRQO\UHIHUUHGWRDVVWXQWLQJ
b) *HQHUDO9LWDPLQ'HࢆFLHQFLHV
*HQHUDO VLJQV RI YLWDPLQ GHࢉFLHQF\ LQFOXGH DQRUH[LD WLVVXH GHIRUPLWLHV UHGXFHG JURZWK PLOG
DQDHPLDDQGUHGXFHGUHVLVWDQFHWRGLVHDVH
F 9LWDPLQ&'HࢆFLHQF\
,Q8JDQGDVLJQVRI9LWDPLQ&GHࢉFLHQF\DUHFRPPRQRQIDUPVIHHGLQJRQIDUPPDGHIHHGVDQG
ZKHQIHHGVDUHXVHGDIWHUWZRWKUHHPRQWKVRIWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJGDWH*URZWKUDWHVDUHSRRU
LQFUHDVHGVXVFHSWLELOLW\RIVHFRQGDU\LQIHFWLRQVDQGVNHOHWDOGHIRUPLWLHVDUHREVHUYHGࢉJXUH
)LVKLQSRQGVZLWKJRRGSURGXFWLYLW\UDUHO\VKRZVLJQVRIYLWDPLQ&GHࢉFLHQF\
)LJXUH 6NHOHWDOGHIRUPLWLHVDULVLQJIURP9LWDPLQ&GHࢉFLHQF\&DWࢆVKFDQQRWSURGXFH9LWD-
PLQ&,WPXVWEHDGGHGLQIHHG9LWDPLQ&LVRIWHQORVWLQWKHSURFHVVLQJRIIHHGVRVWDELOL]HG
IRUPVWKDWZLOOQRWEHEUHDNGRZQDUHUHTXLUHGLQWKHIHHG
D6FROLRVLVDQGVNLQXOFHUDWLRQVDVDUHVXOWRIYLWDPLQ&GHࢆFLHQF\
E/HYHOVRISURJUHVVLRQRI%URNHQ+HDG6\QGURPHLQFDWࢆVK
Control and Treatment:

,QFUHDVHDPRXQWVRIIHHG&LQWKHGLHW
• $GGSUHPL[HVWRWKHIHHGModule 6)
• 6SUD\RQWRWKHIHHGVWDELOLVHGIRUPVRI9LWDPLQ&RU
• &KRSࢉQHO\RUFUXVKDQGPL[JUHHQVLQWRWKHࢉVKHVIHHG5XVVLDQFRPIUH\DQGVXNXPDZLNL
NDOHDUHDJRRGVRXUFHRIYLWDPLQ&

i) Mycotoxins in Feed
$UHUHOHDVHGIURPPRXOGVIRXQGLQIHHGVWXࢆVDQGWKHIHHG7KH\FDXVHOLYHUDQGNLGQH\QHFURVLV
ZKLFKSURJUHVVLYHO\UHVXOWVLQWRGHFUHDVHGJURZWKDQGLQFUHDVHGVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRGLVHDVHVࢉJXUH

)LJXUH 0RXOGDQGV\PSWRPVRI0\FRVLVIURP&RQVXPSWLRQRI0RXOG)HHGV
a. Good Pellets. 1RWHWKH b. Mouldy Pellets. 1RWHLWKH (c) Gross lesions (right)
XQLIRUPFRORXUDQGZLWKQR FRORXURISHOOHWVLVQRWXQLIRUP
SRZGHU\VXEVWDQFH LLWKHSRZGHU\VXEVWDQFHWKDW
UHPDLQRQWKHKDQGDQGLLLWKH
H\HVLQWKHSHOOHWV7KHZKLWLVK
WLQJHDQGSRZGHU\VXEVWDQFH
WKDWUHPDLQVRQWKHKDQGDUH
GXHWRPRXOG
Preventive Measures
Ȏ .HHSIHHGVLQDGU\FRROSODFHDQGRXWRIGLUHFWVXQOLJKW
Ȏ (QVXUHVKRUWWXUQRYHUEHWZHHQEDWFKHVRIIHHG
Ȏ $YRLGXVLQJRUVWRULQJIHHGLQPHWDORURWKHUFRQWDLQHUVWKDWRQZKLFKZDWHUFDQFRQGHQVH
8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma

3K\VLFDOLQMXU\DVDUHVXOWRISRRUKDQGOLQJDJJUHVVLRQE\ࢉVKH[SRVXUHWRURXJKVXUIDFHVDQGVKDUS
REMHFWVFDQGHSHQGLQJRQLQWHQVLW\UHVXOWLQWRORVVRIVFDOHVIUDFWXUHVGDPDJHWRWLVVXHDQGWHDUVLQ
VNLQ
7KLVFDXVHVVWUHVVSDLQDQGGDPDJHVWKHH[WHUQDOEDUULHUWRSDWKRJHQHQWU\LQWRWKHࢉVK3HUIRU-
PDQFHDQGVHFRQGDU\LQIHFWLRQVDUHPRUHOLNHO\LQVXFKࢉVKHV
Control
+DQGOHࢉVKJHQWO\
3UHYHQWDJJUHVVLRQEHWZHHQࢉVKZLWKLQSURGXFWLRQXQLWVE\UHGXFLQJFRQGLWLRQVWKDWUHVXOWLQ
WHUULWRULDOLW\DQGSURPRWHVL]HGLࢆHUHQFHVLQWKHSRSXODWLRQ
D VWRFNDWRSWLPXPGHQVLW\ WRRORZVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVSURPRWHWHUULWRULDOLW\
E $GRSWIHHGLQJWHFKQLTXHVWKDWSURPRWHXQLIRUPDQGUDSLGFRQVXPSWLRQRIIHHGE\ࢉVK0RG-
XOH
7R SURPRWH ZRXQG KHDOLQJ DQG SUHYHQW LQIHFWLRQ RIWKURXJK ZRXQGV EHFRPLQJ LQIHFWHG JLYH
DࢆHFWHGVDOWEDWKGLSSSPVDOWWRࢉVKZLWKSK\VLFDOLQMXULHVDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH

8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions

*HQHWLFFRQGLWLRQVDUHLQKHULWHGIURPWKHSDUHQWV
7KH\FRPPRQO\SUHVHQWDV
Ȏ 3K\VLFDODEQRUPDOLWLHVERG\DQRPDOLHVVXFKDVRIWKH
VNHOHWRQERG\RUJDQVRUVNLQSLJPHQWDWLRQ
Ȏ /HYHORIVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRGLVHDVHV
Ȏ *URZWKSRWHQWLDO
Ȏ :LOOQRUPDOO\DࢆHFWRQHRUDIHZࢉVKLQWKHFRKRUWUDWKHU
than the entire population
Prevention and Control

Ȏ $YRLGLQEUHHGLQJLQEURRGVWRFN
8.5.1.5. Tumours
,QYDVLYHDQGQRQLQYDVLYHFDQFHUVRFFXULQࢉVK&RPPRQQRQLQYDVLYHWXPRXUVLQFOXGHSDSLOORPDV
FDXVHGE\WKHSDSLOORPDYLUXV
,QIHFWLRXV'LVHDVHV
7KHFRPPRQHVWVWUHVVPHGLDWHGLQIHFWLRQVLQࢉVKDUHEDFWHULDODQGSDUDVLWLFLQIHFWLRQVVHFWLRQ
8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections

7KHV\PSWRPVRIGLࢆHUHQWEDFWHULDOLQIHFWLRQVWHQGWREHVLPLODUGHSHQGLQJRQZKHWKHUWKHLQIHFWLRQ
SUHVHQWVDV
D $FXWHEDFWHULDOVHSWLFDHPLD
E 6NLQDQGJLOOLQIHFWLRQV
F &KURQLFGLVHDVHWDEOH
7DEOH %DFWHULDO,QIHFWLRQV
7\SHRI,QIHFWLRQ Common Causes Remarks
Bacterial • $HURPRQDVVDOPRQLFLGD • ,QIHFWLRQZLWKSULPDU\SDWKRJHQLFEDFWHULDRU

Septicaemia • Vibrio anguillarium VHURW\SHVWKDWVSUHDGUDSLGO\WKURXJKRXWWKH
ERG\
• )ODYREDFWHULXP
columnaris • 0D\RUQRWQRWEHEOHHGLQJKDHPRUUKDJHV
Skin and gill • $HURPRQDVK\GURSKLOOD • $ࢆHFWWKHERG\V\VWHPDORQJZLWKVNLOODQGJLOO

LQIHFWLRQV • )ODYREDFWHULXP lesions
columnaris • 3UHYDOHQFHRIH[WHUQDOOHVLRQVLVFORVHO\OLQNHG
ZLWKKXVEDQGU\SUDFWLFHVHVSHFLDOO\ZDWHU
TXDOLW\LQMXU\
• 3UHVHQFHRIRWKHUEDFWHULDIXQJLRUSDUDVLWHV
• 6KRZVLJQVRIUHVSLUDWRU\GLVWUHVVȁJDVSLQJ
SXࢆHGRXWJLOOVJDWKHUWRZDUGVLQOHWVRUVWDFN
DWZDWHUVXUIDFH
• )LQRUJLOOURW

a. Columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnaris in-

fection)
Clinical signs
• )UD\HGࢉQV
• )LVKEHFRPHOLJKWHULQFRORXUHVSHFLDOO\DURXQGDEGRPHQ
• 2SHQOHVLRQVPD\GHYHORS
• <HOORZLVKJURZWKVPD\GHYHORSDURXQGPRXWKJLYLQJD
‘cigar-mouth’ or ‘saddle-back’ DSSHDUDQFH
Diagnosis
• &OLQLFDOVLJQVDQGKLVWRU\
• 0LFURVFRS\ZHWVPHDUV
• &RQࢉUPDWRU\GLDJQRVLVIURPODERUDWRU\FXOWXUHV
Treatment and Control
5HGXFHVWUHVVRUVLPSURYHZDWHUTXDOLW\PLQLPLVH
VWUHVVGXULQJKDQGOLQJLPSURYHGQXWULWLRQ
7UHDWPHQWRSWLRQV
• %DWKWUHDWPHQWLQWDQNVRULQGHࢉQLWHSRQGWUHDWPHQWRIWRSSPSRWDVVLXP
SHUPDQJDQDWH
• 6DOWEDWKRIȁSSW
NB: 2QFHDIXOORXWEUHDNRFFXUVLWLVYHU\GLࢇFXOWWRFRQWURODQGWUHDW,WLVEHWWHUWRSUHYHQWWKHGLVHDVH
ZLWKJRRGPDQDJHPHQWWKDQZDLWWRJHWWRWKHVFHSWLFHPLFVWDJHZKHQDQWLELRWLFVPD\EHUHTXLUHG
DQGLWVRIWHQQRWHFRQRPLFDOWRWUHDW
,Q$IULFDQFDWࢉVKWDQNEDVHGKDWFKHULHV&ROXPQDULVGLVHDVHRIWHQDSSHDUVDIWHUWKHUHKDVEHHQSRZ-
HUVKXWGRZQDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\PRPHQWVRIOLPLWHGQRZDWHUH[FKDQJHDQGDHUDWLRQLQWDQNV'XULQJ
VXFKPRPHQWVVDOWWKHZDWHULQWKHWDQNDWUDWHRISSWWRVWLPXODWHPXFXVVHFUHWLRQDQGSUHYHQWWKH
)FROXPQDULVEDFWHULDDWWDFKLQJRQWRWKHࢉVK:KHQSRZHUUHWXUQVUHGXFHKDOIWKHZDWHULQWKHWDQN
DGGIUHVKZDWHUZLWKDHUDWLRQDQGPDNHDSSPSRWDVVLXPSHUPDQJDQDWHGLSEDWKDPLQXWH$IWHU
ZKLFKIROORZQRUPDOZDWHUࢊRZUDWHH[FKDQJHUHJLPHQW
b. Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Clinical signs
• 8OFHUDWLRQVRIWKHVNLQ
• 6LJQVRIࢉQURWRIWKHࢉQV
• 2SHQOHVLRQVPD\GHYHORS
• 5HGXFHGDSSHWLWH
• /HWKDUJ\
• Mortalities
Diagnosis
• &OLQLFDOVLJQVDQGKLVWRU\
• /DERUDWRU\EDFWHULDOLVRODWLRQIURPOHVLRQV
,GHQWLI\DQGUHGXFHVWUHVVRUVLPSURYHZDWHUTXDOLW\PLQLPLVHVWUHVVGXULQJKDQGOLQJLP-
SURYHGQXWULWLRQ

2EVHUYHVDQLWDWLRQDQGK\JLHQHHJGLVLQIHFWLRQRIQHWVLVRODWLRQRIDࢆHFWHGFRKRUWVDQG
SURSHUGLVSRVDORIGHDGࢉVK
7UHDWPHQWRSWLRQV
• 3UHVFULSWLRQEDVHGRQFXOWXUHDQGVHQVLWLYLW\ODERUDWRU\UHVXOWV
• 6DOWEDWKRIȁSSW
F 6WUHSWRFRFRXVVVS6WUHS
%DFWHULDOLQIHFWLRQFDXVHGE\S. iniaeDQGRIWHQFRPSOLFDWHGZLWK
other bacterial cocci such as EnterococcusDQGLactococcus
Clinical signs
• $FXWHWRFKURQLFGLVHDVHV
• )LVKORRNGDUN
• )UD\HGࢉQV
• +DHPRUUKDJHVRQVNLQ
• 3RSH\HVRPHWLPHV
Diagnosis
• &OLQLFDOKLVWRU\DQGVLJQV
• 3RVWPRUWHPOHVLRQVZKLWHQRGXOHVLQVSOHHQNLGQH\DQG
RWKHUYLVFHUDFDYLWDWLRQȆVLQPXVFOH
• /DERUDWRU\IRUFRQࢉUPDWRU\GLDJQRVLV
(NB: external clinical signs look very similar to Aeromonas
hydrophila above. Pictures courtesy of B. Mudenda)
Treatment and control

• 6DQLWDWLRQDQGELRVHFXULW\
• $QWLELRWLFVXSRQSUHVFULSWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQRISURJQRVLV
• 9DFFLQDWLRQLQHQGHPLFDUHDVZKHUHUHFXUUHQFHVDUHKLJK
• 8VHSDWKRJHQIUHHVWRFN
• $GRSWJRRGKXVEDQGU\SUDFWLFHV
G 0\FREDFWHULXPVSࢆVKWXEHUFXORVLV
Clinical signs
• 8VXDOO\FKURQLFFRQGLWLRQ
• 1RQKHDOLQJVKDOORZGHHSVNLQXOFHUV
• 3DOHFRORXUDWLRQ
• Loss of weight
• 8OFHUVRQWKHFRUQHD
• :KLWHQRGXOHVRQYLVFHUD
• 2UQDPHQWDOࢉVKPRUHSUHGLVSRVHG
Diagnosis
• &OLQLFDOKLVWRU\DQGVLJQV
• 3RVWPRUWHPVLJQV
• /DERUDWRU\GLDJQRVLV


• 'LVLQIHFWLRQDQGTXDUDQWLQH
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections
7KHFRPPRQHVWࢉVKSDUDVLWHVLQ8JDQGDQࢉVKIDUPVEHORQJWRWKHIROORZLQJEURDGJURXSV
3URWR]RD0\[RVSRULGLD,FWK\RERGR&RVWLDVLV,FWK\RSKLWKULUXV7ULFKRGLQD&KLORGRQHOOD

0HWD]RD
Ȏ &UXVWDFHD$UJXOXVࢉVKORXVH/HUQDHDDQFKRUZRUPV
Ȏ 7UHPDWRGHVࢊXNHV0RQRJHQLFDQGGLJHQLFWUHPDWRGHV
Ȏ
&HVWRGHVWDSHZRUPV
x Crustacea: Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worms)
Ȏ 1HPDWRGHVURXQGZRUPV
• Leeches x Trematodes (flukes): Monogenic and digenic trematodes
x Cestodes (tape worms)
3DUDVLWHVJDLQDFFHVVWRࢉVKYLDDQLQWHUPHGLDWHKRVWࢉJXUH
x Nematodes (round worms)
x Leeches
)LJXUH/LIH&\FOHRI,0XOLWLࢆOOLV,WWDNHVWKUHHWRࢉYHGD\VIRUWKHSDUDVLWHWRFRPSOHWHWKLV
F\FOHZKHQZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHDERXW
Parasites o
&
gain access to fish via an intermediate host (figure 100).
/ŶĨĞĐƚĞĚĨŝƐŚǁŝƚŚǁŚŝƚĞƐƉŽƚƐ͘
&ƌĞĞƐǁŝŵŵŝŶŐ tŚŝƚĞƐƉŽƚƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŵĂƚƵƌŝŶŐ
ũƵǀĞŶŝůĞŝŶǁĂƚĞƌ͘ ƉĂƌĂƐŝƚĞ
/ŶĨĞĐƚƐĨŝƐŚ
&ƌĞĞƐǁŝŵŵŝŶŐ
ŵĂƚƵƌĞƉĂƌĂƐŝƚĞ
WĂƌĂƐŝƚĞĞŶĐǇƐƚƐĂŶĚƐƵďͲĚŝǀŝĚĞƐŝŶƚŽ
:ƵǀĞŶŝůĞƐĞƐĐĂƉĞ ŵĂŶǇũƵǀĞŶŝůĞƐĂƚďŽƚƚŽŵŽĨƉŽŶĚŽƌ
ĨƌŽŵĐǇƐƚ ƚĂŶŬ

&ŝŐƵƌĞϭϬϬ>ŝĨĞǇĐůĞŽĨ/͘DƵůŝƚŝĨŝůůŝƐ͘It takes three to five days for the parasite to complete
D3DUDVLWHVRI*LOOV)LQVDQG6NLQ
this cycle when water temperatures are about 20oC
0RVWRIWKHSDUDVLWHVWKDWDࢆHFWWKHJLOOVࢉQVDQGVNLQDUHRSSRUWXQLVWLFRUJDQLVPV7KHLUDELOLW\
D3DUDVLWHVRI*LOOV)LQVDQG6NLQ
RIFDXVHLQIHFWLRQDQGWKHVHYHULW\RIGLVHDVHGHSHQGVRQWKHLPPXQHVWDWXVRIWKHࢉVK)LVKWKDW
Most of the parasites that affect the gills, fins and skin are opportunistic organisms. Their
DUHVWUHVVHGSRRUO\IHGUDLVHGXQGHUVXERSWLPDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVSRRUZDWHUTXDOLW\
ability of cause infection and the severity of disease depends on the immune status of the
fish. Fish that are stressed, poorly fed, raised under sub-optimal environmental conditions
KDYHDGLVHDVHFRQGLWLRQLQMXUHGDQGMXYHQLOHVDUHPRUHVXVFHSWLEOHWRSDUDVLWLFLQIHVWDWLRQV
(poor water quality), have a disease condition, injured and juveniles are more susceptible to
parasitic infestations.
&OLQLFDO6LJQVDQG6\PSWRPV
ůŝŶŝĐĂů^ŝŐŶƐĂŶĚ^ǇŵƉƚŽŵƐ
3DUDVLWHV DWWDFK DQG FDXVH GDPDJH WR WKH OLQLQJ RI WKH JLOOV ࢉQV RU VNLQ 7KLV FDXVHV LUULWDWLRQ
DQGSRLQWVRIHQWU\IRURWKHUSDWKRJHQVVXFKDVEDFWHULDDQGIXQJL7KHDࢆHFWHGDUHDEHFRPHV
Parasites attach and cause damage to the lining of the gills, fins or skin. This causes irritation
and points of entry for other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The affected area
LQࢊDPHGH[FHVVPXFXVVHFUHWLRQDQGVRPHWLPHVWKHUHLVEOHHGLQJ:KHQWKHJLOOVDUHDࢆHFWHG
becomes inflamed, excess mucus secretion and sometimes there is bleeding. When the gills
DELOLW\WRWDNHXSR[\JHQLVLPSDLUHGDQGࢉVKVKRZVLJQVRIDQR[LDVHFWLRQ2QWKHVNLQ
are affected, ability to take up oxygen is impaired and fish show signs of anoxia (section
DQGࢉQVWKHUHLVRIWHQDFKDQJHLQSLJPHQWDWLRQDQGࢉQHURVLRQDWWKHDࢆHFWHGDUHD,UULWDWLRQ
8.5.1.1.). On the skin and fins, there is often a change in pigmentation and fin erosion at the
RIWKHVHWLVVXHVFDXVHVGLVFRPIRUWWRWKHࢉVKDQGFDXVHVWKHPWRORRVHDSSHWLWHVZLPHUUDWLFDOO\
affected area. Irritation of these tissues causes discomfort to the fish and causes them to
FRQJUHJDWLQJDWWKHVXUIDFHRULQOHWVZKHUHZDWHUTXDOLW\LVRIWHQEHWWHUDQGEHFRPHOHWKDUJLFDQG
loose appetite, swim erratically, congregating at the surface or inlets where water quality is
DQDHPLF
often better and become lethargic and anaemic.
213
Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites
Trichodina sp. Capriniana (Tricophrya)
$PELSKU\D6F\SKLGLD Apiosoma (Glossatella)
Icthyobodo
Epistilis sp. Leeches
,FKRU:KLWH6SRW,FWK\RSKWKLULXVPXOWLࢆOOLV

