LESSON ONE

PRE-INTERMEDIATE
Pronouns: Possessive / Adjective
We use pronouns to refer to possession and ‘belonging’. There are two types: possessive pronouns
and possessive adjective. We use possessive adjective before a noun. We use possessive pronouns
in place of a noun:
Is that your scarf? It’s very similar to mine. (It’s very similar to my scarf.)

 That’s not their house. Theirs has got a red front door.
 It was his fault not hers.
 Are those gloves hers?
 The team is proud of its ability to perform consistently well.
 I’m going to get my hair cut this afternoon.
 That’s not my book. It’s yours. (or It’s your book.)
 Lots of our friends were at the party.

Subject Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun

I My Mine

You Your Yours

He His His

She Her Hers

It Its

We Our Ours

You Your Yours

They Their Theirs

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 1) Complete using Possessives pronouns or adjectives:

a) Whose bike is this? Is it really __________ ?

a- yours b- your
b) Is he __________ teacher?
a- theirs b- their

c) Hey Ron! This is not _________car. ___________ is red.

a-( ) mine ( ) my / b-( ) mine ( ) his

d) Lisa broke __________ left leg.

a- her b- hers

e) This is _________ stuff, where's __________?

a-( ) my ( )mine / b- your ( ) yours

f) Is this Emily's room? – Yes, it’s __________.

a- her b- hers

g) I lost ________ pen in the library. Can I have one of __________ ?

a- ( )my ( ) its / b- ( ) your ( ) yours

h) Stop! – These sweets are all ________ .

a- your b- mine

i) Did Billy forget to do __________ homework yesterday?

– No, he didn't. He did _________ homework.
a- ( ) his ( ) its / a- her b- his

j) Are these really _________ shoes? – Yes, they’re ____________. _________ are over there.
a- ( )yours ( ) your / b- ( ) our ( )ours / c- ( ) their ( ) theirs

Possessive ’s
We use apostrophe’s (‘), also called possessive ’s, as a determiner to show that something belongs
to someone or something:

 Is that Olivia’s bag?

 Britain’s coastline is very beautiful.
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  Greg is her youngest daughter’s husband.

We can use two possessive ’s constructions in the same noun phrase:

 We went to Jake’s father’s funeral.

We also use possessive ’s to talk about time and duration:

 Is that yesterday’s paper?

 I’ve only had one week’s holiday so far this year.

Compare

singular noun + ’s The girl’s bedroom (The bedroom belongs to one girl.)

plural noun + ’ The girls’ bedroom. (The bedroom belongs to more than one girl.)

We use ’s with irregular plural nouns (e.g. children, men, people, women):

 The children’s parents decided which university they would go to.

 They have no respect for other people’s property.

2) Use the correct form of the apostrophe ‘s, ‘:

a) This is _________________ book. (Giovanna)
b) Let’s go to the _________________. (Smiths)
c) The _________________ room is upstairs. ( children)
d) _______________ sister is twelve years old. ( John)
e) ______________ and ______________school is old. (Susan – Steve)
f) _______________ shoes are on the second floor. (men)
g) These are the _______________ bikes. (boys)

3) Write P= possession or V= verb to be ´s:

a) Mary’s grandfather tells her fairy tales every night.
___________________________________________
b) Joseph’s a university student.
___________________________________________
c) Our school’s far from the city center. It has two buildings and it’s big.
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 __________________________________________________________
d) Marilyn’s a nurse at the city hospital. She’s always kind and nice.
__________________________________________________________
e) My children’s chest is full of toys.
__________________________________________________________
f) Peter’s last story book was about aliens and space.
___________________________________________________________

Adjectives and Adverbs:

Adjective +LY = Adverb
quick-quickly / slow-slowly / heavy-heavily / bad-badly / soft-softly
beautiful-beautifully / careful-carefully / clear-clearly / short-shortly
These words are both adjectives and adverbs, so we don’t add –ly at the end of them: hard, fast,
early, late and “good” becomes “well”
 I am a good student.
 I do my homework well.

Adverbs are words that tell you how something happens or how someone does something.
 She opened the door slowly.
 The wind was blowing softly.
 Our dog barked very loudly.
 Helen went out happily.
 The singer sang beautifully.

Adjectives are words that modify a noun. Adjectives usually say how something is or what
something is like.
 He is an honest boy.
 His car is really fast.
 We have got a big house.

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4) Choose the correct one and fill in the blanks:

a) Mr. Woodman is a very …………………… man. He can carry a big piece of tree trunk by himself. (strong-
strongly)
b) I am a hardworking student. I always study …………………. (diligent-diligently)
c) I love my mother very much. She listens to me ……………………………. whenever I have a problem.
(sympathetic-sympathetically)
d) James really drives his car …………………. (fast- fastly)
e) Mary is sometimes ………………… .She has an important exam tomorrow and she isn’t studying at all.
(lazy-lazily)
f) Yesterday there was a terrible rain that lasted all day. It rained ……………… (heavy- heavily)
g) After the train crash some people were ………………….. injured. (serious-seriously)
h) The chairman spoke very ………………… at the conference. Everybody understood the issue well.
(clear-clearly)
i) Linda answered all the questions ……………. and got the job. (correct-correctly)
j) Henry plays the piano ………………… indeed. (beautiful-beautifully).
k) Tortoises are ……………………. animals, but they are very lovely. (slow-slowly)
l) When the teacher saw the puppy in the classroom he shouted at the students …………………………….
(angry-angrily)

Reading
5) Complete using Adverbs and adjectives:
beautiful - green - hot - angry - deep - handsome - unhappy – carefully
happily - quickly - suddenly - immediately - unfortunately - quietly

The Princess and the Frog

Once upon a time, there was a _____________(1) princess who had a golden ball.
She lived in a palace with her father, the King, and her seven sisters. Every day she played with her
ball in the garden of the palace.
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At the end of the garden there was a _________________(2) , dark lake.
When the weather was__________________ (3) , the princess liked playing near the lake.
___________________(4) , one day she dropped her golden ball into the water. She was
very______________ (5) and she sat on the grass and started to cry.
________________(6), she heard a voice: "Don't cry, princess".
She opened her eyes and saw a large_______________ (7) frog. "Oh please help me !" she said, "I
can’t get my ball."
"I'll help you", said the frog, "if I can come and live with you in the palace!"
"Yes, yes, of course. I promise", said the princess.
So the frog jumped into the water and came back with the ball.
The princess laughed and took the ball. She ran __________________(8) back to the palace and
forgot all about the frog.
The frog was very _________________(9) . He followed the princess into the palace and told his
story to the King.
"A promise is a promise" said the frog.
"Yes", said the King and called his daughter : "a promise is a promise, my daughter. Take this frog to
your room and look after him______________________ (10) .
The princess cried again, but she took the frog and put him on her bed. The frog looked at her and
said__________________ (11) : "Please, kiss me, princess"
She closed her eyes and kissed him.
_____________________(12) , the frog turned into a ___________________(13) prince.
Of course, he and the princess fell in love.
One week later, they married and they lived _______________(14) ever after.

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 LESSON TWO

Modals
Can and Could
Possibility
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
 It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
 You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)

We use could as the past tense of can:

 It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
 You could lose your way in the dark. (=People often lost their way in the dark)

We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
 If we don’t hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)

We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past:
 It’s ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.
 They could have arrived hours ago.

Impossibility:

We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible:

 That can’t be true.

 You cannot be serious.
We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past:

 We knew it could not be true.

 He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
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 Ability:

We use can to talk about someone’s skill or general abilities:

 She can speak several languages.

 He can swim like a fish.
 They can’t dance very well.
We use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in the present or future:

 You can make a lot of money if you are lucky.

 Help. I can’t breathe.
 They can run but they can’t hide.
We use could to talk about past time:

 She could speak several languages.

 They couldn’t dance very well.

Permission:

We use can to ask for permission to do something:

 Can I ask a question, please?

 Can we go home now?
Could is more formal and polite than can:

 Could I ask a question please?

 Could we go home now?
We use can to give permission:

 You can go home now if you like.

 You can borrow my pen if you like.
We use can to say that someone has permission to do something:

 We can go out whenever we want.

 Students can travel free.

Instructions and requests:

We use could you and could I as a polite way of telling or asking someone to do something:

 Could you take a message please?

 Could I have my bill please?

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 Can is less polite:

 Can you take a message please?

Offers and invitations:

We use can I … to make offers:

 Can I help you?

 Can I do that for you?
We sometimes say I can ... or I could ... to make an offer:

 I can do that for you if you like.

 I can give you a lift to the station.
 I could help if you like.

A) Put the words in the correct order to make requests.

1. have/ I / a / coffee, / can / please

_________________________________________________________?
2. Birmingham, / I / could / return / please / to
_________________________________________________________?
3. I / please / batteries, / of / can/ those / one / have
_________________________________________________________?
4. have / could / sandwich, / I / please / a / cheese
_________________________________________________________?
5. I / can/ apple juice / have / an / coffee, / and / please / a
_________________________________________________________?

B) Complete using the correct form of can or could:

1. I __________ sleep last night. It was so hot!

2. When I was five or six, I ___________ do a handstand, but I ____________ now.

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3. My late grandfather _________ speak French and my father _________say a few words of Spanish. I

_________ speak anything but English.

4. We're having a dinner party next Saturday, but Roger ___________ come.

5. When I met Darren last year, he ____________ swim. He was terrified of the water. Now he

_________ swim like a fish!

6. I _____________finish my lunch today. I just wasn't hungry at all.

7. There are so many different ice creams to choose from. I _________ decide. You choose for me.

8. I __________ find Ben and then I found him in the garden. Now I __________ find him again. He

keeps disappearing!

C) Continue practicing the correct form of can and could:

1. I ___________ go to the party last night because I was sick.

2. They __________ go shopping yesterday because the store was closed.

3. Sophia ____________ ride a bicycle. She rides it to school every day.

4. I'm very tired, so I ____________ go out to the park to play. I'm sorry.
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5. When _____________ I talk to you about the company report?

6. Most dinosaurs walked on land, but some ____________ fly or even swim.

7. Excuse me, I ____________ hear you right now. The music is too loud.

8. I _______________ drive a truck when I was only eighteen years old.

9. David hit the tree because he ____________ stop his car. The brakes weren't working.

10. I _____________ read without my reading glasses. Where are they?

MODAL - Should
Should is an auxiliary verb - a modal auxiliary verb. We use should mainly to:
 Give advice or make recommendations
 Talk about responsability
 Talk about probability and expectation

Structure of should
The basic structure for should is:

Subject + auxiliary verb=should + main verb

I should see a doctor.
You
He shouldn´t sleep late.
She should not eat fat food.
It stay indoor.
We should arrive on time.
You shouldn’t smoke so much.
They
I / You stay calm?
Should He/SHE/It get ready soon?
We/You/They bring extra coat?

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 We often use should when offering advice or opinions (similar to ought to):
 You should see the new James Bond movie. It's great!
 You should try to lose weight.
 John should get a haircut.
 He shouldn't smoke. And he should stop drinking too.
 What should I wear?
 They should make that illegal.
 There should be a law against that.
 People should worry more about global warming.

People often say "They should do something." Usually, the "they" is anonymous and means the
government, or the company, or somebody else - but not us! Here are some examples:
 They should fix this road.
 They should have more staff in this shop.
 They should have abolished this tax years ago.

A) Fill in the blanks below to complete the sentences. Use the correct form of should:
1. It’s almost eight o’clock. You ___________ go to work now.

2. A: ___________ Alex cook dinner? B: Yes, he ___________.

3. My friend ___________ try to quit smoking.

4. We should stay at home. We ___________ go out.

5. A: ___________ they watch TV all day? B: No, they __________.

6. Stewart looks very sick. He ___________ see a doctor.

7. You ___________ drive a car without wearing your seatbelt.

8. What ___________ we eat for dinner tonight?

9. There’s a fire in the kitchen! What ___________ we do?

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10. Please be quiet! You ___________ make so much noise in the library!

11. When ___________ I take this medicine?

12. A: ___________ I press the red button? B: No, you ___________!

13. It’s very late. We ___________ go to bed.

14. How much money ___________ I bring with me to the store?

15. You ___________ cross the street until the light is green.

B) Match the statements to the advice:

( )1. I've got a headache. A - We should leave at two-thirty.
( )2. I'm cold. B - He shouldn't stay up so late.
( )3. The game starts at three o'clock. C - You should do some exercise.
( )4.He's always tired in the morning. D -You should put on a jumper.
( )5.I don't feel well. E - You shouldn't sit so close to the TV.
( )6.I want to lose weight. F - You should stay in bed.

MODAL - Ought to
Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and in some ways like a
main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but like modal verbs, it does not
change form for person:
 I ought to phone my parents.
 It ought to be easy now.

Ought to: form

Affirmative: We ought to do more exercise.

Negative: We ought not to have ordered so much food.

You oughtn’t to have said that about his mother.

Questions: The subject and ought to change position to form questions. We don’t use do, does, did:
 Ought she to call the police?

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  Ought we to be more worried about the environment?
Warning: The question form of ought to is not very common. It is very formal. We usually use should
instead.
Ought to: uses
We use ought to when talking about things which are desired or ideal:
 They ought to have more parks in the city center.
 We ought to eat lots of fruit and vegetables every day.
Ought to or should?
Ought to and should are similar in meaning. Should is more common than ought to. Ought to is
more formal than should:
There ought to be more street lights here. (means the same as There should be more street lights
here.)
I really ought to walk my dog more. He’s so fat. (means the same as I really should walk my dog
more. He’s so fat.)
C) Find the errors in the sentences. Write the sentences correctly.
1. He ought take him to the emergency room.
____________________________________________________________
2. You should to help people.
____________________________________________________________
3. He should came early.
____________________________________________________________
4. They ought to not hurt his leg.
___________________________________________________________
5. Ought to we be more concerned about our countries’ issues?
___________________________________________________________

D) Use the correct form of ought to:

1) It _________________ a lovely day tomorrow. ( be)

2) You ________________ a lot of English on that course. ( learn)

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3) It _________________ a very good conference. ( be)

4) It _________________any difference. (not; make)

5) You ________________ the holiday. ( enjoy)

6) It _________________ long to write. ( not; take)

7) He ________________ this afternoon. ( arrive)

8) The economic situation ________________ next year. ( improve)

9) They _________________ the football match this evening. ( win)

10) They _________________ this match. ( lose)

11) ___________________ more? (you; study)

Reading and Comprehension:

Xavier is an intelligent guy and he plans to go to medical school. He thinks he can get a
better job when he graduates. At the moment, Xavier is working at a supermarket and
he can't pay for his studies or buy books, so he should try to get into a public college. Xavier
is the oldest child and he feels he ought to do something to help his younger brothers and
sisters as he already noticed they will need his support. Xavier is brave, determined and
doesn't complain about life because he knows that things could be worse than they are now.
Answer the questions:
A. What does Xavier plan to do?
______________________________________________________________________
B. Why does he want to graduate?
______________________________________________________________________
C. Is Xavier a bad guy?
______________________________________________________________________
D. Why doesn't Xavier complain about life?
______________________________________________________________________

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 LESSON THREE

Modals
Must
It is necessary to do something. I must put the rubbish out. It smells awful. "Must" is a modal verb
most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity, obligation or
strong recommendation. e.g.
 This must be the right address! certainty
 Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity
 You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation
 Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition

Mustn’t
It is forbidden to do something or it is the wrong thing to do. You mustn’t feed the animal at the zoo.
e.g.
 I must not (mustn’t) pay my bills.
 You must not (mustn’t) eat chocolate.
 We must not (mustn’t) smoke.
 You must not (mustn’t) talk now.

Needn’t
It is not necessary to do it, you don’t need to do it. You needn’t buy a new pencil. I will give you one.
 You needn't do the washing up.
 We needn't take coats with us.
 Tom needn't come if he doesn't want to.
 Diabetes needn't mean you can't enjoy your food.
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A) Fill in the blanks with “MUST” or “MUSTN’T”
1. You _______________ cross the street when the traffic lights are red.
2. We _______________ leave right now. We are going to be late for school.
3. Susan has got a very important exam tomorrow. She ______________ watch TV.
4. The students _______________ run in the corridors. They might fall.
5. You _________________ go out without your coat. It is freezing outside.
6. We _________________ protect the animals and environment.
7. If you want to go to university, you __________________ study regularly.
8. We _________________ obey the traffic rules. It is very important for our safety.
9. People __________________ cut down trees if they don’t want to increase global warming.
10. Students _________________ cheat in the exam. It is nothing but theft.
11. People ___________________ be polite to each other and shouldn’t hurt each other’s feelings.
12. You ________________ buy those tomatoes. They are rotten.
13. We ________________ buy some flour and a few eggs. We will make a cake but we haven’t got
any flour and eggs.
14. You ________________ park here. It is forbidden to park here.

B) Fill in the blanks with “MUSTN’T” or “NEEDN’T”

1. You _________________ buy any more bread. We have got plenty.
2. I have studied for the exam for more than six hours and I understood every detail. I _____________
study more.
3. Jack has just painted the bench. You ___________________ sit on it.
4. We ________________ speak loudly in the library. Other people might be disturbed.
5. You ________________ bring any food for the party. We have got enough food.
6. You ________________ eat or drink in the classroom. The teacher might be angry.
7. We __________________ buy any CDs. We haven’t got a CD player.
8. George __________________ eat fast food. He is very fat and fast food is unhealthy.
9. The students __________________ bring their books today because they are going to visit the
museum.
10. People __________________ throw litter on the floor.

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11. We ____________________ shout at each other when we are discussing something. It is very rude.
12. Jack ___________________ buy another car because he has got three already.
13. You ___________________ go near that dog. It might bite you.
14. We ___________________ buy that book. Peter has got the same book, so he can lend it to us.

C) Practicing must, mustn’t or needn’t:

1. Teachers ___________wear suits for work, but their clothes must be neat and clean.
2. Students___________ use their mobile phones during the lessons.
3. You ____________arrive on time for lessons. It's important not to be late.
4. You _____________ eat lunch in the school canteen. Some students prefer to go home for lunch.
5. Students and teachers ___________be polite to each other.
6. You ___________buy a course book, your teacher will give you one.
7. You ____________ eat or drink in any of the classrooms.
8. Students ____________ take an exam at the end of the year. This shows how much they have
learned.

Must
1. We use must to make a logical deduction based on evidence. It indicates that the speaker is certain
about something:
 It has rained all day, it must be very wet outside.
 The weather is fantastic in California. It must be a lot fun to live there.

2. Must is also used to express a strong obligation.

 Students must arrive in class on time.
 You must stop when the traffic lights are red.
 I must go to bed.

Have to
Like must, have to is used to express strong obligation, but when we use have to there is usually a
sense of external obligation. Some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
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 e.g.
 I have to send an urgent email.
 I have to take this book back to the library.
 must and have to are used to express obligation or the need to do something.

They can be used interchangeably.

I) Meanings:

MUST: (subjective obligation) In general, it expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary.
I must stop smoking. / We must go it's already midnight. /They must work harder.

HAVE TO: (objective obligation) In general, it suggests that somebody else has imposed the decision.
Tom has to wear a uniform at school.
The negative form of must and the negative form of have to are very different in meaning.

1° must not / mustn't is used to say that something is not allowed.

Children mustn't play with fire./ Passengers must not talk to the driver./ Visitors mustn't smoke.
'must not' can't be used to talk about the past, you use another structure.
example: We were not allowed to park near the museum.

2° don't have to means that there is no obligation to do something, but you can do it if you want.
You don't have to drink alcohol, you can have a soft drink.
She doesn't have to arrive before 9.

D) Complete sentences with must, mustn’t or the correct form of have to these
1. At our school we _____________ wear a uniform.
2. You _____________ cross the roads without looking. It’s dangerous.
3. You ___________ turn on the central heating. It’s automatic.
4. The exams are next week. I ______________ work harder.
5. You _____________ forget your umbrella. It’s going to rain.
6. Students ______________ listen to the teacher or they won’t understand.
7. You ______________ cross the road when the red light is showing.
8. We _______________ leave now or we’ll miss the plane.
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9. Soldiers _________________ obey orders.
10. Sorry, I ________________ go now. I don’t want to be late.
11. Shop assistants ________________ deal with the public.
12. You ________________ come with us if you don’t want to.
13. I was late this morning because I _______________ wait a long time for the bus.
14. In Spain, teachers ________________ wear uniforms.
15. You __________________ take food in your room.
16. You _________________ use the elevators in case of fire.
17. I ________________ wear glasses because I can’t see very well.
18. You __________________ read this book. It’s really good.
19. You _________________ go shopping today. We don’t need anything.
20. You _________________ use a mobile phone in class.
21. We _________________ feed the animals. It’s forbidden.
22. We ________________ book the tickets before it’s too late.
23. In Spain, teachers _______________ work on Saturdays.
24. In Britain you _________________ drive on the left.
25. Every player in a football team ________________ have a number.
26. You _________________ forget his birthday again.
27. Doctors sometimes _________________ work at the weekend.
28. Nowadays in Spain pupils ____________ learn Latin at school.
29. You _________________ smoke on public places.
30. My wife __________________ go to work today. It’s a holiday.
31. You ________________ shout. I can hear you.
32. We ________________ be quiet in the library.
33. You _______________ use a computer on the plane.
34. She _______________ come to the dentist’s with me.
35. At a restaurant you _______________ pay the bill but you _______________ eat everything.

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 READING:
Travel to Hong Kong
Travel round Hong Kong The Hong Kong Metro (MTR) is very popular. It is one of the cleanest and
most comfortable metro systems in the world. However, there are some strict rules to make sure
that it stays this way:
• You must have a valid ticket to travel.
• You mustn’t eat or drink on trains. Fines are up to HKD$5,000!
• You must stand behind the yellow line on the platform.
• You mustn’t take bikes on trains.
• You mustn’t shout. A guard may ask you to leave the train if you do!
• You mustn’t play musical instruments, dance or sing on trains.

Best Part of a pilot

I have to travel a lot. Sometimes I have to travel thousands of miles and work in different times zone
on the same day. A pilot must concentrate at all times. I’m responsible for a lot of people so I
mustn’t get distracted. I don’t have to reserve a seat when I travel on another plane because there is
always an extra seat for a pilot. And I don’t have to wait for my bags, so I can leave the airport really
quickly!

E) Read and circle the correct word.

I’m a flight attendant. I (a) have to / mustn’t take care of people on the plane. Before taking-off,

I (b) have to / mustn’t explain the safety instructions carefully. Some people think they (c)

mustn’t / don’t have to listen, but the instructions are very important. If a passenger becomes

really ill, the plane (d) must / doesn’t have to land at the nearest airport. We (e) mustn’t /

don’t have to panic. One great thing about my job is that I (f) mustn’t / don’t have to work

every day. Sometimes I (g) mustn’t / don’t have to fly back immediately and I can visit a new

city.

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 Expressions (FYI) EXTRA

Make Your way - to start to make progress in a career or activity

Edward was just beginning to make his way in life.

You bet - (informal) used to emphasize a statement or to mean “ certainly”

- Are you coming to the party?
- You bet!

A shot in the dark - A guess that you make without having any facts or ideas to support it.
It was a wild shot in the dark, but it turned out to be exactly right.

22
 LESSON FOUR

Modals
Used to
We use used to when we refer to things in the past which are no longer true. It can refer to repeated
actions or to a state or situation:
 He used to play football for the local team, but he’s too old now.
 That white house over there used to belong to my family. (It belonged to my family in the past,
but not anymore).
Warning: In statements, the form used to does not change. We do not use the verb be before it. It
always refers to past time:
 We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.

Negative: didn’t use to

The negative of used to is most commonly didn’t use(d) to. Sometimes we write it with a final -d,
sometimes not. Both forms are common, but many people consider the form with the final -d to be
incorrect, and you should not use it in exams:
 It didn’t use to be so crowded in the shops as it is nowadays.
In very formal styles, we can use the negative form used not to:
 She used not to live as poorly as she does now.

Questions
The most common form of question is auxiliary did + use(d) to. Many people consider the form with
a final -d to be incorrect, and you should not use it in exams:
 I think we met once, a couple of years ago. Did you use to work with Kevin Harris?

A) Practicing the correct form of used to:

1. I _________________ (swim) a lot when I was younger.
23
2. John ________________ (not eat) vegetables, but now he eats them.
3. __________________ (they / have) a sports car?
4. That building ________________(be) a cinema, but it's closed down.
5. We_________________ (not like) math lessons - our teacher was horrible!
6. Where ________________ (you / go) to school?
7. You _______________ (live) next door to me.
8. I________________ (not enjoy) studying, but I do now.

Used to or be used to?

She used to sing in a choir, but she gave it up. (She sang, but she doesn’t sing any more)
Be used to means ‘be accustomed to’ or ‘be familiar with’. It can refer to the past, present or future. We
follow be used to with a noun phrase, a pronoun or the -ing form of a verb:
 I work in a hospital, so I’m used to long hours. (I am accustomed to/familiar with long hours.)
 She lives in a very small village and hates traffic. She’s not used to it.
 He was a salesman, so he was used to travelling up and down the country. (He was accustomed
to/was familiar with travelling.)
We can also say get used to or (more formally) become used to:
 University is very different from school, but don’t worry. You’ll soon get used to it. (or, more
formally, You’ll soon become used to it.)

P.S.
1. Used to shows that a particular thing always happened or was true in the past
2. Be used to is used to say that something is normal, not unusual.
3. Get used shows that something is in the process of becoming normal.
4. Get used to and be used to are followed by either a noun or a gerund.

Get used to + noun / Get used to + gerund (verb+ ing)

I got used to the noise
I'm used to the cold weather
I got used to waking up early
I'm used to working late at night
24
B) Practice - Select the sentence that has a similar meaning.
1. She cleaned the house regularly in the past.
She used to clean the house.
She got used to cleaning the house.
She is used to cleaning the house.

2. He became accustomed to waking up early.

He used to wake up early.
He is used to waking up early.
He got used to waking up early.

3. Pablo is accustomed to going late.

Pablo is used to going late.
Pablo used to go late.
Pablo is getting used to going late.

4. I am accustomed to cooking in the morning.

I am getting used to cooking in the morning.
I am used to cooking in the morning.
I used to cook in the morning.

5. Maria regularly drove the car in the past.

Maria used to drive the car.
Maria got used to driving the car.
Maria is used to driving the car.

6. She is becoming accustomed to working at that company.

She is getting used to working at that company.
She used to work at that company.
She is used to working at that company.

7. I didn't read many books in the past.

I didn't use to read many books.
25
 I am used to reading many books.
I got used to reading many books.

8. Are you accustomed to the climate?

Are you used to the climate?
Did you used to the climate?
Did you get used to the climate?

C) Find the mistake:

1. I got use to the weather.

2. They're used waking up early.

3. I didn't use speak English.

4. Did you use to studying?

5. She use to run for exercising.

D) Choose the best answer to fill the gap in each of the following.
1. When I started to work here I needed a lot of help, but now I ___________ all the work on my own.
a. am used to doing b. used to do c. get used to doing

2. He ___________________ several books a month, but he doesn't have time any more.
a. was used to reading b. got used to reading c. used to read

3. We were surprised to see her driving – she ________________ when we first met her.
a. didn't use to drive b. got used to driving c. was used to driving

4. Don't worry, it's a simple program to use. You _______________ it in no time, I'm sure.
a. used to use b. are used to c. will get used to

26
5. When I had to commute to work every day I ____________________ very early.
a. used to getting up b. used to get up

6. I'm afraid I'll never ____________________ in this place. I simply don't like it and never will.
a. got used to living b. used to live c. get used to living

7. Whenever we came to Coventry we always ________________ in the Central Hotel. We loved it.
a. used to stay b. got used to staying

8. When Pete Smith was the head of our office everything __________________ well organized. Now
it's total chaos here.
a. got used to be b. was used to being c. used to be

9. Mr. Lazy was shocked when he joined our busy company because he __________________ doing
much work everyday.
a. wasn't used to b. didn't use to

10. At first the employees didn't like the new open-space office, but in the end they _____________ it.
a. got used to b. get used to c. are used to

Reading and Comprehension:

I used to drive to work every day.
Vocabulary
alternative: a different choice
bother: to cause problems
commute: travel to and from work or school
daily: every day
expenses: costs
frustrating: a situation prevents or delays a person from doing something
kill two birds with one stone: This expression is used when a person is able to accomplish two goals
with a single action.

27
 nerve-wracking: a situation causes anxiety or nervousness
rush hour: the time during the day when there is a lot of traffic, usually the morning and the late
afternoon.
I used to drive to work every day. The commute took almost 35 minutes each way, so the
total time in the car amounted to over an hour daily. It never used to bother me until I started to
think about how much time and money I spent in travel expenses.
Driving to work was also a daily, nerve-wracking experience. Traffic congestion and
construction delays would create unsafe driving conditions. It was also frustrating to drive during
rush hour. Heavy traffic in the morning forced me to leave early so that I would not be late for work.
Then, on days when it snowed or when there was ice on the highways, I was concerned about losing
control of my car and crashing into another vehicle or driving off of the road completely. So when I
changed jobs and found something closer to home, I was happy to learn that I had good alternatives
to driving: I could ride my bike to work, I could take the bus, or I could walk.
Now I try to ride my bike or take the bus whenever it's possible. I also like to walk. It doesn't
matter if it takes an hour to walk to work. An hour of walking counts as an hour of exercise. In this
way, I can kill two birds with one stone.
 How do you commute to work and how did you use to? Discuss with your classmates:

Expressions – Extra (FYI)

Drop the ball - To make a mistake, especially by doing something in a stupid or careless way.
o For God’s sake don’t drop the ball on this. We’re relying on you.

Couldn’t care less - Used for emphasizing that someone thinks something is unimportant.
o I couldn’t care less how you do it – just do it.

Make up sentences using the expressions:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
28
 LESSON FIVE

Prepositions

Prepositions are very difficult for learners of English. Perhaps in your language, you say "in" Monday.
In English, we say "on Monday". Here are some other common prepositions of time:
Examples:
They got married in 1988.
They would like to go to Paris in the summer.
I can't sleep at night. It's too hot.

29
 I will see you in three hours. Bye!
He worked as a pilot for fourteen years.

We use "at" to express a precise time

 at 5 o'clock  at 11:30 pm  at lunchtime  at the moment  at midnight  at sunrise  at sunset

We use "on" before days and dates.

 on Friday  on Mondays  on 4 July  on 17 March 1966  on Children's Day  on his birthday  on
Mother's Day

We use "in" before months, years, centuries and long period of time.
 in November  in winter  in 2001  in the 20th century  in Stone Age

Other very important prepositions are prepositions of place - to describe where something is.
Sometimes the differences in these prepositions are very small. Think of the difference between
these sentences:
 He put the box near the table.
 He put the box next to the table.
 He put the box in front of the table.
 He put the box on the table.
 He put the box under the table.
 He put the box in the table. (Is this one possible? In the desk, perhaps....)
The other important thing when learning prepositions is to learn which ones go with new verbs
when you learn them. For example, let's take the verb "to rise" (to go up). Do prices "rise in 10%",
"rise at 10%", "rise by 10%" or "rise on 10%"? As you learn each new verb, ask your teacher "which
preposition is this used with?" The answer? We say, for example, "prices have risen by 10%". Here
are some other verb +preposition examples:
 That cat belongs to me.
 We asked for some water.
 What are you thinking about, John?

30
  I'm very worried about Teresa. It's so late!

A) Prepositions: in, on, at

1. I went to bed ________ midnight and got up ________ 6.30 the next morning.
2. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ________ the morning.
3. Mozart was born ________ Salzburg _______ 1756.
4. The children are playing ________ the garden.
5. Jack’s house is the white one _________ the end of the street.
6. Who’s that man standing _________ the bus stop?
7. In Britain they drive ________ the left.
8. Julia is studying medicine ________ the university.
9. I’ll be ________ work until 5.30, but I’ll be _________ home all the evening.
10. My train arrives at 11.30. can you meet me _________ the station?
11. I get up early __________ the morning and go to bed late _________ night.
12. I’m so bored. There’s nothing to do __________ weekends.
13. He went swimming ________ Sunday morning, and _________ the evening he played squash.
14. I love going for walks ________ summer. It’s still light ________ nine o’clock.
15. I take my annual holiday ________ June, but I have a few days off _________ Christmas.
16. He usually starts work ________ 9.30, but ________ Fridays he starts _________ 8.30.
17. I was born _________ 1951.
18. I was born _________ 18 January, 1954.
19. People exchange presents ___________ Christmas Day.
20. This house was built ___________ the nineteenth century.
21. The course begins _________ 7 January and ends _________ 10 March.
22. Are you doing anything special _________ the weekend?
23. Hurry up! We’ve got to go __________ five minutes.
24. I haven’t seen Ann for a few days. I last saw her ________ Tuesday.
25. I’ll phone you ________ Tuesday morning ________ about 10 o’clock, okay?
26. I might not be at home ________ the morning. Can you phone ________ the afternoon instead?
27. Tom’s grandmother died _________ 1977 __________ the age of 79.

31
28. Jack’s brother is an engineer but he’s out of work __________ the moment.
29. The price of electricity is going up ___________ October.
30. __________ Sunday afternoons I usually go for a walk in the country.

B) Prepositions at, by, next to, in, near, under – sometimes more than one answer is possible:
1. I met her _____ the entrance of the hotel.
2. The girl who is ______ the door is my niece.
3. She is __________ the car.
4. Look at the girl ________ the picture.
5. The school is _________to the park.
6. The cat is ______ the table.
7. 7- Joe is ______ the bus stop.
8. 8- She sat _______ the table.

Like' as Verb and Preposition

The word like seems to have many uses in English, some as a verb and some as a preposition:
Verb
 I like beer.
 I would like a beer.
In the first sentence, we are talking about what someone likes in general, always. In the second, the
person is asking for a beer now. In English we use would like to ask for something and not would
want as in many languages.
 She would like to go to Australia next year.

Preposition

Like used as a preposition means "similar to" or "the same as".

 His house is huge. It's like a palace.
 Sandra is a teacher, like me.
 I hate television quiz shows like this.
If we want to know general information about a person or place, we can use like in the question:
32
 Q: What is your father like?
A: He is tall and muscular and a very generous person.
Q: What is London like?
A: Well, it's a chaotic, cosmopolitan city. But in summer, it's full of tourists.
We can use look like if we only want physical information:
Q: What does your sister look like?
A: She is blonde with lovely green eyes. She is quite short.
Note the difference between look and look like in these sentences:
So we use:

look + Adjective / Age

look like + Person / Noun
 My father looks happy all the time.
 Your sister looks like a model.
 He looks French if you ask me!
 Jane looks like Meryl Streep.
C) Put these words into the correct order to make sentences with 'like' as a verb and
preposition. Don't forget to include all punctuation!
1. to / go / out / often / how / to / ? / like / do / eat / you

___________________________________________________________
2. looks / like / a / sister / Marilyn / your / lot / Monroe / !
______________________________________________________________
3. seem / , / ? / doesn't / Swiss / like / Alps / the / here

___________________________________________________________
4. paying / room / before / you / would / your / see / like / ? / to
________________________________________________________________
5. town / what / is / tell / home / your / me / like / please / ?
_______________________________________________________________
6. in / mother / . / ways / many / is / you / your / like

33
_____________________________________________________________
7. like / use / chili / and / pepper / . / many / , / I / spices
_____________________________________________________________
8. you / so / we / . / don't / unhappy / seeing / like
____________________________________________________________

Also / Too / Either

Also
"Also" is used in positive sentences to add an agreeing thought.
Examples:
 Jane speaks French. Sam also speaks French.
 I love chocolate. I also love pizza.
 Frank can come with us. Nancy can also come with us.

Placement
"Also" comes after "to be."
Examples:
 I am also Canadian.
 I was also there.
With verbs other than "to be," "also" comes before single verb forms.
Examples:
 I also sing.
 He also helped us.
In verb tenses with many parts, "also" comes after the first part and before the second.
Examples:
 I have also been to Hong Kong.
 I am also studying economics.

34
Too
"Too" is used in positive sentences to add an agreeing thought. It has the same meaning as "also,"
but its placement within the sentence is different.
Examples:
 Jane speaks French. Sam speaks French too.
 I love chocolate. I love pizza too.
 Frank can come with us. Nancy can come with us too.

Placement
"Too" usually comes at the end of a clause.
Examples:
 I am Canadian too.
 I can speak French too.
 I am studying economics too.
 If he wants to go too, he should meet us at 8:00.

Either
USE
"Either" is used in negative sentences to add an agreeing thought.
Examples:
 Jane doesn't speak French. Sam doesn't speak French either.
 I don't love chocolate. I don't love pizza either.
 Frank cannot come with us. Nancy cannot come with us either.
PLACEMENT
"Either" usually comes at the end of a clause.
Examples:
 I cannot speak French either.
 I am not studying economics either.
 I don't want to eat either.
 I didn't like the movie either.

35
A) Now choose the right word for the following:
1. I love the summer. My sister ____________ loves the warm weather. (Also /too /either)
2. I’m starting a course in modern art. Alex is starting it ___________. It should be fun. (too/either/also)
3. I’m not too keen on football. My friends aren’t keen ____________. (Either /too /also)
4. We didn’t like the food at the new restaurant. We __________ thought the service was bad. (Either
/also / too)
5. John can’t be the new sales manager. He doesn’t get on with people. He’s not a very good listener
____________. (Also /either /too)
6. I have a good guide book of the city. I have a Spanish phrase book ____________. I think I am ready
to tackle Barcelona. (Too /either /also)
7. I loved the film and Andy did ____________. (Too /also/either)
8. I had a really hard day at work. I’m ________ very tired. I’d rather stay in tonight. (Too /either /also)
9. I saw the flat but I didn’t like its layout. I wasn’t impressed by the location ______________. So I’m
still looking. (Also /either /too)

B) Complete the following sentences with also / too or either.

1. I don’t like cold climates. I don't think you like it ____________.

2. My friends are going to college next year. I am _____________ going to college next year.

3. My wife is a diligent engineer. I am a diligent engineer _____________.

4. I love swimming. My son loves it _____________.

5. Today the weather isn't so good. It wasn't really good yesterday _______________.

6. I eat a lot more than an average person. My brother ______________ eats a lot.

7. A bear can run very fast. A tiger runs very fast _______________.

8. I am not from Italy. My friend isn't from Italy _______________ .

9. Paris is a big city. Madrid is _____________ a big city.

36
10. French is a difficult language to learn. Latin is a difficult language to learn _____________ .

Reading time: Prepositions Tips

Here's a story that will help you learn.
I was born in Seattle, Washington on the 19th of April in 1961. Seattle is in the State of Washington
in the United States. That was many years ago. Now, I live in Leghorn in Italy. I work at the British
School. I sometimes go to a movie on the weekend. I meet my friends at the movie theater at 8
o'clock or later. In the summer, usually in August, I go home to visit my family in America. My family
and I go to the beach and relax in the sun in the morning and in the afternoon! In the evening, we
often eat at a restaurant with our friends. Sometimes, we go to a bar at night. On other weekends, I
drive to the countryside. We like to meet friends at a restaurant for dinner. In fact, we'll meet some
friends at a great Italian restaurant on Sunday!

When to Use the Preposition "In"

 Use "in" with months of the year:
I was born// in April.
She left for school in September.
Peter will fly to Texas in March.
 With seasons:
I like skiing in winter.
He enjoys playing tennis in Spring.
They take a vacation in summer.
 With countries:
He lives in Greece.
The company is located in Canada.
She went to school in Germany.

37
  With city or town names:
He has a house in New York.
I was born in Seattle.
He works in San Francisco.
With times of the day -
I wake up early in the morning.
She goes to school in the afternoon.
Peter sometimes plays softball in the evening.
Important exception!
 Use at with night:
The sleep at night.
He likes to go out at night.

When to Use the Preposition "On"

 Use "on" with specific days of the week or year:
We'll meet on Friday.
What do you do on New Year's Day?
He played basketball on March 5th.
American English - "on the weekend OR on weekends"

When to Use "At"

 Use "at" with specific times of the day:

Let's meet at 7 o'clock.
He has a meeting at 6.15.
She went to a party at night.
 Use "at" with specific places in a city:
We met at school.
Let's meet him at the restaurant.
He works at a hospital.
British English - "at the weekend OR at weekends"

38
 Expressions – Extra (FYI)
For a change
Instead of what usually happens.
Why don’t you let me drive for a change?

In hot water
In trouble because of something that you have done.
He has been in hot water at work since he took a week off with no excuse.

C) Make up sentences using the expressions:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

39
 LESSON SIX

Will and be going to

Will
We use will to talk about future events. (not planned)
I) To express predictions for the future
Tomorrow it will be rainy.
In the next five years I will earn a lot.
II) On-the-spot decisions
I am thirsty. I’ll make a cup of tea.
III) Offers
I will help you with your homework.
IV) Promises
I will always love you

Always use WILL with…

I promise…
I swear…
I am sure…
She will probably…
Perhaps he will…
We hope they will…
I think/ I don’t think…
Examples:
1. Sally will speak to the teacher tomorrow.
2. We will possibly take the bus for school.
3. Will you come to the graduation party tonight?
 We use 'will' when we decide to do something.(I think I'll.../I don't think I'll)
40
 I think I will buy that white sports car.
I don't think she'll come to school today.

 We use 'will' when we are offering to do something accepting or rejecting to do something,

promising to do something or requesting someone to do something.
1. Wait a minute! I'll help you carry those bags.
2. A:Can you please help me with the housework?
B:OK.I'll vacuum the floor and clean it.

3. I promise I'll study hard for the final exams.

4. Oh, I'm so tired. Will you help me with the ironing?

 We use 'will' for predictions about the future

1. People will live on another planet in 2030.
2. Robots will fight against people by the year 2050.

BE GOING TO
 We use be going to to tell actions that are planned, decided or arranged beforehand.
For future events, I have already made a decision
I am going to visit my parents this month.
She is going to buy a new phone.
We are going to travel to Italy next year.
We are going to a concert (NOT going to go to a concert)
They are coming home next Monday (NOT are going to come home)

Evident future events

Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.
That tree is going to fall.
The dog is going to eat the mouse.

41
 Rita is going to have a baby.
Examples:
1. I'm going to visit Eiffel tower today.
2. We are going to organize a birthday party for Brian.
3. Is she going to get married on Monday or on Tuesday?
4. Who is going to attend to the meeting this afternoon.
 We use 'going to' when we have an evidence about an event in the future.
Examples:
1. Look at that boy in front of the T-shirt shop! He is counting his money. He is going to buy a
new T-shirt.
2. Hey, stop! You are going to hurt somebody.

A) Complete the conversations. Put in will or be going to with the verbs.

1. Daniel: Did you buy this book?
Matthew: No, Emma did. She ____________________ (read) it on holiday.
2. Laura: Would you like tea or coffee?
Sarah: Oh, I ____________________ (have) coffee, please.
3. Trevor: I’m going to miss a good film on TV because I’ll be out tonight.
Laura: I ____________________ (video) it for you, if you like.
4. Rachel: I’m just going out to get a paper.
Emma: What newspaper ____________________ (you/buy)?

B) What would you say? Use will or be going to.

1. You hate dogs. Dogs always attack you if they get the chance.
Your friend: That dog doesn’t look very friendly.
You: It’s coming towards us. ________________________________________
2. You predict the landing of aliens on the earth in the next ten years.
Your friend: All this talk about aliens is complete nonsense, isn’t it?
You: Is it? I think ________________________________________

42
3. You know that your friend’s sister has decided to get married.
Your friend: Have you heard about my sister?
You: Well, I heard that ________________________________________
4. You suddenly decide you want to invite Yolanda for a meal.
Your friend: Did you know Yolanda will be in town next weekend?
You: No, I didn’t. ________________________________________

C) Complete the news report about the village of Brickfield. Use will or be going to.
Sometimes either is possible.
We have learned this week that the local council has plans for Westside Park in Brickfield. The
council is going to sell (sell) the land to a builder, Forbes and Son. The plans are all ready.
‘1____________________ (we/build) fifty houses, ‘ said Mr. Forbes. ‘In two years’ time everything
(2) ____________________ (be) finished. I’m sure people (3) __________________ (like) the
houses. Most of them (4) ____________________ (be) for young families. And we intend to take
care of the environment.
(5) ____________________ (we/not/cut) down all the trees, only a few of them.’ But people living
near the park are angry. ‘This is a terrible idea. We’re all against it,’ said Mrs. Mary Brent. ‘(6)
____________________ (we/have) a protest march on Saturday. I expect everyone in Brickfield (7)
____________________ (be) there. We’ve reached our decision. (8) ____________________
(we/stop) this plan.’

D) Complete the sentences using one of the forms: will or going to.
1. Of course I _______ (take) you to the airport.

2. I’m not sure but perhaps they _______(ask) my name and my address.

_______( you/ read) a detective story?

3. What _______ ( you / do) this afternoon?

4. It is her birthday tomorrow. She _______( be) eighteen.

5. Are you going out? Yes, I _______ (buy) some tablets.

43
6. We _______(spend) some days in Italy. Do you want to come along?

7. I can’t see you on Saturday. I _______ (visit) my uncle.

8. What _______(you/study) in Social Studies next year?

9. Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. I _______ (do) it next Saturday.

10. We’ve got nothing to do. _______(we/ go) to the zoo?

11. Can I use your shampoo? I _______(wash) my hair.

12. What language _______(you / study)? I’ve decided for Spanish.

13. Where are you going? I _______(pay) the phone bill.

14. What would you prefer, tea or coffee? I _______ (have) some tea.

15.We _______(be) away all day on a school excursion.

16.I promise I _______(visit) all the museums in the city.

17. I _______(work) hard in physics next term.

18. There’s a hole on the way. He _______ to fall.

19.Look at those big black clouds! it _______(rain).

20.She _______(be) very surprised when she sees the present.

21.He hasn’t done any work for examination. He _______(fail).

22.Surely you _______(not / put) him to bed so soon.

23.We _______(have) to walk home because we missed the train.

24. What color? I _______(paint) the walls in yellow and the doors in white.

25. What _______(we / have) for dinner?

E) Fill in the blanks with going to or will:

Harry: Sarah told me about their plans. They ______________ (paint) their garage next Sunday.
Ben: Oh, I like painting. I ______________(help) them.
44
 I expect you ______________(be able) to buy a nice bunch of roses for Mrs. Williams. When
______________(you / visit) her?
Please, ______________ (you/tell) Susan that there is no sugar in the sugar pot?
Oh, sorry, I ______________(get) you some right away.
We’ve booked a room in a hotel in South of France for next summer holidays. Then we
______________(find you) if there are sports facilities for all the kids.
My father usually gets home before seven. So, ring up again at about seven. I’m sure he
______________(be) here by that time.
Sooner or later he ______________(realize) his mistake.
You ______________(find) your passport in the bookcase on the second shelf.
Go and ask Mary. She ______________(know) the way.
When Jeffrey goes to Britain he ______________(miss) his girlfriend.

