Forces & Braking 1 QP

Q1. This question is about a car travelling through a town.
(a) The graph shows how far the car travelled and how long it took.
(i) Between which points was the car travelling fastest? Tick ( ) your answer.
Points Tick ( )
A–B
B–C
C–D
D–E
E–F
(1)
(ii) Between which points was the car stationary?
...................................................................................................................
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
...................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Complete the sentences by writing the correct words in the spaces.
When a car has to stop, the overall stopping distance is greater if:
• the car is poorly maintained;
• there are adverse weather conditions;
• the car is travelling ................................ ;
• the driver’s reactions are ................................ .
Also, the greater the speed of the car, then the greater the braking
................................
needed to stop in a certain time.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 3
Q2. (a) A car driver makes an emergency stop.
The chart shows the ‘thinking distance’ and the ‘braking distance’ needed to stop the
car.
Calculate the total stopping distance of the car.
.............................................................................................................................
Stopping distance = ................................................. m

(1)
(b) The graph shows how the braking distance of a car driven on a dry road changes
with the car’s speed.
The braking distance of the car on an icy road is longer than the braking distance of
the car on a dry road.
(i) Draw a new line on the graph to show how the braking distance of the car on
an icy road changes with speed.
(2)
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(ii) Which two of the following would also increase the braking distance of the
car?
Put a tick ( ) next to each of your answers.
rain on the road
the driver having drunk alcohol
car brakes in bad condition
the driver having taken drugs

(2)
(c) The thinking distance depends on the driver’s reaction time.
The table shows the reaction times of three people driving under different
conditions.
Reaction time
Car driver Condition
in seconds
A Wide awake with no distractions 0.7
B Using a hands-free mobile phone 0.9
C Very tired and listening to music 1.2
The graph lines show how the thinking distance for the three drivers, A, B and C,
depends on how fast they are driving the car.
Page 5
(i) Match each graph line to the correct driver by writing A, B or C in the box next
to the correct line.
(2)
(ii) The information in the table cannot be used to tell if driver C’s reaction time
is increased by being tired or by listening to music.
Explain why.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 6
Q3. A car and a bicycle are travelling along a straight road. They have stopped at road
works.
The graph shows how the velocity of the car changes after the sign is changed to GO.
(a) Between which two points on the graph is the car moving at constant velocity?
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Between which two points on the graph is the car accelerating?
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
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(c) Between the sign changing to GO and the car starting to move, there is a time
delay. This is called the reaction time.
(i) What is the reaction time of the car driver?
Reaction time = ................................. seconds

(1)
(ii) Which one of the following could increase the reaction time of a car driver?
Tick the box next to your choice.
Drinking alcohol
Wet roads
Worn car brakes

(1)
(d) The cyclist starts to move at the same time as the car. For the first 2 seconds the
cyclist’s acceleration is constant and is greater than that of the car.
Draw a line on the graph to show how the velocity of the cyclist might change during
the first 2 seconds of its motion.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 8
Q4. The diagram below shows the thinking distances, braking distances and total
stopping distances at different speeds.
(a) Look at the total stopping distances at each speed.
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.
distance force mass time
The total stopping distance depends on the distance the car travels during the
driver’s reaction ............................. and under the braking ................................ .

(2)
(b) Give three other factors that could cause the total stopping distance of a car to be
greater. Do not give the factors in Figure 1.
1 .........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
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3 .........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 10
Q5.(a) A car driver makes an emergency stop.
The chart shows the ‘thinking distance’ and the ‘braking distance’ needed to stop the
car.
Calculate the total stopping distance of the car.
.......................................................................................................................
Stopping distance = .................................................. m

(1)
(b) The graph shows how the braking distance of a car driven on a dry road changes
with the car’s speed.
Speed in m/s
The braking distance of the car on an icy road is longer than the braking distance of
the car on a dry road.
(i) Draw a new line on the graph to show how the braking distance of the car on
an icy road changes with speed.
(2)
Page 11
(ii) Which one of the following would also increase the braking distance of the
car?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.
Rain on the road
The driver having drunk alcohol
The driver having taken drugs
(1)
(c) The thinking distance depends on the driver’s reaction time.
The table shows the reaction times of three people driving under different
conditions.
Reaction
Car
Condition time in
driver
second
A Wide awake with no distractions 0.7
B Using a hands-free mobile phone 0.9
C Very tired and listening to music 1.2
The graph lines show how the thinking distance for the three drivers, A, B, and C,
depends on how fast they are driving the car.
Page 12
Speed in m/s
(i) Match each graph line to the correct driver by writing A, B, or C in the box next
to the correct line.
(2)
(ii) The information in the table cannot be used to tell if driver C’s reaction time is
increased by being tired or by listening to music.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 13
Q6. The diagram shows the horizontal forces acting on a car travelling along a straight
road.
(a) Complete the following sentences by drawing a ring around the correct word in
each box.
decreasing
(i) When the driving force equals the drag force, the speed ofthe car is constant
increasing
(1)
heat
(ii) Putting the brakes on transforms the car’s kinetic energy mainly into light
sound
(1)
(b) The charts, A, B and C give the thinking distance and the braking distance for a car
driven under different conditions.
(i) Draw straight lines to match each chart to the correct conditions.
Draw only three lines.
Page 14
(2)
(ii) The three charts above all apply to dry road conditions.
How would the braking distances be different if the road were wet?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 15
Q7. (a) The total stopping distance of a car has two parts. One part is the distance the
car travels during the driver’s reaction time. This distance is often called the ‘thinking
distance’.
What distance is added to the ‘thinking distance’ to give the total stopping distance?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The graph shows the relationship between the speed of a car and the thinking
distance.
Describe the relationship between speed and thinking distance.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The diagram shows two students investigating reaction time.
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One student holds a 30 cm ruler, then lets go. As soon as the second student sees
the ruler fall, she closes her hand, stopping the ruler. The further the ruler falls
before being stopped, the slower her reaction time.
(i) One student always holds the ruler the same distance above the other
student’s hand.
In this experiment, what type of variable is this?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.
dependent variable_
control variable_
(1)
(ii) Describe how this experiment could be used to find out whether listening to
music affects reaction time.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
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(d) The following information is written on the label of some cough medicine.
WARNING: Causes drowsiness.