Grypdactylus Dactylogyrus
Argulus sp.
Anchor Worms Lernaea sp.
Diagnosis
• &OLQLFDOVLJQV
• *URVVSDWKRORJ\IRUODUJHSDUDVLWHV
• 0LFURVFRS\
• /DERUDWRU\GLDJQRVWLFV
Prevention and Control
• $GRSWEHVWPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVSD\LQJDWWHQWLRQWRZDWHUTXDOLW\QXWULWLRQVWRFNLQJGHQVL-
W\DQGKDQGOLQJSUDFWLFHV
• 6DQLWDWLRQDQGK\JLHQHIRFXVLQJDWLQWHUUXSWLQJWKHOLIHF\FOHRIWKHSDWKRJHQDQGRQSUHYHQW-
LQJUHLQIHFWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHVODVKLQJDURXQGWRFRQWUROVQDLOVSURSHUGLVSRVDORIUXEELVK
GHDGࢉVKWRFRQWURORISUHGDWRUVDQGPLQLPL]HELUGVYLVLWLQJRUVHWWOLQJDURXQGWKHIDUPDQG
FRQWURODFFXPXODWLRQRUJDQLFPDWWHULQUHDULQJIDFLOLWLHV
Treatment
• ,QGHࢉQLWHWUHDWPHQW
SSPIRUPDOLQ
SSPSRWDVVLXPSHUPDQJDQDWH
SSPFRSSHUVXOIDWH
• %DWK
WRSSPXSWRKRXUIRUPDOLQ
)RU,FKXVHDFLGLࢉHGFRSSHUVXOSKDWHDSSOLHGWZLFHRQFHHYHU\WRGD\V

b. Internal Parasites
,QWHUQDO SDUDVLWHV PD\ DࢆHFW WKH H\HV PXVFOH WLVVXH LQWHVWLQHV DQG RWKHU LQWHUQDO RUJDQV $V
LQDDERYHWKHLUDELOLW\WRDࢆHFWWKHࢉVKGLVSHQGVRQWKHࢉVKȆVKHDOWKVWDWXVDQGPDQDJHPHQW
FRQGLWLRQVRQWKHIDUP
8.5.2.3 Fungal Infections

7KHFRPPRQHVWIXQJDOLQIHFWLRQRQIDUPVLVFDXVHGE\SaprolgeniaVS,WLVDQRSSRUWXQLVWLFRUJDQLVP
WKDWLVRIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVHFRQGDU\LQIHFWLRQV$FRWWRQOLNHJURZWKLVREVHUYHGRQWKHࢉVKRUGHDG
ࢉVKHJJVLQKDWFKHULHV+HDY\LQIHFWLRQVGHYHORSZKHQWKHࢉVKȆVLPPXQLW\ORZGXHWRRWKHUUXQQLQJ
EDFWHULDORUSDUDVLWLFLQIHFWLRQVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH 6DSUROJHQLDLQIHFWLRQ
Fungal growth a
sequel to wound
infection
Wound
Prevention and Treatment

• (QVXUHJRRGJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQV
• 7UHDWDOOLQMXULHVZLWKVDOWLPPHGLDWHO\
• )RUPDOLQ
8.5.2.4 Viral Diseases

(QGHPLFYLUDOFRQGLWLRQVLQࢉVKKDYHQRW\HWEHHQFRQࢉUPHGLQ8JDQGD

1RWLࢉDEOH'LVHDVHVRI&RQFHUQ
7KH IROORZLQJ KLJKO\ LQIHFWLRXV GLVHDVHV WKRXJK QRW HQGHPLF WR 8JDQGD PXVW EH UHSRUWHG WR WKH
)LVKHULHV2ࢇFHUDQGRU9HWHULQDU\2ࢇFHULIRQHFRPHVDFURVVWKHPRUVXVSHFWVDFDVH7KH\DUH
FDXVHGE\REOLJDWHSDWKRJHQVWRZKLFKFRPPRQO\IDUPHGVSHFLHVLQ8JDQGDDUHVXVFHSWLEOH
a. Tilapia Lake Virus

7KHWLODSLDODNH9LUXVKDVEHHQLGHQWLࢉHGLQ8JDQGDEXWQRFOLQLFDORXWEUHDNVKDYHVRIDUEHHQ
UHSRUWHG
&OLQLFDO6LJQVࢆJXUH
)LJXUH6\PSWRPVRI7L/9DGLVFRORXUDWLRQORVVRIVFDOHVDQGVNLQOHVLRQVEQDWXUDOO\GLVHDVHG

UHGWLODSLDVKRZLQJVNLQKDHPRUUKDJHVFDQGGH[SHULPHQWDOO\GLVHDVHG1LOHWLODSLDVKRZLQJ
H[RSWKDOPLDDEGRPLQDOVZHOOLQJDQGVFDOHSURWUXVLRQ
E (SL]RRWLF8OFHUDWLYH6\QGURPH(86

7KLVLVDIXQJXVLQIHFWLRQFDXVHGE\Aphanomyces invadansWKDWDࢆHFWVࢉQࢉVKHV
&OLQLFDO6LJQV
1HFURWLFVNLQOHVLRQVWKDWSURJUHVVLQWRFRQJUHJDWLRQDQGSUROLIHUDWLRQRIEORRGDQGHSLWKHOLDOFHOOV
LQDࢆHFWHGWLVVXHVWKDWKDYHEHHQLQYDGHGE\WKHIXQJXVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH 6LJQVRI(86LQIHFWLRQLQ$IULFDQFDWࢉVKOHIWDQGBarbus sp. (right).
2FFXUUHQFHRIWKHGLVHDVHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVHDVRQDOZHDWKHUSDWWHUQVRQVHWRIUDLQVDQGࢊRRGLQJ
RISODLQV,QJHRJUDSKLFDOUHJLRQVZKHUHWKHGLVHDVHKDVEHHQUHSRUWHG+LJKࢉVKPRUWDOLW\UDWHVDUH
W\SLFDOLQRXWEUHDNV

c. Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Diseases

.+9'LVHDVHLVQRWLࢉDEOHLQIHFWLRXVYLUDOGLVHDVHWKDWDࢆHFWVFDUSPRUHFRPPRQO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK
WKHRUQDPHQWDO.RLFDUS
Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease
&OLQLFDO6LJQV
*LOOOHVLRQVUHGDQGZKLWHSDWFKHVRQWKHJLOOV)LVKPD\KDYHVXQNHQH\HVDQGSDOHSDWFKHVRQ
WKHVNLQRUDQRWFKHGQRVHࢉJXUH7KLVPD\EHFRPSOLFDWHGZLWKVLJQVRIVHFRQGDU\EDFWHULDO
DQGSDUDVLWLFLQIHFWLRQV
G 'LDJQRVLVDQG&RQWURORIDOO1RWLࢆDEOH'LVHDVHV
• ,PPHGLDWHO\UHSRUWVXVSHFWHGFDVHVWR\RXUORFDO9HWHULQDU\DQGRU)LVKHULHV2ࢇFHUIRURQ-
ZDUGUHSRUWLQJWR1DWLRQDODXWKRULWLHV
• 6DPSOHFROOHFWLRQDQGLGHQWLࢉFDWLRQSURFHGXUHVEDVHGRQ
ȁ /DERUDWRU\VWDQGDUGV
ȁ 2,(Manual of Diagnostic tests for Aquatic Animals – use latest versions
• ,PSOHPHQWPDQDJHPHQWSODQWKDWKDVEHHQSUHGHWHUPLQHGEHIRUHRXWEUHDNRFFXUV
8.6 Predator Control

3UHGDWRUVDUHDPDMRUVRXUFHRIVWUHVVWRࢉVK3UHGDWRUVFDXVHVWUHVVDQGHYHQWXDOO\ORVVHVEHFDXVH
WKH\
&RQVXPHWKHࢉVKLQWKHSRQG
&RQVXPHWKHࢉVKȆVIHHG
0D\WUDQVPLWSDUDVLWHVDQGRWKHULQIHFWLRQVWRࢉVK
VFDUHWKHࢉVKZKHQWKH\DUHFKDVLQJWKHPXS
0DXVHSK\VLFDOLQMXU\WRVHYHUDOࢉVKLQWKHSURFHVVRIKXQWLQJDQG
5HGXFHSRQGFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
:RXQGHGࢉVKOHIWLQWKHSRQGFDQQRWJHWWRWKHIHHGDVZHOODVWKHRWKHUQRUPDOࢉVK7KLVLVEHFDXVH
WKHLU H\HV PLJKW EH LQMXUHG RU WKHLU RSHQ ZRXQGV PLJKW JHW LQIHFWHG &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKHLU JURZWK
UDWHVORZVDQGFKDQFHRIVXUYLYDOGURS&RQWUROOLQJSUHGDWRUVLVWKHUHIRUHLPSRUWDQWLQFRPPHUFLDO
SURGXFWLRQ

7KHPRVWFRPPRQSUHGDWRUVDUH
1. Humans Beings
3URYLGHVHFXULW\WR\RXUSUHPLVHVE\IHQFLQJRࢆDQGNHHSLQJWKHSODFHDFWLYH
2. Frogs and Snakes.
7KH SRSXODWLRQV RI IURJV DQG VQDNHV FDQ EH FRQWUROOHG E\ NHHSLQJ SUHPLVHV DURXQG FOHDQ DQG
FOHDU'RQRWDOORZEXVKHVWRJURZDURXQGWKHSRQGV:DWHUFKDQQHOVVKRXOGDOVREHNHSWFOHDQ
DQGFOHDU6FUHHQWKHSRQGVDVUHFRPPHQGHG6FUHHQVZLWKLQWKHZDWHUFKDQQHOVDOVRKHOSUH-
GXFHIURJVȆDFFHVVWRWKHSRQGV)URJVWHQGWRFRPHLQWRSRQGDUHDVYLDWKHZDWHUFKDQQHOV
3. Birds
D :DGLQJELUGVVXFKDVWKHKHURQPDUDERXVWRFNKDPDNRSZDONLQWRWKHSRQGWRFDWFKࢉVK
7RFRQWUROZDGLQJELUGVHQVXUHSRQGDYHUDJHZDWHUGHSWKVRIPHWHUVRWKDWWKHELUGVDUH
XQDEOHWRVWDQGLQWKHSRQGࢉJXUH
E 'LYLQJELUGVVXFKDVWKHNLQJࢉVKHUVGXFNVࢊ\RYHURUVZLPRQWKHZDWHUVXUIDFHWKHQGLYH
GRZQWRSLFNWKHࢉVK7\LQJVWULQJDWFORVHLQWHUYDOVRYHUWKHSRQGSUHYHQWVWKHPIURPEHLQJ
DEOHWRࢊ\DZD\RQFHWKH\KDYHFRPHGRZQRUGLYHWKURXJKWKHVWULQJV
F $YRLGVHWWLQJ\RXUSRQGVQHDUSODFHVZKHUHELUGVFDQSHUFKVXFKDVXQGHUWHOHSKRQHRU
HOHFWULFLW\ZLUHVSROHVWUHHVHWF7KHVHSURYLGHDVSRWIRUELUGVRISUH\WRVLWZDWFKWKHࢉVK
DQGWLPHZKHQEHVWWRKXQWWKHP
G 6FDUHFURZVRUVXGGHQORXGQRLVHVPD\EHXVHGWRVFDUHDZD\ELUGV+RZHYHULIWKLVRSWLRQ
LVXVHGFKDQJHWKHWDFWLFVDWOHDVWHYHU\WZRZHHNV7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHELUGVOHDUQIDLUO\IDVW
WKDWWKHREMHFWLVQRWOLIHWKUHDWHQLQJDQGZLOOHYHQWXDOO\LJQRUHWKHVFDUHFURZRUQRLVH
H /HDUQDWZKDWWLPHELUGVFRPHWRKXQWࢉVK0RVWWLPHVELUGVFRPHGRZQWRJHWࢉVKVRRQ
DIWHUIHHGLQJHDUO\LQWKHPRUQLQJVRUODWHLQWKHHYHQLQJ%HDURXQGDWVXFKWLPHVWRVFDUH
DZD\WKHELUGV+XPDQDFWLYLW\KHOSVWRNHHSELUGVDZD\
I 'RQRWOHDYHDQ\GHDGDQLPDOVRUIHHGHWFO\LQJDURXQGSRQGVEHFDXVHELUGVPD\FRPHWR
IHHGXSRQWKHP'LVSRVHRIDOOUXEELVKDQGFDUFDVVHVE\EXU\LQJWKHPDZD\IURPWKHSRQG
DUHD
J 6WULQJPD\EHWLHGDFURVVWKHSRQGRUVSHFLࢉFDOO\DURXQGWKHIHHGLQJDUHDWRSUHYHQWGLYLQJ
DQGZDGLQJELUGVSUHGDWLQJXSRQWKHࢉVKࢉJXUHȏ
K 2QHPD\DOVRWUDLQGRJVRQWKHIDUPWRVFDUHDZD\ELUGV
4. Monitor Lizards and Otters.

&OHDUWKHEXVKDURXQGVRWKDWWKH\KDYHQRQHVWLQJFORVHE\6HWWUDSVWRFDWFKPRQLWRUOL]DUGV
DQGRWWHUV
8VHQRQOHWKDOPHDQVWRFRQWUROSUHGDWRUV7KHFRPPRQȅSUHGDWRUVȆRWKHUWKDQPDQDUHZLOGOLIHDQG
WKHVHDUHSURWHFWHGE\ODZ,QWKHHYHQWWKDWELUGVRWWHUVPRQLWRUOL]DUGVVQDNHVEHFRPHXQFRQ-
WUROODEOHWKHQUHSRUWWRWKH8JDQGD:LOGOLIH$XWKRULW\ZKRZLOOWKHQKDYHWKHVHDQLPDOVFDSWXUHGDQG
WUDQVORFDWHG
Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds

D0DUDERX6WRUN E<HOORZ%LOO6WRUN
c. The Grey Heron d. The Jacana
e. The Hammerkop f. Goliath heron
8.7 Biosecurity Control

7KHHVVHQFHRIELRVHFXULW\FRQWUROLVWRSUHYHQWWKHHQWU\H[SRVXUHDQGVSUHDGRIࢉVKSDWKRJHQV
SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH WKDW DUH LQIHFWLRXV DQG KDYH HFRQRPLF SXEOLF KHDOWK RU QHJDWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQVHTXHQFHV
7KH H[WHQVLRQ DJHQWV VKRXOG EH DZDUH RI UHTXLUHPHQWV WR LPSOHPHQW ELRVHFXULW\ FRQWURO DW QDWLRQDO
OHYHODQGVXSSRUWSURGXFHUVLPSOHPHQWDWIDUPOHYHO

8.7.1 National Level

Ȏ %HDZDUHRIUHJXODWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHFRQWURORIDQLPDOVSHFLࢉFDOO\DTXDWLFDQLPDOGLVHDVHV
Ȏ 'LVHDVHVRIFRQFHUQWRWKHFRXQWU\ERWKQRWLࢉDEOHDQGHQGHPLFDVZHOODVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU
WKHLUUHSRUWLQJDQGFRQWURO
Ȏ (VWDEOLVKWKHSULYDWHDQGSXEOLFVHFWRUVWDNHKROGHUVLQ\RXUORFDODUHDZKRPD\EHFRQFHUQHG
ZLWKPDLQWDLQLQJELRVHFXULW\LHPRYHPHQWSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVLQJDQGWUDGHRIIDUPHGDQG
ZLOGࢉVK2EWDLQWKHLUFRQWDFWVLQWHUDFWDQGEXLOGUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKWKHP
Ȏ ,GHQWLW\DQGSULRULWLVHWKHFULWLFDOFRQWUROSRLQWVIRUGLVHDVHHQWU\DQGH[LWLQWRWKHDTXDFXOWXUH
DQGRUࢉVKHVWDEOLVKPHQWVLQ\RXUZRUNLQJDUHDIDUPVLQFOXVLYH
Ȏ .HHSUHFRUGVRIHYHQWV
Ȏ (QVXUHFRPSOLDQFHWRORFDODQGQDWLRQDOUHJXODWLRQV
Ȏ &UHDWHDQGPDLQWDLQDZDUHQHVVZLWKLQORFDOFRPPXQLW\ZLWKLQZKLFKRQHLVZRUNLQJ
8.7.2 Farm Level

(QVXULQJELRVHFXULW\RQDQDTXDFXOWXUHHVWDEOLVKPHQWHQWDLOVGHYHORSLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWLQJDELRVHFX-
ULW\SODQEDVHGXSRQULVNVRISDWKRJHQHQWU\DQGVSUHDGDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQW7DEOHV
7DEOH %DVLF(OHPHQWVRID%LRVHFXULW\3ODQ
)DUPORFDWLRQDQGIDUP $VPXFKDVSRVVLEOHHQVXUHWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGLWVIDFLOLWLHV
IDFLOLWLHV :KDWDUHWKHULVNVRI DUHLVRODWHGIURPSRWHQWLDOSDWKRJHQV7KHULVNVWRFRQVLGHU
HQWU\" • )DUPORFDWLRQHJZDWHURUODQGEDVHGQRWQH[WWRSXEOLF
URDGQRWWRRFORVHWRRWKHUIDUPVLQGXVWULDODUHDV
ZDWHUVKHGDJURHFRORJLFDO]RQHHWF
• /LPLWDFFHVVRQWRSUHPLVHVIRUYHKLFOHVDQGSHUVRQQHO
'LVLQIHFWLRQXSRQHQWU\DQGFORWKLQJ
• $FFHVVRIYHUPLQZLOGDQLPDOV
• :LQG
• :DWHUVRXUFHV
3K\VLFDODWWULEXWHVRIWKH • )DUPOD\RXW
aquaculture establishment • 3HULPHWHUIHQFLQJ
:KDWDUHWKHULVNVRIVSUHDG"
• :DWHUUHWLFXODWLRQDQGGUDLQDJH
• 'HVLJQRIUHVSHFWLYHSURGXFWLRQDQGRWKHUKROGLQJXQLWV
• 2QVLWHPRYHPHQWSODQIRUYHKLFOHVࢉVKHTXLSPHQW
personnel
• 'HOLYHU\DQGVWRUDJHRILQSXWVQRWDEO\IHHGDQGHTXLSPHQW
• 3XEOLFFRQYHQLHQFHV
0DQDJHPHQWIDFLOLWLHVDQG • ,QVWLWXWLQJURXWLQHSURFHGXUHVIRUSUHYHQWLQJLQWURGXFWLRQ
establishment:KDWDUHWKH DQGVSUHDGRISDWKRJHQVLH6WDQGDUG2SHUDWLQJ
ULVNVRILQIHFWLRQDQGFRQWURO 3URFHGXUHV623V
RSWLRQV" • $ZDUHQHVVDQGDELOLW\RISHUVRQQHOWRHࢆHFWLYHO\LPSOHPHQW
623V
• 5HJXODUUHYLHZWRLPSURYHHࢆHFWLYHQHVVRI623V
• 4XLFNUHVSRQVHWRHPHUJHQFLHVDQGFRUUHFWLYHDFWLRQDJDLQVW
LVVXHVWKDWPD\DULVH
• 5HFRUGNHHSLQJ
1 Some are general and would apply to both.

