(Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Critically Damped Well Response To Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5881 − 18
Standard Practice for

(Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity of
Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Critically Damped Well
Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis

1.1 This practice covers determination of transmissivity methods for engineering design.
from the measurement of water-level response to a sudden 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
change of water level in a well-aquifer system characterized as as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
being critically damped or in the transition range from under- standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall
damped to overdamped. Underdamped response is character- not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
ized by oscillatory changes in water level; overdamped re- 1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
sponse is characterized by return of the water level to the initial one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
static level in an approximately exponential manner. Over- education or experience and should be used in conjunction with
damped response is covered in Guide D4043; underdamped professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be
response is covered in D5785/D5785M, D4043. applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
conjunction with Guide D4043 and the field procedure in Test the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
Method D4044/D4044M for collection of test data. nor should this document be applied without the consideration
1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
estimate of the transmissivity of an aquifer near the well title of this document means only that the document has been
screen. The method is applicable for systems in which the approved through he ASTM consensus process.
damping parameter, ζ, is within the range from 0.2 through 5.0. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
The assumptions of the method prescribe a fully penetrating safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer) in responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a confined, nonleaky aquifer. priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Practice D6026.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce- Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
2. Referenced Documents
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to com- D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
mensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of Fluids
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5881 – 13. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5881-18. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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D5881 − 18
D4044/D4044M Test Method for (Field Procedure) for In- 3.3.20 γ—damping constant [T−1].
stantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining 3.3.21 τ—wavelength [T].
Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers
3.3.22 ω—angular frequency [T−1].
D5717 Guide for Design of Ground-Water Monitoring Sys-
tems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers (Withdrawn 3.3.23 ζ—dimensionless damping factor [nd].
2005)3
D5785/D5785M Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for 4. Summary of Practice
Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aqui- 4.1 This practice describes the analytical procedure for
fers by Underdamped Well Response to Instantaneous analyzing data collected during an instantaneous head (slug)
Change in Head (Slug Test) test for well and aquifer response at and near critical damping.
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Procedures in conducting a slug test are given in Test Method
Data D4044/D4044M. The analytical procedure consists of analyz-
ing the response of water level in the well following the change
3. Terminology in water level induced in the well.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms 4.2 Theory—The equations that govern the response of well
in this standard, refer to Terminology D653. to an instantaneous change in head are treated at length by
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Kipp (1).4 The flow in the aquifer is governed by the following
3.2.1 aquifer, confined, n—in ground water, an aquifer equation for cylindrical flow:
bounded above and below by confining beds and in which the
static head is above the top of the aquifer.
S dh 1 d
T dt
5
r dr
r
dh
drS D (1)
3.2.2 critically damped well response, n—in ground water,
where:
characterized by the water level responding in a transitional
range between underdamped and overdamped following a h = hydraulic head,
sudden change in water level. T = aquifer transmissivity, and
S = storage coefficient.
3.2.3 observation well, n—in ground water, a well open to
all or part of an aquifer. 4.2.1 The initial condition is at t = 0 and h = ho, and the
outer boundary condition is as r − and h − ho.
3.3 Symbols and Dimensions: 4.2.1.1 An equation is given by Kipp (1) for the skin factor,
3.3.1 T—transmissivity [L 2T−1]. that is, the effect of aquifer damage during drilling of the well.
3.3.2 S—storage coefficient [nd]. However, this factor is not treated by Kipp (1) and is not
3.3.3 L—static water column length above top of aquifer considered in this procedure.
[L]. 4.2.2 The flow rate balance on the well bore relates the
displacement of the water level in the well riser to the flow into
3.3.4 Le—effective length of water column in a well, equal
the well:
to Lc + (rc2/rs 2) (b/2) [L].
dw dh
3.3.5 Lc—length of water column within casing [L]. πr c 2 5 2πr s T ? r5rs (2)
dt dr
3.3.6 Ls—length of water column within well screen [L].
3.3.7 g—acceleration of gravity [LT−2]. where:
rc = radius of the well casing, and
3.3.8 h—hydraulic head in the aquifer [L].
w = displacement of the water level in the well from its
3.3.9 ho—initial hydraulic head in the aquifer [L]. initial position.
3.3.10 hs—hydraulic head in the well screen [L]. 4.2.3 The fourth equation describing the system relating hs
3.3.11 rc—radius of well casing [L]. and w, comes from a momentum balance equation of Bird et al
3.3.12 rs—radius of well screen [L]. (2) as referenced in Kipp (1):
0
3.3.13 t—time [T]. d
3.3.14 t'—dimensionless time [nd]. dt * πr
2b
s
2
pvdz 5 ~ 2pv2 2 1p 1 2 p 2 2 ρgb! πr s
2
(3)
3.3.15 t̂—dimensionless time [nd]. where:

3.3.16 w—water level displacement from the initial static v = velocity in the well screen interval,
level [L]. b = aquifer thickness,
3.3.17 wo—initial water level displacement [L]. p = pressure,
ρ = fluid density,
3.3.18 α—dimensionless storage parameter [nd]. g = gravitational acceleration, and
3.3.19 β—dimensionless inertial parameter [nd]. rs = well screen radius.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
www.astm.org. this standard.
2
D5881 − 18
5.2 Kipp (1) introduces dimensionless variables and param-
eters in converting these equations to dimensionless form,
solves the equations by Laplace transforms, and inverts the
solution by a Laplace-transform-inversion algorithm.
