RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

MODULE NO. 4
Title : Survey Operations

1. Definition of Population, Census

2. Kinds of Population
3. Definition of Sample
4. Determination of Sample Size Using Slovin’s Formula
5. Tabular Presentation of Population, Sample Size, Margin of Error
6. Reason’s for Sampling
7. Probability Sampling
8. Non-Probability Sampling

Overview

In this Module, learners are given the definition of Population, Census, kinds of population,
definition of Sample, determination of sample size using Slovin’s Formula. It also include the
tabular presentation of population with Margin of error, sample size, reasons for sampling, kinds
of sampling and its types and other ways of classifying surveys.

Study Guide

All students will be required to complete all activities/exercise to practice, assessment

and comprehensive exam that assesses the learning of all course objectives. This must be
weighted in a manner so that all of these requirements worth a minimum of

 Quizzes 20%
 Class activities/exercises 20%
 Assignment and Project 15%
 Attendance/Deportment 10%
 Major Examination 35%

General Course Requirements

Even we are on online classes, you have to :

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

1. Please keep all your work (assignments, quizzes etc.) for Portfolio requirements at
the end of the semester.
2. Make sure to put your First Name, Last Name Class Section, Time Schedule, Day
Schedule and Date on all activities and assignments.
3. Make sure if we have face to face during online classes your camera i
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module the students will be able to :

1. Define population, census
2. Identify the Kinds of population
3. Determine the sample size using Slovin’s Formula
4. Know the sample size based on the population, margin or error presented
in the table
5. Know the reasons for sampling
6. Identify the different kinds of Sampling and its types and other ways of classifying the
survey

Topic Presentation

Population and Sample

POPULATION – a collection of all possible members of a set of individuals, objects,

or measurements. It refers to groups or aggregates of people, objects or things in any
form. It is the totality of individuals that possesses some observable characteristics
called variables.

Kinds of Population

1. Infinite Population - data sets from which the numbers cannot be determined
or counted immediately. In statistics for research, we always deal with a finite
population. This includes wide range of coverage from which the numbers
cannot be determined immediately.
Example: All government employees in the Philippines, all Presidents
of state Universities and Colleges in the world; all faculty and staff
members of all schools nationwide.

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

2. Finite Population – data sets from which the numbers can be determined
or counted immediately through certain delimitation or putting into a
certain scope and coverage of subjects of study.

Example : Government Employees in Rizal Provincial Capitol, government

Employees in Local Government Units in Rizal Province: Presidents of
State Universities and Colleges in Region IV (PASUC Region IV); faculty
and staff members of Rizal Technological University, Mandaluyong City.

CENSUS - is recording of information of an entire population is conducted.

Example: collecting of General Weighted Average (GWA) of all
Accounting Major students.

SAMPLE – a part or portion of the population being studied. A subset of the

total population of interest for inference purposes. A number of individuals
selected from a population for a study, preferably in such a way that they
represent the larger group from which they were selected.

Example : Selected government employees in Rizal Provincial

Capitol; selected employees in Local Government Units in Rizal
Province, selected presidents of State Universities and Colleges
in Region IV; selected faculty and staff members of Rizal
Technological University in Mandaluyong City.

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

DETERMINING THE REQUIRED SAMPLE SIZE

SLOVIN’S FORMULA

Where : 𝒏 – is the sample size

N – is the population size
e – margin of error
commonly used is
0.05
1− constant

Example:
Problem : Calculate the required sample size (𝒏) of academic administrators
of SUC’s in Region IV if the total number of administrators is N = 70. Use
5% allowance error (e).

Solution :
Given : e = 0.05
N = 70
Required : 𝒏

=
= 59.57 = 60

= 60 the required sample size of

academic
Administrator of SUC’s in Region IV
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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

REASONS WHY WE RESORT TO SAMPLING :

1. COST – A sample often provides useful and reliable information at a much

lower cost than a census. For extremely large populations, the conduct
of a census can be even impractical. In fact, the difficulty of analyzing
complete census data led to summarizing a census by taking a “sample”
of returns.

2. TIMELINESS – A sample usually provides more timely information because

fewer data are to be collected and processed. This attribute is particularly
important when information is needed quickly.