7KH VSHFLࢉF GHWDLOV RI D IDUPOHYHO ELRVHFXULW\ SODQ GHSHQG RQ LGHQWLࢉHG ULVNV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH
IDUPȆVRSHUDWLRQVQDPHO\
(i) species
L 3URGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHV
LL 7DUJHWHGPDUNHWV
LLL 'LVHDVHFDXVLQJDJHQWVRINH\FRQFHUQ
LY 3URGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDQGPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVXVHG
Y (QYLURQPHQWDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
YL 1DWLRQDODQGRUUHJLRQDOELRVHFXULW\SODQV
3XEOLF+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\2QH+HDOWK

7KHࢉJXUHEHORZLOOXVWUDWHVKRZWHUUHVWULDODQGDTXDWLFIRRGSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVDUHLQWHUWZLQHG
(QVXULQJIRRGVDIHW\DQGSXEOLFKHDOWKDUHFRQVHTXHQWO\LPSRUWDQWSDUDPHWHUVIRUWKHDTXDFXOWXUH
SURGXFHU,WLQFOXGHVRFFXSDWLRQDOVDIHW\IRUIDUPSHUVRQQHODQGWKRVHKDQGOLQJIDUPHGDTXDWLFDQ-
LPDOV
)LJXUH (FRV\VWHPLQWHUDFWLRQVIRUKHDOWK\IRRGSURGXFWLRQ

8.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases

=RRQRWLFGLVHDVHVDUHWKRVHWKDWDࢆHFWERWKPDQDQGDQLPDOV7KHVHDUHDSRWHQWLDOKD]DUGIRUIDUP
ZRUNHUVDQGWKRVHKDQGOLQJIDUPHGDTXDWLFDQLPDOVDORQJYDOXHFKDLQ
• 6WUHSWRFRFFXVVS
• 0\FREDFWHULXP
• (VFKHULDFROL
• Leeches
8.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance

)LJXUHDERYHVKRZVKRZDTXDWLFDQLPDOSURGXFWLRQLVDࢆHFWHGE\DFWLYLWLHVRQODQG$QWLPLFUR-
ELDOVXEVWDQFHVXVHGDVPHGLFDWLRQVIRUWHUUHVWULDODQLPDOVSODQWVDQGKXPDQVHQGXSLQZDWHUDQG
EXLOGXSLQDTXDWLFࢊRUDDQGIDXQD/LNHZLVHVRGRPHGLFDWLRQVDGPLQLVWHUHGWRࢉVK
,QDSSURSULDWHXVHRIDQWLPLFURELDODJHQWVDࢆHFWVWKHHQWLUHHFRV\VWHPDQGIRRGFKDLQ7KLVOHDGVWR
LQGLUHFWFRQVXPSWLRQRIDQWLPLFURELDOVE\QRQWDUJHWHGVSHFLHVWKDWVXEVHTXHQWO\OHDGVWRUHVLVWDQFH
)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKHXVHRIDQWLPLFURELDOVLQDTXDWLFDQLPDOVSDUWLFXODUO\LQIRRGDQLPDOVLVGLVFRXUDJHG
:KHQWKHLUXVHEHFRPHVQHFHVVDU\LWVKRXOGEHEDVHGRQO\RQFRQࢉUPDWRU\GLDJQRVLVDQGSUHVFULSWLRQ
E\YHWHULQDULDQ7KHSURSHULPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIEHVWPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVWRJUHDWH[WHQWUHGXFHVWKH
QHHGIRUDQWLPLFURELDOXVH
8.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable

Health Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture
Environment
a. Non-Communicable Diseases
Ȏ 3K\VLFDOLQMXU\GXHWRIDOOVRQVOLSSHU\ZHWVXUIDFHV
Ȏ 'URZQLQJ
Ȏ 1HZEUHHGLQJVLWHVIRUYHFWRUVVXFKDVPDODULDVFKLVWRVRPLDVLVDQGGUDFXQFXOLDVLV
Ȏ &RQWDPLQDWLRQRIZDWHUZLWKIDUPZDVWHIURPWKHIDUPLQFOXGLQJKXPDQGHDGࢉVKFKHPLFDOV
DQGRWKHUZDVWH
Ȏ 7UDQVPLVVLRQRIDPRHELFDQGEDFLOODU\G\VHQWHU\LQWHVWLQDOZRUPVDQGFKROHUD
Ȏ &RQࢊLFWZLWKOLYHVWRFNDJULFXOWXUHRUIRUHVWU\DFWLYLWLHV
Ȏ $FFXPXODWLRQRIKHDY\PHWDOVZKHUHࢉVKIDUPVDUHORFDWHGFORVHWRWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQPDVWV
URDGVIXHOVWDWLRQVHWF
b. Communicable Diseases
Ȏ (QWHULFSDWKRJHQVHJ6DOPRQHOOD(FROLSDUWLFXODUO\ZKHUHWKHUHȆVSRRUVDQLWDWLRQRUIDUPV
DUHORFDWHGFORVHWRVHZDJHIDFLOLWLHVRUUXQRࢆHJSLWODWULQHV
Mitigation Measures
Ȏ $YRLGVXFKVLWHVDQGࢉVKVKRXOGEHZHOOFRRNHG
Ȏ )ROORZVDQLWDU\SUDFWLFHVRQWKHIDUPDQGZKHQKDQGOLQJࢉVK
Ȏ 0RQLWRUKHDOWKVWDWXVRISHUVRQQHOZDWHUTXDOLW\ࢉVKDQGHQYLURQPHQW

(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFWVRI$TXDFXOWXUH
$TXDFXOWXUH FDQ KDYH ERWK SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFWV DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ ࢉJXUH
%HORZ
)LJXUH([DPSOHVRISRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVUHODWHGWRDTXDFXOWXUHLQSXWV

and resource use (FAO, 2010)
7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHSRWHQWLDOQHJDWLYHLPSDFWVRIDTXDFXOWXUHFXOWXUHDQGVXJJHVWLRQVRQKRZWKH\
FDQEHPLWLJDWHGDJDLQVW
7DEOH 3RWHQWLDO1HJDWLYH(QYLURQPHQW,PSDFWVIURP$TXDFXOWXUH
Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures
Biodiversity losses • 6FUHHQLQJRILQOHWVDQGRXWOHWV

• )DUPLQGLJHQRXVVSHFLHV
([FHVVLYHZDWHUXVHDQGGLPLQLVKHGZDWHU • ,PSURYHZDWHUXVHHࢇFLHQF\HJDGRSWUHXVH
ࢊRZV ZDWHUV\VWHPVZKHUHDSSOLFDEOHJRRGTXDOLW\
IHHGDQGDHUDWLRQ
• ,QWHJUDWHGV\VWHPV
'HJUDGDWLRQRIDTXDWLFKDELWDWV • $YRLGHVWDEOLVKLQJIDUPVLQVHQVLWLYHDTXDWLF
KDELWDWVHJLQZHWODQGVࢉVKEUHHGLQJDUHDV
2YHUࢉVKLQJIRUVHHGDQGࢉVKPHDO • 3URGXFHVHHGIRUDTXDFXOWXUHLQKDWFKHULHV
• 8VHSODQWEDVHGSURWHLQVDQGRUࢉVKE\
SURGXFWVDVVRXUFHRISURWHLQIRUGLHWVDV
much as possible

Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures
6SUHDGRIGLVHDVHVDQG$05 • 2EVHUYHELRVHFXULW\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
• $GRSWEHVWPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVIRUZHOIDUH
RIࢉVK
• )DUPGLVHDVHIUHHVWRFN
• 3UXGHQWDQGMXGLFLRXVXVHRIDQWLPLFURELDOV
(࢈XHQWSROOXWLRQ • 7UHDWDOOIDUPH࢈XHQWEHIRUHUHOHDVH
• 3URSHUGLVSRVDORIFKHPLFDOVDQGPHGLFDWLRQV
XVHGRQIDUP

MODULE NINE:
POST HARVEST HANDLING AND
PROCESSING OF FARMED FISH
7KLVPRGXOHSURYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQKRZIDUPHGࢉVKVKRXOGEHKDQGOHGIURPKDUYHVWWRPDUNHW
9.1 Introduction
2QFH ࢉVK KDYH EHHQ KDUYHVWHG WKH\ DUH FRQVLGHUHG D ȅSURGXFWȆ DQG EHFRPH D FRPPRGLW\ IRU WUDGH
7KHࢉVKFDQEHSURFHVVHGLQWRGLࢆHUHQWSURGXFWVEDVHGRQFRQVXPHUSUHIHUHQFHVWRDGGYDOXHDQG
LPSURYHWKHVKHOIOLIH7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKLQJGXULQJWKLVSKDVHLVWRUHGXFHVSRLODJHDQGHQVXUHWKH
SURGXFWGRHVLVQRWFRQWDPLQDWHGVRWKDWWKHFRQVXPHUUHFHLYHVDVDIHKLJKTXDOLW\IRRGSURGXFW
9.2 Fish Quality

)LVKTXDOLW\LVDFRPELQDWLRQRI
• )LVKIRRGVDIHW\
• 'HJUHHRIVSRLODJH
• &RQVXPHUPDUNHWSUHIHUHQFHV
)LVK)RRG6DIHW\
6DIHIRRGVGRQRWFDXVHLOOQHVVWRWKHFRQVXPHU7KHIDFWRUVWKDWPD\FDXVHLOOQHVVIURPWKHFRQ-
VXPSWLRQ RI D IRRGVWXࢆ DUH WHUPHG ȅIRRGVDIHW\ KD]DUGVȆ 7KH OLNHOLKRRG IRU IRRGVDIHW\ KD]DUGV
JHWWLQJ LQWR FRQWDFW ZLWK ࢉVK DQG ࢉVK SURGXFWV VKRXOG EH PLQLPLVHG ULJKW IURP SURGXFWLRQ WR WKH

SRLQWRIVDOH7KHWRROVXVHGWRPRQLWRUDQGFRQWUROIRRGVDIHW\LVWKH+D]DUG$QDO\VLVDQG&ULWLFDO
&RQWURO3RLQWV+$&&3SURFHVV
7KH+$&&3LVDV\VWHPDWLFDSSURDFKIRUWKHLGHQWLࢉFDWLRQHYDOXDWLRQDQGFRQWURORIIRRGVDIHW\KD]-
DUGV,WVREMHFWLYHLVWRSUHYHQWDQGFRQWUROSRWHQWLDOIRRGVDIHW\KD]DUGVUDWKHUWKDQLQVSHFWDQGDG-
GUHVVIRRGVDIHW\SUREOHPVDIWHUWKH\KDYHRFFXUUHG
7KHFRQFHSWVRIWKH+$&&3DUH
,GHQWLI\LQJIRRGVDIHW\KD]DUGVPD\EHSK\VLFDOFKHPLFDORUELRORJLFDOVXEVWDQFHV
&RQWUROOLQJWKHVHKD]DUGV
'RFXPHQWLQJWKHV\VWHP
7DEOHVXPPDULVHVWKHSULQFLSDOVRIWKH+$&&3DQGZKDWLWHQWDLOV
7DEOH 3ULQFLSOHVRIWKH+$&&3
Steps in the HACCP 'HVFULSWLRQRI$FWLYLW\
Preliminary Steps • The focus is on IRRGVDIHW\RQO\DQGQRWDOOWKHDWWULEXWHVWKDWFRQVWLWXWH

IRRGTXDOLW\VXFKDVFRQVXPHUSUHIHUHQFHV
• $SSO\ULJKWIURPSURGXFWLRQDQGRQSUHYHQWLQJIRRGVDIHW\KD]DUGV
FRPLQJLQWRFRQWDFWZLWKWKHࢉVKDQGࢉVKSURGXFWV,IIRRGVDIHW\KD]DUG
GRFRPHLQWRFRQWDFWZLWKWKHࢉVKRUࢉVKSURGXFWVWKH\VKRXOGEH
FRQWDLQHGZLWKLQWKHVHJPHQWRIWKHRSHUDWLRQOLQH
• ,GHQWLI\DQGGHVFULEHWKHVSHFLࢉFYDOXHFKDLQDQGWKHVWDNHKROGHUVLQWKH
FKDLQHJWLODSLDIURPFDJHVWRUHVWDXUDQWHWF'UDZDࢊRZGLDJUDP
• $VPXFKDVSRVVLEOHTXDQWLWDWLYHSUDFWLFDOPHDVXUDEOHSDUDPHWHUVDQG
RFFDVLRQDOO\FRQWUROLQODEWRDVFHUWDLQIRUHࢆHFWLYHQHVVIRUPRQLWRULQJ
3ULQFLSOHȁ • %DVHGRQWKHࢊRZGLDJUDPOLVWRIDOOWKHSURFHVVHVSRLQWVZKHUH
Conduct a Hazard VLJQLࢉFDQWKD]DUGVDUHOLNHO\WRRFFXUOLNHOLKRRGRIRFFXUUHQFHVHYHULW\RI
Analysis HࢆHFWVIURPKD]DUGDQGGHVFULEHFRUUHVSRQGLQJFRQWUROPHDVXUHVHJ
SODFLQJࢉVKLQFOHDQFRQWDLQHUVWRSUHYHQWFRQWDPLQDWLRQIURPGLUW
• /LDLVHZLWK0$$,)DQGORFDOSXEOLFKHDOWKLQVSHFWRUVIRUIXUWKHUJXLGDQFH
3ULQFLSOHȁ • 7KHVHDUHWKHSRLQWVDWZKLFKWKHKD]DUGFDQEHFRQWUROOHGDQGDFWLRQ
,GHQWLI\&ULWLFDO WDNHQ)RUH[DPSOHD&&3WRUHGXFHࢊ\LQJLQVHFWVHQWHULQJWKHIDFLOLW\
Control Points (CCP) ZRXOGEHVFUHHQLQJDOOZLQGRZVDQGGRRUVFRQQHFWLQJWRWKHRXWGRRUV
3ULQFLSOHȁ • (VWDEOLVKWKHVDIHDQGXQVDIHOHYHOV)RUH[DPSOHZKDWLVWKHPD[LPXP
Determine Critical WHPSHUDWXUHEH\RQGZKLFKWKHGLVSOD\IULGJHVKRXOGQRWEHVHW
Limits (CL)
3ULQFLSOHȁ • 5HJXODUO\PRQLWRUWKH&&3ȆVDQG&/EDVHGRQWKHDJUHHGPRQLWRULQJ
Determine Monitor- SODQ0DNHWKHUHTXLUHGREVHUYDWLRQVPHDVXUHPHQWVDQGUHFRUGWKHP
ing Procedures (YDOXDWHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ
3ULQFLSOHȁ • 2QFHDIDXOWKDVEHHQLGHQWLࢉHGGHWHUPLQHWKHQHFHVVDU\FRUUHFWLYH
Determine DFWLRQDQGLPSOHPHQWFRUUHFWLYHDFWLRQVDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH
Corrective Actions • 5HFRUGDOOFRUUHFWLYHDFWLRQVWDNHQ
3ULQFLSOHȁ • 9HULI\WKHSURFHGXUHVXVHGLQWKH+$&&3LQOLDLVRQZLWKWKHFRPSHWHQW
'HWHUPLQH9HULࢉ DXWKRULW\
cation Procedures • 5HIHUWRJRYHUQPHQWJXLGHOLQHV0RGXOH
3ULQFLSOHȁ5HFRUG • .HHSDOOUHFRUGVXSWRGDWHDVUHFRPPHQGHGLQWKH+$&&3SODQ
Keeping Procedures
*NOTE:,I\RXDUHVXSSO\LQJ\RXUORFDOPDUNHWRUUHVWDXUDQWFRQWDFWWKHORFDOࢉVKHULHVDQGSXEOLFKHDOWK
RࢇFHUIRUJXLGDQFH:KHQVXSSO\DQGGLVWULEXWLQJࢉVKWRODUJHUPDUNHWVDQGSODQWVLQFOXGLQJIRUH[-
SRUWWKH)LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV'HSDUWPHQW0$$,)ZLOOQHHGWREHFRQWDFWHGIRUDGGLWLRQDOJXLGDQFH

/HYHORIVSRLODJH
0RVWFRQVXPHUVOLNHIUHVKࢉVK,QDGGLWLRQIRUDOOࢉVKSURGXFWVWKHEHVWTXDOLW\LVREWDLQHGZKHQWKH
IUHVKHVWࢉVKLVXVHGDVUDZPDWHULDO,WLVWKHUHIRUHLPSRUWDQWWRNHHSࢉVKDVIUHVKDVSRVVLEOHDOLYH
XQWLOLWLVUHTXLUHGE\WKHPDUNHWLISRVVLEOH
7KHDELOLW\WRDVVHVVWKHOHYHORIVSRLODJHLVLPSRUWDQWIRUDOOࢉVKSURGXFWV
7DEOH )UHVKQHVV*UDGLQJ6FKHPHIRU)LVK
Grade ([WUD A B &XQࢉW
Skin and scales %ULJKW :D[\VOLJKW GXOO 'XOO\GU\JULWW\

shinning loss of bloom
Outer Slime transparent PLON\ <HOORZLVKJUD\VRPH <HOORZLVKDQG

clotting FORWWHG
Eyes &RQYH[ 3ODQHVOLJKWO\ 6OLJKWO\FRQFDYHJUD\LQJ &RPSOHWHO\

EODFNSXSLO RSDTXH SXSLORSDTXHFRUQHD VXQNHQJUD\
translucent opalescent SXSLORSDTXH
cornea cornea GLVFRORXUHGFRUQHD
Gills %ULJKWUHG 3LQNPXFXV *UD\ZKLWHPXFXVWKLFN %URZQLVKPXFXV

mucus VOLJKWO\ DQGRSDTXH \HOORZLVKJUD\DQG
translucent opaque FORWWHG
Peritoneum *ORVV\EULOOLDQW 6OLJKWO\GXOO *ULWW\IDLUO\HDV\WRWHDU *ULWW\HDVLO\WRUQ

GLࢇFXOWWRWHDU GLࢇFXOWWRWHDU IURPࢊHVK IURPࢊHVK
IURPࢊHVK IURPࢊHVK
Gill and )UHVKVPHOORI 1HXWUDORGRXU 0XVW\RGRXU )UXLW\DQGRU

internal odours SRQGZDWHU VXOSKLGHVPHOO
$GDSWHGIURP&RQQHOO
7KHFRPPRQVLJQVRIVSRLODJHLQVPRNHGGULHGDQGIUR]HQࢉVKDUHOLVWHGLQWDEOHVDQGEHORZ
7DEOH 6LJQVRI6SRLODJHLQ6PRNHGDQG'ULHG)LVK
&RPPRQVLJQVRI6SRLODJH Prevention Measures
• )UDJPHQWDWLRQࢊHVKHDVLO\ • 'U\DQGVPRNHIURPIUHVK

EUHDNVDQGFUXPEOHV • 3UHYHQWEORZࢊLHVJHWWLQJRQWRࢉVKGXULQJSURFHVVLQJDQGVWRUDJH
• &KDQJHIURPQRUPDOFRORXU • $YRLGEUXLVLQJRIࢉVK
• XQSOHDVDQWVPHOOHJUDQFLG • 'U\DQGVWRUHRࢆWKHࢊRRU
ammonia)
• 6WRUHLQVHFXUHZHOOYHQWLODWHGVFUHHQHGURRP
• 0RXOGJURZWK
• 'RQȆWXVHSURKLELWHGVXEVWDQFHVGXULQJSURFHVVLQJDQGVWRUDJH
• ,QVHFWDQGPDJJRWLQIHVWDWLRQ VXFKDVLQVHFWLFLGHV
• %DFWHULDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ • .HHSURGHQWVDQGRWKHUDQLPDOVRXWRࢆWKHࢉVK
• 8QSOHDVDQWWDVWH • +\JLHQHGXULQJSURFHVVLQJDQGKDQGOLQJ
7DEOH 6LJQVRI6SRLODJHLQ)UR]HQ)LVK
&RPPRQVLJQVRI6SRLODJH Prevention Measures
• )UHH]HUEXUQࢊHVKWXUQVZKLWLVKRUJUD\LVKEURZQGU\ • )UHH]HFOHDQHGࢉVKIURPIUHVKDV

ࢊDNHVRUSDWFKHV UDSLGO\DVSRVVLEOH
• Lighter weight • 0DLQWDLQUHFRPPHQGHGWHPSHUDWXUHV
• 6OLP\ࢉOP • +\JLHQHGXULQJSURFHVVLQJDQG
• 6PHOOVEDG KDQGOLQJ

&RQVXPHU3UHIHUHQFHV
&RQVXPHUVKDYHGLࢆHUHQWWDVWHVDQGSUHIHUHQFHVDQGKHQFHDVVHVVTXDOLW\GLࢆHUHQWO\:KDWRQH
UHJDUGPD\UHJDUGDVSRRUTXDOLW\DQRWKHUPLJKWSUHIHU,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRLGHQWLI\WKHTXDOLW\FULWHULD
RI\RXUFOLHQWV)RUH[DPSOH
Ȏ 6L]HRIࢉVK
Ȏ 7\SHRISURGXFWHJOLYHZKROHIULHGRUVPRNHGIURPVOLFHVRUFKXQFNVZLWKRUZLWKRXWERQHV
Ȏ &RORXURIWKHࢉVKHJZKLWHࢊHVKJROGHQEURZQRUVOLJKWO\EURZQZKHQVPRNHG
Ȏ 7DVWHVDOWHGRUVSLFHG
Ȏ 7H[WXUHRIWKHSURGXFW
9.3 Fish Processing

7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHPDMRUDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWV
• /LYHࢉVK
• )UHVKࢉVKZKROHRUࢉOOHWHG
• &KLOOHG
• )UR]HQ
• 6PRNHG
• 'ULHG
9.3.1 Fish Hygiene

,UUHVSHFWLYHRIWKHSURGXFWWKHSULQFLSDOVRIࢉVKK\JLHQHPXVWEHDSSOLHG
Ȏ 8VHRQO\SRUWDEOHZDWHUWKDWLVIUHHIURPFRQWDPLQDQWVLQDOOSRVWKDUYHVWSURFHVVLQJ
Ȏ 1RQFRUURVLYHHDV\WRFOHDQZRUNWRSVWKDWGRQȆWDEVRUEZDWHUSUHIHUDEO\VWDLQOHVVVWHHOSODVWLF
RUWLOHGVXUIDFHV
Ȏ 'RQRWPL[UDZDQGSURFHVVHGSURGXFWV7KHOD\RXWRIWKHIDFLOLW\QRPDWWHUKRZVLPSOHVKRXOG
KDYHXQLGLUHFWLRQDOࢊRZIURPUDZPDWHULDOWRSURGXFW7KLVLVWRDYRLGFURVVFRQWDPLQDWLRQ
Ȏ 3UHYHQWURGHQWVLQVHFWVDQGRWKHUXQZDQWHGVXEVWDQFHVIURPFRPLQJRQWRWKHUDZPDWHULDODQG
ZRUNDUHD
Ȏ :HDUFOHDQSURWHFWLYHFORWKLQJHDFKWLPHWRHQVXUHQRKDLURUPXFXVIURPSURFHVVRUJHWVRQWRࢉVK
Ȏ $OOSURFHVVRUVVKRXOGKDYHȅSXEOLFKHDOWKFHUWLࢉFDWHVIRUIRRGKDQGOHUVȆ7KHVHFDQEHREWDLQHG
IURP\RXUORFDOSXEOLFKHDOWKRࢇFH
Ȏ .HHSWKHDUHDDURXQGFOHDQDQGGLVSRVHRIZDVWHK\JLHQLFDOO\
Ȏ .HHSSURGXFWLRQUHFRUGVIRUHDFKEDWFKRIࢉVKSURGXFHGXSWRGDWH
Ȏ (QVXUH\RXKDYHWKHQHFHVVDU\SHUPLWVZKHUHDSSOLFDEOHVHH0RGXOH
9.3.2 Processing
'LࢆHUHQW8JDQGDQDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWVDUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQࢉJXUH3URFHVVLQJKHOSVDGGYDOXHWR
SURGXFWV%\SURGXFWVVXFKDVSHWPLQFHDUHDOVRSURGXFHGIURPWKHࢉOOHWLQJRIࢉVK

