Power Electronics Laboratory

User Manual

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering

University of Minnesota

Revised: September 8, 2011

Rev E

SAFETY WARNING

Before using this laboratory, read, understand and follow the Safety Precautions
mentioned inside this manual.

This is an educational laboratory where high-voltage terminals and large current-carrying

components and circuits are exposed for ease of measurements. Therefore, regardless of the
voltage and current levels, these should be treated as high voltages and high currents, and the
safety precautions mentioned in the manual must be followed.
 Contents

Exp. # Title Page

Safety Precautions 3

1. Laboratory and Power-pole Board Familiarization 6

2. Buck Converter 16

3. Switching Characteristic of MOSFET and Diode 20

4. Boost Converter 23

5. Buck-Boost Converter 26

6. Voltage-Mode Control 30

7. Peak Current Mode Control 36

8. Flyback Converter 41

9. Forward Converter 45

Appendix 49

2
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Why is safety important?

Attention and adherence to safety considerations is even more important in a power electronics
laboratory than is required in any other undergraduate electrical engineering laboratories. Power
electronic circuits can involve voltages of several hundred volts and currents of several tens of
amperes. By comparison the voltages in many teaching laboratories rarely exceed 20V and the
currents hardly ever exceed a few hundred milliamps.

In order to minimize the potential hazards, we will use dc power supplies that never exceed
voltages above 40-50V and will have maximum current ratings of 5A or less. However in spite
of this precaution, power electronics circuits on which the student will work may involve
substantially larger voltages (up to hundreds of volts) due to the presence of large inductances in
the circuits and the rapid switching on and off of amperes of current in the inductances. For
example a boost converter can have an output voltage that can theoretically go to infinite values
if it is operating without load. Moreover the currents in portions of some converter circuits may
be many times larger than the currents supplied by the dc supplies powering the converter
circuits. A simple buck converter is an example of a power electronics circuit in which the output
current may be much larger than the input dc supply current

2. Potential problems presented by Power Electronic circuits

• Electrical shock may take a life.

• Exploding components (especially electrolytic capacitors) and arcing circuits can

cause blindness and severe burns.

• Burning components and arcing can lead to fire.

3. Safety precautions to minimize these hazards

3.1 General Precautions

• Be calm and relaxed, while working in Lab.

• When working with voltages over 40V or with currents over 10A, there must be
at least two people in the lab at all times.

• Keep the work area neat and clean.

• No paper lying on table or nearby circuits.

• Always wear safety glasses when working with other than signal-level power.

3
 • Use rubber door mats to insulate yourself from ground, when
working in the Lab.

• Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kits in lab.

• A switch should be included in each supply circuit so that when opened, these
switches will de-energize the entire setup. Place these switches so that you can
reach them quickly in case of emergency, and without reaching across hot or high
voltage components.

3.2 Precautions to be taken when preparing a circuit

• Use only isolated power sources (either isolated power supplies or AC power
through isolation power transformers). This helps in using a grounded
oscilloscope. This reduces the possibility of risk of completing a circuit through
your body. This also reduces the possibility of destroying the test equipment.

3.3 Precautions to be taken before powering the circuit

• Check for all the connections of the circuit and scope connections before
powering the circuit, to avoid shorting or any ground looping, that may lead to
electrical shocks or damage of equipment.

• Check any connections for shorting two different voltage levels.

• Check if you have connected load at the output. This is very important in Boost
and Buck-Boost Converters and converters based on them.

• Double check your wiring and circuit connections. It is a good idea to use a point-
to-point wiring diagram to review when making these checks.

3.4 Precautions while switching ON the circuit

• Apply low voltages or low power to check proper functionality of circuits.

• Once functionality is proven, increase voltages or power, stopping at frequent

levels to check for proper functioning of circuit or for any components is hot or
for any electrical noise that can affect the circuit’s operation.

3.5 Precautions while switching on or shutting down the circuit

• Reduce the voltage or power slowly till it comes to zero.

• Switch of all the power supplies and remove the power supply connections.

4
 • Let the load be connected at the output for some time, so that it helps to discharge
capacitor or inductor if any, completely.

3.6 Precautions while modifying the circuit

• Switch on the circuit as per the steps in section 3.5.

• Modify the connections as per your requirement.

• Again check the circuit as per steps in section 3.3, and switch ON as per steps in
section 3.4.