Do not drive or operate machinery.
How is feeling drowsy (sleepy) likely to affect a driver’s reaction time?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Three cars, X, Y and Z , are being driven along a straight road towards a set of
traffic lights.
The graphs show how the velocity of each car changes once the driver sees that the
traffic light has turned to red.
Page 18
Which one of the cars, X, Y or Z , stops in the shortest distance?
......................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 19
Q8. Motorway accidents have many causes.
(a) Which one of the following is most likely to increase the chance of a car being in an
accident?
Tick ( ) the box next to your answer.
The car has just had new tyres fitted.
The driver has been drinking alcohol.
A road surface in dry conditions
Give a reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The diagram shows three designs of motorway crash barriers.
Steel sheets Steel ‘ropes’ Solid concrete
Before a new design of barrier is used, it must be tested.

A car of mass 1500 kg is driven at 30 m/s to hit the barrier at an angle of 20
degrees.
This barrier must slow the car down and must not break.
Explain why the mass of the car, the speed of the car and the angle at which the car
hits the barrier must be the same in every test.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) A group of scientists has suggested that new designs of crash barriers should be
first tested using computer simulations.
Which two statements give sensible reasons for testing new barrier designs using a
computer simulation?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to each of your answers.
The design of the barrier can be changed easily.
Data for different conditions can be obtained quickly.
Simulations are more realistic than using cars and barriers.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 21
Q9.The diagram shows how the thinking distance and braking distance of a car add together to
give the stopping distance of the car.
(a) Use words from the box to complete the sentence.
distance energy force time
The stopping distance is found by adding the distance the car travels during the
driver’s reaction ........................................ and the distance the car travels under the
braking ........................................ .
(2)
(b) Which one of the following would not increase the thinking distance?
Tick ( ) one box.
The car driver being tired.
The car tyres being badly worn.
The car being driven faster.
(1)
(c) The graph shows how the braking distance of a car changes with the speed of the
car.
The force applied to the car brakes does not change.
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Speed in metres/second
(i) What conclusion about braking distance can be made from the graph?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The graph is for a car driven on a dry road.
Draw a line on the graph to show what is likely to happen to the braking
distance at different speeds if the same car was driven on an icy road.
(1)
(d) A local council has reduced the speed limit from 30 miles per hour to 20 miles per
hour on a few roads. The reason for reducing the speed limit was to reduce the
number of accidents.
(i) A local newspaper reported that a councillor said:
“It will be much safer because drivers can react much faster when driving at 20
miles per hour than when driving at 30 miles per hour.”
This statement is wrong. Why?
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) The local council must decide whether to introduce the lower speed limit on a
lot more roads.
What evidence should the local council collect to help make this decision?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
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Q1. This question is about a car travelling through a town.

(ii) Between which points was the car stationary?

• the car is poorly maintained;

• there are adverse weather conditions;

• the car is travelling ................................ ;

• the driver’s reactions are ................................ .

needed to stop in a certain time.

Calculate the total stopping distance of the car.

Stopping distance = ................................................. m

Put a tick ( ) next to each of your answers.

rain on the road

the driver having drunk alcohol

car brakes in bad condition

the driver having taken drugs

(c) The thinking distance depends on the driver’s reaction time.

A Wide awake with no distractions 0.7

B Using a hands-free mobile phone 0.9

C Very tired and listening to music 1.2

(i) What is the reaction time of the car driver?

Reaction time = ................................. seconds

Worn car brakes

(a) Look at the total stopping distances at each speed.

distance force mass time

driver’s reaction ............................. and under the braking ................................ .

Calculate the total stopping distance of the car.

Stopping distance = .................................................. m

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Rain on the road

The driver having drunk alcohol

The driver having taken drugs

(c) The thinking distance depends on the driver’s reaction time.

A Wide awake with no distractions 0.7

B Using a hands-free mobile phone 0.9

C Very tired and listening to music 1.2

Draw only three lines.

Describe the relationship between speed and thinking distance.

(c) The diagram shows two students investigating reaction time.

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

WARNING: Causes drowsiness.

How is feeling drowsy (sleepy) likely to affect a driver’s reaction time?

Tick ( ) the box next to your answer.

The car has just had new tyres fitted.

The driver has been drinking alcohol.

A road surface in dry conditions

Give a reason for your answer.

(b) The diagram shows three designs of motorway crash barriers.

Steel sheets Steel ‘ropes’ Solid concrete

Before a new design of barrier is used, it must be tested.

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to each of your answers.

The design of the barrier can be changed easily.

Data for different conditions can be obtained quickly.

Simulations are more realistic than using cars and barriers.

(a) Use words from the box to complete the sentence.

distance energy force time

Tick ( ) one box.

The car driver being tired.

The car tyres being badly worn.

The car being driven faster.

(ii) The graph is for a car driven on a dry road.

(i) A local newspaper reported that a councillor said: