4.

MOMENT OF INERTIA
Moment of Inertia( Second moment area)

The product of the elemental area and square of the

perpendicular distance between the centroid of area and the
axis of reference is the “Moment of Inertia” about the reference
axis

Iox= da1 y12 + da2 y22+ da3 y32+ -- y

dA
= ∑ da y2
x
Ioy = da1 x12 + da2 x22 + da3 x32+ ----
= ∑ da x2
y
o
Radius of Gyration
Elemental area A
A

r1 k

r2 k

r3 k

B B
Radius of gyration is defined as a constant distance of all
elemental areas which have been rearranged with out
altering the total moment of inertia.

IAB= da k2 + da k2 + ---------- IAB= A k2

-
IAB = ∑ da k2 k=√IAB/A
 Polar moment of Inertia
(Perpendicular Axes theorem)

The moment of inertia of an area about an axis perpendicular

to the plane of the area is called “Polar Moment of Inertia” and
it is denoted by symbol Izz or J or Ip. The moment of inertia of
an area in xy plane w.r.to z. axis is Izz = Ip = J = ∫r2dA = ∫(x2 +
y2) dA = ∫x2dA + ∫y2dA = Ixx +Iyy

Y x

r
y
O
z
x
 Polar moment of Inertia
(Perpendicular Axes theorem)

Hence polar M.I. for an area w.r.t. an axis perpendicular to its

plane of area is equal to the sum of the M.I. about any two
mutually perpendicular axes in its plane, passing through the
point of intersection of the polar axis and the area.
 Parallel Axis Theorem
dA

x y x
*G

A B
Moment of inertia of any area about an axis AB is equal to the
M.I. about parallel centroidal axis plus the product of the total
area and square of the distance between the two axes.
IAB =∑dA (d +y)2

= ∑dA (d2 + y2 + 2 × d × y)

=∑dA. d2 +∑dA y2 + ∑ 2×d×dA y

= ∑dA. d2 +∑dA y2 + (2×d).A ∑ y dA

A
In the above term (2×d).A is constant & ∑ y dA = 0
A

IAB = Ixx + A.d2

 MOMENT OF INERTIA BY DIRECT INTEGRATION

Q 4.1 Find the moment of inertia of rectangular area about

centroidal horizontal axis by direct integration

M.I. about its horizontal centroidal axis :

+D / 2
I x x =  dA  y 2
−D / 2
D/2 dy
+D / 2
=  ( B  dy)  y 2
D
y
−D / 2 x x
G
BD 3
=
12

B
Q 4.2 Find the Moment of Inertia of rectangular area about its base
(about the line AB) using Parallel Axis Theorem
2
IAB = IXX + A(d)
.

Where d = D/2, the distance

between axes xx and AB
D/2 dy
y
D
x x
3 2 G
=BD /12+(BD)(D/2)
=BD3/12+BD3/4
=BD3/3 A B
B
 Q 4.3

IAB =  dA.y2 =  (x.dy)y2

dy
(h-y)
h
IAB =  (b . (h-y) y2.dy) /h h
0 x
x y x
= b[ h (y3/3) – y4/4 ]/h h/3
= bh3/12 A B
b
Using Parallel axis theorem
IAB = Ixx + Ad2

Ixx = IAB – Ad2

= bh3/12 – bh/2 . (h/3)2

= bh3/36
 Find the moment of inertia of Circular area about the
Q 4.5 centroidal horizontal axis
Ixx =  dA . y2
R 2 d
=   (x.d.dr) r2Sin2
0 0

R 2 r
y=rSin
=  r3.dr Sin2 d x  x
0 0

R 2
R
= r3 dr  {(1- Cos2)/2} d
0
R
0
2
A B
=[r4/4] [/2 – Sin2/4]
0 0

= R4/4[ - 0] = R4/4
IXX =  R4/4 = D4/64
 Find the moment of inertia of Semi-circular area about
Q 4.6
the Base & centroidal horizontal axis

IAB =  dA . y2
R 
=   (r.d.dr) r2Sin2
0 0
R  y0
= r3.dr  Sin2 d
0 0

R 
=  r3 dr (1- Cos2)/2) d
0 0
 R
=[R4/4] [/2 – Sin2/4] x x
0 4R/3
A B
= R4/4[/2 - 0]
= R4/8 = (πD4/32) y0
moment of inertia of Semi-circular area about the
centriodal horizontal axis
using parallel axis theorem:

IAB = Ixx + A(d)2

2
Ixx = IAB – A(d)

=  R4/8 R2/2 . (4R/3)2

Ixx = 0.11R4
 Find the moment of inertia of Quarter-circular area
Q 4.7 about the base & centroidal horizontal axis

D y
IAB = ICD
R /2
IAB =   (r.d.dr). r2Sin2
0 0

R /2
= r3.dr  Sin2 d x x
0 0 4R/3π
R /2 A
= r3 dr  (1- Cos2)/2) d B
C y
0 0
/2
=[R4/4] [/2 – (Sin2 )/4]
0 4R/3π
= R4 (/16 – 0) = R4/16
Moment of inertia about Centroidal axis,
Ixx = IAB - Ad2
= R4/16 - R2. (0. 424R)2

= 0.055R4
Sl.No Figure Ix Iy I xx I yy
b -x
0 0
-y
0 0
Y
1
d
x0 x0 bd3/12 - bd3/3 -
d/2
x x
Y Xo
2
h
x0 bh3/36 - bh3/12 -
x0
h/3
x x
b
3 y0
R
x0 O x0 R4/4 R4/4 - -

y0
4 y0 4R/3π
x0 0.11R4 R4/8 R4/8 -
x0
x y0 x
5 y y0
x0 4R/3π 0.055R4 0.055R4 R4/16 R4/16

4R/3π
 Q 4.8 Numerical Problems & Solutions

Find the moment of Inertia of the shaded area shown in

fig.about its base.
10 10

25
30mm

5
5
20mm
15
X X

5 5 5 5
20mm
 Q 4.8

Solution:-

Ixx = Ixx1+ Ixx2 +Ixx3

10 10

20 * 203
25
30mm = + (20 * 20)102
2
12
20 * 303 1
5
+ + (20 * 30) * 302
3 36 2
5
10 *103
1 20mm −[ + 10 *10 * 202 ]
15
12
X X Ix x = 297.5 *103 mm 4
5 5 5 5
20mm
Q 4.9

Compute the M.I. about the base(bottom) for

the area given in fig.

100mm

30mm

25
mm 80mm

20mm
20mm
x x
200mm
Q 4.9

SOLUTION :-

100mm

5 30mm

25 80mm

3 4 20mm
1 20mm
x x
200mm
 Q 4.9

Ix x = 200*203/3+[25*1003/12+(25*100)702]

+2[87.5*203/36+0.5*87.5*20*(26.67)2]

+[100*303/12+100*30*1352]
6 4
Ix x=71.05*10 mm
Q 4.10
Find M.I. about the horizontal centroidal axis for the
area shown and also find the radius of gyration.
200mm 200mm

400mm 463.5mm

100
250mm 250mm
xo
xo
400mm
y=436.5mm
100mm

1100mm
 Q 4.10
Solution:-

200mm 200mm

400mm 463.5mm
6
3 4
5
100
250mm 250mm xo
xo
400mm
2 y=436.5mm
100mm 1

1100mm
 Q 4.10

∑A=1100*100+400*100+400*400+2(1/2*100*400)-π*502
=3,42,150 mm2

∑AY=1100*100*50+100*400*300+400*400*700+[(1/2)*100*

400*633.3]*2 - π *502*700 =14,93,38,200mm3

Y= ∑AY / ∑A=436.5mm
 Q 4.10

Moment of Inertia about horizontal centroidal

Axis:-
IXoXo =[1100*1003/12 +1100*100(386.5)2]+[100*4003/12
+(100*400)*(136.5)2]+[400*4003/12+400*400*(263.5)2]+2
[100*4003/36+(1/2*400*100)*(196.8)2]-
4 2 2
[π*(50) /4+π*50 *(263.5) ]
IXoXo =32.36*109mm4

rXoXo=√(IXoXo/A)=307.536mm.
Q 4.11

Compute the M.I. of 100 mm x 150mm rectangular

shown in fig.about x-x axis to which it is inclined at an
angle of  = Sin-1(4/5)