5.2.1 The following dimensionless parameters are among
those given by Kipp (1):
dimensionless water-level displacement:
w' 5 2w/w o (9)
dimensionless time:
t' 5 ~ tT! / ~ r s 2 S ! (10)
and:
t̂ 5 t'/β ½ (11)
dimensionless storage:
2
α 5 ~r c ! ~ 2r s 2 S ! (12)
dimensionless inertial parameter:

β 5 ~ Le/g !~ T/ ~ r s 2 S !! 2 (13)
dimensionless skin factor:

σ 5 f/r s (14)
dimensionless frequency parameter:

@ 2d 2 ~ σ1¼ 1nβ ! 14β # ½
ω5 (15)
2β
dimensionless decay parameter:

α ~ σ1¼ 1nβ !
γ5 (16)
2β
and dimensionless damping factor:

α ~ σ1¼ 1nβ !
ζ5 (17)
2β ½
5.3 For ζ less than one, the system is underdamped; for ζ
greater than one, the system is overdamped. For ζ equal to one,
FIG. 1 Well and Aquifer Geometry from Kipp (1) the system is critically damped, yet the inertial effects are quite
important (1). For ζ greater than about five, the system
The numerical subscripts refer to the planes described above responds as if the inertial effects can be neglected and the
and shown in Fig. 1. Atmospheric pressure is taken as zero. solution of Cooper et al. (3) (given in Guide D4043) is
applicable. For ζ about 0.2 or less, the approximate solution of
5. Solution van der Kamp (4) is valid (given in Test Method D5785/
5.1 Kipp (1) derives the following differential equation to D5785M). The solution of Kipp (1), the subject of this test
represent for the response of the displacement of water level in method, is applicable for the transition zone between systems
the well: that are underdamped and overdamped. Solutions are given
here for ζ ranging from 0.2 to 5.0.
d 2w
dt2
1 S D
g
Le
w5
g
~ s h
h 2 o !
/L e (4)
6. Significance and Use
where: 6.1 The assumptions of the physical system are given as
Le = effective water column length, defined as: follows:
L e 5 L1 ~ r c 2 /r s 2 !~ b/2 ! (5) 6.1.1 The aquifer is of uniform thickness, with impermeable
upper and lower confining boundaries.
where: 6.1.2 The aquifer is of constant homogeneous porosity and
b = aquifer thickness with initial conditions: matrix compressibility and constant homogeneous and isotro-
at t 5 0, w 5 w o (6) pic hydraulic conductivity.
6.1.3 The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is
dw/dt 5 w o * (7)
taken to be on the well-bore axis at the top of the aquifer.
hs 5 L 5 h o (8) 6.1.4 The aquifer is fully screened.
3
D5881 − 18
TABLE 1 Values of the Dimensionless Water Level Displacement,
w', Versus Dimensionless Time, t, for Construction of Type
Curves, ζ = 0.1 and α = 9988.1
t w' t w'
3.162278E−02 −9.994887E−01 3.162278E + 00 7.100277E−01
3.636619E−02 −9.993281E−01 3.636619E + 00 6.204110E−01
3.952847E−02 −9.992086E−01 3.952847E + 00 4.871206E−01
4.269075E−02 −9.990793E−01 4.269075E + 00 3.138511E−01
4.743416E−02 −9.988666E−01 4.743416E + 00 2.218683E−02
5.375872E−02 −9.985483E−01 5.375872E + 00 −3.226809E−01
6.324555E−02 −9.979965E−01 6.324555E + 00 −5.191564E−01
7.115125E−02 −9.974688E−01 7.115125E + 00 −3.413663E−01
7.905694E−02 −9.968794E−01 7.905694E + 00 3.445623E−05
8.696264E−02 −9.962284E−01 8.696264E + 00 2.889492E−01
9.486833E−02 −9.955161E−01 9.486833E + 00 3.712172E−01
1.106797E−01 −9.939077E−01 1.106797E + 01 −1.758246E−02
1.264911E−01 −9.920552E−01 1.264911E + 01 −2.697976E−01
1.423025E−01 −9.899599E−01 1.423025E + 01 2.109260E−02
1.581139E−01 −9.876230E−01 1.581139E + 01 1.919487E−01
1.739253E−01 −9.850456E−01 1.739253E + 01 −2.455328E−02
1.897367E−01 −9.822293E−01 1.897367E + 00 −1.392019E−01
2.213594E−01 −9.758851E−01 2.213594E + 01 9.826209E−02
FIG. 2 Slug-Test Data Overlaid on Type Curves for Three Differ- 2.529822E−01 −9.686026E−01 2.529822E + 01 −7.129166E−02
ent Damping Factors, Modified from Kipp (1) 2.846050E−01 −9.603946E−01 2.846050E + 01 4.976069E−02
3.162278E−01 −9.512748E−01 3.162278E + 01 −3.626029E−02
3.636619E−01 −9.359183E−01 3.636619E + 01 −9.997386E−03
3.952847E−01 −9.259452E−01 3.952847E + 01 7.200932E−03
4.269075E−01 −9.084819E−01 4.743416E + 01 5.892951E−03
6.1.5 The well is 100 % efficient, that is, the skin factor, f, 4.743416E−01 −8.947298E−01 5.375872E + 01 2.737128E−03
and dimensionless skin factor, σ, are zero. 5.375872E−01 −8.632514E−01 6.324555E + 01 −1.254582E−03
6.324555E−01 −8.135785E−01 7.115125E + 01 2.961127E−04
6.2 The assumptions made in defining the momentum bal- 7.115125E−01 −7.673017E−01 7.905694E + 01 −5.757717E−05
ance are as follows: 7.905694E−01 −7.169702E−01 8.696264E + 01 −2.991356E−04
8.696264E−01 −6.629659E−01 9.486833E + 01 −1.835296E−04
6.2.1 The average water velocity in the well is approxi- 9.486833E−01 −6.056883E−01 1.106797E + 02 −1.426791E−04
mately constant over the well-bore section. 1.106797E + 00 −4.829810E−01 1.264911E + 02 −1.249977E−04
6.2.2 Frictional head losses from flow in the well are 1.264911E + 00 −3.522848E−01 1.423025E + 02 −1.115579E−04
1.423025E + 00 −2.171309E−01 1.581139E + 02 −1.001696E−04
negligible. 1.581139E + 00 −8.105198E−02 1.739253E + 02 −9.109389E−05
6.2.3 Flow through the well screen is uniformly distributed 1.739253E + 00 5.974766E−02 1.897367E + 02 −8.347056E−05
over the entire aquifer thickness. 1.897367E + 00 1.802728E−01 2.213594E + 02 −7.152232E−05
2.213594E + 00 4.066508E−01 2.529822E + 02 −6.256450E−05
6.2.4 Change in momentum from the water velocity chang- 2.529822E + 00 5.647406E−01 2.846050E + 02 −5.560200E−05
ing from radial flow through the screen to vertical flow in the 2.846050E + 00 6.811030E−01 ... ...