F) Pair Each of the numbered sentences with (a) or (b)

1. I´m going to complain about the broken tap.
2. I’ll complain about the broken tap.
a) I have to take a shower before leaving.
b) Unless they fix it meanwhile.
3. The theatre play starts.
4. The theatre play is going to start.
a) at 9:30.
b) so the lights have already been switched off.
5. The passenger says the plane is full but never mind.
6. The passenger says he has the intention to visit Tokyo.
a) I’ll wait for the next plane.
b) I’m going to wait for a better occasion.

G) Let’s practice more : use Will or Going to

1. We _________ have an English exam tomorrow morning. I have to study all night.

2. _________ you open the window, please? It's hot and humid here in the classroom.

45
3. Joseph _________ fly to Berlin for a company project next week.

4. Waiter: What would you like as a starter, sir?

Man: I _________ have lentil soup, please.

5. A: Look at that woman over there. She is very fat.

B: She has only a big belly because she _________ have a baby.

6. I don't think my parents _________ give me permission to go to the school trip.

7. Can you tell me your secret? I swear I _________ tell it to anybody.

8. The scientist says people ____________ produce artificial organs by the year 2070.

9. Don't worry about the Math homework. I ___________write it for you.

10. Who do you think ______ win the box tournament?

11. My father _________ visit the dentist at 9:00 am on Wednesday.

12. Look at those fierce dogs! They're running wildly. They _________ attack those cats by the wall.

13. OK.I _________ do the washing up for you.

14. I don't think there _________ be an agreement on the new budget.

15. No, I _________ let you eat my hamburger. You've already eaten yours.

16. Hey, that man is crossing the road at the red light. He _________ have an accident.

17. According to the schedule we _________ visit the Madam Tussaud's at 11 o'clock.

18. Peter _________ probably come home late because his car is broken.

19. "Stop or I _________ shoot you" the security guard said.

20. People _________ take food tablets instead of real food in 2040.

21. "You _________ get some good news at the office this week" the fortune teller said to me.

22. I promise I _________ bring your money in five days. Can you lend me 100 $?

23. Fiona _________ buy an mp3 player for her brother. She saved enough money.

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 24. I've got a ticket for the rock concert. I ________ be there tonight.

25. In my opinion he _________ accept this offer.

Reading:

Let´s say Billy wants to marry Ivana.

He comes to her and asks her if she will marry him. Because he is NOT sure what she will respond he
asks with WILL: "Will you marry me?"
She is delighted and responds "Yes, I will!"
He goes home and knowing that she accepted and more sure that it will happen he tells his father
with the Going to "Dad, me and Ivana, we are going to get married!"
Arrangements begin and Billy calls his best friend and tells him when and where: "John me and Ivana
are getting married 3rd November!" and again asks an insecure question "Will you be my best
man?" :)
“My future plans and expectations”
I often wonder about my future as I am about to finish Secondary School. The number one
question on my mind is which profession should I choose? I want a profession that will satisfy me,
challenge me, and bring me joy. I believe that a job should be like a hobby. I want to love my work.
First of all, As soon as I finish Secondary School, I will take the first important exam of my life - the
final graduation exam. I will be tested in four different subjects: the English and German languages,
biology, and chemistry. After my graduation, I will study at the Medical University to become a
doctor.
But now, I am focusing my attention on finishing my studies. Also, before I have a family, I would
like to travel overseas. I want to see countries like Japan, Finland and travel through the African
continent. After I finish my education and travels, I plan to get married and have a family. I would
like to live with my future family in a quiet, natural countryside setting.

H) Everyone in this life has his own future plans. You are that one who has a lot of
expectations and you would like to achieve them.
Write a paragraph in which you describe your future plans and expectations for your future life.

47
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Slangs (FYI)
Squad – small group , team, crew
I can’t go to the party without my squad.

BAE- Before anyone else

Eating dinner with the Bae.
Travelling with the Bae.
Let’s practice the slangs:
Practice with your partners using the slangs

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 LESSON SEVEN

Present Perfect
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I have played I haven't played Have I played?
You have played You haven't played Have you played?
He has played He hasn't played Has he played?
She has played She hasn't played Has she played?
It has played It hasn't played Has it played?
We have played We haven't played Have we played?
They have played They haven't played Have they played?

VERBS
Simple past
Present *Completed actions Past Participle
Definite time
Break Broke Broken
Buy bought bought
Write wrote written
study studied studied

There are 5 Cases:

1. Unspecified Time Before Now
2. Unfinished actions [ SINCE, FOR, UP TO NOW, SO FAR]
3. Big Accomplishments, experiences [ EVER, ALREADY, SINCE, YET]
4. Recent Actions [ JUST, RECENTLY, LATELY]
5. Change Over Time [ LATELY]
49
1. Unspecified Time Before Now

I went to Ibirapuera park last weekend.” (Simple Past)

I have been to Ibirapuera park.” (Present Perfect)
I ate Mexican food yesterday. (Simple Past)
I have eaten Mexican food many times. (Present Perfect)

*exception: When + did “When did you buy your car?” “I bought it in 2015.”

A) Match the sentences:

1. The house is dark ( )The police have arrived.

2. There isn’t anyone at the office ( )I’ve done the laundry
3. We are safe now. Don’t worry. ( )Someone has turned all the lights off
4. The clothes are clean ( )Everyone has left

B) Complete:
1. Someone _________ the door open.” ( )left ( )has left
2. Karen __________me an e-mail this morning ( )sent ( )has sent.
3. Dave and Pat ______________the museum. ( )visited ( )have visited ( )has visited
4. Susan ___________ her job three weeks ago. ( ) started ( ) has started
5. Where _________ on Sunday afternoon? ( )were you ( ) have you been
6. How long __________________ in Ireland? ( ) were you ( )have you been
7. We ___________________ a vacation last year. ( ) didn’t have ( )haven’t had
8. When _____________ that movie? ( ) did you see ( ) have you seen
9. William Shakespeare ___________( ) lived ( )has lived from 1564 to 1616. He _______ a
writer. ( )was ( )has been

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 2. Unfinished actions

[+ SINCE, FOR, SO FAR (UP TO NOW)]

“I have studied English for 2 years.” I STILL STUDY! I LEARN EVERY DAY
“I have studied English since 2015.” I STILL STUDY! I LEARN EVERY DAY
DIFFERENT FROM:
I studied English for 2 years. = ACTION IS FINISHED, COMPLETE.

They have been here since midday. (THEY ARE STILL HERE)
The army has attacked that city five times.
I’ve had four tests so far.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

C) Complete with:

( )have ( )have ( )have ( )have ( )have ( )have

( )has worked ( )has written ( )has Visited ( )has changed ( )has lived ( )has been

1. My friend is a writer. She _______ many books.

2. Kathy travels a lot. She _____________ many countries.
3. She _______________ in this company for 5 years.
4. They _____________ in this flat since 1998.
5. I ___________________ here since 8 a.m.
6. Many things ______________ since last summer.

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3. Big Accomplishments, experiences

[+ EVER, ALREADY]
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has already learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
I’ve already been to the USA.
Where have you been?

HAVE BEEN OR HAVE GONE?

To talk about one’s experiences use have been to: “He has been to Russia, Europe and Australia.”
To say that one person has gone to a place and he is still there, use have gone to: “Where’s Judy?” “She
has gone to the supermarket.”

D) Complete:

1. __________________(you / ever / be) to Florida?

2. Sue isn’t here. She ______________ out . ( )has gone ( ) has been
3. We ______________ the train. ( )missed ( )have missed
4. I ______________ been to Italy. ( ) have never ( ) haven’t never
5. I'm sorry, but I________________ my homework. ( ) forgot ( )have forgotten
6. _______________ in a Thai restaurant? ( )have you ever been ( ) Were you ever

Dialogue
Man: Have you ever eaten snails?
Woman: Yes, I have. I had them here just last week.
Man: Did you like them?
Woman: Yes, I did. They were delicious! Why don’t you try some?
Man: No, I don’t think so.
52
 Waiter: Have you decided on an appetizer yet?
Woman: Yes. I’ll have a small order of the snails, please.
Waiter: And you, sir?
Man: I think I’ll have some shrimp.

E) Answer these questions:

a) Have you ever had an unusual juice or ice cream? Did you like it?
b) Have you ever eaten something you didn’t like? Tell me.
c) Have you ever baked some bread?

F) Match the job interview questions with their answers:

a) How many jobs have you had since leaving ( )I now have more responsibility and work longer
university?
hours
b) Why have you changed jobs so often? ( )Well. I lead the sales team. I’m also chairman
of a local business association.
c) What have you done that shows ( )I wanted to earn more money.
leadership?
d) In what ways has your job changed since ( )Well, the boss in my last company wasn’t easy
you joined the company?
to work with.
e) Have you ever worked with a difficult ( )I’ve worked for six companies.
person?

G) Complete the sentences with the appropriate sequence:

Have you read Have you changed Have you learnt Have you applied for
a) How ______________________ over the last five years?
b) What other jobs ______________________ recently?
c) What books ______________________ recently?
d) What ______________________ from your other jobs?