3.7 Other Precautions

• No loose wires or metal pieces should be lying on table or near the circuit, to
cause shorts and sparking.

• Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or
changing leads.

• Keep high voltage parts and connections out of the way from accidental touching
and from any contacts to test equipment or any parts, connected to other voltage
levels.

• When working with inductive circuits, reduce voltages or currents to near zero
before switching open the circuits.

• BE AWARE of bracelets, rings, metal watch bands, and loose necklace (if you are
wearing any of them), they conduct electricity and can cause burns. Do not wear
them near an energized circuit.

• Learn CPR and keep up to date. You can save a life.

• When working with energized circuits (while operating switches, adjusting

controls, adjusting test equipment), use only one hand while keeping the rest of
your body away from conducting surfaces.

5
 Experiment 1

Laboratory and Power-pole Board Familiarization

1.1 Introduction

The power electronics laboratory is built around a reconfigurable circuit board, termed the
Power-pole board, along with accessory daughterboards. The details of the Power-pole board are
discussed in later sections of this experiment. This first experiment will familiarize you with the
laboratory equipment and Power-pole circuit board.

1.2 Laboratory Equipment

Each experiment station has the following equipment.

Digital Oscilloscope with RS232 interface

Function generator

DC power supply 0-60 V - 2 A max

±12 V Signal Power Supply (with DIN connector output)

Differential voltage probe

Power Pole circuit board and associated plug-in boards with magnetic components and
daughterboards with onboard components for implementing closed loop control.

Digital Multimeter

Desktop computer with software for capturing oscilloscope data via RS232 port.

Note: The lab instructor will demonstrate how to use the software to capture oscilloscope
waveforms. Students should bring floppy disks or flash drives to download the captured
waveforms or data for use in their lab reports.

This equipment will be used to set up the circuits and to perform most measurements. The
laboratory will also have several miscellaneous components including power resistors, magnetics
boards, hookup wire, etc. as needed for specific experiments.

1.3 Power-pole Board Familiarization

The main feature of the Power-pole Board is the reconfigurable power-pole consisting of two
MOSFETs and two diodes. The drive circuits for the MOSFETs are incorporated on the board,
and so are the various protection circuits for over current and over voltage. PWM signals to
control the MOSFETs can be generated onboard or supplied from an external source. The power-
pole can be configured to work in various topologies using three magnetics boards (BB board for

6
buck, boost and buck-boost converters, Flyback board for flyback converter, and Forward board
for forward converter) which plug into the Power-pole Board. In addition, there is an option of
doing frequency analysis of each topology by injecting a small-signal sinusoidal control voltage.
The board can also be operated in voltage/current feedback mode using an external control
circuit mounted on a daughter board which plugs into the Power-pole Board.

The basic block diagram of the Power-pole Board is shown in Fig. 1.1 and the actual board is
shown in Fig. 1.2. Please note that the locations of the various components on the board are
indicated in Table 1.1.

1.3.1 Power-pole

The power-pole consists of MOSFETs Q10 and Q15 and diodes D10 and D15. The source of the
upper MOSFET and the drain of the lower MOSFET are connected to screw terminals for
external connection, and so are the anode of upper diode and the cathode of the lower diode. The
voltage and current waveforms at the terminals of the MOSFETs and diodes can be observed.
Table 1.2 shows the locations of test points on the power pole board.

Note:
Take care whenever you are using oscilloscope probes to measure voltage. If the measurement
reference potential is different to the oscilloscope reference potential, you must use differential
probe.

To observe the voltage across the upper MOSFET,

• Connect the positive and negative terminals of a differential probe to the DRAIN and
SOURCE of upper MOSFET.

To observe the upper MOSFET source current,

• Connect the positive and negative terminals of a differential probe to terminals CS2 and
SOURCE (D-2 in Fig. 1.2) of upper MOSFET. The current sense resistor value is 0.05 .