well are negligible.
NOTE 1—The function of wells in any unconfined setting in a fractured
terrain might make the determination of k problematic because the wells dimensionless water level displacement, w', versus dimension-
might only intersect tributary or subsidiary channels or conduits. The less time, t̂, using the same scale as in plotting the observed
problems determining the k of a channel or conduit notwithstanding, the
partial penetration of tributary channels may make a determination of a
water-level displacement.
meaningful number difficult. If plots of k in carbonates and other fractured 8.3 Match the semilog plot of water-level displacement to
settings are made and compared, they may show no indication that there the type curves by translation of the time axis.
are conduits or channels present, except when with the lowest probability
one maybe intersected by a borehole and can be verified, such problems 8.4 From the type curve, record the value of ζ; from the
are described by (5) Smart (1999). Additional guidance can be found in match point, record the values of t̂, and w' from the type curve.
Guide D5717. From the data plot, record the values of time, t, and water-level
displacement, w.
7. Procedure
8.5 Calculate the effective static water column length, Le,
7.1 The overall procedure consists of conducting the slug
from the following:
test field procedure (see Test Method D4044/D4044M) and
analysis of the field data using this practice. t
t̂ 5 (18)
~ L e /g ! 1/2
NOTE 2—The initial displacement of water level should not exceed 0.1
or 0.2 of the static water column in the well, the measurement of L e 5 ~ t/t̂ ! 2 g (19)
displacement should be within 1 % of the initial water-level displacement
and the water-level displacement needs to be calculated independently. The effective static water column length should agree, within
20 %, with the effective length calculated from the system
8. Calculation and Interpretation of Results geometry (Eq 5).
8.1 Plot the normalized water-level displacement in the well 8.6 Calculate the dimensionless inertial parameter, β, itera-
versus the logarithm of time. tively from the following expression:
8.2 Prepare a set of type curves from Tables 1-10 by plotting β 5 @ ~ α 1n β ! /8ζ # 2 (20)
4
D5881 − 18
TABLE 2 Values of the Dimensionless Water Level Displacement, TABLE 3 Values of the Dimensionless Water Level Displacement,
w', Versus Dimensionless Time, t, for Construction of Type w', Versus Dimensionless Time, t, for Construction of Type
Curves, ζ = 0.2 and α = 19976 Curves, ζ = 0.5 and α = 49940
t w' t w' t w' t w'
3.162278E−02 −9.994902E−01 3.162278E + 00 4.939368E−• 3.162278E−02 −9.994990E−01 3.162278E + 00 9.492086E−02
3.636619E−02 −9.993263E−01 3.636619E + 00 4.349310E−• 3.636619E−02 −9.993397E−01 3.636619E + 00 1.012577E−01
3.952847E−02 −9.992107E−01 3.952847E + 00 3.465758E−• 3.952847E−02 −9.992213E−01 3.952847E + 00 8.820339E−02
4.269075E−02 −9.990815E−01 4.269075E + 00 2.343067E−• 4.269075E−02 −9.990932E−01 4.269075E + 00 6.762111E−02
4.743416E−02 −9.988695E−01 4.743416E + 00 5.160353E−• 4.743416E−02 −9.988829E−01 4.743416E + 00 3.217532E−02
5.375872E−02 −9.985520E−01 5.375872E + 00 −1.543438E−• 5.375872E−02 −9.985688E−01 5.375872E + 00 −8.337546E−03
6.324555E−02 −9.980024E−01 6.324555E + 00 −2.671865E−• 6.324555E−02 −9.980257E−01 6.324555E + 00 −3.647544E−02
7.115125E−02 −9.974810E−01 7.115125E + 00 −1.818502E−• 7.115125E−02 −9.975079E−01 7.115125E + 00 −3.476092E−02
7.905694E−02 −9.968908E−01 7.905694E + 00 −2.600650E−• 7.905694E−02 −9.969310E−01 7.905694E + 00 −2.373581E−02
8.696264E−02 −9.962437E−01 8.696264E + 00 9.764360E−• 8.696264E−02 −9.962956E−01 8.696264E + 00 −1.338713E−02
9.486833E−02 −9.955360E−01 9.486833E + 00 1.324266E−• 9.486833E−02 −9.956020E−01 9.486833E + 00 −7.681039E−03
1.106797E−01 −9.939399E−01 1.106797E + 01 3.871680E−• 1.106797E−01 −9.940425E−01 1.106797E + 01 −6.737283E−03
1.264911E−01 −9.921040E−01 1.264911E + 01 −7.304361E−• 1.264911E−01 −9.922559E−01 1.264911E + 01 −7.879678E−03
1.423025E−01 −9.900304E−01 1.423025E + 01 −3.623751E−• 1.423025E−01 −9.902461E−01 1.423025E + 01 −6.928157E−03
1.581139E−01 −9.877207E−01 1.581139E + 01 3.430765E−• 1.581139E−01 −9.880166E−01 1.581139E + 01 −5.770595E−03
1.739253E−01 −9.851770E−01 1.739253E + 01 −2.397516E−• 1.739253E−01 −9.855713E−01 1.739253E + 01 −5.154381E−03
1.897367E−01 −9.824014E−01 1.897367E + 01 −2.051297E−• 1.897367E−01 −9.829139E−01 1.897367E + 01 −4.740291E−03
2.213594E−01 −9.761622E−01 2.213594E + 01 8.187383E−• 2.213594E−01 −9.769780E−01 2.213594E + 01 −3.991538E−03
2.529822E−01 −9.690205E−01 2.529822E + 01 −6.259136E−• 2.529822E−01 −9.702398E−01 2.529822E + 01 −3.447316E−03
2.846050E−01 −9.609942E−01 2.846050E + 01 1.402892E−• 2.846050E−01 −9.627300E−01 2.846050E + 01 −3.033006E−03
3.162278E−01 −9.521021E−01 3.162278E + 01 −2.331164E−• 3.162278E−01 −9.544800E−01 3.162278E + 01 −2.706963E−03
3.636619E−01 −9.371834E−01 3.636619E + 01 −1.031248E−• 3.636619E−01 −9.407848E−01 3.636619E + 01 −2.330656E−03
3.952847E−01 −9.262139E−01 3.952847E + 01 −7.347959E−• 3.952847E−01 −9.321798E−01 3.952847E + 01 −2.132780E−03
4.269075E−01 −9.105352E−01 4.269075E + 01 −8.050596E−• 4.743416E−01 −9.053980E−01 4.269075E + 01 −1.966362E−03
4.743416E−01 −8.975464E−01 4.743416E + 01 −6.352422E−• 5.375872E−01 −8.786102E−01 4.743416E + 01 −1.759041E−03
5.375872E−01 −8.673412E−01 5.375872E + 01 −5.870822E−• 6.324555E−01 −8.380771E−01 5.375872E + 01 −1.542575E−03
6.324555E−01 −8.201831E−01 6.324555E + 01 −5.087767E−• 7.115125E−01 −8.014756E−01 6.324555E + 01 −1.302071E−03
7.115125E−01 −7.766091E−01 7.115125E + 01 −4.500425E−• 7.905694E−01 −7.627801E−01 7.115125E + 01 −1.152281E−03
7.905694E−01 −7.295735E−01 7.905694E + 01 −4.046973E−• 8.696264E−01 −7.224138E−01 7.905694E + 01 −1.033361E−03
8.696264E−01 −6.794859E−01 8.696264E + 01 −3.675505E−• 9.486833E−01 −6.807796E−01 8.696264E + 01 −9.366315E−04
9.486833E−01 −6.267637E−01 9.486833E + 01 −3.366208E−• 1.106797E + 00 −5.952065E−01 9.486833E + 01 −8.565071E−04
1.106797E + 00 −5.151022E−01 1.106797E + 02 −2.881191E−• 1.264911E + 00 −5.088214E−01 1.106797E + 02 −7.312991E−04
1.264911E + 00 −3.979593E−01 1.264911E + 02 −2.518280E−• 1.423025E + 00 −4.239899E−01 1.264911E + 02 −6.380141E−04
1.423025E + 00 −2.786373E−01 1.423025E + 02 −2.236385E−• 1.581139E + 00 −3.426759E−01 1.423025E + 02 −5.658156E−04
1.581139E + 00 −1.602887E−01 1.581139E + 02 −2.011471E−• 1.739253E + 00 −2.592066E−01 1.581139E + 02 −5.082956E−04
1.739253E + 00 −3.860371E−02 1.739253E + 02 −1.827551E−• 1.897367E + 00 −1.964942E−01 1.739253E + 02 −4.613954E−04
1.897367E + 00 6.204784E−02 1.897367E + 02 −1.674534E−• 2.213594E + 00 −7.843895E−02 1.897367E + 02 −4.198187E−04
2.213594E + 00 2.492937E−01 2.213594E + 02 −1.434090E−• 2.529822E + 00 −4.874063E−03 2.213594E + 02 −3.613054E−04
2.529822E + 00 3.742380E−01 2.529822E + 02 −1.254123E−• 2.846050E + 00 6.501678E−02 2.529822E + 02 −3.156807E−04
2.846050E + 00 4.694111E−01 2.846050E + 02 −1.113734E−• ... ... 2.846050E + 02 −2.802644E−04
The best fit was for a dimensionless damping factor of 0.25. A

where:
match point of t = 7s for t = 5 was selected. The resulting
ζ = damping parameter, graph is shown in Fig. 2.