3. ACCURACY – A sample often provides information as accurate, or more accurate,

than a census, because data errors typically can be controlled better in smaller
tasks.
4. DETAILED INFORMATION – More time is spent in getting detailed information
with sample surveys than with censuses. In a census, we can often only obtain
stock, not flow data. For instance, agricultural production cannot be generated
from censuses.
5. DESTRUCTIVE TESTING – When a test involves the destruction of an item,
sampling must be used. Battery life tests must use sampling because something
must be left to sell.

KEY TERMS

RANDOMIZATION – a process of getting a sample in such a way that every

Individual that comprises the population will be given an equal chance to be
included as a sample.

Random Sample – a sample taken through the process of randomization.

SAMPLING - the process of selecting a number of individuals (a sample) from

a population, preferably in such a way that the individuals selected represent the
larger group from which they were selected. Sampling can either be probability
and non-probability sampling.
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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Note : In data analysis, it is very important to identify the source of data

sets whether it is a population or a sample data taken or gathered
randomly or purposively. The type of statistical tool, data sets, and
statistical tests are significantly influenced by sampling techniques.

SAMPLE SURVEY – as a method of systematically gathering information on

a segment of the population, such as individuals, families, wildlife, farms,
business firms, and unions of workers, for the purpose of inferring quantitative
descriptions of the attributes of the population.

BASIC SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

I. PROBABILITY SAMPLING - a process of selecting sample in such a way that

all individuals in the defined population have an equal independent chance
and probability of being selected for the sample, the process being called
as randomization.

Probability Sampling Types

1. Simple Random Sampling – It uses the concept of lottery method of

getting a sample.

Steps

If the total number of population is 1,000 and the required sample size
is 286, you may get a small piece of paper and number from 1 to 1,000.
The numbered small pieces of paper will be put in a box. Mix them by
shaking the box and draw the required number which has been drawn
to complete the probability sum of 1.0 for the whole drawing samples.

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

2. Stratified Sampling - the process of selecting a sample in such a way

that identified subgroups in the population are represented in the
sample in the same proportion that they exist in the population.

Can be used to select equal-sized samples from each of a number

of subgroups if subgroup comparisons are desired.
On the other hand, equal-size of samples would be desired
if you want to compare the performance of different subgroups.
Examples – taking a survey prior to a national election in order
to predict the probable winner and you would want your sample
to represent the voting population. Other variables for proportional
stratification might include educational background, gender,
socio economic status and the like.
Steps in stratified sampling are very similar to those in random
sampling
except that selection is from subgroups in the population rather
than the population as a whole.

Steps:

1. Identify and define the population.

2. Determine the desired sample size.
3. Identify the variable and subgroups (strata) for which you want
to guarantee appropriate representation (either proportional
or equal).
4. Classify all members of the population as members of one of the
identified subgroups.
5. Randomly select (using a table of random numbers or by using lottery
method) an “appropriate” number of individuals from each of
the subgroups, “appropriate” meaning either a proportional number
of individuals or an equal number of individuals.

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

3. Cluster Sampling - A process in which groups, not individuals, are

randomly selected. All the members of selected groups have similar
characteristics. It is a result from a two-stage process in which the
population is divided into clusters and a subset of the clusters is
randomly selected. Clusters are commonly based on geographic
area or districts.

Example – sample of a household survey taken in a city may be

selected by using city blocks as clusters; a random sample of a
city blocks is selected, and all households within the selected city
blocks are surveyed.

Steps in cluster sampling involves random selection of groups (clusters)

and not the individuals.

Steps :

1. Identify and define the population.

2. Determine the desired sample size.
3. Identify and define a logical cluster.
4. List all clusters (or obtain a list) that comprises the population.
5. Estimate the average number of population members per cluster.
6. Determine the number of clusters needed by dividing the
sample size by the estimated size of cluster.
7. Randomly select the needed number of clusters (using a table
of random numbers).
8. Include in your study all population members in each selected
cluster.