7
Figure 1.1: Block diagram of Power-pole Board.

8
Figure 1.2: Power-Pole board.

9
 Table 1.1: Location of components on Power-Pole board

No. Component Ref. Des. Location in

Fig. 1.2
1 Terminal V1+ J1 A-1
2 Terminal V2+ J21 L-1
3 Terminal COM (input) J2 A-4
4 Terminal COM (output) J22 L-6
5 DIN connector for s12 V signal supply J90 A-5
6 Signal supply switch S90 B-6
7 Signal supply +12 V fuse F90 B-5
8 Signal supply !12 V fuse F95 B-6
9 Signal supply LED D99 B-5
10 Fault LED D32 D-6
11 Over voltage LED D33 D-6
12 Over current LED D34 D-6
13 Upper MOSFET , diode and heat sink assembly Q15, D15 C-2
14 Lower MOSFET , diode and heat sink assembly Q10, D10 C-4
15 Screw terminal for upper MOSFET source J13 D-3
16 Screw terminal for lower diode cathode J11 D-4
17 Screw terminal for upper diode anode J12 E-3
18 Screw terminal for lower MOSFET drain J10 E-4
19 Screw terminal for Mid-point J18 F-3
20 Magnetics Board plug-in space J20 H-3
21 PWM Controller UC3824 U60 I-5
22 Duty ratio pot RV64 RV64 F-5
23 Switching frequency adjustment pot RV60 RV60 I-5
24 External PWM signal input terminal J68 G-6
25 Selector Switch Bank S30 E-5
26 Daughter board connector J60 H-6
27 Switched load R22 K-5
28 Resettable Fuse F21 L-2
29 Control selection jumpers J62, J63 J-5
30 Ramp select jumper J61 H-5
31 Current limit jumper J65 H-6
32 Small-signal ac analysis selection jumper J64 G-5
33 Input current sensor (LEM) CS1 B-1
34 Output current sensor (LEM) CS5 K-2

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 Table 1.2: Test Point Details and Location on Power-pole Board

No. Test Point Description of Test Point Location

in Fig. 1.2
1 V1+ Terminal V1+ C-1
2 V2+ Terminal V2+ K-1
3 CS1 Input current B-4
4 CS2 Upper MOSFET source current D-2
5 CS3 Lower diode or MOSFET source current D-4
6 CS4 Output Capacitor Current K-3
7 CS5 Output current K-4
8 CS LOAD 1 Switched Load Voltage +ve L-5
9 CS LOAD 2 Switched Load Voltage -ve L-5
10 PWM PWM Signal E-6
11 DRAIN (upper MOSFET ) Upper MOSFET drain D-2
11 SOURCE (upper MOSFET ) Upper MOSFET source D-2
12 DRAIN (lower MOSFET ) Lower MOSFET drain E-4
12 SOURCE (lower MOSFET ) Lower MOSFET source E-4
13 ANODE (upper diode) Upper diode anode E-2
13 CATHODE (upper diode) Upper diode cathode E-2
14 ANODE (lower diode) Lower diode anode D-4
14 CATHODE (lower diode) Lower diode cathode D-4
15 GATE (upper MOSFET ) Gate of upper MOSFET C-2
16 GATE (lower MOSFET ) Gate of lower MOSFET C-4

To observe the voltage across the lower MOSFET ,

• Connect an oscilloscope probe to the DRAIN and its ground to the SOURCE (E-4 in Fig.
1.2) of the lower MOSFET.

To observe the lower MOSFET source current,

• Connect an oscilloscope probe to terminal CS3 and its ground to the SOURCE (E-4 in
Fig. 1.2) of the lower MOSFET. The current sense resistor value is 0.05 . The same
test points also measure the lower diode current if that is included in the circuit.

To observe the voltage across the upper diode,

• Connect the positive and negative terminals of a differential probe to terminal CATH and
ANODE (E-2 in Fig. 1.2) of the upper diode.

To observe the voltage across the lower diode,

• Connect an oscilloscope probe to CATHLOW and its ground to the ANODE of the lower
diode (D-4 in Fig. 1.2).

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1.3.2 Magnetics Boards

To build various converters using the Power-pole Board , three plug in boards are provided:

1. BB Board (Fig. 1.3(a)): For buck, boost and buck-boost converters

2. Flyback Board (Fig. 1.3(b)): For flyback converter

3. Forward Board (Fig. 1.3(c)): For forward converter

How to use these boards will be described in the subsequent experiments.

(a) BB Board (b) Flyback Board (c) Forward Board

Figure 1.3: Magnetics boards.

1.3.3 Signal Supply

±12 volts signal supply is required for the MOSFET drive circuits and also the measurement and
protection circuits. This is obtained from a wall-mounted isolated power supply, which plugs
into the DIN connector J90 (A-5 in Fig. 1.2). Switch S90 (B-6 in Fig. 1.2) controls the signal
power to the board. Each time a fault occurs, turn off and turn on this switch to reset the board.
The green LED D99 (B-5 in Fig. 1.2) indicates if the +12 V signal supply is available to the
board. Fuses F90 (B-5 in Fig. 1.2) and F95 (B-6 in Fig. 1.2) provide protection for the +12 V and
-12 V supplies respectively.