α = dimensionless storage parameter as given in Eq 12. 8.7.4 The effective water column length can be calculated
8.7 Calculate transmissivity from the following: from Eq 19 as follows:
T 5 @ ~ βg ! /L e # ½ r s 2 S (21) L e 5 ~ t/t̂ ! 2 g 5 ~ 7s/5 ! 2 ~ 9.80 m/s 2 ! 5 19.2 m (22)
8.7.1 Kipp (1) gives an example application of the method, and from the system geometry (see 3.3.4) as:
using data from van der Kamp (4) for York Point well 6-2. This L e 5 L c1 ~ r 2
/r s 2 ! ~ b/2 ! 5 6.5 m1 ~ 15 m/2 ! 5 14 m (23)
c
well has casing and screen. The well-bore (or casing) radii of
0.051 m, a water column above the aquifer of 6.5 m, an aquifer 8.7.4.1 The lack of agreement between the estimated and
thickness of 15 m, and an independently estimated storage measured effective water column length may be due to factors
coefficient of 8 × 10−5. such as skin effect that may be significant, or assumptions such
8.7.2 A type curve of dimensionless water-level as “system linearity, high inertial parameter, negligible fric-
displacement, w', plotted against the log of dimensionless time, tional flowing head loss, radial flow, uniform well-screen flux,
t̂, for three values of the dimensionless damping factor, ζ, was and so forth are significantly violated” (1).
prepared. Water-level displacement was calculated using an 8.7.5 Using the value of the dimensionless damping
estimated initial displacement of 3.45 cm, and plotted against parameter, ζ, Eq 20 can be solved iteratively for β. An initial
the log of elapsed time since maximum initial water-level estimate of the value of α is first made using Eq 12:
displacement of paper of the same scale as the type curve. α 5 ~ r c 2 ! / ~ 2r 2
S ! 5 ~ 0.051 m ! 2 / @ 2 ~ 0.051 m ! 2 ~ 8 3 1025 ! # 5 6250
s
8.7.3 The data curve was overlain on the type curve, and
(24)
shifted horizontally, with the water-level displacement axes
coincident, until the best match with the type curve was found. so that Eq 20 becomes:
5
D5881 − 18
t w' t w' t w' t w'
3.162278E−02 −9.995070E−01 3.162278E + 00 −6.213039E−02 3.162278E−02 −9.995190E−01 3.162278E + 00 −2.219805E−01
3.636619E−02 −9.993420E−01 3.636619E + 00 −3.354664E−02 3.636619E−02 −9.993614E−01 3.636619E + 00 −1.781301E−01
3.952847E−02 −9.992401E−01 3.952847E + 00 −2.515924E−02 3.952847E−02 −9.992445E−01 3.952847E + 00 −1.556584E−01
4.269075E−02 −9.991031E−01 4.269075E + 00 −2.198880E−02 4.269075E−02 −9.991182E−01 4.269075E + 00 −1.371938E−01
4.743416E−02 −9.988941E−01 4.743416E + 00 −2.246330E−02 4.743416E−02 −9.989111E−01 4.743416E + 00 −1.151268E−01
5.375872E−02 −9.985822E−01 5.375872E + 00 −2.597889E−02 5.375872E−02 −9.986024E−01 5.375872E + 00 −9.311931E−02
6.324555E−02 −9.980437E−01 6.324555E + 00 −2.841030E−02 6.324555E−02 −9.980706E−01 6.324555E + 00 −7.022901E−02
7.115125E−02 −9.975307E−01 7.115125E + 00 −2.670372E−02 7.115125E−02 −9.975651E−01 7.115125E + 00 −5.700982E−02
7.905694E−02 −9.969601E−01 7.905694E + 00 −2.343491E−02 7.905694E−02 −9.970039E−01 7.905694E + 00 −4.724055E−02
8.696264E−02 −9.963325E−01 8.696264E + 00 −2.012564E−02 8.696264E−02 −9.963876E−01 8.696264E + 00 −3.986817E−02
9.486833E−02 −9.956483E−01 9.486833E + 00 −1.743141E−02 9.486833E−02 −9.957171E−01 9.486833E + 00 −3.420016E−02
1.106797E−01 −9.941127E−01 1.106797E + 01 −1.389694E−02 1.106797E−01 −9.942169E−01 1.106797E + 01 −2.623916E−02
1.264911E−01 −9.923583E−01 1.264911E + 01 −1.171415E−02 1.264911E−01 −9.925094E−01 1.264911E + 01 −2.105718E−02
1.423025E−01 −9.903899E−01 1.423025E + 01 −1.010995E−02 1.423025E−01 −9.906011E−01 1.423025E + 01 −1.749216E−02
1.581139E−01 −9.882121E−01 1.581139E + 01 −8.865170E−03 1.581139E−01 −9.884982E−01 1.581139E + 01 −1.492222E−02
1.739253E−01 −9.858299E−01 1.739253E + 01 −7.886036E−03 1.739253E−01 −9.862069E−01 1.739253E + 01 −1.299590E−02
1.897367E−01 −9.832480E−01 1.897367E + 01 −7.099991E−03 1.897367E−01 −9.837333E−01 1.897367E + 01 −1.150439E−02
2.213594E−01 −9.775043E−01 2.213594E + 01 −5.916365E−03 2.213594E−01 −9.782635E−01 2.213594E + 01 −9.352879E−03
2.529822E−01 −9.710195E−01 2.529822E + 01 −5.068451E−03 2.529822E−01 −9.721364E−01 2.529822E + 01 −7.879054E−03
2.846050E−01 −9.638311E−01 2.846050E + 01 −4.431953E−03 2.846050E−01 −9.653980E−01 2.846050E + 01 −6.807075E−03
3.162278E−01 −9.559768E−01 3.162278E + 01 −3.936862E−03 3.162278E−01 −9.580927E−01 3.162278E + 01 −5.992307E−03