Figure 109: Aquaculture Products

a) Live, Fresh and Chilled Whole Fish
Live tilapia /LYHFDWࢆVKEHLQJ Chilled tilapia from cages

delivered to local market
b) Smoked Fish Products
6PRNLQJFDWࢆVKDQGWLODSLDRQDIDUP 3DFNDJHGVPRNHGFDWࢆVK
ࢆOOHWVDQGZKROHࢆVK
c) Value-Added Products
Fillets Fish sausages 6DOWHGWLODSLD
3URGXFWIURPWLODSLDSRQGVLVDOVRGHHSIULHGDVDUHDG\WRHDWVQDFN
9.4 Packaging
'LࢆHUHQWIRRGJUDGHSDFNDJLQJPDWHULDOVDUHDYDLODEOHRQWKHPDUNHW7KHFKRLFHRISDFNDJLQJ
GHSHQGVRQ
Ȏ :KROHVDOHRUUHWDLOPDUNHW
Ȏ 7\SHRISURGXFWHJEHWWHUWRSDFNIDWW\VPRNHGSURGXFWVLQVLOYHUIRLOUDWKHUWKDQVHDOHGSODVWLF
DVWKHIRUPHUUHࢊHFWVKHDWZKHUHDVWKHODWWHUFRQWDLQVKHDWȁHVSHFLDOO\ZKHUHFROGVWRUDJHPD\
QRWEHDYDLODEOH
Ȏ &RQVXPHUSUHIHUHQFHIRUSDFNVL]HV
Ȏ 6WRUDJHIDFLOLWLHVHJIULGJHIUHH]HUVRXWGRRUV
Ȏ $YDLODELOLW\

,QDGGLWLRQWKHFKRLFHSDFNDJLQJLQࢊXHQFHVWKHYDOXHDWWULEXWHGWRWKHSURGXFWE\WKHFXVWRPHUࢉJXUH

)LJXUH ([DPSOHVRI3DFNDJLQJ8VHGIRU$TXDFXOWXUH3URGXFWV
Crates for bulk fresh or dry. The packaging Well labelled attractive packaging
may go straight to a restaurant, school or is preferable for retail outlets
hotel where bulk cooking is done.
6PRNHGࢆVKVXLWDEOHIRUXVHLQIDFLOLWLHV 6DOWHGDQGGULHGSURGXFWV

where cold storage is available) in paper boxes
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQRI)LVK3URGXFWVWR0DUNHW
• 8VHFOHDQFRQWDLQHUȁSUHIHUDEO\LQVXODWHG7KHVHFDQEHIHUULHGE\ELF\FOHERGDERGDRUDQ\
YHKLFOHV7UDQVSRUWYHKLFOHVVKRXOGEHFOHDQ
• 5HIULJHUDWHGWDQNV
• /LYHࢉVKWUDQVSRUWDWLRQXQLWVIRUOLYHࢉVKModule 7)

MODULE TEN:
MARKETING OF FARMED FISH
7KHࢉQDOVWHSLQFRPPHUFLDOࢉVKSURGXFWLRQLVVHOOLQJWKHࢉVKSURGXFHDQGSURGXFWVSURࢉWDEO\7KLVLQ-
YROYHVLGHQWLI\LQJWKHEHVWPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGPHHWLQJPDUNHWGHPDQGDVWKHPDUNHWUHTXLUHV
7KLVPRGXOHSURYLGHVDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHRSWLRQVIRUPDUNHWLQJIDUPHGࢉVKDQGGHYHORSLQJDPDUNHWLQJ
VWUDWHJ\
10.1 What is marketing

0DUNHWLQJLVDPDQDJHPHQWSURFHVVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUࢉQGLQJRXWZKDWFXVWRPHUVQHHGDQGVXSSO\LQJ
WKHPDVHࢇFLHQWO\DQGDVSURࢉWDEO\DVSRVVLEOH,WLVJHQHUDOO\GHࢉQHGDVWKHDVȉWKHSURFHVVRIcre-
ating, distributingDQGpricing JRRGVVHUYLFHVDQGLGHDVWRIDFLOLWDWHDVDWLVI\LQJYDOXHH[FKDQJHȊ
7KHIXQFWLRQVRIPDUNHWLQJFDQEHVXPPDULVHGDVIROORZVVHHDOVRࢉJXUH
3URYLGHDIRUXPIRUWKHH[FKDQJHRIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVWKURXJK
D %X\LQJLQFOXGLQJDVVHPEOLQJRIࢉVKRUࢉVKSURGXFWV
E 6HOOLQJ
3K\VLFDOIXQFWLRQV
D 6WRUDJHRIࢉVKDQGࢉVKSURGXFWV
E 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
F +DQGOLQJDQGSURFHVVLQJ
)DFLOLWDWHWKHH[FKDQJHRIJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVWKURXJK
D 6WDQGDUGLVDWLRQ
E /DEHOOLQJ

F )LQDQFLQJ
G 5LVNEHDULQJ
H 0DUNHWLQWHOOLJHQFH
&RQVHTXHQWO\DTXDFXOWXUHPDUNHWLQJLQYROYHVWKHDERYHVHWRIDFWLYLWLHVWRHQDEOHWKHࢊRZRIDTXDFXO-
WXUHJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVIRUPWKHIDUPWRWKHIRUNࢉJXUHDQG
7KHDERYHIXQFWLRQVDUHDFFRPSOLVKHGGXULQJPDUNHWLQJE\
• *HWWLQJWKHDWWHQWLRQRI\RXUFXVWRPHUV
• &UHDWLQJawarenessDERXWWKHSURGXFWV
• MotivatingFXVWRPHUWRPDNHWKHbuying decision
• &RQYLQFLQJWKHPWRbuy and useWKHSURGXFW
• &RQYLQFLQJWKHPWRbuy again
)LJXUH &RPSRQHQWVRIWKH$TXDFXOWXUH0DUNHWLQJ&KDLQ
Consumables Equipment
Feed ingredients
Equipment Construction farm facilities
Feeds
Supplies Water quality kits (ponds, tanks, cages)
Chemicals
Nets Boats
Fertilisers
Life jackets
Hatchery
Farming Nursery
Grow-out
Handling
Dressing
ࢆOOHWLQJ
Processing freezing
Smocking
Salting
storing
Brokerage
Promotion
Distribution
Wholesaling
retailing
Household
Restaurants/hotels
Supermarkets
Consumption Export
Fishermen (bait)
Recreation
VSRUWࢆVKLQJ

)LJXUH 'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH)DUPHG)LVK9DOXH&KDLQ

10.1.1 Why Marketing is Important

7KHFXVWRPHUGRHVQRWDOZD\VNQRZZKDWSURGXFWVPD\EHDYDLODEOHLQWKHPDUNHW0DUNHWLQJWKHUH-
IRUHKHOSVRQH
6WLPXODWHGHPDQGDQGEXLOGDFXVWRPHUEDVHIRUVHOOLQJWKHSURGXFWVSURGXFHGWRDFFRPSOLVK
RQHȆVHQWHUSULVHREMHFWLYHV
3URPRWHVWKHXWLOLVDWLRQRISURGXFWVIRUFRQVXPHUVE\FUHDWLQJRURSHQLQJFKDQQHOVWKURXJK
ZKLFKSURGXFWVFDQEHVROGDQGUHFHLYHGE\FXVWRPHUV
3URPRWHVWKHHQWHUSULVHȆVXQLTXHSURGXFWVIHDWXUHVE\EXLOGLQJXSRQLWVFRPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJHV
DJDLQVWWKHFRPSHWLWLRQIURPVLPLODUSURGXFWVRURWKHUSURGXFWVWKDWPD\VXEVWLWXWHRQHȆV
SURGXFW
(QDEOHVWKHSURGXFHWRLQWHUDFWDQGREWDLQIHHGEDFNRQSURGXFWVIURPFXVWRPHUVZKLFK
HQKDQFHVFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV
,QFUHDVHVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUKLJKHUWXUQRYHUVDQGWKXVLPSURYHVWKHOLNHOLKRRGIRUJURZWKDQG
VXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHHQWHUSULVH
10.1.2 What is a market?

0DUNHWVFUHDWHDQDUHQDWKDWHQDEOHWKHSURGXFHUDQVZHUWKHIROORZLQJNH\TXHVWLRQVZKHQGHYHORS-
LQJPDUNHWRULHQWHGSURGXFWLRQDQGEXVLQHVVSODQV
:KDWWRSURGXFH"7KLVLQFOXGHVWKHVSHFLHVVL]HWKHTXDQWLW\TXDOLW\DQGWKHSULFHWKHFRQVXPHU
LVZLOOLQJWRSD\IRUWKHSURGXFW
+RZPXFKWRSURGXFH"+RZPXFKRIHDFKVSHFLHV":KDWVL]HDQGTXDOLW\WRSURGXFHDWGLࢆHUHQW
SHULRGV"
+RZWRGLVWULEXWHSURGXFWLRQ":KDWPHFKDQLVPVZLOOEHXVHGIRUGLVWULEXWLRQ":KDWW\SHRIQHW-
ZRUNVZLOOEHXVHG"
7\SHVRI0DUNHWV
0DUNHWVDUHGHVFULEHGEDVHGXSRQWKHLU
Ȏ /RFDWLRQHJ1DNDVHURPDUNHW.DMMDQVLࢉVKPDUNHW
Ȏ 3URGXFWHJFDWࢉVKPDUNHWWLODSLDPDUNHW
Ȏ 7LPHHJ6HSWHPEHUWR2FWREHUFDWࢉVKRUWLODSLDPDUNHW
Ȏ /HYHOHJUHWDLOPDUNHWZKROHVDOHPDUNHWHWF
Ȏ 7DUJHWHGFOLHQWVHJQLFKHRUOX[XU\PDUNHWV
10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy

(YHQZKHUHWKHUHLVDSHUFHLYHGGHPDQGRQHPXVWPDUNHW7KHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWFRQVXPHUVZLOOSXU-
FKDVHࢉVKMXVWEHFDXVHLWLVWKHUHLVQRWDEVROXWHO\WUXH
(YHU\IDUPHUSURGXFHURUWUDGHULQIDUPHGࢉVKSURGXFWVPXVWKDYHDVWUDWHJ\RIHQVXULQJWKDW
Ȏ 7KHSURGXFHLVERXJKWDWWKHULJKWWLPH
Ȏ ,QTXDQWLWLHVWKDWSHUPLWRQHEHQHࢉWIURPKLJKHUWXUQRYHUV

Ȏ $WDSULFHWKDWLVSURࢉWDEOHDQG
Ȏ ,QTXDQWLWLHVWKDWGRQRWKLQGHURQHȆVSURGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHVDQGEXVLQHVVSODQ
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHDOO\XQGHUVWDQG\RXURZQEXVLQHVV(YHU\DTXDFXOWXUHRSHUDWLRQLVGLࢆHUHQW$Q-
VZHUV WR WKH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQV ZRXOG HQDEOH WKH RQH DVVHVV WKHLU PDUNHWLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG
GHYHORSDPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJ\
• :KDWLVWKHIXQGDPHQWDOEXVLQHVVSUREOHP\RXUFRPSDQ\VROYHV"6HYHUDODTXDFXOWXUH
SURGXFWVDQGVHUYLFHVDUHJHQHUDWHGDORQJLWVYDOXHFKDLQ7KHVHLQFOXGHSURGXFHࢉVKWUDQVSRUW
ࢉVKSURFHVVYDOXHDGGLWLRQOLQNLQJSURGXFHUVWRPDUNHWVVXSSO\LQJLQSXWV$QHQWUHSUHQHXU
PD\EHLQYROYHGLQRQHRUPRUHRIWKHVH
• What is the competitive advantage your enterprise as a company? :KRDUH\RXU
FRPSHWLWRUV":KDWFDXVHV\RXWREHRXWFRPSHWHG")RUH[DPSOHDUH\RXGHGLFDWHGWRVXSSO\WKH
TXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\RIࢉVK\RXUPDUNHWGHPDQGVRQWLPH",I\RXKDYHVKRUWIDOOVLQVXSSO\GR\RX
EHORQJWRDQHWZRUNRISURGXFHUVIURPZKRP\RXFRXOGVRXUFHࢉVKWRRࢆVHWVXFKVKRUWIDOOV"
• :KDWDUHWKHEHQHࢉWVRI\RXUSURGXFWWR\RXUPDUNHW"$UHP\YROXPHVDQGTXDOLW\ODUJH
DQGVWDEOHHQRXJKWRDWWUDFWGLVWULEXWRUVRUVKRXOG,IRFXVRQUHWDLO"6XSSO\LQJIRRGVHUYLFH
SURYLGHUV",VLWZKDWFRQVXPHUZDQW"
• What is your position in the market? %HJLQQHUWUHQGVHWWHUODUJHRUVPDOOSURGXFHUFRQWDFWV
DQGQHWZRUNV"
• Build good relationships ZLWKFXVWRPHUVLQFOXGLQJSRWHQWLDORQHVVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVDQGRWKHU
SURGXFHUV
• :KDWDUHWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI\RXUSURGXFW"7KHTXDOLW\RI\RXUSURGXFWDQGTXDOLW\RI\RXU
VHUYLFHVHYHQIRUIDUPHUVLVLPSRUWDQW:KDWVSHFLHVSURGXFWW\SHXQLWVL]HDUH\RXUVHOOLQJ"
'R\RXGHOLYHURQWLPH"&RQVLVWHQF\LQTXDOLW\LVZKDWEXLOGVFXVWRPHUOR\DOW\ࢉJXUH
• How can you communicate your product?:RUNRXWKRZ\RXFDQSXEOLFLVHDQGSURPRWHWKH
XVHRI\RXUSURGXFW",WȆVSUHVHQWDWLRQODEHOOLQJEUDQGLQJSXEOLFLW\
• What are your marketing options?)LVKFDQEHVROGDWWKHIDUPUHWDLOHGLQPDUNHWVRUVROGLQ
EXONWRZKROHVDOHUVRUWKURXJKIDUPHUȆVFRRSHUDWLYH)DUPHGࢉVKDQGSURGXFWVLQ8JDQGDLVVROG
RQIDUPORFDOPDUNHWVUHVWDXUDQWVWRVFKRROVDQGSURFHVVLQJSODQWV,WLVDOVRVROGZLWKLQWKH
UHJLRQWRWKHQHLJKERXULQJFRXQWULHV
• :KDWGLVWULEXWLRQFKDQQHOVFDQ\RXXVH"ࢉJXUH
• Right these down on paperDQGUHPHPEHUWREXLOGXSRQ\RXUVWUHQJWKVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHV
)LJXUH 6RPH$VSHFWVRI0DUNHWLQJ$TXDFXOWXUH3URGXFWVDQG6HUYLFHVLQ8JDQGD
a) Grading, weighing and icing to ensure right quality get to the market.

E'LࢃHUHQWGLVWULEXWLRQFKDQQHOVDQGPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVH[LVWERWK
in rural and urban areas.
F7HPSRUDU\ࢆVKKROGLQJRQIDUPKHOSHQVXUHRUGHUHGFRQVLJQPHQWDUHDYDLODEOHRQWLPH
d) Labelling and branding H6WRUDJHRIIUR]HQFDWࢆVK

facilitate standardisation and ࢆOOHWVLQDIUHH]HU
recognition of products.

(f) Aquaculture information on my (g) Brochures to disseminate information.

smart-phone. This AgroMarket Day
$QVZHUVWRWKHDERYHTXHVWLRQFDQKHOS\RXGHYHORS\RXULPDJHDEOHDQGDSSURDFKSURPRWLQJ\RXU
SURGXFWV%HORZLVDVLPSOHRXWOLQHRIEDVLFWKLQJVWRLQFOXGHLQDPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJ\
'HࢉQH\RXUJRDOVGLUHFWLRQDQGYDOXHV
7KHVWDWXVRIWKHEXVLQHVV:KDWDUH\RXUVWUHQJWKVZHDNQHVVHVRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGVWUHQJWKV"
7KHVHVKRXOGWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHSURGXFW\RXDUHSURGXFLQJ\RXULQWHQGHGPDUNHWV\RXU
SUHYLRXVPDUNHWH[SHULHQFHVQDWXUHRI\RXUEXVLQHVVDQGSURGXFWVLQFOXGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ
,GHQWLI\DQGGHVFULEHWKHWDUJHWHGPDUNHW,WVORFDWLRQZKDWFRQVXPHUVZDQWDQGVRRQ
0DUNHWLQJJRDOV+RZPXFKZRXOG\RXOLNHWRGLVWULEXWHDQGVHOOHDFKWLPH"+RZIUHTXHQWO\"
0DUNHWLQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQȁZKDWLVWKHEHVWZD\WRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKWKHPDUNHW
0DUNHWLQJDFWLRQSODQGHYHORSVKRUWDQGORQJWHUPDFWLRQSODQV
0DUNHWLQJEXGJHW&RQVLGHUSKRQHH[SHQVHVSXEOLFDWLRQVKDQGRXWVSURGXFWOLWHUDWXUH
WUDQVSRUWGLVSOD\PDWHULDOVSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQVKRZVDQGRWKHUPDUNHWLQJHYHQWVDPRQJRWKHUV
5HYLHZ\RXUSURJUHVV.HHSDQGUHYLHZ\RXUUHFRUGVWRHQVXUH\RXDUHRQWUDFNDQGRUQHHGWR
FKDQJHVWUDWHJ\
10.3 Collective Marketing

,QGHSHQGHQW VPDOOKROGHU IDUPHUV FDQ VHFXUH ODUJH PDUNHWV DQG REWDLQ HFRQRPLFV RI VFDOH LI WKH\
IRUPFOXVWHUVDQGDVVRFLDWLRQV6XFKDQDUUDQJHPHQWHQDEOHVWKHP
Ȏ 6\QFKURQLVHWKHLUSURGXFWLRQWRHQVXUHWKDWPDUNHWUHFHLYHVWKHTXDQWLWLHVLWGHPDQGV
FRQVLVWHQWO\WKURXJKRXWWKH\HDU7KLVKHOSVDYRLGWKHSUREOHPRIWRRPXFKSURGXFWLRQFRPLQJ
LQWRWKHPDUNHWDWWKHVDPHWLPHZLWKDFRQVHTXHQWIDOOLQࢉVKSULFHVRUSRVWKDUYHVWORVVHV
Ȏ 3URGXFHUJURXSVFDQDOVRVHWDQGPDLQWDLQVWDQGDUGVDPRQJWKHPVHOYHVWRLPSURYHWKH

DVVXUDQFHRIWKHLUSURGXFWV7KLVSURYLGHVFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJHDQGDFFHVVWRPRUHVHOHFWLYH
PDUNHWV
Ȏ %XONSXUFKDVHLQSXWVZKLFKLPSURYHVSURࢉWPDUJLQV
Ȏ 2EWDLQFROODWHUDOWKXVLPSURYLQJDFFHVVWRࢉQDQFH
Ȏ $FFHVVDQGSURFXUHWHFKQLFDOVHUYLFHVࢉJXUH
)LJXUH /RFDO([DPSOHRI&ROOHFWLYH0DUNHWLQJ$SSURDFK

MODULE ELEVEN:
AQUACULTURE AS A
BUSINESS
11.1 Introduction
7KHREMHFWLYHRIUXQQLQJDEXVLQHVVLVWRPDNHDSURࢉW7RSURࢉWRQHPXVWJDLQERWKPDWHULDOO\DQG
ࢉQDQFLDOO\IURPRQHȆVLQYHVWPHQWLQSXWVDQGHࢆRUW$FKLHYLQJWKLVFRQWLQXRXVPRQLWRULQJRIWKHHQ-
WHUSULVH DQG SODQQLQJ WR RYHUFRPH WKH PDQ\ FKDOOHQJHV DQG ULVNV WKDW ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH FDXVH WKH
EXVLQHVVWRIDLO
%XVLQHVVHVWHQGWRIDLOEHFDXVH
Ȏ 7KLQJVGRQRWDGGXSSURGXFWLRQGHPDQGDQGVDOHVGRQRWWDOO\
Ȏ ,QDELOLW\RIRZQHUVRUPDQDJHUVWRKRQHVWO\DFFHSWDQGDFWWRDGGUHVVPLVWDNHVSUDJPDWLFDOO\
Ȏ 2YHUH[SDQVLRQSDUWLFXODUO\ERUURZLQJWRRPXFKPRQH\WRVWDUWXSRUJURZ6WDUWVPDOOWKHQ
SURJUHVVLYHO\JURZ
Ȏ 3RRUDFFRXQWLQJ(YHU\RZQHURUPDQDJHUVKRXOGEHDEOHWRNHHSWKHLUࢉQDQFLDOࢊRZVDQG
EDODQFHVLQFKHFNHYHQZKHQDWUDLQHGDFFRXQWLVKLUHG
Ȏ /DFNRIFDVKFXVKLRQVLQWKHHYHQWRIDQHYHQWXDOLW\HJࢊRRGV,QVXUDQFHPHPEHUVKLSWR
DVVRFLDWLRQVRURWKHUIDOOEDFNVFDQEHKHOSIXO
Ȏ 2SHUDWLRQDOPHGLRFULW\5HSHDWDQGUHIHUUDOEXVLQHVVLVFULWLFDOIRUVXFFHVVIXOEXVLQHVV