1.3.4 Load

Any external load is to be connected across terminals V2+ and COM (L-1 and L-6 in Fig. 1.2).
An onboard switched load is provided to facilitate the observation of the transient response of
any converter built using the power-pole. Thus it is possible to periodically switch in and out a
20 load (K-4 to K-6 in Fig. 1.2). The frequency and duty ratio of this load is fixed at 10 Hz
and 10%.

To select the switched load,

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 • Put switch 3 of selector switch bank S30 (E-5 in Fig. 1.2) to the top position (Load (SW)
ON).

In order to observe the switched load current,

• Connect the positive and negative terminals of a differential probe to CSLOAD1 and
CSLOAD2 (L-5 in Fig. 1.2). This measures the voltage across the 20 resistor.

• Switched load current is the measured voltage divided by 20.

1.3.5 Input/Output Voltage Measurement

Test points for input/output voltage measurements are provided on the Power-pole Board.
For input voltage measurement,

• Connect the oscilloscope probe to test point V1+(C-1 in Fig. 1.2) and its ground to
COM (D-1 in Fig. 1.2).

For output voltage measurement,

• Connect the oscilloscope probe to test point V2+ (K-1 in Fig. 1.2) and its ground to
COM (L-1 in Fig. 1.2).

1.3.6 Current Measurement

LEM current sensors (B-1, K-2 in Fig. 1.2) are provided to measure the input and output
currents. The input current sensor is located after the input filter capacitor, and the output current
sensor is located before the output filter capacitor. Calibration of the current sensors is such that
for 1A current flowing through each, the output is 0.5 V. These signals are amplified by a factor
of 2 and are brought out to the daughter board connector J60, for use in feedback current control.
Currents through the MOSFETs and output capacitor are measured using current sense resistors.
Refer to Table 1.2 for details of the various current measurement test points.

To measure input current,

• Connect oscilloscope probe to CS1 (B-1 in Fig. 1.2) and its ground to COM (D-1 in Fig.
1.2).

To measure output current,

• Connect oscilloscope probe to CS5 (K-4 in Fig. 1.2) and its ground to COM (L-1 in Fig.
1.2) .

13
To measure output capacitor ripple current,

• Connect oscilloscope probe to CS4 (K-3 in Fig. 1.2) and its ground to COM. The current
sense resistor value is 0.1 .

1.3.7 MOSFET Drive Circuit

The power-pole MOSFETs are driven by high side drivers IR2127. These drivers have in-built
overcurrent protection using a current-sense resistor for each MOSFET (see locations C-3 and C-
5 in Fig. 1.2). The voltage across these sense resistors can be observed using test points provided
on the board.

To see the upper MOSFET current,

• Connect the positive and negative terminals of a differential probe to CS2 and SOURCE
of upper MOSFET .

To see the lower MOSFET current,

• Connect an oscilloscope probe to CS3 and its ground to SOURCE of lower MOSFET .
Note: The lower diode current can also be observed using test point CS3. However the
upper diode current cannot be observed.

1.3.8 PWM Signal Generation

PWM signals required for the MOSFETs can be generated using the on-board PWM controller
UC3824 (I-5 in Fig. 1.2). There is also an option to supply PWM signals from an external
source.

To use the onboard PWM,

• Put switch 2 of the selector switch bank S30 (E-5 in Fig. 1.2) to its bottom position
(PWM INT.).
To use external PWM,

• Put switch 2 of the selector switch bank S30 to its top position (PWM EXT.).

• Connect the external PWM signal to the terminal J68 (G-6 in Fig. 1.2).

While using the onboard PWM for operation of the power-pole in open-loop, the duty ratio can
be controlled using pot RV64 (F-5 in Fig. 1.2). The duty ratio can be varied from 4% to 98%.
The frequency of the PWM can be adjusted using the trim pot RV60 (I-5 in Fig. 1.2).
There is a provision for providing an external ramp to the UC3824 IC. This is useful for peak
current mode control. For this, remove jumper J61 (H-5 in Fig. 1.2) and use the RAMP pin on
daughter board connector J60.