3.636619E−01 −9.430270E−01 3.636619E + 01 −3.371269E−03 3.636619E−01 −9.461653E−01 3.636619E + 01 −5.080616E−03
3.952847E−01 −9.350272E−01 3.952847E + 01 −3.076362E−03 3.952847E−01 −9.389866E−01 3.952847E + 01 −4.612882E−03
5.375872E−01 −8.853626E−01 4.269075E + 01 −2.828780E−03 4.269075E−01 −9.247502E−01 4.269075E + 01 −4.224055E−03
6.324555E−01 −8.485776E−01 4.743416E + 01 −2.523926E−03 5.375872E−01 −8.944811E−01 4.743416E + 01 −3.749946E−03
7.115125E−01 −8.158209E−01 5.375872E + 01 −2.206660E−03 6.324555E−01 −8.624921E−01 5.375872E + 01 −3.261801E−03
7.905694E−01 −7.816147E−01 6.324555E + 01 −1.856412E−03 7.115125E−01 −8.345350E−01 6.324555E + 01 −2.728883E−03
8.696264E−01 −7.463554E−01 7.115125E + 01 −1.639455E−03 7.905694E−01 −8.058093E−01 7.115125E + 01 −2.401808E−03
9.486833E−01 −7.104052E−01 7.905694E + 01 −1.467850E−03 8.696264E−01 −7.766480E−01 7.905694E + 01 −2.144707E−03
1.106797E + 00 −6.377118E−01 8.696264E + 01 −1.328729E−03 9.486833E−01 −7.473366E−01 8.696264E + 01 −1.937288E−03
1.264911E + 00 −5.657711E−01 9.486833E + 01 −1.213675E−03 1.106797E + 00 −6.891964E−01 9.486833E + 01 −1.767517E−03
1.423025E + 00 −4.963320E−01 1.106797E + 02 −1.034479E−03 1.264911E + 00 −6.328903E−01 1.106797E + 02 −1.501524E−03
1.581139E + 00 −4.307045E−01 1.264911E + 02 −9.013608E−04 1.423025E + 00 −5.794237E−01 1.264911E + 02 −1.305668E−03
1.739253E + 00 −3.625714E−01 1.423025E + 02 −7.985732E−04 1.581139E + 00 −5.294147E−01 1.423025E + 02 −1.152882E−03
1.897367E + 00 −3.142473E−01 1.581139E + 02 −7.168198E−04 1.739253E + 00 −4.759468E−01 1.581139E + 02 −1.035462E−03
2.213594E + 00 −2.201264E−01 1.739253E + 02 −6.502288E−04 1.897367E + 00 −4.408436E−01 1.739253E + 02 −9.383461E−04
2.529822E + 00 −1.617035E−01 1.897367E + 02 −5.949757E−04 2.213594E + 00 −3.675417E−01 1.897367E + 02 −8.578843E−04
2.846050E + 00 −9.684892E−02 2.213594E + 02 −5.085217E−04 2.529822E + 00 −3.213633E−01 2.213594E + 02 −7.322666E−04
... ... 2.529822E + 02 −4.439977E−04 2.846050E + 00 −2.602688E−01 2.529822E + 02 −6.387252E−04
... ... 2.846050E + 02 −3.939470E−04 ... ... 2.846050E + 02 −5.663467E−04
9.2.1 Prepare the report including the following informa-

β 5 @ ~ αlnβ ! /8ζ # 2 5 @ ~ 6250 1n β ! /8 ~ 0.25! # 2
(25) tion. The report of the analytical procedure will include
information from the report on test method selection, Guide
Beginning with any estimate of β, such as the minimum D4043, and the field testing procedure, Test Method D4044/
value of 109 6, a few iterations will produce a value of D4044M.
β = 4.9 × 10 . 9.2.2 Introduction—The introductory section is intended to
8.7.6 The transmissivity, T, is calculated from Eq 21 as present the scope and purpose of the slug test for determining
follows: transmissivity and storativity. Summarize the field hydrogeo-
T 5 @ ~ βg ! /L e # ½ r s
2
S 5 @ ~ 4.9 3 109 !~ 9.8 m/s 2 ! /19.2 m # ½ (26) logic conditions and the field equipment and instrumentation
including the construction of the control well, and the method
~ 0.051 m ! 2 ~ 8 3 1025 ! 5 0.01 m 2 /s of measurement and of effecting a change in head. Discuss the
8.7.7 This example is included to show the application of rationale for selecting this practice.
the method. Because of the difference between the values of Le 9.2.3 Hydrogeologic Setting—Review information available
exceeds 20 %, this test would not be considered a successful on the hydrogeology of the site; interpret and describe the
application of this practice. hydrogeology of the site as it pertains to the method selected
for conducting and analyzing an aquifer test method. Compare
9. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) hydrogeologic characteristics of the site as it conforms and
differs from assumptions made in the solution to the aquifer
9.1 The methodology used to specify how data are recorded test.
on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as given below, is covered in 9.2.4 Equipment—Report the field installation and equip-
1.4.1 and in Practice D6026. ment for the aquifer test. Include in the report, well construc-
9.2 Record as a minimum the following general information tion information, diameter, depth, and open interval to the
(data): aquifer, and location of control well and pumping equipment.