Ȏ 3URGXFWLRQDQGRSHUDWLRQDOLQHࢇFLHQFLHV)RUH[DPSOHSD\LQJWRRPXFKIRUVHUYLFHVDQGUHQW
Ȏ '\VIXQFWLRQDOPDQDJHPHQW/DFNRIIRFXVYLVLRQSODQQLQJVWDQGDUGVDQGHYHU\WKLQJHOVHWKDW
JRHVLQWRJRRGPDQDJHPHQW
Ȏ )DOOVDQGFKDQJHVLQPDUNHW
7KHDELOLW\WRPRQLWRUDQGFRQWUROWKHࢊRZDQGXWLOLVDWLRQRILQSXWVDJDLQVWSURGXFWLRQDQGVDOHVLVWKHUH-
IRUHLPSRUWDQW7KLVFDQQRWEHGRQHZLWKRXWUHFRUGNHHSLQJ
11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation

.HHSLQJDQGDQDO\VLQJUHFRUGVWRPDNHSURGXFWLRQDQGEXVLQHVVGHFLVLRQVPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWRH[H-
FXWHSURGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHVZLWKLQWKHFRVWVWUXFWXUHRIWKHHQWHUSULVH7KURXJKUHFRUGVWKHHYLGHQFH
RI ZKDW LV DW VWDNH \RXU VWRFN FKDQJHV WKDW KDYH RFFXUUHG GXULQJ SURGXFWLRQ DQG PDUNHWLQJ LP-
SHQGLQJFKDOOHQJHVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVEHFRPHVDYDLODEOH
7KHEDVLFDTXDFXOWXUHUHFRUGVWRNHHSDUH
D 3URGXFWLRQUHFRUGVIHHGLQJPDQDJHPHQWVWRFNJURZWKGLVHDVHVDQGVXUYLYDO

E 0DUNHWLQJPDUNHWUHTXLUHPHQWVSULFHV
F )LQDQFLDOUHFRUGVFRVWVRIH[SHQVHVVDOHVUHYHQXHDQGH[SHQVHV
11.2.1 Production Records

$VRSSRVHGWRWHUUHVWULDODQLPDOVࢉVKDUHDOZD\VXQGHUZDWHUGXULQJWKHSURGXFWLRQF\FOH7KHRQO\
WLPHDIDUPHUVHHVWKHPLVDWIHHGLQJLIWKH\IHHGE\UHVSRQVHRUDWVDPSOLQJ0RGXOH.HHSLQJ
UHFRUGVRILQSXWVZDWHUTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQWDFWLRQVDYHUDJHZHLJKWVDWVDPSOLQJDQGPRUWDOLWLHV
XSWRGDWHSURYLGHVDORWRILQVLJKWRQWKHVWDWXVRIRSHUDWLRQV
$SSHQGLFHVDQGSURYLGHH[DPSOHVRIIHHGLQJDQGSURGXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWUHFRUGVDQGRIKRZ
WKHVHUHFRUGVFDQEHXVHGWRPDNHPDQDJHPHQWGHFLVLRQV
11.2.2. Marketing Records

5HFRUGVRISXUFKDVHVDQGVDOHVIURPWKHYDULRXVPDUNHWVWXUQRYHUSURPRWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
FRVWVDQGUHVXOWVDQGPDUNHWSURࢉOHVDUHLPSRUWDQW
11.2.3. Financial Management

7KHLQIRUPDWLRQRQFRVWVRILQSXWVH[SHQVHVUHYHQXHHQDEOHVRQHFRQWUROWKHXVHRILQSXWVDQGSUR-
GXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWGHFLVLRQWRHQVXUHRSWLPXPSURGXFWLYLW\DQGSRVLWLYHUHWXUQV7KH\DWWDFKD
ࢉQDQFLDOYDOXHWRWKHLQSXWVSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVJRRGVSURGXFHGDQGVROG
2QFHWKLVLVGRQHWKHIROORZLQJEXVLQHVVPDQDJHPHQWWRROVEHFRPHSRVVLEOHVHHDSSHQLG[

11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision

Making
11.3.1 Enterprise Budgets

LIWKHRYHUDOOIDUPRSHUDWLRQLVWRUHPDLQSURࢉWDEOHHDFKSURGXFWLRQF\FOHPXVWEHSURࢉWDEOH$QDO\VLQJ
WKHSURGXFWLRQDQGࢉQDQFLDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIHDFKSURGXFWLRQF\FOHFRQFXUUHQWO\LVWKHUHIRUHDQLPSRUW-
DQWWRROWDEOH
7DEOH ([DPSOH(QWHUSULVH%XGJHWIRU6LQJOH3RQG&\FOHIRU6WDWLF:DWHU7LODSLD
Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking Pellets
Item Amount Unit Cost (USh) Total Cost (USh)
Production Targets
3RQG P
&DUU\LQJFDSDFLW\ NJ
7DUJHWHGDYHUDJHVL]HDWKDUYHVW J
6XUYLYDODWKDUYHVW
)&5REWDLQHG
Major Variable Costs
7LODSLDPRQRVH[ࢉQJHUOLQJV
&DWࢉVK
)HHGW\SH NJ
)HUWLOLVHU NJ
Labour
,QWHUHVWRQ/RDQV
Total Variable Costs 1,492,789
Production
1XPEHURIࢉVKWLODSLDRIPDUNHWDEOHVL]H
7RWDOZHLJKWRIࢉVKDYDLODEOHIRUVDOH NJ
Sales
Total Revenue 748 kg 3,000 2,244,000
Income above variable costs 751,211
1HWLQFRPHLIDPRUWL]HGRYHU\HDUV
3URSRUWLRQRI7RWDO9DULDEOH&RVWV %
)LQJHUOLQJV
)HHG
$VDUXOHRIWKXPELQFRPPHUFLDOࢉVKIDUPLQJWKHFRVWRIࢉQJHUOLQJVVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGRI
YDULDEOHFRVWV

&DVKࢊRZDQDO\VLV
7RUXQDQHQWHUSULVHHࢇFLHQWO\RQHPXVWKDYHDOOWKHQHFHVVDU\LQSXWVDQGEHLQSRVLWLRQWRGHOLYHUWKH
SURGXFHGGHPDQGHGE\WKHPDUNHWRQWLPHDWWKHPRVWHFRQRPLFDOFRVW7KHDELOLW\WRSURMHFWH[SHQVH
UHTXLUHPHQWVKHOSVRQSODQDQGEXGJHWWRHQVXUHUHVRXUFHVDUHDYDLODEOHRQWLPHࢉJXUH
)LJXUH&DVK)ORZ$QDO\VLVRI7ZR7LODSLD)DUPV(a) Sales done when pond is ready to harvest,

DQGVXFKSRQGVPDLQWDLQHGXQWLODOOࢆVKDUHERXJKW(b) Several small ponds sized to market
demand and an all-in-all out-production system.
a) Three large ponds E6HYHUDOVPDOOSRQGV
$QDO\VLVRISURGXFWLRQDQGVDOHVWRDVVHVVFDVKࢊRZVPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWRFKRRVHRULPSURYHLQYHVWPHQW
EXVLQHVVDQGSURGXFWLRQSODQV
11.3.3 Risk Analysis

2QFHWKHDERYHUHFRUGVDUHZHOONHSWDQGPRQLWRUHGLWEHFRPHVSRVVLEOHWRLGHQWLI\WKHIDFWRUVWKDW
FDXVHORVVWRWKHHQWHUSULVHDQGDGGUHVVWKHPDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOHWDEOH
Table 54: Risk Analysis

Period JUNE JULY AUGUST
Number to
Number to
Number to
Produced
Produced
Produced
VARIANCE
VARIANCE
VARIANCE
Number
Number
Number
produce
produce
produce
Target
Actual
Target
Actual
Target
Actual
Products
Remarks
Month 3HUIRUPDQFH 5HDVRQIRU9DULDQFH

11.3 Production and Business Planning

:KHQPDNLQJDSURGXFWLRQDQGEXVLQHVVIRUIDUPLQJࢉVKRQHVKRXOGHQGHDYRXUWRDQVZHUWKHIROORZ-
LQJTXHVWLRQVEHIRUHKDQG
Ȏ :KHUHLVWKHPDUNHW"ȁLWVORFDWLRQZKDWFDWHJRU\RISHRSOHDUHOLNHO\WREX\WKHࢉVK,SURGXFH
HWF
Ȏ :KDWGRHVWKHPDUNHWZDQW"ȁW\SHRIࢉVKKRZPXFKZKDWVL]HKRZIUHTXHQWO\IUHVKRU
SURFHVVHGHWF
Ȏ :KDWUHVRXUFHVGR,KDYH"ȁQXPEHURISRQGVVL]HRISRQGVZDWHUIRUSURGXFWLRQTXDQWLW\
TXDOLW\ࢊRZUDWHVIHHGVODERXUVHHGHWF
Ȏ )URPZKHUHDQGZKHQVKRXOG,VRXUFHP\VHHGDQGIHHG"
Ȏ :KDWLVWKHTXDOLW\RIIHHG,LQWHQGWRXVH"7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLWOLPLWVSRVVLEOH)&5VZDWHU
TXDOLW\DQGFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
Ȏ +RZPXFKIHHGDQGVHHGVKDOO,UHTXLUH"
Ȏ :KDWWHFKQRORJ\GR,KDYHDWP\GLVSRVDODQGZKLFKZRXOGEHWKHEHVWWRDGRSW"
Ȏ +RZIUHTXHQWO\GR,QHHGWRKDUYHVWIRUWKHPDUNHW"FRPSOHWHKDUYHVWSDUWLDOKDUYHVWV
Ȏ +RZGR,JHWP\ࢉVKWRWKHPDUNHW"
Ȏ :KDWUHWXUQVFDQ,H[SHFWIURPWKHDERYH"
7DEOH 7HPSODWHIRU'HYHORSLQJDQ$TXDFXOWXUH%XVLQHVV3ODQ
Chapter Objective Content
1. Background 'HࢉQHEXVLQHVV • -XVWLࢉFDWLRQIRUSURSRVHGDTXDFXOWXUHHQWHUSULVH

YLVLRQJRDOVDQG • 2EMHFWLYHV
REMHFWLYHV
• 6XPPDU\RISURSRVHGDSSURDFK
• ([SHFWHGRXWSXW
2. Situation Analysis (VWDEOLVKWKH • +LVWRU\RIWKHSURMHFWLIRQJRLQJ

current status of • 'HVFULSWLRQRIHQWHUSULVH
ZKDWLVWKDW\RX
ZRXOGOLNHWRGR • $VVHVVPHQWRIUHVRXUFHVIRUWKHSURSRVHG
WDNHVWRFNRIWKH HQWHUSULVHODQGZDWHUFOLPDWHIDUPLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
UHVRXUFHV\RX VHUYLFHVSHUVRQQHOVRFLRHFRQRPLFDQG
KDYHLQUHODWLRQWR HQYLURQPHQWDODVVHVVPHQWFRPSOLDQFH
ZKDW\RXSURSRVH UHTXLUHPHQWVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHV\VWHPࢉQDQFLDO
WRGR VWUXFWXUHPDUNHWRYHUYLHZWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUW
• &XUUHQWࢉQDQFLDOSHUIRUPDQFHIRURQJRLQJ
businesses
3. Needs Assessment %DVHGRQWKH • ,GHQWLI\WKHVWUHQJWKVZHDNQHVVHVRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG

VLWXDWLRQDQDO\VLV WKUHDWVWR\RXUSURSRVHGDQGRURQJRLQJRSHUDWLRQ
LGHQWLI\ZKDWJDSV
DQGRSSRUWXQLWLHV
there are in
UHODWLRQ\RXU
SURSRVHG
business

Chapter Objective Content
4. Business Analysis 5HYLHZRI • $VVHVVPHQWRIH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDOEXVLQHVV

the business HQYLURQPHQW
HQYLURQPHQW • ,QGXVWU\RXWORRN
ERWKLQWHUQDODQG
H[WHUQDO • &RPSHWLWRUV
• 6:27RIWKHDERYHIDFWRUV
• *$3DQDO\VLV
• 6WUDWHJ\IRUPXODWLRQ
5. Production 7DLORUSURGXFWLRQ • :KDWWRSURGXFH

Planning WRPHHWPDUNHW • (YDOXDWHKRZEHVWWRVWUHDPOLQHSURGXFWLRQWRPHHW
QHHGV PDUNHWQHHGV
• 3URGXFWLRQSURMHFWLRQV
6. Marketing Plan ,GHQWLI\PDUNHW • 'HWHUPLQHWKHPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHV

RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG • ,GHQWLI\DFWLRQV\RXZRXOGQHHGWRWDNHWRSHQHWUDWH
EHFRPSHWLWLYHDQGVXVWDLQ\RXULGHQWLࢉHGPDUNHW
HJMRLQDQDVVRFLDWLRQ
• 3ODQZLWKPLOHVWRQHVIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
7. Investment &DSLWDOEXGJHWWR • &DSLWDOUHTXLUHPHQWVHJEXLOGLQJVSURGXFWLRQ

Strategy LQYHVWLQWRZKDW XQLWVPDFKLQHU\HTXLSPHQW
\RXZLOOQHHG • 2SHUDWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWV
WRH[HFXWH\RXU
business • 3ODQZLWKPLOHVWRQHVIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
8. Enterprise • &DOFXODWHSURGXFWSULFHVEDVHGRQDERYH
and Financial • $WWDFKFRVWVDQGUXQVFHQDULRVHJHQWHUSULVH
Assessment EXGJHWRIRQHWDQNXVLQJ\RXUDVVXPSWLRQVRULILQ
RSHUDWLRQFRPSDULQJSURSRVHGFKDQJHVZLWKZKDW
\RXDUHDFWXDOO\JHWWLQJ
• &RVWEHQHࢉWDQDO\VLV
• &DVKࢊRZSURMHFWLRQV
• 6HQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLV
• 5LVNDQDO\VLV
9. Conclusions and • (VWDEOLVKEHVWRSWLRQV

Recommendations
10.Monitoring and • ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSODQZLWKPLOHVWRQHV
Evaluation • 5HFRUGV
11.4 Maintaining Farm Income

7LPHVFKDQJH,QRUGHUWRLQFUHDVHIDUPLQFRPHDQGPDLQWDLQSURGXFWLYLW\DQGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVPXVW
EHDPRQJWKHNH\DWWULEXWHVRIWKHHQWHUSULVH7RGRWKLV
,QQRYDWLYH&UHDWHVHFRQGDU\EXVLQHVVHVIURPWKHIDUP
&RQWLQXRXVO\UHDVVHVVSHUIRUPDQFHDQGPDNHWKHQHFHVVDU\DGMXVWPHQWVWRSURGXFWLRQDQG
PDUNHWLQJLQRUGHUWRUHPDLQFRPSHWLWLYHQRWDEO\
D 6DWLVI\WKH0DUNHWȆV1HHGV
E 3URGXFWLRQ(ࢇFLHQF\:KHQUXQQLQJDࢉVKIDUPFRPPHUFLDOO\WKHRYHUDOODLPLVWRPLQL-

PL]HSURGXFWLRQFRVWVDQGRSWLPL]HHࢇFLHQF\DVZHOODVUHWXUQV3UDFWLFDOO\WKLVPHDQV
• Lowering FCRs to optimum levels.
• Lowering labour costs.)RUH[DPSOHVDPSOHDOO\RXUSRQGVRQWKHVDPHGD\LIH[WUD
ODERXULVUHTXLUHG
• Improving returns to land,WVKRXOGEHSURࢉWDEOHWRXVHWKHODQGIRUࢉVKIDUPLQJ8VH
\RXUVSDFHDVHࢇFLHQWO\DVSRVVLEOHEHFDXVHODQGFRVWVPRQH\DQGKDVDYDOXHDVWKH
PDMRUFDSLWDOLQYHVWPHQWFRVW$LPDWJHWWLQJWKHEHVWSURGXFWLRQSHUXQLWDUHDIRUWKH
WHFKQRORJ\EHLQJDSSOLHG
• Making and adopting the appropriate investment and management decisions. $
IDUPHUVKRXOGEHLQSRVLWLRQWRGHFLGHZKHWKHURUQRWWRLQFUHDVHWKHOHYHOVRISURGXFWLRQ
ZKHQWRGRVRDQGE\ZKDWOHYHOSURGXFWLRQVKRXOGEHLQFUHDVHG7KHIDUPHUVKRXOGDOVR
EHLQSRVLWLRQWRH[DPLQHZKHWKHURUQRWLWZLOOEHSRVVLEOHWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGOHYHOV
SURGXFWLRQSUDFWLFDOO\DQGSURࢉWDEO\ZLWKWKHUHVRXUFHVDYDLODEOHWRKLPKHU)RUH[DPSOH
VKRXOGSURGXFWLRQEHLQFUHDVHGE\EXLOGLQJPRUHSRQGVLPSURYLQJPDQDJHPHQWRUVLP-
SO\GHHSHQLQJSRQGVWRUHFRPPHQGHGOHYHOV"
QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS

352'8&7,21
• :KHUHFDQ,EX\IURPVLPSOHZDWHUTXDOLW\HTXLSPHQWDQGRWKHUDTXDFXOWXUHHTXLSPHQW"
• +RZPXFKPRQH\FDQRQHEHJLQZLWK"
• +RZGR\RXVHOHFWDQDUHDIRUSRQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ"
• +RZGRHVDSRQGORRNOLNH"
• :KDWLVWKHPD[LPXPGHSWKRQHFDQGLJ"
• +RZPDQ\SLHFHVWRVWRFNSHUVTXDUHPHWHU"
• +RZGR\RXWUDQVSRUWࢉVK"
• 'R\RXMXVWSRXUWKHࢉQJHUOLQJVLQWRWKHSRQGZDWHU"
• :KHUHGRHVRQHVHOOWKHWDEOHࢉVK"
• &DQࢉVKEHIHGRQDQIRUPXODWHGIHHGIRRGVWXࢆ"
• +RZFDQRQHDFFHVVDSHUPLWOLFHQVH"
• ,V,WSD\DEOHDQQXDOO\RUPRQWKO\"
• :KRVKRXOGDIDUPHUFRQWDFW"
• ,VFRQWDFWLQJ1(0$YHU\LPSRUWDQWEHIRUHVWDUWLQJࢉVKIDUPLQJ"
• :KDWLVWKHUHFRPPHQGHGZDWHUGHSWKIRUSRQGVDQGFDJHIDUPLQJ"
• +RZPDQ\ࢉVKWRVWRFNSHUVTXDUHPHWHUFXELFPHWHULQSRQGVWDQNVFDJHV"
• :KHUHGRHVJHWUHDG\FDWࢉVKPNW"
• +RZFDQRQHGHVFULEH2UHRFKURPLVQLORWLFXVRU7LODSLD"
• :KDWLVWKHW\SHRIZDWHUXVHGIRUࢉVKIDUPLQJ"
• +RZPXFKIHHGFDQRQHࢉVKWDNHXSWRVHOO"
• :K\GRZHQHHGWRࢊDVKZDWHULQSRQGVDQGWDQNV"
• 'RࢉVKGLVHDVHVKDYHVLPLODUVLJQV"
• $WZKDWOHYHOFDQRQHEHUHJDUGHGDVDFRPPHUFLDOIDUPHU"
• +RZGR,WHOOWKDWP\ࢉVKLVVLFN"
• :KDWLVWKHGLࢆHUHQFHEHWZHHQDIHPDOHDQGPDOHࢉVK"