14
1.3.9 Frequency Analysis

Frequency analysis of any converter built using the power-pole can be done by injecting a low
voltage sinusoidal signal at jumper J64 (G-5 in Fig. 1.2). To do this,

• Remove jumper J64.

• Connect the small signal sinusoidal source at the jumper terminal J64.

Note: J64 is to be shorted in all other modes of operation.

1.3.10 Power-pole Board in Feedback Control Mode

The power-pole board can be operated in either open or closed loop and is selected by jumpers
J62 and J63 (J-5 in Fig. 1.2). For open loop operation,

• Keep J62 and J63 in the righthand positions.

Closed loop operation will be described in the relevant experiment.

15
 Experiment 6

Voltage-Mode Control
6.1 Objective

The objective of this experiment is to design a controller to operate the buck converter in voltage
control mode. For this experiment, a plug-in daughter board will be used to accomplish the
control objective. The small-signal transfer function v o (s ) d (s ) ( d is a small-signal perturbation
in the duty cycle and v o is the corresponding variation in the output voltage) must first be
obtained for the buck converter. The plug-in daughter board is used to implement the voltage-
mode control feedback with the required open-loop gain.

6.2 Preparing the Setup and Open-Loop Mode

Construct the buck converter circuit as shown in Fig. 6.1 using the BB magnetics board.

• Connect and turn on the ±12vsignal supply and check for green LED.

• Adjust the duty ratio to 50%.

• Adjust the switching frequency to 100kHz.

• Switch ON the switched load to active position using selector switch bank as shown in
Fig. 6.2.

• Adjust the variable load resistance RL to 10 .

• Have your circuit checked by your Lab Instructor.

• Apply DC supply voltage Vd to 30V.

6.3 Measurements in Open-Loop Operation

Observe and make a copy of the output voltage waveform (V2+). Adjust the time base to show
the details of the switching transients as the load is switched.

v o (s )
6.4 Using PSpice to find
d (s )

Using the schematic file “buck_conv_avg.sch” (Refer to Exp. 10 in PSpice based power
electronics lab manual), perform the following experiment.

30
Figure 6.1: Buck Converter using Power-pole board.

31
 vo ( s)
1. Obtain the Bode plots for the transfer function as shown in Fig. 4-10 of the
d (s)
textbook for the values given in this simulation.
vo ( s)
2. Obtain the gain and the phase of the transfer function in part 1 at the frequency of
d (s)
1 kHz, which will be chosen as the crossover of the open-loop transfer function GL ( s) .

Figure 6.2: Selector switch position for switched load.

6.5 Type 3 Voltage Controller

32
 Once you get the transfer function or the Bode-plot of the buck converter, you can design a
Type-3 voltage controller. The Type-3 voltage control board has the schematic as shown in Fig.
6.3.

The values of the resistors and capacitors of the voltage control board are given in Table. 6.1

• Reference value VREF can be set using the duty ratio pot.

• Reference value VREF can’t be set below 10V.

• For the pin details of terminal strip J60, please refer the schematic of the power-pole
board.
The op-amp in the dotted
region is a part of the IC
UC3824 which is designated
asU60 on the power pole
board. The numbers 9, 12
Vref is generated through a and 13 are pins of J60 port
potential divider on the on the board
board

Figure 6.3: Voltage controller plug-in board.

Table 6.1: Voltage control board component values

Component Calculated Value Actual value used

R1 100k! 100k!
R2 20k!
R3 10k!
C1 22nF
C2 2.2nF
C3 4.7nF

J63

J62

Figure 6.4: Control selection for Voltage-Mode Control plug-in board

6.6 Preparing the Setup for Voltage-Mode Control Operation

• Set the control selection jumpers J62 and J63 as shown in Fig. 6.4.

• Insert the Voltage-Mode Control plug-in board in the terminal strip 60.

33
 • Keep RL= 10!.

• Switch ON the switched load to the active position using the selector switch bank as
shown in Fig. 6.2.

• Turn ON ±12Vsignal supply and check for green LED.

• Have your circuit checked by your Lab Instructor.

• Set Vd to 30V.

• Use the duty cycle pot RV64 to set V2+ to 15V.

6.7 Measurements in Voltage-Mode Control Operation

Observe and make a copy of the output voltage V 2+.