6
D5881 − 18
t w' t w' t w' t w'
3.162278E−02 −9.995363E−01 3.162278E + 00 −3.890578E−01 3.162278E−02 −9.995504E−01 3.162278E + 00 −4.954981E−01
3.636619E−02 −9.993806E−01 3.636619E + 00 −3.398395E−01 3.636619E−02 −9.993964E−01 3.952847E + 00 −4.198530E−01
3.952847E−02 −9.992652E−01 3.952847E + 00 −3.113242E−01 3.952847E−02 −9.992824E−01 4.269075E + 00 −3.936005E−01
4.269075E−02 −9.991407E−01 4.269075E + 00 −2.857245E−01 4.269075E−02 −9.991596E−01 4.743416E + 00 −3.578603E−01
4.743416E−02 −9.989368E−01 4.743416E + 00 −2.520498E−01 4.743416E−02 −9.989589E−01 5.375872E + 00 −3.161236E−01
5.375872E−02 −9.986336E−01 5.375872E + 00 −2.144593E−01 5.375872E−02 −9.986610E−01 6.324555E + 00 −2.640067E−01
6.324555E−02 −9.981127E−01 6.324555E + 00 −1.702739E−01 6.324555E−02 −9.981509E−01 7.115125E + 00 −2.283612E−01
7.115125E−02 −9.976193E−01 7.115125E + 00 −1.419167E−01 7.115125E−02 −9.976692E−01 7.905694E + 00 −1.984082E−01
7.905694E−02 −9.970732E−01 7.905694E + 00 −1.193325E−01 7.905694E−02 −9.971377E−01 8.696264E + 00 −1.731322E−01
8.696264E−02 −9.964754E−01 8.696264E + 00 −1.012090E−01 8.696264E−02 −9.965578E−01 9.486833E + 00 −1.517201E−01
9.486833E−02 −9.958272E−01 9.486833E + 00 −8.656077E−02 9.486833E−02 −9.959308E−01 1.106797E + 01 −1.179834E−01
1.106797E−01 −9.943835E−01 1.106797E + 01 −6.487489E−02 1.106797E−01 −9.945412E−01 1.264911E + 01 −9.327095E−02
1.264911E−01 −9.927509E−01 1.264911E + 01 −5.014254E−02 1.264911E−01 −9.929793E−01 1.423025E + 01 −7.493612E−02
1.423025E−01 −9.909379E−01 1.423025E + 01 −3.9878338E−02 1.423025E−01 −9.912556E−01 1.581139E + 01 −6.116444E−02
1.581139E−01 −9.889526E−01 1.581139E + 01 −3.254993E−02 1.581139E−01 −9.893797E−01 1.739253E + 01 −5.069464E−02
1.739253E−01 −9.868033E−01 1.739253E + 01 −2.719151E−02 1.739253E−01 −9.873613E−01 1.897367E + 01 −4.263949E−02
1.897367E−01 −9.844978E−01 1.897367E + 01 −2.318242E−02 1.897367E−01 −9.852094E−01 2.213594E + 01 −3.142780E−02
2.213594E−01 −9.794484E−01 2.213594E + 01 −1.772176E−02 2.213594E−01 −9.805395E−01 2.529822E + 01 −2.431526E−02
2.529822E−01 −9.738631E−01 2.529822E + 01 −1.426997E−02 2.529822E−01 −9.754347E−01 2.846050E + 01 −1.959156E−02
2.846050E−01 −9.677964E−01 2.846050E + 01 −1.193176E−02 2.846050E−01 −9.699542E−01 3.162278E + 01 −1.631463E−02
3.162278E−01 −9.612998E−01 3.162278E + 01 −1.025528E−02 3.162278E−01 −9.641512E−01 3.636619E + 01 −1.300164E−02
3.636619E−01 −9.508522E−01 3.636619E + 01 −8.479138E−03 3.636619E−01 −9.549461E−01 3.952847E + 01 −1.144921E−02
3.952847E−01 −9.448418E−01 3.952847E + 01 −7.606080E−03 3.952847E−01 −9.498965E−01 4.269075E + 01 −1.023206E−02
4.269075E−01 −9.319204E−01 4.269075E + 01 −6.898443E−03 4.269075E−01 −9.380387E−01 4.743416E + 01 −8.833366E−03
5.375872E−01 −9.073899E−01 4.743416E + 01 −6.056228E−03 5.375872E−01 −9.179758E−01 5.375872E + 01 −7.480425E−03
6.324555E−01 −8.816423E−01 5.375872E + 01 −5.210778E−03 6.324555E−01 −8.968434E−01 6.324555E + 01 −6.093618E−03
7.115125E−01 −8.597084E−01 6.324555E + 01 −4.310538E−03 7.115125E−01 −8.791796E−01 7.115125E + 01 −5.282479E−03
7.905694E−01 −8.376400E−01 7.115125E + 01 −3.768776E−03 7.905694E−01 −8.616598E−01 7.905694E + 01 −4.663663E−03
8.696264E−01 −8.156531E−01 7.905694E + 01 −3.348259E−03 8.696264E−01 −8.444851E−01 8.696264E + 01 −4.175479E−03
9.486833E−01 −7.939129E−01 8.696264E + 01 −3.012294E−03 9.486833E−01 −8.274940E−01 9.486833E + 01 −3.780257E−03
1.106797E + 00 −7.516347E−01 9.486833E + 01 −2.739666E−03 1.106797E + 00 −7.948821E−01 1.106797E + 02 −3.179076E−03
1.264911E + 00 −7.114323E−01 1.106797E + 02 −2.315479E−03 1.264911E + 00 −7.639855E−01 1.264911E + 02 −2.743153E−03
1.423025E + 00 −6.735824E−01 1.264911E + 02 −2.006129E−03 1.423025E + 00 −7.347865E−01 1.423025E + 02 −2.412451E−03
1.581139E + 00 −6.381472E−01 1.423025E + 02 −1.769696E−03 1.581139E + 00 −7.071872E−01 1.581139E + 02 −2.152957E−03
1.739253E + 00 −6.050646E−01 1.581139E + 02 −1.583084E−03 1.739253E + 00 −6.738222E−01 1.739253E + 02 −1.943876E−03
1.897367E + 00 −5.742069E−01 1.739253E + 02 −1.432076E−03 1.897367E + 00 −6.562890E−01 1.897367E + 02 −1.771827E−03
2.213594E + 00 −5.185081E−01 1.897367E + 02 −1.307343E−03 2.213594E + 00 −6.103452E−01 2.213594E + 02 −1.468741E−03
2.529822E + 00 −4.831462E−01 2.213594E + 02 −1.113382E−03 2.529822E + 00 −5.819047E−01 2.529822E + 02 −1.308454E−03
2.846050E + 00 −4.270546E−01 2.529822E + 02 −9.695169E−04 2.846050E + 00 −5.304684E−01 2.846050E + 02 −1.157121E−03
... ... 2.846050E + 02 −8.585304E−04
The construction, diameter, depth, and open interval of obser-

vation wells should be recorded. 9.2.6.2 Data Plots—Present data plots used in analysis of
9.2.4.1 Report the techniques used for observing water the data. Show overlays of data plots and type curve with
levels, pumping rate, barometric changes, and other environ- match points and corresponding values of parameters at match
mental conditions pertinent to this test. Include a list of points.