 = Sin-1(4/5)
A
X X

B
 Q 4.11

sin =4/5,  =53.13o

Solution:-
= From geometry of fig ,
D o
BK=ABsin(90-53.13 )
M
F N C =100sin(90-53.13o )=60mm
ND=BK=60mm
 = Sin-1(4/5) FD= o
60/sin53.13 = 75mm
A K
X L E X
AF=150-FD=75mm
B
FL=ME=75sin53.13o=60mm

AB 100
AE = FC = = = 125mm
cos (90 −  ) 0.8
 Q 4.11

IXX=IDFC+IFCE+IFEA+IAEB
=125 (60)3/ 36+ (1/2)*125*60*(60+60/3)2
+125(60)3 /36+(1/2)*125*60*402
+125*603 /36 +(1/2)*125*60 *202
+125*603/36 +(1/2)*125*60*202
Ixx = 36,00,000 mm4
 Q 4.12

Find the M.I. of the shaded area shown about AB.

80mm

A 40mm B

40mm

40mm 40mm
 Q 4.12
Solution:-

IA = IA1 + IA2 + IA3

3
= [80*80 /36
1 80mm +(1/2)*80*80(80/3)2
+[(0.11*404)+(1/2)π(40)2

40mm (0.424r)2] –[π*204/4]

A B

3
40mm I =429.3*10 4mm4
2 A

40mm 40mm
 Q 4.13
Calculate the moment of inertia of the built- up section
shown in fig.about the centroidal axis parallel to AB. All
members are 10mm thick.
250mm
A B

50mm 50mm
50mm

10mm

250mm

10mm
50mm
 Q 4.13

Solution:-

250mm
A B
2
50mm 5 Y=73.03mm
3 4 40mm
40mm
10mm

1 250mm

10mm 6

50mm
 Q 4.13

It is divided into six rectangles. Distance of centroidal X-

axis from AB=Y=∑Ai Yi /∑A

∑A=2*250*10+40*4*10=6600mm2

∑Ai Yi =

=250*10*5+2*40*10*30+40*40*15+40*10*255

+250*10*135

=4,82,000mm3
Q 4.13

Y= ∑AiYi / ∑A=482000/6600=73.03mm
Moment of Inertia about centroidal axis

=Sum of M.I. of individual rectangles

= 250*103/ 12+250*10*68.032
3 2
+ [10*40 /12 +40*10*(43.03) *2

+40*103/12+40*10 (58.03)2 +10*2502 /12+250*

10(73.05-135)2 +40*103 /12+40*10(73.05-255)2

IXoXo =5,03,99395mm4
 Q 4.14

Find the second moment of the shaded area shown in

fig.about its centroidal x-axis.

30mm 50mm

20mm

40mm
R=20

20mm 40mm 20mm

 Q 4.14

solution:-

30mm 50mm

20mm 2 3

Xo Xo
40mm
1 31.5mm
R=20
4

20mm 40mm 20mm

 Q 4.14

∑A=40*80+1/2*30*30+1/2*50*30-1/2*π*(20)2 =3772mm2
∑AiXi =3200*40+450*2/3*30+750*(30+50/3)
-1/2* π*202 *40 =146880mm3
∑AiYi =3200*20+450*50+750*50-628*4*20/3 π= 118666.67mm3
Y =118666.67/3772= 31.5mm