6.8 Lab Report

The lab report should have a brief abstract detailing what has been done in the experiment. The
remaining part of the report should consist of the information asked below along with any
discussion you feel is necessary.

v o (s )
1. Attach the Bode magnitude and phase plot of the small-signal transfer function
d (s )
from the results obtained in section 6.4

2. Obtain the following quantities from the Bode plot, GPS (s ) f and !GPS (s ) f for a
c c

crossover frequency of 1kHz.

3. Calculate the needed phase boost "boost using the values obtained through PSpice above
with a required phase margin of 60 degrees

4. Calculate the controller gain at the crossover frequency given kFB # 0.2 and
GPWM (s ) f # 0.556
c

5. Use the K-factor method described in chapter 4 of the book to design a type 3 voltage
mode controller for the buck converter i.e, determine kc, $ z and $p of the controller Gc(s).

6. Determine the values of the resistors and capacitors used to implement the controller in
Fig. 6.3 and substitute them in Table 6.1.

34
7. The controller is implemented in hardware using the values given in Table 6.1 column
#3. Compare the responses of the output voltage for a step load change with and without
closed loop control. Attach the waveforms obtained in steps 6.3 and 6.7.

35
 Experiment 9

Forward Converter
9.1 Objective

The objective of this experiment is to study the characteristics of the forward converter. The
forward converter will be operated in open loop mode (no feedback). Our main goal is to
compare the theoretical results with the experimental results.

9.2 Preparing the Setup

Make the connections on the power-pole board as shown in Fig. 9.1 to use the lower MOSFET.

• Use the Forward magnetics board. The turns ratio is 1:1:1.

• Use a variable load resistor as a load.

• Connect the ±12Vsignal supply to the DIN connector. Signal supply switch S90 should
be OFF.

9.3 Checks before powering the circuit

• Check the circuit connections as per Fig. 9.1

• Confirm that you have selected the lower MOSFET.

• Have your circuit checked by your Lab Instructor.

9.4 Powering the Circuit

• Switch ON the signal supply. Check for green LED.

• Set the switching to 100 kHz.

• Set the duty ratio to its minimum.

• Set RL= 10!.

• Apply input voltage Vd of 20 V at the terminals V1+ and COM.

45
Figure 9.1: Schematic of Forward Converter

46
9.5 Measurements

Take following measurements,

9.5.1 Varying Duty Ratio

• Vary duty ratio from minimum to 40% (in steps of 10%).

• Measure the average output voltage (V2+) for the corresponding values of duty ratio.

• Calculate the theoretical average output voltage for the corresponding duty ratios.

• Compare the observed average output voltage results with the calculated ones.

9.5.2 Constant Duty Ratio with varying switching frequency and load

• Set the duty ratio to 40%, switching frequency to 100 kHz and RL= 10!

• Observe and make a copy of the voltage across the switch (Mosfet)

• Observe and make a copy of the input current (CS1) and output current (CS5) in the same
graph

• Repeat the above step (make a copy of the current waveforms and not the voltage
waveform) for RL= 7.5! @ Fs=100 kHz; RL= 10! @ Fs=40 kHz and RL= 7.5! @
Fs=40 kHz

9.6 Lab Report

The lab report should consist of the information asked below along with any discussion you feel
is necessary.

1. Attach a graph of duty ratio versus output voltage (V2+) using data obtained in section
9.5.1. Also plot the theoretically estimated results on the same graph. Compare the two
plots.
2. Attach a copy of the voltage waveform across the switch obtained in section 9.5.2.
Estimate theoretically the same waveform and compare. (Ignore the voltage ringing due
to the leakage inductance of the transformer)
3. Attach the waveforms of input current and output current obtained in section 9.5.2. Also
answer the following questions:

47
 a. Why is the input current negative for some interval?
b. What is the minimum value of this negative current for all four operating
conditions?
c. Theoretically should the above value change with load? Give reasons for your
answer.
4. Estimate the following: (Need to be calculated for all the four operating conditions RL=
10! @ Fs=100 kHz; RL= 7.5! @ Fs=100 kHz; RL= 10! @ Fs=40 kHz and RL= 7.5!
@ Fs=40 kHz.
a. Output inductor value L.
b. Core flux as given in Fig. 8-6 in the book. Number of turns in the primary is 16
and the magnetizing inductance Lm1 is 0.2mH. Hint: Use the minimum value of
the negative current seen at the input.

48
 APPENDIX
The detailed circuit of the power-pole is attached. It consists of two sheets.

49
50
51