53
 H) Complete the sentences with the appropriate sequence:

Have you had Have you worked Have you had

a) What kind of job _________________________ with?

b) What sort of bosses_________________________
c) What sort of problems _________________________ to deal with?

I) Circle the correct form:

I think I had / have had (1) an interesting career. I studied / have studied(2) at Oxford University from
1997 to 2000. Then I applied / have applied(3) for jobs abroad. I worked / have worked(4) in Hong Kong
for a year, and then I went / have been(5) to Japan in 2002.
I did / have done(6) a number of different jobs. I sold / have sold(7) computer software in Hong Kong. I
taught / have taught(8) English in Japan. I wrote / have written(9) a book, and I ran / have run(10) my
own business.

Present Perfect - Part 2

4) Recent Actions
[JUST, RECENTLY, LATELY]
“I’ve just seen Bob.” (I saw Bob some minutes ago)
I haven’t been myself lately. (I am different these days)
Have you gone to the movies recently?
We have just known each other. (we were introduced some minutes ago)
They have just arrived from Oxford.
I’ve just eaten a hamburger.

5) Change Over Time

[LATELY, SINCE]
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
English has become one of the most popular courses at the university.
54
My English has improved a lot since I started this course.

A) Translate the sentences:

a) Eu acabei de falar isso.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Eu não falei com o John ainda.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c) O taxi já chegou?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
d) O taxi não chegou ainda.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Você já ouviu falar de uma planta chamada Madagascar Periwinkle?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
f) Nós acabamos de nos conhecer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
g) Eu acabei de chegar da Inglaterra.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
h) Meu inglês melhorou muito desde que eu comecei este curso.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
i) Você cresceu desde a última vez que eu te vi!

_____________________________________________________________________________________

B) Choose the best translation:

1. I have just seen it written on a wall. a.( ) acabei de ver b.( )tenho visto
2. Has the bus arrived yet? a.( )já b. ( ) ainda
3. No, it has not arrived yet. a.( )já b. ( ) ainda não
4. But the kids have already arrived. a.( )já b.( ) ainda

55
C) Associate some adverbs with their meanings:

yet already Not yet just ever

Indicates that something happened a short time ago Há pouco

Used in affirmatives to express that something happened Já

Used to say that you didn’t do an action Ainda

não
Used in questions to know if the person had this experience Já, alguma vez?
before
Used in the end of questions, to know if the person had this Já?
experience before

D) Complete with Present Perfect:

a) Shirley _________________________ abroad. (be / negative)

You’re joking! Not even to France?
b) ____________ you ever______________ in tourism? (work)
Yes, I was a waiter in a hotel a long time ago.
c) You ___________ never _____________ me back anything from your holidays. (bring)
Yes, I have! I gave you a key chain of Venice once.
d) Wow! You two have got a good suntan.
Yes. We ____________ just _____________ from two weeks in the Caribbean. ( get back)
e) Hi, can I speak to Pat or Harry Skilton please?
Let’s see. They ____________________ into the hotel yet. (check / negative)
f) The passengers are angry about the late flights.
I know. I ___________ already ________________ with three complaints today. (deal)

56
 E) Classify the rules using PRESENT PERFECT (PP) or SIMPLE PAST (SP):

a) We use _______ to talk about experiences in our life, but we don’t say when they happened. To
give more information about an experience we use ________.
b) We use the ______ to say when something happened.
c) We use the _________ for something that started in the past and continues in the present.
d) We use the ________ for something that happened a short time ago, but we don’t say exactly when.
e) We use the _________ to say that something was completed / finished.

F) Complete the sentences with Present Perfect or Simple Past:

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"

B: I don't know. I__________________________ that movie. a.( ) never saw b.( ) have never seen

2. Sam________________________ in San Diego a week ago. a. ( ) arrived b. ( ) has arrived

3. My best friend and I _______________ each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a
week. a.( )know b.( )knew c.( )have known

4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He ________________________ ten very creative short stories in the last
year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. a. ( ) wrote b. ( )has written

5. “I_____________________ this much fun since I was a kid.” a. ( ) didn’t have b. ( )haven’t had

6. Things________________________ a great deal at Coltech. a. ( )changed b. ( )have changed

When we first ______________________ working here three years ago, the company had six employees.
a. ( )started b. ( )have started

7. Jonny, I can't believe how much you _______________ since the last time I saw you.
a.( )changed b.( )have changed

57
8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you ______________________ the bus this morning.
a. ( )missed b. ( )have missed
You________________________ late to work too many times. You are fired!
a. ( )were b. ( )have been

9. In the last hundred years, traveling _______________ much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th
century, it took two or three months to cross North America by wagon.
a.( ) became b.( ) has become

10. This mountain ________________ climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers tried to reach the top,
but nobody has ever succeeded. The climb is extremely difficult and many people died trying to reach the
summit. a.( )was never b.( )has never been
11. When __________ Big Bang ________________? a. ( )did … happen b. ( ) has …. Happened

12. What _________________ to our forests? They’re gone! a. ( ) did they do b. ( ) have they done

13. There is ______________ time for you to change your mind. a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

14. “another glass of wine?” “no, thanks. I haven’t finished this one ____” a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

15. “ What time is Sarah leaving?” “she’s _______________ left.” a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

16. do you _________________ have Maria’s phone number? a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

17. the bank was supposed to confirm the loan, but I’m __________ waiting for their response.
a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

18. “has she started her new job _______?” “No, she will begin next week.”
a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

19. A colleague is reading his e-mails, and the meeting started 5 minutes ago. You say: “hurry up! We are
____________ late! a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

58
20. you sent an invoice to QMC yesterday. Your co-worker asks you to send. You say: “I’ve _________sent
it.” a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

21. you are in a restaurant with a partner. You have finished and the waiter has brought the bill. Your
partner gets up and is about to leave. You say: “wait a minute, we ________ need to pay.” a.( )already
b.( )still c.( )yet

22. ten minutes ago the phone rang and the caller asked you if he could speak to Susan. She is in a meeting
that will continue for another hour at least. The phone rings again, the caller wants to talk to Susan. You
say: “I’m afraid she is ___________ in the meeting. Can I take a message?” a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

23. you know that a co-worker has been looking for a missing file and cannot find it. You ask:
“have you __________ found the file?” a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet
Your Co-worker answers: “No, I haven’t found it ________.” a.( )already b.( )still c.( )yet

24. She has worked in our department _______ the past 6 months. a.( )for b.( )since

25. she has made great progress _______ she joined us. a.( )for b.( )since

26. she’s worked for ABC ________ 8 years. a.( )for b.( )since

27. he has been vice president _______ a long time. a.( )for b.( )since

28. they have been the leading producer in their market _________ 2009. a.( )for b.( )since

G) Correct the mistakes:

1. Have you ever be to London? - been

2. They haven’t got dinner at 7 o’clock.________________________

3. Do you ever tried exquisite food? ________________________

4. She has finished cooking yet. ___________________________

5. She has win the prize. _________________

6. I’ve be waiting for you at the station. _____________________

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 7. I knew him since I was Young. _________________________

8. Wendy and Carl have never saw our old house. ______________________

9. I like your house. How long did you live here? ________________________

10. Mark isn’t here. He’s been to work. ___________________________

11. We’ve left 2 hours ago, but we’re stuck in traffic. _______________________

12. Did you check into the hotel yet? ___________________________________

H) Complete with Present Perfect or Simple Past:

I ____________________(1.visit, never) Africa, but I _____________________(2.travel) to South America

several times. The last time I_______________________ (3.go) to South America, I ___________________

(4.visit) Brazil and Peru. I _____________________ (5.spend) two weeks in the Amazon,

_________________ (6.hike) for a week near Machu Picchu, and _______________________(7.fly) over

the Nazca Lines.

I) Complete the conversations with the expressions in the boxes:

I’ve tried that Have you tried…? Why don’t you…

Well, it’s worth a try. Yes, I see what you mean Oh, dear. What’s the matter?

1) 2)
“Mark seems really fed up at the moment.” “I’ve got too much work at the moment.”
“_____________________________________” “_____________________________________”
“I think he’s under pressure at work.” “I don’t know where to start.”
“__________________________ talk to him about “____________________________________asking
it?” your boss for help?”
“____________________________________, but “____________________________________, I
he says I don’t understand.” guess.”

60
 J) Choose the best answer:

1. I’ve had terrible insomnia.

a. Oh, dear. What’s the matter? b. Yes, I see what you mean. c. Oh, dear. What a shame.

2. We started at the company at the same time, but he’s been promoted.
a. Oh, dear. What a shame. b. I can see why you’re upset. c. oh, that’s great.

3. Sally lost her job last week.

a. Oh, I’m sorry to hear that. b. I can see why you’re upset. c. Yes, I see what you mean.

4. Look at Mike’s report. It’s terrible!

a. oh, that’s great. B. oh, how awful.

5. Mike is in hospital with a broken leg.

a. Yes, I see what you mean. b. Oh, dear. What’s the matter with you? c. oh, how awful.

6. Match the problems with the advice:

1. My children don’t eat enough vegetables. ( ) You should offer to babysit.

2. She’s angry that I forgot her birthday. ( ) Maybe you ought to see the doctor about it.

3. One of my students doesn’t do his homework. ( ) Have you tried giving them a choice of
different types?
4. I can’t sleep! My husband snores so much. ( ) I would have a chat with him and find out
what the problem is.
5. My sister doesn’t go out much because she ( ) Why don’t you send her some flowers?
has got two children.