IXoXo = [80*403/12+(80*40)(11.5)2 ]+[30*303/36+

1/2 *30*30(18.5)2 ]+ [50*303 /36 +1/2+50*30*(18.50)2]-
[0.11*204 )+π/2*(20)2 (31.5-0.424*20)]
= 970.3*103mm4
Q 4.15

Find the M.I. about top of section and about two

centroidal axes.
150mm

10mm

150mm

10mm
 Q 4.15

solution:-
150mm
Yo

10mm
41.21mm
Xo Xo

150mm

Yo

10mm
 Q 4.15

It is symmetrical about Y axis, X=0

Y=∑AY/∑A =[ (10*150*5) +(10*140*80)]/[(10*150)+(10*140)
=41.21mm from top
IXX= 150*103 /12 + ( 150*10)*52 +10*1403 /12+(10*140)
*(80)2 = 11296667mm4
IXX = IXoXo + A(d)2 ,where A(d)2

IXoXo =6371701.10 mm4

IYoYo =( 10*1503 /12) + (140*103/12)=2824166.7mm4

IXoXo+(150*10+140*10)*(41.21)2=11296667mm3
Q 4.16

Find the M.I. about centroidal axes and radius of

gyration for the area in given fig.

10mm

50mm

10mm

40mm
 Q 4.16

solution:-

10mm Yo
A B

50mm

Xo E Xo
F
Y=17.5mm 10mm
C D Yo G

40mm

X=12.5mm
 Q 4.16

Centroid
X=∑ax/∑a= [(50*10)5+(30*10)25]/800=12.5mm
Y=∑ay/∑a= [(50*10)25+(30*10)5]/800=17.5mm

IXoXo = [10*503/12+(50*10)(17.5-5)2]+
[30*103/12+(30*10) (12.5)2 =181666.66mm4
IYoYo=[(50*103/12)+(50*10)(7.5)2]+[10*303/12
+(30*10)*(12.5)2]=101666.66mm4
rxx=√(181666.66/800) = 15.07 mm
ryy=√(101666.66/800)= 11.27 mm
 Q 4.17

Determine he moment of inertia about the

horizontal centroidal axes for the area shown.

60 mm

100 mm

100 mm
 Q 4.17

solution:-

60 mm

100 mm 1 2
Xo Xo

Y=40.3mm

100 mm
Q 4.17

Y=[(100*100)50-(π/4)602*74.56]/[(100*100)- (π/4)602]
=40.3mm
IXoXo= [(100*1003/12)+100*100*(9.7)2]-
[0.55*(60)4+0.785*(60)2*(34.56)2 ]
=83,75,788.74mm4
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q.1. Determine the moment of inertia about the

centroidal axes.

30mm

30mm
20
30mm

100mm

[Ans: Y = 27.69mm Ixx = 1.801 x 106mm4

Iyy = 1.855 x 106mm4]
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q.2. Determine second moment of area about the centroidal

horizontal and vertical axes. 300mm

300mm

200

200mm

900mm
[Ans: X = 99.7mm from A, Y = 265 mm
Ixx = 10.29 x 109mm4, Iyy = 16.97 x 109mm4]
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q.3. Determine M.I. Of the built up section about the horizontal

and vertical centroidal axes and the radii of gyration.

200mm
20

140mm
60

20
100mm
[Ans: Ixx = 45.54 x 106mm4, Iyy = 24.15 x 106mm4
rxx = 62.66mm, ryy = 45.63mm]
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q.4. Determine the horizontal and vertical centroidal M.I. of the

shaded portion of the figure.

X 60 20
20 X

60 60
[Ans: X = 83.1mm
Ixx = 2228.94 x 104mm4, Iyy = 4789.61 x 104mm4]
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q5. Determine horizontal and vertical centroidal M.I. for the

section shown in figure.

40mm

160mm
40mm

40mm

90mm
[Ans: Ixx = 2870.43 x 104mm4, Iyy = 521.64 x 104mm4]