• +RZGRHVRQHSUHSDUHDSRQGLQDZDWHUORJJHGDUHD"
• :KDWLVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIOLPHLQSRQGV"
• :KDWZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVGRHVRQHKDYHWRFKHFNLQࢉVKIDUPLQJ"
• 7KHGLࢆHUHQFHEHWZHHQFRQFUHWHSRQGVWDQNVDQGGDPOLQHGRQHV"
• +RZFDQUHFLUFXODWHGZDWHUEHXVHGLQࢉVKIDUPLQJ"
• :KDWLVWKHGLࢆHUHQFHEHWZHHQPHWDOOLFDQGSODVWLFFDJHIUDPHV"
• 'HVFULEHWKHFRUUHFWDQFKRULQJIRUFDJHV"
• ,VࢉVKIDUPLQJDSURࢉWDEOHEXVLQHVV"
• :KDWLVWKHFRVWRIFRQVWUXFWLQJSRQGV"
• :KDWLVWKHFRVWRIFRQVWUXFWLQJFDJHV"
• &DQ,VHWXSDIDUPLQDVZDPS"
• :KLFKLVWKHEHVWࢉVKVSHFLHVWRFXOWXUH"
• &DQ,FXOWXUHERWKWLODSLDDQGFDWࢉVKDWWKHVDPHWLPH"
• +RZPDQ\ࢉVKFDQ,VWRFNSHUSRQG"
• +RZPDQ\ࢉVKVKRXOG,VWRFNSHUFDJH"
• :KHUHFDQ,JHWIURPJRRGTXDOLW\DQGDࢆRUGDEOHVHHG"
• :KDWLVWKHFRVWRIVHHG"
• 'R,KDYHWRFRQWLQXRXVO\EX\WKHVHHGRU,FDQUHSURGXFHVHHGXVLQJP\SURGXFWLRQIDFLOLW\"
• :KDWLVWKHELJJHVWFRVWRISURGXFWLRQ"
• :KHUHFDQ,ࢉQGDJRRGPDQDJHUIRUP\IDUP"
• :KHUHFDQ,EX\IURPWKHࢉVKVHHG"
• +RZPXFKࢉVKIHHGVKDOO,XVHWKURXJKRXWWKHSURGXFWLRQF\FOH"
• :KDWLVWKHFRVWRIIHHG"
• ,VWKHUHDQDOWHUQDWLYHIHHGWRFRPPHUFLDOIHHG"
• &DQ,PDQXIDFWXUHP\RZQࢉVKIHHGRQIDUP"
• +RZORQJGRWKHࢉVKWDNHWRUHDFKPDUNHWDEOHVL]H"
• :KLFKLVWKHEHVWVL]HDWZKLFK,VKRXOGVHOOP\ࢉVK"
• :KDWLVWKHPLQLPXPDPRXQWRIPRQH\WRLQYHVWVRWKDW,FDQPDNHSURࢉW"
• &DQ,JURZࢉVKXSKLOORULQDSODFHZLWKRXWDQDWXUDOVRXUFHRIZDWHU"
• 'RࢉVKIDOOVLFN,I\HVKRZGRZHFRQWURORUWUHDWWKHGLVHDVHV"
• $UHWKHUHDQ\OHJDOUHTXLUHPHQWVOLNHOLFHQVHVQHHGHGWRHVWDEOLVKDIDUP"
• :KDWRWKHUFKDOOHQJHVH[LVWLQWKHࢉVKIDUPLQJEXVLQHVV"
MARKETING
• :KHUHFDQ,VHOOP\ࢉVKZKHQLWVUHDG\"
• +RZPXFKLVDNLORRIࢉVK"
• 'R\RXSLFNWKHࢉVKIURPWKHIDUPZKHQLWVUHDG\"
,03257$173/$&(6
• :KHUHLVWKH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH$QLPDO,QGXVWULHVDQG)LVKHULHVORFDWHG"
• :KHUHLVWKH'LUHFWRUDWHRI:DWHU'HYHORSPHQW"
• :KHUHGRZHࢉQG1D),,5,"

List of Appendices
$SSHQGL[ 'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH6SHFLHV
1. Nile Tilapia 2UHRFKURPLV1LORWLFXV
Physical x 6LOYHUJUH\LQFRORXUZLWKGLVWLQFWYHUWLFDOEDQGVDFURVVWKHERG\DQGWDLO9DULDWLRQV
Appearance LQLQWHQVLW\RIFRORXUPD\RFFXUGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVSHFLࢉFHQYLURQPHQWDOZDWHU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHJURZLQJHQYLURQPHQW
x 0DOHVJHQHUDOO\ODUJHUWKDQIHPDOHVRIVDPHDJH
x /DWHUDOO\FRPSUHVVHGERG\FRYHUHGZLWKUHODWLYHO\ODUJHVFDOHVWKDWGRQȆWGLVORGJH
HDVLO\DGYDQWDJHRXVIRUDTXDFXOWXUHDVVFDOHVSURWHFWVDJDLQVWLQMXU\ZKHQ
VWRFNHGDWKLJKGHQVLWLHV
Natural x 6ORZPRYLQJULYHUVSRROVVZDPSVDQGODNHV
Habitat x 6KDOORZDUHDVRIWKHVHZDWHUERGLHVZKHUHULVNVRIZDWHUTXDOLW\ࢊXFWXDWLRQVDUH
OHVVDGYHUVHDUHZDUPHUKLJKHUOHYHOVGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDQGIRRGDYDLODELOLW\
x 7KHLUVHDVRQDODQGGDLO\GLVWULEXWLRQZLWKLQWKHZDWHUERG\VKLIWVWRZDUGVDUHDV
ZLWKRSWLPDOFRQGLWLRQVWRHQDEOHWKHPRSWLPLVHHQHUJ\XVH
x $UHDTXDWLFDLUEUHDWKHUV'XULQJPRPHQWVRIR[\JHQVWUHVVEHORZPJO
R[\JHQFDQJXOSZDWHUWKURXJKWKHLUPRXWKVWRH[WUDFWR[\JHQSLSLQJ
3URORQJHGH[SRVXUHWRVXFKFRQGLWLRQVLVKRZHYHUVWUHVVIXODQGVXSSUHVVHV
JURZWKDQGUHSURGXFWLRQ
x $UHVRFLDODQGVFKRRO
Feeding x $UHKHUELYRURXVDQGIHHGSUHGRPLQDQWO\RQSK\WRSODQNWRQ$OVRIHHGRQVRPH
PDFURSK\WHVGHWULWXVDQGGHFRPSRVLQJRUJDQLFPDWWHUDTXDWLFLQYHUWHEUDWHV
x &DQGLJHVWȁRIWKHSURWHLQLQDOJDH
x -XYHQLOHVWDJHVFRQVXPHUHTXLUHDQLPDOSURWHLQVRFRQVXPH]RRSODQNWRQ
DQGODUYDHRIRWKHUࢉVKHVDVSDUWRIWKHLUQRUPDOGLHW
x )HHGGXULQJWKHGD\QRUPDOO\WZLFHDGD\DPDQGSP
x +DYHVPDOOVWRPDFKVIRUIHHGPRUHIUHTXHQWO\

Reproduction x <HDUURXQGUHJXODUVSDZQHUVLQHTXDWRULDOUHJLRQV
x 7HUULWRULDOEHKDYLRXUE\PDOHVDQGFRXUWVKLSDUHFKDUDFWHULVWLF
x 0DOHVEXLOGDQGJXDUGQHVWVLQWRZKLFKWKHIHPDOHOD\VKHUHJJV(JJVODLGDUH
SURSRUWLRQDOWRIHPDOHȆVERG\ZHLJKW$JIHPDOHZLOOSURGXFHDERXW
HJJVSHUVSDZQZKLOHDIHPDOHZHLJKLQJJFDQSURGXFHWR
HJJV
x 0DOHIHUWLOLVHVWKHHJJVDIWHUWKH\KDYHEHHQODLG
x 7KHPDOHUHPDLQVLQKLVWHUULWRU\JXDUGLQJWKHQHVWDQGLVDEOHWRIHUWLOL]HHJJV
IURPDVXFFHVVLRQRIIHPDOHV
x %UHHGLQJPDOHVGHYHORSDGLVWLQFWUHGGLVK
KXH
x )HPDOHVLQFXEDWHHJJVDQGQXUVHODUYDH
ZLWKLQWKHLUPRXWKVEURRGLQJ%URRGLQJ
ODVWVXSWRGD\VRUXQWLOVXFKDWLPHIU\
FDQHVFDSHSUHGDWLRQ
x 'XULQJEURRGLQJIHPDOHVGRQRWIHHGDQG
ZLOORQO\GHYHORSDQRWKHUEDWFKRIHJJVDIWHU
WKH\VWRSQXUVLQJWKHLUIU\
Nile tilapia nests at bottom
of pond
Attributes x +DUG\DQGIDVWJURZLQJ
IRU x &DQZLWKVWDQGKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVLQJURZRXWXQLWVGXHWRSURWHFWLRQRI
aquaculture VFDOHVDQGVFKRROLQJEHKDYLRXU
x $FFHSWDZLGHDUUD\RIGLHWVDQGFDQEHUDLVHGXVLQJGLࢆHUHQWSURGXFWLRQ
strategies
x 5HSURGXFHHDVLO\XQGHUFDSWLYLW\
x +LJKTXDOLW\ZKLWHࢊHVK
x 0DUNHWDEOHLQ8JDQGDDQGJOREDOO\
$IULFDQ&DWࢆVK&ODULDVJDSULHSLQXV
Physical x 8QLIRUPJUH\LVKEURZQZLWKZKLWLVKEHOO\6RPHKDYHDELWRIPDUEOLQJ
Appearance x 1RVFDOHV
x (ORQJDWHGDQGLWVFURVVVHFWLRQLVRYDOVKDSHG
x ODUJHࢊDWVKDSHGKHDGZLWKࢊDWWHQHGPRXWK
x +DYHEDUEHOVWRHQDEOHWKHPVHQVHWKHSUHVHQFHRIIRRGZKHQYLVLELOLW\LVSRRU
x 5HODWLYHO\VPDOOH\HV
x 'RUVDOࢉQH[WHQGVRYHUPRVWRIWKHEDFNZLWKDERXWVRIWUD\VDQGQRVSLQH
x 7DLOLVURXQGHGZLWKȁVRIWUD\VDQGQRVSLQH
x 3HFWRUDOࢉQȁVRIWUD\VDQGQRVSLQH
x 3HOYLFࢉQORFDWHGEHKLQGDEGRPHQDQGKDVDERXWVRIWUD\V
Habitat x 6ZDPS\DUHDVWKDWDUHPXGG\ZLWKORZOHYHOVRIR[\JHQ
x $UHDLUEUHDWKHUV
x %XUURZLQWRPXGZKHQVZDPSVVWDUWGU\LQJXSWRNHHSPRLVWDQGFRRO
Diets and x 2PQLYRURXVȁHDWDQ\WKLQJȁࢉVKLQVHFWVRURWKHUIRUPVRIDTXDWLFDQLPDOV

IHHGLQJ x )HHGRࢆWKHERWWRPVXEVWUDWH
x )DVWJURZHUVDQGFDQJHWWRDERYHNJ

Reproduction x 'RQȆWȆEHFRPHVH[XDOO\PDWXUHXQWLOD\HDUROG
x 5HSURGXFHGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQZKHQHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVIRUMXYHQLOHV
ZKRVHDLUEUHDWKLQJDSSDUDWXVLVQRWIXOO\GHYHORSHGFDQJHWGLVVROYHGR[\JHQ
]RRSODQNWRQHWF
x 6PDOOVWLFN\JUHHQLVKEURZQHJJVWKDWVWLFNRQWRVXEVWUDWHDTXDWLFSODQWVHWF
x 1RSDUHQWDOFDUH
Distribution x 1DWLYHWR8JDQGD
Aquaculture x +DUG\DGDSWDEOHࢉVK
x &RQVXPHVDOOIRRGV
x 0DUNHWDEOHLQ8JDQGD
x 3HUIRUPEHWWHULQࢉVKSRQGVDQGWDQNV
x ,QSRQGVPRQRFXOWXUHDQGSRO\FXOWXUHZLWKWLODSLD
x &KDOOHQJHVDGPLQLVWHULQJIHHGXQLIRUPO\DQGREWDLQLQJXQLIRUPJURZWKLQFDJHV
x %XUURZLQWRSRQGZDOOVPDNLQJKDUYHVWLQJE\VHLQLQJPRUHFKDOOHQJLQJ:KHUH
SRQGZDOOVQRWZHOOFRPSDFWHGFDQEXUURZWKURXJKZDOOVUHVXOWLQJLQWROHDNLQJ
DQGORVVRIࢉVK
3. Mirror Carp &\SULQXVFDUSLR

Physical x &DQUHDFKXSWRPHWHUDQGDERYHNJLQWKHZLOG/RQJOLIHVSDQ
appearance x /HDWKHU\JUH\LVK\HOOREURZQVNLQZLWKODUJHVFDOHVRQXSSGHUERG\RUOLQHRI
VFDOHVDORQJERG\WKDWKDYHDȅPLUURUȆLPDJH
Habitat x PDLQO\ERWWRPGZHOOHUV
x RSWLPXPZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHȁo&
x 7KHࢉVKFDQVXUYLYHFROGZLQWHUSHULRGV6DOLQLW\XSWRDERXWȐLVWROHUDWHG7KH
RSWLPDOS+UDQJHLV7KHVSHFLHVFDQVXUYLYHORZR[\JHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
PJOLWUHDVZHOODVVXSHUVDWXUDWLRQ
Diet and x 2PQLYRURXVZLWK

Feeding x 6HDUFKIRUIRRGLQWKHPLGGOHDQGXSSHUOD\HUVRIWKHZDWHUERG\
x +LJKWHQGHQF\WRDQLPDOIRRGVWXࢆVQRWDEO\DTXDWLFLQVHFWVZRUPVPROOXVFVDQG
]RRSODQNWRQ
x $OVRIHHGRࢆVWDONVOHDYHVDQGVHHGVRIDTXDWLFDQGWHUUHVWULDOSODQWVGHFD\HG
aquatic plants
x )LVKJXOSLQPXGIURPZKLFKGLJHVWLEOHPDWWHULVVLIWHGDQGVSLWRXWZKDWLVUHVW
UHMHFWHGPDNLQJSRQGZDWHUWXUELG
x 'LJDQGEXUURZLQWRSRQGHPEDQNPHQWVDQGVLGHVLQVHDUFKRIRUJDQLFPDWWHU
Reproduction x 'RQȆWȆEHFRPHVH[XDOO\PDWXUHXQWLOD\HDUROG
x 5HSURGXFHGXULQJWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQ
x )HPDOHVOD\WRJNJERG\ZHLJKW
x 0DOHIHUWLOLVHVHJJVDIWHUWKH\KDYHEHHQODLG
x 6PDOOZKLWHHJJVZKRVHHJJVKHOOEHFRPHVVWLFN\DQGDWWDFKWRVXEVWUDWHVXFK
DVDTXDWLFSODQWVDIWHUFRQWDFWLQJZDWHU
x 6PDOOVWLFN\ZKLWLVKHJJVWKDWVWLFNRQWRVXEVWUDWHDTXDWLFSODQWVHWF
x 1RSDUHQWDOFDUH
Distribution x )RUHLJQࢉVKVSHFLHV

Aquaculture x &DQEHJURZQLQࢉVKSRQGVRUWDQNV
x )DVWJURZWKRIWRERG\ZHLJKWSHUGD\&DQUHDFKJWRNJLQRQH
JURZLQJF\FOH
x &DQEHUDLVHGDWKLJKVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHVLQSRQGVDQGRUWDQNV
4. Ningu /DEHRYLFWRULDQXV
%HORQJVWRWKHIDPLO\RI&\SULQLGV
Physical x )XVLIRUPVKDSHGWDSHUVDWERWKHQGV

Appearance x /DWHUDOOLQHUXQQLQJDORQJPLGGOHRIWKHࢊDQNDQGWKHFDXGDOSHGXQFOH
x )ODSRIVNLQLQIURQWRIXSSHUOLS
x -DZVZLWKKRUQ\FXWWLQJULGJHV
x %DUEHOVKLGGHQ
x <HOORZLVKJUHHQRQXSSHUERG\DQGDEGRPLQDODUHDOLJKWFUHDP\LQFRORXU
x 'RUVDODQDODQGSHOYLFࢉQVRIWHQFRORXUHG\HOORZRUDQJHDWWKHWLSV
Habitat x 'ZHOODWWKHERWWRPRIWKHODNH
Diet and Feeding x 'LYHUVHGLHWRIGHWULWXVSODQWSDUWV]RRSODQNWRQGLDWRPVDQGLQVHFWSDUWV

x $GXOWV6SHFLDOL]HGIHHGHURQHSLOLWKLFDQGHSLSK\WLFDOJDH
x $OVRIHHGRQURWLIHUVJURZLQJRQWKHERG\RIRWKHUࢉVKHV
Reproduction x 0LJUDWHVIURPODNHXSLQWRULYHUOHDYLQJWKHODNHWREUHHGDWWKHVWDUWRIWKH
UDLQ\VHDVRQ
x (JJVODLGIHUWLOLVHGRXWVLGHIHPDOHDQGDUHVHPLEXR\DQW
x 1RSDUHQWDOFDUH
Distribution x /DNH9LFWRULDDQGLWVD࢈XHQWULYHUV
x ,QGLJHQRXVWR8JDQGD
Aquaculture x 6XFFHVVWULDOVRQLQGXFHGEUHHGLQJWDQNDQGSRQGFXOWXUHRIMXYHQLOHV
x 3RQGDQGFDJHFXOWXUHJURZRXWWULDOVKDYHEHHQGRQH
x &DQEHUDLVHGRQSHULSK\WRQ
5. Angara, Pebble Fish $OHVWHVEDUHPR]H

Physical x )XVLIRUPVKDSHW\SLFDORIIDVWPRYLQJࢉVK
Appearance x 5HODWLYHO\ODUJHVFDOHV
x 5HODWLYHO\ODUJHW\SLFDORIFKDUDFLQV
x )OHVK\OLSSHGWHUPLQDOVPDOOPRXWKZLWKDVRIWWH[WXUHGWRQJXH
x 2EYLRXVWHHWKWKDWLQFOXGHODUJHPRODUV)LJXUHEDUUDQJHGLQRQHURZ
)LJXUHFDQGSUHPD[LOODKDGWZRWHHWKURZVRQHFRPSRVHGRIFRQLFDOWHHWK
ZLWKWKHRWKHUFRPSRVHGRIPRODUV)LJXUHG
x )RUNHGWDLO
x 0D[LPXPOHQJWKDERXWFP
Habitat x 5LYHUV
x 2SWLPXPWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHWRo&
Diet and Feeding x )OH[LEOHGLHWFRQVWLWXWLQJPDLQO\DTXDWLFDQLPDOVQRWDEOHLQVHFWVPROOXVFV

FUXVWDFHDQVDQG]RRSODQNWRQ3K\WRSODQNWRQDOVRFRQVXPHGVRPHWLPHV

Reproduction x IHPDOHGXULQJUDLQ\VHDVRQZKHQHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVRSWLPXPIRU
MXYHQLOHJURZWK
x 8QGHUJRVKRUWVSDZQLQJSHULRGV
Distribution x /DNH$OEHUWDQGWKH$OEHUW1LOH
x ,QGLJHQRXVWR8JDQGDEXW
6. Mamba/Marbled Lung Fish3URWRSWHUXVDHWKLRSLFXV

Physical x 6PRRWKVOLP\F\OLQGULFDOERG\
Appearance x 'DUNVODWHJUH\DERYH\HOORZLVKJUH\RUSLQNLVKEHORZRIWHQZLWKQXPHURXV
GDUNVSRWVRUࢊHFNVRQWKHࢉQVDQGERG\VRPHVSHFLPHQVEULJKW\HOORZ
YHQWUDOO\
x 'HHSO\HPEHGGHGVFDOHVVFDOHVLQDORQJLWXGLQDOVHULHVIURP
LPPHGLDWHO\EHKLQGWKHKHDGWRDERYHWKHYHQWVFDOHVDURXQGERG\
x 7DLOSRLQWHGDQGFRQࢊXHQW
x /RQJGRUVDODQGDQDOࢉQVGRUVDOࢉQRULJLQDWLQJDWDQHTXDOGLVWDQFHIURPWKH
H\HDQGWKHYHQWRUQHDUHUWRWKHODWWHU
x 6OHQGHUDQGࢉODPHQWRXVSHFWRUDODQGSHOYLFࢉQVVOHQGHU
x 8SSHUDQGORZHUWRRWKSODWHVLQWKHIRUPRIVKDUSFXWWLQJULGJHV
x +DYHOXQJV
x <RXQJࢉVKHVZLWKWUXHH[WHUQDOJLOOVEXWXVXDOO\DEVHQWLQVSHFLPHQVJUHDWHU
WKDQFP
x 0D[WRWDOOHQJWKUHFRUGHGFPDQGZHLJKWXSWRNJ
Habitat x 5LYHUVDQGHGJHVRIODNHVVZDPSVDQGࢊRRGSODLQV
x -XYHQLOHVDUHIRXQGLQWKHPDWWHGURRWVRISDS\UXV
x $GXOWVFDQVXUYLYHLQGU\VWUHDPVDQGVZDPSVIRUORQJSHULRGVE\
x 7KH\ZLWKVWDQGGHVLFFDWLRQRQࢊRRGSODLQVE\VWD\LQJGRUPDQWLQFRFRRQV
XQWLOWKHQH[WUDLQV7KH\EUHDWKDLUZKLOHLQFRFRRQIURPVPDOOSDVVDJH
OHDGLQJWRWKHRXWVLGH
x 0DWXUHLQGLYLGXDOVEUHHGGXULQJࢊRRGVHDVRQ2QHRUVHYHUDOIHPDOHVVSDZQ
LQEXUURZVZKLFKDUHGXJDQGFOHDQHGE\WKHPDOHZKRODWHUJXDUGVWKH
HJJVDQGWKH\RXQJ
Diet and Feeding x $GXOWVIHHGRQPROOXVFVVPDOOࢉVKHVDQGLQVHFWV

x -XYHQLOHVOHVVWKDQFPIHHGPDLQO\RQLQVHFWV
Reproduction x %UHHGGXULQJࢊRRGVHDVRQ
x 0DOHVEXUURZQHVWVLQPXG
x 0RUHWKDQRQHIHPDOHPD\OD\HJJVLQDQHVW
x 2QFHWKHHJJVDUHODLGWKHIHPDOHOHDYHVWKHQHVWDQGGRHVQRWUHWXUQ
x 0DOHVDHUDWHWKHZDWHULQWKHQHVWJXDUGVWKHHJJVDQG\RXQJIRUQHDUO\
HLJKWZHHNV
Distribution x 1LOHEDVLQDQG/DNHV$OEHUW(GZDUG9LFWRULD1DEXJDER7DQJDQ\LND.\RJD
,QGLJHQRXVWR8JDQGDEXW