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62
 LESSON EIGHT

Present Perfect Continuous

It is similar to the Present Perfect, but here the continuity and the duration of the action are emphasized.
The Present Perfect Continuous is used basically to emphasize the continuity of an action that started in
the past and extends to the present and/ or future. We form the Present Perfect Continuous using two
elements, which are: the present perfect of the verb “to be” (have/ has been) and the present particle
of the main verb (base + ing)

 She has been waiting for you all day.

 I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning.
 They have been traveling since last October .

Present Perfect Continuous

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I have been working I haven’t been working Have I been working?

You have been working I haven’t been working Have you been working?

He has been working He hasn’t been working Has he been working?

She has been working She hasn’t been working Has she been working?
It has been working It hasn’t been working Has it been working?
We have been working We haven’t been working Have we been working?

You have been working You haven’t been working Have you been working?

They have been working They haven’t been working Have they been working?

63
 Present continuous or Present Perfect Continuous?
Está chovendo. It is raining.
Está chovendo há uma hora. It has been raining for an hour.
Eu estou esperando. I am waiting.
Eu estou esperando desde as três horas. I have been waiting since 3 o’clock.

A) Complete the sentences:

a) The kids __________________________since 9 o’clock. (play)
b) My brother ___________________________ Gabriela Clove and Cinnamon for a month. (read)
c) We ___________________________ for the bus for an hour. (wait)
d) Jane ___________________________ all day (work)
e) You ___________________________ for hours, it’s time to stop. (drive)

B) Complete with the best verbs:

play increase talk lend say advance wait

a) The world’s deserts ___________________________________for years.

b) The rate of desertification __________________________________ .
c) “What happened to your clothes?” “I _________________________ with the dog.”
d) I _____________________________ since 8 o’clock, but she hasn’t come yet.
e) He _________________________ for the last 2 hours. Isn’t he tired?
f) Bono Vox __________________ his powerful voice in the fight against poverty for a very long time.

64
 g) The challenge is to find new ways to preserve and protect the environment. But we
________________________ that for years.

Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous?

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
1. Emphasizes PERMANENT / ROUTINE actions / states 1. Emphasizes TEMPORARY actions
I’ve worked hard since I got into this firm. “I’ve been working hard recently.”

2. FOCUS ON THE EFFECT / RESULT 2. FOCUS ON THE ACTIVITY

They have arrived, they are in the living room. The guests have been arriving since 9.
I have learnt a lot about grammar from Paul. Joe has been learning to walk.
We have driven all the way here without a break. She has been driving for 3 years now.

3. commonly used with STATIVE VERBS 3. NOT common with STATIVE VERBS!!!
“I’ve known him for years.” “I’ve been knowning him for years.”
“I’ve had some meetings with Josh.” I’ve been having some meetings.
“I’ve loved your new haircut.” I’ve been loving your new haircut

65
C) Choose the best alternative:
1. The Universe __________________ since its creation.
( )has expanded ( ) has been expanding

2. It ______________ for two days.

( ) has rained ( ) has been raining

3. Right now I ___________ the birds.

( ) am observing ( ) have been observing

4. What __________ to the indigenous people? What’s left of their cultures?

( ) have they done ( ) have they been doing

5. It ________________ since yesterday. The streets are already flooded.

( ) has rained ( ) has been raining

6. Lisa is writing e-mails. She ___________________ lots of emails this morning.

( ) has sent ( ) has been sending

7. Lisa is writing e-mails. She _____________ emails all morning.

( ) has written ( ) has been writing

8. “you look tired.” “yes, I_____________ all day.”

( ) have worked ( ) have been working

9. They _________________________ tennis since 2 o’clock.

( ) have played ( ) have been playing

10. They _____________________ tennis three times this week.

( ) have played ( ) have been playing

D) Complete with the verbs. Use the Present Perfect in one sentence and the Present Perfect
Continuous in the other:
claim disappear give move stop

a) An important file ____________________ from my office.

b) Plants and vegetables ____________________ from my garden since we had new neighbors.
c) Dr. Smith ____________________ the same lecture to students for the last ten years.
d) Mr. Clark ____________________ nearly a million dollars to the charity this year.
e) With their win yesterday, Italy ____________________ into second place in the table.

66
f) As house prices in the city have risen, people ____________________ into the countryside.
g) For years he ____________________ that he is related to the royal family.
h) The earthquake ____________________ over 5000 lives.
i) All day, the police ____________________motorists to question them about the accident.
j) Good, the noise ____________________ I can start concentrating on my work again.

E) Classify the definitions using PRESENT PERFECT (PP) or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(PPC):
1. We use the ______ to say how long an activity has been happening.
2. We use ________ to say how many things are finished.
3. We use _______ to talk about an activity that started in the past and continues.
4. We use ________ to talk about a state that started in the past and continues.

F) Complete with PRESENT PERFECT or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

1. I __________________________ here for 2 months.
a.( ) have been working b.( ) have worked
2. How long _________________________ on your own?
a.( ) have you been traveling. ( ) have you traveled
3. Scott ______________________ three books so far.
a.( ) has been writing b.( ) has written
4. Scott ________________________ books since he left university.
a.( ) has been writing b.( ) has written
5. They _________________________ tennis for very long.
a.( ) haven’t been playing b.( ) haven’t played
6. I ___________________________ my best friend since we were kids.
a.( ) have been knowing b.( ) have known
7. How long _____________________ an actress?
a.( ) has your sister been being b.( ) has your sister been
8. We _________________________ a vacation for 2 years.
a.( ) haven’t been having b.( ) haven’t had
9. I_________________________ ten songs from the internet this month.
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 a.( ) have been downloading b.( ) have downloaded
10. I_________________________ to two concerts this year.
a.( ) have been going b.( ) have been
11. I_________________________ classical music for a long time.
a.( ) have been liking b.( ) have liked
12. I_________________________ Alicia Keys’ career since she became famous.
a.( ) have been following b.( ) have followed

G) Make sentences with the present perfect continuous:

a) They started going on cruises three years ago.
__________________________________________________________________________________
b) Martha started giving guided tours when she was 16.
__________________________________________________________________________________
c) I started looking forward to my vacation six months ago.
__________________________________________________________________________________
d) Cambridge University published its first book in 1584.
__________________________________________________________________________________
e) We started going out together when I was 18.
__________________________________________________________________________________
f) You moved into this house two months ago.
__________________________________________________________________________________

H) Circle the correct option. Sometimes both verb forms are possible:
Linda Smith has never 1) had / been having … a permanent home.

She’s 2) traveled/been traveling … around the world since she left

university. “there are over 190 countries in the world and I’ve

3) stayed / been staying

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…in about 20 of them,” she told me. At the moment she is in Gambia,

in Africa. Unfortunately Linda hasn’t 4) felt/been feeling …well for

the last week. “I’ve 5)tried/been trying … a lot of different foods on

my travels and I’ve never 6) had/been having …any problems

before. But everyone has 7)looked after/been looking after …me

very well.”

For the last ten years Linda has 8)kept /been keeping …a diary of

her trips and so far she has 9) published/been publishing …two

books about her adventures.

Since she started writing, Linda hasn’t 10)had/been having …to do

other work. She’s just 11)finished/been finishing …her third book

and she’s now planning her journey to South America. “I’ve 12)

explored/been exploring …this world for over 5 years, but I’ve got a

long way to go!

I) Match the sentences:

1) How many cruises have you ( ) Married?

2) How many hotels have you ( ) Been on?

3) How long have Tony and Maureen been ( ) Been waiting?

4) How long has Jane ( ) Known each other for a long time?

5) Have you ( ) Worked in

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 J) Match the sentences:
a) We have been watching ( ) With a broken leg.
b) Why didn’t you call me? I don’t know how you have been ( ) So we would like to go.
getting around
c) We haven’t been going on a guided tour of the city before ( ) It’s wonderful.
d) The sun has been shining all weekend! ( ) A lot of travel programs recently

K) Correct the sentences:

a) How many emails have you been sending today?

__________________________________________________________________________________

b) How long are you living in this city?

__________________________________________________________________________________

c) How long have you been knowing the teacher?

__________________________________________________________________________________

d) The company ran a website for several years, which gets over one million visitors a day.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Space blog
Tuesday, April 15
The launch was so exciting – the whole spacecraft shook! That was about 36 hours ago. The
view from the spacecraft is fantastic. We’ve already seen huge electric storms and wonderful
stars.
The spacecraft spins round all the time. I’ve been feeling very sick since the first night. I’ve also
been having some trouble sleeping. When we sleep, we hang upside down. In 12 hours, we’ll
reach the space station.
Thursday, May 29

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 Now we’re at the space station. We’ve been living here for six weeks, and it feels like home. All
the crew get along. People have been asking a lot of questions about our life, so I’ll try To
answer some of them.
Food: We have a lot of dehydrated food. Just mix it with water and heat it. When you
open a pack, the food floats out and you can try to catch it in your mouth! We also get
fresh food, sometimes. The space shuttle just delivered some fresh fruit!
The bathroom: We don’t have showers. We use wet towels to wash our bodies, and
when we brush our teeth, we swallow the water. We have toilets, but we tie ourselves
to the seats, and they work with jets of air, not water.
Exercise: When you’re weightless, your muscles and bones don’t have any work to do.
If you don’t exercise hard, they weaken. I’ve been using the exercise bike twice a day.
There’s a rowing machine here, too, but I haven’t used it yet. It’s always great to hear
from you guys back on Earth, so keep sending all those messages. We miss you and
we’ll be back soon.
Make up your own blog using Present Perfect Continuous:

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