Example of Cluster Sampling:

Let us see how our superintendent would get a sample of teachers

if cluster sampling were used. The steps are as follows:
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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

1. The population is all 5,000 teachers in the superintendent’s

school system.
2. The desired sample size is 500.
3. A logical cluster is a school.
4. The superintendent has a list of all the schools in the district
there are 100 schools.
5. Although the schools vary in the number of teachers per school,
there is an average of 50 teachers per school.
6. The number of clusters (schools) needed equals the desired
sample size, 500 divided by the average size of a cluster
50 Thus, the number of schools needed is 500/50 =10.
7. Therefore, 10 of the 100 schools are randomly selected.
8. All the teachers in each of the 10 schools are in sample
(10 schools, 50 teachers per school, equals the desired
sample size)

4. Systematic Sampling
A sampling technique in which individuals are selected from a list by
Taking every “kth” name Ex. If K = 4, selection involves taking every
4th name, if K= 10, every 10th name and so forth. What K actually
equals depends on the size of the list and the desired sample size.

The major difference between systematic sampling and the other

types is the fact that all members of the population do not have an
independent chance of being selected for the sample.

Once the first name is selected, all the rest of the

individuals to be included in the sample are automatically
determined. Even choices are not independent, a systematic
sample can be considered a random sample if the list
of the population is randomly ordered.

One or the other has to be random – either the selection

process or the list . If however, the list of population is
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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

not randomly ordered, systematic sampling is as good as

non –probability sampling.

Steps :

1. Identify and define the population.

2. Determine the desired sample size.
3. Obtain a list of population.
4. Determine what K is equal to by dividing the size of the
population by the desired sample size.
5. Start at some random place at the top of the population
list.
6. Starting at that point, take away kth name on the list until
the desired sample size is reached.
7. If the end of the list is reached before the desired sample
size is reached, go back to the top of the list.

II. NON- PROBABILITY OR JUDGEMENT SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

There is no random selection of cases from the population. Randomization

process is not considered in this technique of getting a sample. Samples
or subjects that are needed are merely taken or selected for a certain
purpose of the study.

Example, you would like to determine the mathematics performance of

students as to their socioeconomic status. In probability sampling the
distribution of socioeconomic status requires a sample of subject of study
from those with low, average, and high socioeconomic status. However,
in non-probability sampling, the researcher has the option to select subject
of study to those only with high or low or average socioeconomic status
only.

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

Kinds of Non-probability or Judgement Sampling Technique

1. Haphazard or Accidental or Incidental Sampling – Involves the

unsystematic selection of sample units. Some disciplines like
archeology, history and even medicine draw conclusions from
whatever items are made available. Some disciplines like astronomy,
experimental physics, and chemistry often do not care about the
“representativeness” of their specimens.

Example : The researcher would like to conduct a survey on which

brands of toothpaste are top sellers in Region VI, the researcher has
to identify the peak shopping hours in a certain mall and standby at
the exit gate and interview the number of shoppers who came out
about the brand of toothpaste they bought until the researcher has
met
the desired sample size.

2. Convenience Sampling – sample units expedient to the sampler are

Taken.

3. Volunteer Sampling – sample units are volunteers in students wherein

the measuring process is painful or troublesome to a respondent.

4. Purposive Sampling – pertains to having an expert select a

representative sample based on his own subjective judgement.
For instance, in Accounting , a sample audit of ledgers may be taken
of certain weeks (which are vewed as typical). Many agricultural
surveys also adopt this procedure for lack of a specific sampling frame.

5. Quota Sampling – sample units are picked for convenience but certain
quotas (such as number of persons to interview) are given the
interviewers. This design is especially used in market research.

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

6. Snowball Sampling – additional sample units are identified by

asking previously picked sample units for people they know who
can be added to the sample. Usually, this is used when the topic
is not common, or the population is hard to access.

OTHER WAYS OF CLASSIFYING SURVEYS

1. SIZE OF THE SAMPLE - e.g. large-scale or small scale.

2. PERIODICITY - longitudinal or panel, where respondents are
monitored periodically; cross section, quarterly
3. MAIN OBJECTIVE - descriptive, analytic
4. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION - mail, face- to- face interview,
e-survey, phone-survey, SMS survey
5. RESPONDENTS – individual, household, establishment (or enterprise)
farmer OFW.

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COURSE TITLE (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) Y. P. Evangelista