$SSHQGL[ 6WHSVWR)ROORZLQ3UHOLPLQDU\(YDOXDWLRQRI&DJH6LWHV
Estimating the number of cages per site
7RVXVWDLQWKHDTXDWLFHQYLURQPHQWWRSURYLGHDVXLWDEOHHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHFDJHIDUPDEDODQFHWR
EHQHHGVWREHPDLQWDLQHGEHWZHHQSURGXFWLRQRIE\SURGXFWVIURPRSHUDWLRQVDQGWKHDELOLW\RIWKH
VLWHWRDVVLPLODWHRUGLVSHUVHWKHVH
7KHRSWLPXPQXPEHURIFDJHVWKDWFDQEHSODFHGSHUVLWHGHSHQGVWKHUHIRUHGHSHQGVRQWKHFDUU\LQJ
capacityVHHPRGXOHIRUPRUHGHWDLOV
2QFHWKHVLWHVFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\KDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGWKHQWKHPDQDJHPHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVGHWHUPLQHV
WKHQXPEHURIFDJHVVHHWDEOHȏ
7KHVWHSVEHORZLOOXVWUDWHVKRZVLWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSURGXFWLRQREMHFWLYHVLQࢇXHQFHDJHIDUP
size in small bays close to shore
67(321( $VVHVV6LWH6XLWDELOLW\
Criteria Score Given
Score
Distance to More than 1,000 m 3
nearest to Between 500 to1,000 m 2
obvious source
RISROOXWLRQ Less than 500m 1
Transparency More than 200 cm 3

(secchi disk Between 100 to 200 cm 2
visibility)
Less than 100cm 1
Dissolved 0RUHWKDQPJOVXUIDFHWRPLGGHSWKDQGPRUHWKDQPJODW

R[\JHQOHYHOV bottom l
PJOEHIRUH 0RUHWKDQPJOVXUIDFHWRPLGGHSWKDQGPRUHWKDQPJODW
08.00 am in the bottom l
morning 0RUHWKDQPJ/VXUIDFHWRPLGGHSWKDQGPRUHWKDQPJ/DW
bottom
Water depth 0RUHWKDQP

at proposed %HWZHHQDQGP
SRVLWLRQIRU
cages /HVVWKDQP
The connection 0RUHWKDQP

RIWKHED\WR %HWZHHQWRP
RSHQZDWHURI
the lake /HVVWKDQP
Characteristics 3DUDOOHOWRSUHYDLOLQJZLQG
RIWKHORQJD[LV 2EOLTXHWRSUHYDLOLQJZLQG
RIWKHED\
3HUSHQGLFXODUWRSUHYDLOLQJZLQG
Currents 1RWREVWUXFWHGE\LVODQGVSHQLQVXODVRUDTXDWLFZHHGLQIHVWDWLRQV

between bay /HVVWKDQREVWUXFWHG
and lake
0RUHWKDQREVWUXFWHG
TOTAL SCORE
,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRI 1 to <7 Unacceptable

WKH7RWDO6FRUH 7 to 10 3RRU
11 to 17 )DLU
18 to 21 *RRG

67(37:2 (VWLPDWH6LWH&DUU\LQJ&DSDFLW\LQWKLVFDVHEDVHGRQIHHGTXDOLW\DQG

HQYLURQPHQWDOZDWHUTXDOLW\
7KHVLWHSURࢉOHVDERYHKDYHWKHIROORZLQJLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUPDQDJHPHQWDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\VL]LQJRI
WKHIDUPLQOLHXRIHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVVHHVHFWLRQVȏ
Overall site rating 0D[DOORZDEOHGDLO\IHHG 0D[6WDQGLQJFURS

input(kg/ha)
3RRU
)DLU WR
*RRG !

c.f.
67(37+5((3URSRVHG0DQDJHPHQWIRU6LWH
Key Parameters Input Levels
Small-holder Medium Scale Large-Scale
6L]HRI&DJHP3) [[PGHHS [[PGHHS P'[PGHHS
System /9+' /9+' +9/'
cage carrying capacity ȁNJP NJP NJP

is equal to optimum
PD[LPXPVWRFNLQJ
density per cage
Water Quality :DWHUGHSWKP :DWHUGHSWKP :DWHUGHSWKP

management
1HWGHSWKP 1HWGHSWKP 1HWGHSWKP
&XUUHQWȁPPLQ &XUUHQWPPLQ &XUUHQWPPLQ

2SWLPXPPPLQ
:DWHUWUDQVSDUHQF\P :DWHUGHSWKP :DWHUWUDQVSDUHQF\P
Feed +LJKTXDOLW\H[WUXGHG +LJKTXDOLW\ +LJKTXDOLW\H[WUXGHG

PLQ&3NJKD H[WUXGHGPLQ PLQ&3.JKD
&3NJKD
([SHFWHG)&5
Yield NJSHUFDJH NJSHUFDJH WRWRQVFDJH
$YHUDJHGDWDREWDLQHGIURPIDUPWULDOVLQ8JDQGDDQG3KLOLSSLQHVSource: (80$$,)
Note:/9+'ȁ/RZ9ROXPH+LJK'HQVLW\+9/'ȁ+LJK9ROXPH/RZ'HQVLW\
67(3)285 (67,0$7('180%(52)&$*(6)257+(',))(5(170$1$*(0(17
&21',7,2163(56,7(&$7(*25<
Ȏ ,IIHHGRQO\
$ 2YHUDOO6LWH5DWLQJ3RRU
% 2YHUDOO6LWH5DWWLQJ)DLU
& 2YHUDOO6LWH5DWLQJ*RRG

$SSHQGL[ )HHGLQJ&KDUWV
TILAIPA FEEDING CHART
Weeks in Size (g) Growth (g/ Daily Feed Daily Feed/ Type 1XPEHURI
Production day) (% BW) Fish (g) RIIHHG Feedings/
Protein Day
%CP - size
(mm)
5HFRPPHQGHG6L]HDW6WRFNLQJ


&$7),6+)((',1*&+$57
Weeks in Fish Growth Daily Feed Daily est FCR Type 1XPEHURI
production Size (g/day) (% BW) Feed/ RIIHHG Feedings/
(g) Fish (g) Protein Day
%CP - size
(mm)
*Recommended Size at Stocking

*1 10


+RZWR8VH)HHGLQJ&KDUW
$SSHQGL[

$SSHQGL[ ([DPSOHVRIIRUPXODWLRQVIRURQIDUPࢉVKIHHGV
6RXUFH)$2$TXDFXOWXUH)HHGDQG)HUWLOL]HU5HVRXUFHV,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP
7,/$3,$',(76
6RXUFHRQOLQHKWWSZZZIDRRUJࢉOHDGPLQXVHUBXSORDGDࢆULVGRFVWLODSLD7SGI
&$7),6+',(76
6RXUFHKWWSZZZIDRRUJࢉOHDGPLQXVHUBXSORDGDࢆULVGRFV1RUWKB$IULFDQB&DWࢉVK(QJOLVKWDEOHBKWP

$SSHQGL[ +RZWRXVHWKH3HDUVRQȆVVTXDUHWRIRUPXODWHIHHGV
$ IDUPHU ZRXOG OLNH WR PDNH NJ IHHG RI FUXGH SURWHLQ XVLQJ VR\D EHDQ PHDO DQG JURXQG
PDL]H7KHSURWHLQFRQWHQWRIWKHVR\DEHDQPHDOLVFUXGHSURWHLQDQGRIWKHPDL]HFUXGH
SURWHLQ+RZPXFKRIHDFKVKRXOGEHPL["
Soya bean meal 45 CP 22

Maize 10% CP 13
6WHSV
:ULWHWKHLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHER[
2QWKHOHIWRIWKHER[ZULWHGRZQHDFKLQJUHGLHQWDWWKHFRUQHUJUHHQ
6XEWUDFWWKH&UXGH3URWHLQSHUFHQWDJHIURPWKHࢉJXUHLQWKHFHQWUH
ȁ
ȁ
$GGWKHWRSUHGDQGERWWRPUHGࢉJXUHV,JQRUHWKHQHJDWLYHVLJQV

'LYLGHHDFKRIWKHUHGWRSQXPEHUV
6R\DEHDQ
0DL]H
7KHDQVZHUVJLYHWKHSURSRUWLRQVWRPL[6RIRUNJRIIHHG
6R\DEHDQ NJ[ NJWREHDGGHG
0DL]H NJ[ NJWREHDGGHG

$SSHQGL[ +RZWRSUHSDUHSLWXLWDU\H[WUDFW
The pituitary gland FDQEHFROOHFWHGIURPDIUHVKO\NLOOHGࢉVKLQWZRZD\VE\FXWWLQJRSHQWKHKHDG
RUE\UHPRYLQJWKHSLWXLWDU\JODQGࢉJXUHDZLWKDGULOO,WLVHDVLHUWRZRUNRQWKHKHDGRIDࢉVKLI
\RXKDYHDZRRGHQIUDPHWRKROGLWࢉUPO\LQSODFHZKHQFXWWLQJRUGULOOLQJ
Collecting pituitary glands by cutting open the head

7RFXWRSHQWKHKHDGSURFHHGDVIROORZV
D UHPRYHWKHWRSSDUWRIWKHVNXOOZLWKDVWURQJVKDUSNQLIH
E ORFDWHWKHSLWXLWDU\JODQGLQWKHEUDLQPDVV
F UHPRYHLWFDUHIXOO\ZLWKIRUFHSV
<RXPD\HLWKHUXVHWKLVJODQGLPPHGLDWHO\RUVWRUHLWIRUODWHUXVH
Extraction of pituitary gland
Preserving pituitary glands

D $V\RXFROOHFWWKHIUHVKJODQGIURPWKHࢉVKSODFHLWLQDVPDOOERWWOHFRQWDLQLQJDFHWRQH7KLV
FKHPLFDOZLOOVWDUWUHPRYLQJZDWHUDQGIDWIURPWKHJODQG,WZLOOKDUGHQDQGSUHVHUYHWKHJODQG
DQGWKHKRUPRQHVLWFRQWDLQV
E &ROOHFWWRJHWKHULQWKHVDPHERWWOHDOOJODQGVREWDLQHGRQWKHVDPHGD\
F $ERXWHYHU\HLJKWKRXUVUHSODFHWKLVDFHWRQHZLWKQHZDFHWRQHRYHUDWRWDOSHULRGRIKRXUV
7KHQGUDLQRXWDOODFHWRQH
G 'U\WKHKDUGHQHGJODQGVRQEORWWLQJSDSHU
H 3XWWKHGU\JODQGVLQVPDOOJODVVFRQWDLQHUVDQGSUHVVWKHPGRZQZLWKDEDOORIࢉQHFRWWRQZRRO

&RUNWKHFRQWDLQHUWLJKWO\DQGVHDOLWZLWKZD[RURWKHUVHDOLQJPDWHULDOVXFKDVSDUDࢇQ/DEHOLW
LQGLFDWLQJWKHRULJLQRIWKHJODQGVDQGWKHGDWHRIWKHLUFROOHFWLRQ
I .HHSWKHVHVHDOHGFRQWDLQHUVHLWKHULQDSODVWLFEDJRULQDGHVLFFDWRURUDLUWLJKWVWRUDJHMDULQWKH
SUHVHQFHRIDGHVLFFDWLQJFKHPLFDOVXFKDVVLOLFDRUFDOFLXPFKORULGH
$FHWRQHGULHGSLWXLWDU\JODQGVFDQEHVDIHO\VWRUHGWKLVZD\IRUVHYHUDO\HDUVZLWKRXWWKHQHHGIRU
UHIULJHUDWLRQDVORQJDVWKH\DUHNHSWIUHHIURPPRLVWXUH<RXPD\DOVRNHHSIUHVKJODQGVLQDIUHH]HU
Extracting gonadotropic hormones from pituitary glands

7KH JRQDGRWURSLF KRUPRQHV ZKLFK DUH LQMHFWHG WR LQGXFH RYXODWLRQ DQGRU VSDZQLQJ DUH H[WUDFW-
HGIURPWKHSLWXLWDU\JODQGVHLWKHULPPHGLDWHO\RQFROOHFWLRQRUDIWHUDFHUWDLQVWRUDJHSHULRG7KH
UHTXLUHG TXDQWLW\ RI SRZGHUHG DFHWRQH GULHG SLWXLWDU\ PDWHULDO RU WKH UHTXLUHG QXPEHU RI ZKROH
SLWXLWDULHV DUH FUXVKHGSRXQGHGJURXQGSRZGHUHG LQ D SRUFHODLQ PRUWDU PL[HG ZLWK WKH UHTXLUHG
TXDQWLW\RISK\VLRORJLFDOVDOWVROXWLRQJPRIFRPPRQVDOWOLWUHRIZDWHU$V\ULQJHLVࢉOOHGZLWKWKH
VXVSHQVLRQDQGWKHLQMHFWLRQFDQEHJLYHQ
The most common method of administering injection into the dorsal muscle.
Ȏ &RYHUWKHKHDGRIWKHEUHHGHUZLWKDZHWWRZHOWRNHHSLWTXLHWGXULQJLQMHFWLRQRIKRUPRQHV,Q
JHQHUDOPRVWࢉVKNHHSVWLOOLIWKHLUH\HVDUHFRYHUHG
Ȏ 1RUPDOO\WKHIHPDOHVDUHLQMHFWHGLQWKHDIWHUQRRQHYHQLQJDQGDUHNHSWVHSDUDWHGIURPWKH
PDOHVLQKROGLQJIDFLOLWLHV7KHKROGLQJIDFLOLW\FDQEHDFRQFUHWHEDVLQLQVLGHDKDWFKHU\DKDSSD
LQDSRQGRUHYHQDVLPSOHSODVWLFEXFNHWRUDKDOIRLOGUXPZLOOGR2IPDMRULPSRUWDQFHLVWKDW
WKHEUHHGHUVFDQEHFDXJKWHDVLO\WKHPRUQLQJDIWHULQMHFWLRQVRDVWRDYRLGVSRLODJHRIHJJV
Ȏ )LOOWKHV\ULQJHLQVHUWWKHQHHGOHRQLWDQGHPSW\WKHV\ULQJHDJDLQLQWRWKHPRUWDUZKHQWKLVLV
SRVVLEOH\RXFDQVWDUWWRLQMHFWWKHࢉVK7KLVSURFHGXUHKDVWREHIROORZHGDOZD\VDVWKHQHHGOH
RIWHQJHWVEORFNHGLIWKHSLWXLWDU\PDWHULDOLVQRWFRPSOHWHO\FUXVKHGDQGLWLVXQSOHDVDQWIRUWKH
ࢉVKDQGDQQR\LQJIRUWKHRSHUDWRUWRUHVROYHWKLVSUREOHPRQFHWKHQHHGOHLVLQVHUWHGLQWRWKH
ࢉVK
3LWXLWDU\H[WUDFWRIࢆVK Equipment for crushing pituitary gland

$SSHQGL[ 5HFRUG6KHHWVDQGWKHLU,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ
)(('6+((7ZHHNRI
Amt
Pond 7\SHIHHG to Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun Tot kgs Observations
IHHG

[217]
Feeding Response:(H[FHOOHQW*JRRG)IDLU3SRRU
Pond: Size: . Function:
Harvest
Sample
Stock
Drain
Date Treat Description (species, numbers,
Total #
Total
ZHLJKWVVL]HVZKHUHIURPZKHUHWR Weight

Interpretation of Tilapia Pond Management Records

Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?
A) Not much 3RQGLVDSSURDFKLQJ 7KHRSWLRQVLQFOXGH
positive gain FDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\RUIHHGLQJ 5HGXFHWKHࢉVKELRPDVVLQWKHSRQG
in between WKHZURQJIHHG
samplings in ,IWKHSRQGZDWHUVPHOOVIRXODQGZLWK
total pond IUHTXHQWORZ'2VLWLVWLPHWRVWDUW
biomass H[FKDQJLQJDWOHDVWRIWKHZDWHULQWKH
SRQGGDLO\7KLVVKRXOGRQO\EHDVKRUWWHUP
VROXWLRQHJZHHN
&KHFNWKDW\RXDUHQRWSXWWLQJEH\RQGWKH
PD[LPXPDPRXQWRIIHHGLQWRWKHSRQG
WKDWLWFDQDVVLPLODWH,PSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RI
IHHGXVHGWRSHOOHWVLIXVLQJSRZGHUV
$GMXVW\RXUSRQGGHSWKDWWKHQH[WF\FOHLI
WKHZDWHUGHSWKLQWKHSRQGLVOHVVWKDQD
PHWHU
B) Sudden 6XGGHQGHWHULRUDWLRQLQ 6WRSIHHGLQJ

Mortalities and ZDWHUTXDOLW\PRVWSUREDEO\ 1RWHZKHWKHURUQRWWKHUHDUHDQ\FKDQJHV
Fish Floating on GXHWRORZGLVVROYHG LQZDWHUFRORXUDQGVPHOO
:DWHU6XUIDFH R[\JHQ2SHUFXODRSHQ
with Opercula LQGLFDWHVࢉVKPD\KDYH )OXVKZDWHUWKURXJKWKHSRQG
Open EHHQJDVSLQJ
&7KUHHWRIRXU EXLOGXSRIDSDUDVLWH &RQWUROWKHVLWXDWLRQWRSUHYHQWLWIURP

ࢉVKG\LQJ problem ZRUVHQLQJE\
every day HQVXUHJRRGZDWHUTXDOLW\ZLWKLQSRQG
LGHQWLI\DQGUHPRYHSRVVLEOHVRXUFHV
RIHQWU\HJFKHFNVFUHHQVDUHLQJRRG
FRQGLWLRQPLQLPLVHRUJDQLFEXLOGXSLQ
SRQGNHHSDUHDDURXQGSRQGFOHDQVRWKDW
WKHUHLVQRUHIXJHIRUDQLPDOVWKDWPD\EH
WUDQVPLWWHUVRIVXFKSDUDVLWHV
HQVXUHࢉVKDUHIHGDGHTXDWHO\ERWKLQ
WHUPVRITXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\
LGHQWLI\DQGUHPRYHSRWHQWLDOVWUHVVRUV
,WLVRIWHQQRWHFRQRPLFDORUSUDFWLFDOWR
WUHDWJURZRXWࢉVKDWVXFKDVWDJH
0LQLPLVHKDQGOLQJHJGRQRWVDPSOHXQWLO
WKHVLWXDWLRQLVXQGHUFRQWURO
,IRQHKDVDFFHVVWRGLDJQRVWLFIDFLOLWLHVWKHQ
RQHFDQVHQGDVDPSOHWREHFKHFNHGLQ
RUGHUWRFRQࢉUPLWLVDSDUDVLWHORDGDQG
ZKDWVRUWRISDUDVLWHLVDࢆHFWLQJWKHࢉVK
LILWLVDFRXSOHRIGD\VDIWHU 0DLQWDLQJRRGSRQGFRQGLWLRQ

VWRFNLQJRUVDPSOHGXHWR ,IGXHWRSUHGDWLRQZRUNDWFRQWUROOLQJLW
SURFHGXUDOVWUHVV,QWKLV
FDVHPRUWDOLWLHVVKRXOGVWRS 0LQLPLVHVKDUSVXGGHQQRLVHVRUDFWLYLW\LQ
ZLWKLQDZHHNDWWKHPRVW DURXQGSRQGV
)LVKPD\KDYHEHHQVFDUHG
RUIULJKWHQHG,IWKLVZDV
GXHWRDSUHGDWRUWKHUH
PD\DGGLWLRQDOO\EHVLJQVRI
LQMXU\RQDࢆHFWHGࢉVK

Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?

D) Polluted RYHUIHHGLQJ)HHGLQJ 6WRSIHHGLQJ
waters, pond UHVSRQVHLVDOVROLNHO\WREH ,IZDWHUTXDOLW\LVUHDOO\EDGVPHOOLQJࢊXVK
still below SRRU WKHSRQG
carrying
capacity 5HDGMXVWUDWLRQZLWKDLGHRIIHHGLQJFKDUW
compounded &XWHVWLPDWHGUDWLRQE\KDOIWUDLQࢉVKWR
with high FCR IHHGE\UHVSRQVHDQGDGGPRUHIHHGEDVHG
IRUWKHVL]H RQWKHLUUHVSRQVHDQGGHVLUHIRUPRUHIHHG
RIࢉVKLQWKH
pond.
E) Add 3RQGZDWHULVDFLGLFOHVV :KHUHSRQGLVDFLGLFOLPHWKHSRQGࢉUVW
recommended WKDQ 'LVVROYHWKHOLPHࢉUVWLQZDWHUDQGVSULQNOH
amounts RYHUWKHSRQG$GGVPDOODPRXQWVRYHUD
IHUWLOLVHUWR FRXSOHDGD\VXQWLOWKHDONDOLQLW\DQGRUS+
pond but it SLFNVXS
never turns 3KRVSKRURXVLVOLNHO\WREHWKHOLPLWLQJ
green IDFWRULQWKLVFDVH,I\RXIHUWLOLVHWKHQDGG
VPDOODPRXQWVRISKRVSKRURXVRQO\WLOOLW
WXUQVJUHHQ
$ONDOLQLW\RIZDWHULVOHVV /LPHZLWKDJULFXOWXUDOOLPH(QVXUHWKHUHLV
WKDQPJO QRVHHSDJH'LVVROYHWKHOLPHࢉUVWLQZDWHU
DQGVSULQNOHRYHUWKHSRQG$GGVPDOO
DPRXQWVRYHUDFRXSOHDGD\VXQWLOWKH
DONDOLQLW\DQGRUS+SLFNVXS
0D\EHDORWRIVHHSDJH 5HSDLUWKHOHDNLQJSRLQWV\RXFDQ,I\RX
(water loss) through the FDQQRWDQGWKHUHLVVWLOODORWRIZDWHUORVV
SRQGUHTXLULQJWKDWLWLV PLJKWEHEHWWHUWRGUDLQDQGࢉ[SRQGࢉUVW
FRQVWDQWO\UHࢉOOHG )LVKFDQEHVROGDVVWRFNHUVWRDQRWKHU
IDUPHURUVWRFNHGLQWRDQRWKHUSRQG
:HLJKWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIGUDLQDJHࢉUVW
vis-a-visWKHHFRQRPLFHࢆHFWRISRVVLEOH
LQFUHDVHG)&5VUHGXFHGJURZWKUDWHVDQG
ORZVXUYLYDOIURPHVFDSHV
F) Pond too green, +LJKRUJDQLFORDGLQJ 'RQRWDGGDQ\PRUHIHUWLOLVHUWRWKHSRQG

IRXOVPHOOࢉVK 6WRSIHHGLQJ
up piping most
mornings, poor )OXVKSRQGWRGLOXWHZDVWHV
growth
3RQGDWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\ 'RQRWDGGDQ\PRUHIHUWLOLVHUWRWKHSRQG
6WRSIHHGLQJ
)OXVKSRQGWRGLOXWHZDVWHV
,ISRQGKDVH[FHHGHGFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\
UHGXFHVWRFNLQJUDWHV

Interpretation of Trends in Feeding Response and FCR

FCR Trend Possible Causes What Should I do?
8QGHUIHHGLQJ D ,QFUHDVHWKHIHHGUDWLRQ'HWHUPLQHWKH
LQFUHDVHLQDPRXQWWRIHHGE\IHHGLQJXQWLOWKH
ࢉVKDSSHDUWRORVHLQWHUHVWLQFRQVXPLQJPRUH
A) FCR is much IRRG
lower than what
is suggested /RVVRIࢉVK D 'RDFRPSOHWHLQYHQWRU\LISRVVLEOHWR
E\WKHIHHGLQJ Mortalities – there DVFHUWDLQH[DFWO\KRZPDQ\ࢉVKDUHLQWKH
chart while at the PD\EHIHZHUࢉVKLQ SRQGDQGZKDWVL]HWKH\DUH7KLVUHTXLUHV
same time the WKHSRQGWKDQZKDW GUDLQLQJWKHSRQGDQGWUDQVIHUULQJࢉVKWR
IHHGLQJUHVSRQVH RQHDFWXDOO\WKLQNV DQRWKHUSRQG7KLVVKRXOGEHDODVWUHVRUW
is continuously 7KLVLVRQO\WUXH EHFDXVHWKHVWUHVVRIPRYLQJWKHࢉVKZLOODGG
H[FHOOHQW IRUWKHHVWLPDWHG WRWKHPRUWDOLW\
LQWHUYDO)&5,IWKLV E'HWHUPLQHWKHIHHGLQJUDWLRQEDVHGRQ
LVWKHFDVHWKHQDW UHVSRQVHUDWKHUWKDQWKHIHHGFKDUWGLUHFWO\
GUDLQLQJWKHreal)&5
ZLOOEHPXFKKLJKHU F 0DNHVXUHSRQGVDUHVWRFNHGZLWK
ࢉQJHUOLQJVWKDWDUHDFWXDOO\ȅDOLYHȆDQGRIWKH
UHFRPPHQGHGVL]HJIRUJURZRXWSRQGV
:DWFKWKHZD\ࢉVKDUHKDQGOHGDQGSDFNHG
IURPWKHKDWFKHU\)LVKVKRXOGEHSDFNHG
LQEDJVZLWKR[\JHQIRUWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRU
WUDQVSRUWHGLQSURSHUO\DHUDWHGRUR[\JHQDWHG
WDQNVLQDGHTXDWHDPRXQWVRIZDWHU
B)Increase (high) 2YHUIHHGLQJ D 5HGXFHWKHDPRXQWRIIHHGEHLQJJLYHQWRWKH

in FCR and 2YHUIHHGLQJFDQ ࢉVKEDVHGRQIHHGUHVSRQVH
UHGXFHGIHHGLQJ arise when there is E&XWUDWLRQIRUDERXWWZRWRWKUHHGD\VWRJHW
response DORWRIQDWXUDOIRRG ࢉVKUHDOO\KXQJU\WKHQJLYHDPRXQWVEDVHG
LQWKHSRQGRUIHZ upon response
QXPEHUVRIࢉVKLQ F &KHFNSRQGERWWRPXQGHUIHHGLQJDUHDIRU
WKHSRQG OHIWRYHUIHHG
3RRU)HHGLQJ D &XWUDWLRQIRUDERXWWZRWRWKUHHGD\VWRJHW

WHFKQLTXHWULFNOLQJ ࢉVKUHDOO\KXQJU\WKHQJLYHDPRXQWVEDVHGRQ
LQIHHGDQGIHHGLQJ response
PRUHIUHTXHQWO\WKDQ E7KHQXPEHURIIHHGLQJVWREHJLYHQGHSHQGV
LVUHTXLUHG RQWKHVL]HRIࢉVKDQGUDWLRQVL]HWKDWࢉVKLV
WRJHWEDVHGRQLWVSHUFHQWERG\ZHLJKW(DFK
UDWLRQVKRXOGEHDERXWRIWKHࢉVKȆVERG\
ZHLJKW
F 7KHDPRXQWIHGVKRXOGEHVOLJKWO\OHVVWKDQ
WKHGDLO\IHHGUHTXLUHPHQWLHDERXW
of the full ration)
3RRUTXDOLW\IHHG D %X\WKHFRUUHFWW\SHRIIHHGIRUWKHࢉVKEHLQJ

ERWKTXDOLWDWLYHDQG UDLVHGLHSURWHLQOHYHOVVL]HRISHOOHW
TXDQWLWDWLYHȁHJ E&KHFNWKHSHOOHWVDWSXUFKDVH
3HOOHWVL]HPD\EH
too big or small F 'RQRWSXUFKDVHDQGVWRFNWRRPXFKIHHGRYHU
IHHGLQJSRZGHU DORQJSHULRGRQWKHIDUP3XUFKDVHHQRXJK
ZKHQࢉVKDUHELJ WRODVWDERXWȁZHHNVWRHQVXUHWKDWIUHVK
SHOOHWVGLVLQWHJUDWLQJ IHHGLVXVHGDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOH
LQZDWHUWRRVRRQ G6WRUH\RXUIHHGFRUUHFWO\WRSUHYHQWLWJHWWLQJ
SHOOHWVWRRKDUG ZHWPRXOG\RUUDQFLG)HHGVKRXOGEHVWRUHG
UDQFLGIHHG RࢆGLUHFWࢊRRUVDQGOHYHHVRQSDOOHWVLQDZHOO
YHQWLODWHGURRPWKDWGRHVQRWOHDNDQGKDV
SURYLVLRQWRSUHYHQWSHVWHQWHULQJHJUDWV
DQGEDWV

C) Increase in FCR 3RQGPD\EH D &KHFNLQYHQWRU\WUHQGVIURPSRQGUHFRUGV

ZKLOHIHHGLQJ DWWDLQLQJLWVFDUU\LQJ E5HGXFHVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHV
response remains FDSDFLW\LHJURZ
IDLUO\JRRG VORZLQJGRZQ
)HHGLQJWHFKQLTXHȁ D )HHGE\UHVSRQVH

GXPSLQJRIIHHG
''URSLQIHHGLQJ &KDQJHVLQ:DWHU D 'RQRWLQFUHDVHIHHGDWWKHQH[WUDWLRQWR

response 4XDOLW\FDXVLQJWKH FRPSHQVDWHIRUWKHSHULRGZKHQLWZDVFROG
FXOWXUHHQYLURQPHQW E)HHGEDVHGRQUHVSRQVHȁJLYHWKHULJKW
to become less DPRXQWIRUWKHUDWLRQ
IDYRXUDEOHHJGURS
in water temperature
RQFRROGD\VUHGXFHG
R[\JHQOHYHOV
)LVK)DOOLQJ6LFN D ,GHQWLI\WKHFDXVH
&ROGZHDWKHU D 5HGXFHIHHGDPRXQWFXWWKHUDWLRQLQKDOILI

WKHWHPSHUDWXUHGURSVIURPR&WRR&IRU
H[DPSOH
$VXGGHQEXWXQVHHQ D$GMXVWIHHGDPRXQWE\IHHGLQJE\UHVSRQVH
ORVVRIࢉVKHJWKHIW
(/RZIHHGLQJ 7LODSLDHVSHFLDOO\ D&RQWLQXHPDLQWDLQLQJRSWLPXPOHYHOVRISRQG

UHVSRQVHEXWࢉVK LIWKH\DUHMXYHQLOH IHUWLOLW\
growth good in obtaining enough to E0D\UHGXFHIHHGLQJIUHTXHQF\WRRQFHDGD\
ZHOOIHUWLOLVHG HDWIURPSODQNWRQ SUHIHUDEO\LQWKHDIWHUQRRQ
ponds
F5DWLRQFDQEHUHGXFHGE\KDOIEDVHGRQWKH
ࢉVKHVDFWXDOIHHGLQJUHVSRQVH

5HIHUHQFHV
%HYHULGJH 0 &DJH $TXDFXOWXUH 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ 3XEOLVKHG E\ )LVKLQJ 1HZV %RRNV 81,7('
.LQJGRP
&R9$%DTXDFXOWXUHVKRUWFRXUVHWUDLQLQJPDWHULDOIRUH[WHQVLRQDJHQWVDQGIDUPHUV0DNHUHUH8QL-
YHUVLW\
)$2 $TXDFXOWXUH )HHG DQG )HUWLOL]HU 5HVRXUFHV ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP 6RXUFH RQOLQH http://
ZZZIDRRUJࢉVKHU\DࢆULVDࢆULVKRPHHQ
)$2 $TXDFXOWXUH 2SHUDWLRQV LQ )ORDWLQJ +'3( &DJHV $ )LHOG +DQGERRN )$2 )LVKHULHV DQG
$TXDFXOWXUH 7HFKQLFDO 3DSHU 1R )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ 5RPH ,WDO\ 6RXUFH RQ-
OLQHKWWSZZZIDRRUJDLHSGI
)$26PDOO6FDOH$TXDSRQLF)RRG3URGXFWLRQ,QWHJUDWHG)LVKDQG3ODQW)DUPLQJ)$2)LVKHULHV
DQG$TXDFXOWXUH7HFKQLFDO3DSHU1R)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQLVDWLRQ5RPH,WDO\6RXUFHRQ-
OLQHhttp://www.fao.org/3/a-i4021e.pdf
0$$,)7UDLQLQJ0DQXDOIRU$TXDFXOWXUH([WHQVLRQ6HUYLFH3URYLGHUV'HSDUWPHQWRI$TXDFXO-
WXUH0DQDJHPHQWDQG'HYHORSPHQW0$$,)
5XWDLVLUHHWDO)LVKIDUPLQJDVD%XVLQHVV)RXQWDLQ3XEOLVKHUV
,&(,'$)LVKDTXDFXOWXUHVKRUWFRXUVHWUDLQLQJPDWHULDOIRUH[WHQVLRQDJHQWVDQGIDUPHUV0DNHUHUH
8QLYHUVLW\
,V\DJL1.9HYHULFDDQG5$VVLPZH0DQXDOIRUWKH&RPPHUFLDO3RQG3URGXFWLRQRIWKH$IUL-
FDQ&DWࢉVK3XEOLVKHGE\86$,'),6+3URMHFW
,V\DJL1.9HYHULFDDQG6/HRQDUG0DQXDOIRUWKH3URGXFWLRQRI7LODSLD)LQJHUOLQJVLQ(DUWKHQ
3RQGV3XEOLVKHGE\0$$,),&(,'$
,V\DJL1.9HYHULFDDQG6/HRQDUG0DQXDOIRUWKH&RPPHUFLDO3URGXFWLRQRI1LOH7LODSLDLQ
*URZ2XW3RQGV3XEOLVKHGE\0$$,),&(,'$
,V\DJL1.9HYHULFDDQG5$VVLPZH&XOWXUHRI7LODSLDLQ/RZ9ROXPH+LJK'HQVLW\&DJHVLQ
8JDQGD3XEOLVKHGE\0$$,),&(,'$
1D),55,*XLGHOLQHVIRU&DJH)LVK)DUPLQJLQ8JDQGD1DWLRQDO)LVKHULHV5HVRXUFHV5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWH1DWLRQDO$JULFXOWXUH5HVHDUFK2UJDQLVDWLRQ
2WKHU1$52DQG0$$,)DTXDFXOWXUHDQGRWKHUVHFWRUUHODWHGSURGXFWLRQJXLGHOLQHVSHUPLWWLQJDQG
FHUWLI\LQJUHTXLUHPHQWVHJSRVWKDUYHVWYDOXHDGGLWLRQSK\WRVDQLWDWLRQPDUNHWLQJHQYLURQPHQWDO
DQGZDWHUUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWELRVHFXULW\HWF2WKHUUHJLRQDODJXLGHOLQHVRQDTXDFXOWXUH
SURGXFWLRQDQGPDUNHWLQJ7KHDERYHOLVWLVQRWH[FOXVLYH


MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
P.O Box 102, Entebbe Plot 16-18, Lugard Avenue, Entebbe-Uganda
Email: www.agriculture.go.ug
Website: info@agriculture.go.ug
Tel: +256 41 4320004

Aquaculture Training Manual For Extension: Agents in Uganda

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aquaculture Training Manual For Extension: Agents in Uganda

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aquaculture Training Manual For Extension: Agents in Uganda

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’

Ministry of Agriculture Animal Ministry of Water and Environment

Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.

[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH

MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13

MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [v]

4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................27

MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71

[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 81

MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97

MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................117

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [vii]

7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 132

MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................143

[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176

MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING

MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................187

MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................195

List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [L[]

[[] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[L]

[[LL] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[LLL]

Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8

7DEOH 7\SLFDO$SSHDUDQFHVRI)LVKDW'LࢆHUHQW6WDJHVRI6WUHVV............................................ 146

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[Y]

POPs 3HUVLVWHQW2rganic 3ollutants

Dwrm 'LUHFWRUDWHRI:DWHU5esources Management

Uncst 8JDQGD1ational &ouncil of 6FLHQFHDQGTHFKQRORJ\

TSS Total 6XVSHQGHG6ROLG

lvhd Low Volume+igh 'HQVLW\

hvld +LJKVolume Low 'HQVLW\

[[YL] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

LSA Lateral 6XUIDFH$UHD

TDS Total 'LVVROYHG6ROLG

d.a.p 'i-ammonium 3KRVSKDWHIHUWLOL]HU

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[YLL]

$QR[LD $QR[LF $VLWXDWLRQZKHUHE\WKHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVDUH]HURLQZDWHU

Climate change 7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIH[WULQVLFDQGLQWULQVLFIDFWRUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLQGLYLGXDORU

Dam wall, dyke 7KHVHDOOUHIHUWRWKHHDUWKHQZDOORIWKHSRQG3RQGZDOOVVRPHWLPHVDOVRGRXEOH

Disease The term disease causative agentXVXDOO\UHIHUVWRWKHbiological pathogens (a

Feed 7KH)HHG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR )&5 LVWKHDPRXQWRIIHHGLWWDNHVWRSURGXFHDXQLW

[[YLLL] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Hardness 7RWDOKDUGQHVVLVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIGLYDOHQWFDWLRQV LRQV LQWKHZDWHU

Live Weight 7KHZHLJKWRIDZKROHOLYHࢉVKEHIRUHLWKDVEHHQSURFHVVHG3URFHVVLQJࢉVK

Nursery Pond 7KLVLVDSRQGLQZKLFK\RXQJMXYHQLOHVDUHUHDUHGWRWKHVWDJHZKHQWKH\EHFRPH

Optimum 7KHࢉVKIHHGWKDWJLYHVWKHEHVWJURZWKDQG)RRG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR )&5 7KHUHLV

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [[L[]

Spawning Pond 3RQGȆVGHVLJQHGRUNHSWIRUSXUSRVHUHSURGXFWLRQ(JJVODUYDHRUIU\PD\EH

Standing Crop 7KHWRWDOZHLJKW PDVV RIࢉVKLQWKHSRQGDWDQ\RQHWLPH

Stock 5HIHUVWRWKHࢉVK DQLPDOV EHLQJUHDUHGRQIDUPV

Whole Fish 7KLVUHIHUVWRWKHࢉVKEHIRUHLWKDVEHHQJXWWHGLHEHIRUHDQ\RILWERG\SDUWV

7DEOH 7\SLFDO$SSHDUDQFHVRI)LVKDW'LࢆHUHQW6WDJHVRI6WUHVV............................................ 146

$QR[LD$QR[LF $VLWXDWLRQZKHUHE\WKHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQOHYHOVDUH]HURLQZDWHU

Dam wall, dyke 7KHVHDOOUHIHUWRWKHHDUWKHQZDOORIWKHSRQG3RQGZDOOVVRPHWLPHVDOVRGRXEOH

Feed 7KH)HHG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR)&5LVWKHDPRXQWRIIHHGLWWDNHVWRSURGXFHDXQLW

Hardness 7RWDOKDUGQHVVLVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIGLYDOHQWFDWLRQVLRQVLQWKHZDWHU

Live Weight 7KHZHLJKWRIDZKROHOLYHࢉVKEHIRUHLWKDVEHHQSURFHVVHG3URFHVVLQJࢉVK

Optimum 7KHࢉVKIHHGWKDWJLYHVWKHEHVWJURZWKDQG)RRG&RQYHUVLRQ5DWLR)&57KHUHLV

Spawning Pond 3RQGȆVGHVLJQHGRUNHSWIRUSXUSRVHUHSURGXFWLRQ(JJVODUYDHRUIU\PD\EH

Standing Crop 7KHWRWDOZHLJKWPDVVRIࢉVKLQWKHSRQGDWDQ\RQHWLPH

Stock 5HIHUVWRWKHࢉVKDQLPDOVEHLQJUHDUHGRQIDUPV

Whole Fish 7KLVUHIHUVWRWKHࢉVKEHIRUHLWKDVEHHQJXWWHGLHEHIRUHDQ\RILWERG\SDUWV

Zoonotic $GLVHDVHWKDWDࢆHFWVDQGFDQEHWUDQVPLWWHGEHWZHHQDQLPDOVࢉVKDQGPDQ

Module One *LYHVDQRYHUYLHZRIDTXDFXOWXUHLQ8JDQGDWKHNH\VWDNHKROGHUVDQG

Module Three 'HVFULEHVWKHGLࢆHUHQWDTXDFXOWXUHSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVLQ8JDQGD

Module Four *LYHVJXLGDQFHRQVLWHVHOHFWLRQIDUPSODQQLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG

Module Five 3URYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQZDWHUTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQWLQDTXDFXOWXUH

Module Eight 'LVFXVVHVࢉVKKHDOWKPDQDJHPHQWDQGELRVHFXULW\

Module Nine *LYHVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUSRVWKDUYHVWKDQGOLQJDQGSURFHVVLQJRIIDUPHG

Module Ten 3URYLGHVJXLGDQFHRQLPSURYLQJWKHPDUNHWLQJRIIDUPHGࢉVK

Waste 'LVFKDUJHODUJHDPRXQWV 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

Aquaculture $OOVHPLLQWHQVLYHDQG 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Fish Seed )LVKKDWFKHULHVDQGࢉVK 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Cage Culture &DJHFXOWXUHIDUPVDIWHU 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Construction &RQVWUXFWLRQRIZDWHU 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

Drilling Permit 3ULRUWRGULOOLQJDERUHKROH 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

Ground Water :KHQDPRWRUL]HGSXPS 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

6XUIDFH:DWHU ,IOLWUHVRIZDWHUSHU 7KH:DWHU$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI:DWHUDQG

)LVK7UDQVIHU 0RYHPHQWRIOLYHIDUPHG 7KH)LVK 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Fish 0RYHPHQWRIࢉVKDQGࢉVK )LVK(Fishing)5XOHV 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Fish Import/ ,PSRUWRUH[SRUWIDUPHGOLYH )LVK$FW&DS 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Fish Sanitary $OOFRQVLJQPHQWVRIࢉVK )LVK(Quality 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH

Uganda 8VHRIJHQHWLFPDWHULDOLQ 7KH1DWLRQDO 0LQLVWU\RI/DQGV:DWHUDQG

Monoculture • ,WLVHDVLHUWRPDQDJHRQHVSHFLHV • ,QWKHHYHQWRIDGLVHDVHDOOࢉVKPD\EH

Intensive • +LJKHUSURGXFWLYLW\WKDQVHPL • 5HTXLUHVPRUHFDSLWDO

Large scale

Small-scale • 8VXDOO\ORZLQSXWORZRXWSXW • /RZ\LHOGSHUXQLWDUHDZKLFKUHVXOWV

Large-Scale • +LJKLQSXWKLJKRXWSXW • 5HTXLUHVPRUHFDSLWDO

• Open Systems – FKDUDFWHULVHGE\ORZVWRFNLQJGHQVLWLHV7KHV\VWHPUHOLHVRQQDWXUDO