measuring devices used during the test; the manufacturers 9.2.6.3 Show calculation of transmissivity and coefficient of
name, model number, and basic specifications for each major storage.
item; and the name and date of the last calibration, if 9.2.6.4 Evaluate the overall quality of the test based on the
applicable. adequacy of instrumentation and observations of stress and
9.2.5 Test Procedures—Report the steps taken in conducting response and the conformance of the hydrogeologic conditions
the pretest and test phases. Include the frequency of head and the performance of the test to the assumptions (see 5.1).
measurements made in the control well, and other environmen-
tal data recorded before and during the procedure. 10. Keywords
9.2.6 Presentation and Interpretation of Test Results: 10.1 aquifer; aquifer tests; ground water; hydraulic conduc-
9.2.6.1 Data—Present tables of data collected during the tivity; observation wells; slug test; storage coefficient;
test. transmissivity
7
D5881 − 18
t w' t w' t w' t w'
3.162278E−02 −9.995713E−01 3.162278E + 00 −6.252020E−01 3.636619E−02 −9.994397E−01 3.162278E + 00 −7.016959E−01
3.636619E−02 −9.994208E−01 3.636619E + 00 −5.849806E−01 3.952847E−02 −9.993315E−01 3.636619E + 00 −6.675513E−01
3.952847E−02 −9.992801E−01 3.952847E + 00 −5.599474E−01 4.269075E−02 −9.992153E−01 3.952847E + 00 −6.459305E−01
4.269075E−02 −9.991903E−01 4.269075E + 00 −5.362293E−01 4.743416E−02 −9.990266E−01 4.269075E + 00 −6.252068E−01
4.743416E−02 −9.989957E−01 4.743416E + 00 −5.029083E−01 5.375872E−02 −9.987391E−01 4.743416E + 00 −5.956538E−01
5.375872E−02 −9.987081E−01 5.375872E + 00 −4.623004E−01 6.324555E−02 −9.982789E−01 5.375872E + 00 −5.588830E−01
6.324555E−02 −9.982186E−01 6.324555E + 00 −4.085330E−01 7.115125E−02 −9.978410E−01 6.324555E + 00 −5.087715E−01
7.115125E−02 −9.977595E−01 7.115125E + 00 −3.693645E−01 7.905694E−02 −9.973634E−01 7.115125E + 00 −4.711058E−01
7.905694E−02 −9.972559E−01 7.905694E + 00 −3.345921E−01 8.696264E−02 −9.968485E−01 7.905694E + 00 −4.367299E−01
8.696264E−02 −9.967096E−01 8.696264E + 00 −3.036493E−01 9.486833E−02 −9.962983E−01 8.696264E + 00 −4.053004E−01
9.486833E−02 −9.961227E−01 9.486833E + 00 −2.760565E−01 1.106797E−01 −9.951003E−01 9.486833E + 00 −3.765203E−01
1.106797E−01 −9.948334E−01 1.106797E + 01 −2.293403E−01 1.264911E−01 −9.937850E−01 1.106797E + 01 −3.259029E−01
1.264911E−01 −9.934017E−01 1.264911E + 01 −1.918026E−01 1.423025E−01 −9.923664E−01 1.264911E + 01 −2.831426E−01
1.423025E−01 −9.918402E−01 1.423025E + 01 −1.614586E−01 1.581139E−01 −9.908572E−01 1.423025E + 01 −2.468765E−01
1.581139E−01 −9.901608E−01 1.581139E + 01 −1.367944E−01 1.739253E−01 −9.892689E−01 1.581139E + 01 −2.160073E−01
1.739253E−01 −9.883746E−01 1.739253E + 01 −1.166434E−01 1.897367E−01 −9.876121E−01 1.739253E + 01 −1.896467E−01
1.897367E−01 −9.864919E−01 1.897367E + 01 −1.000984E−01 2.213594E−01 −9.841292E−01 1.897367E + 01 −1.670685E−01
2.213594E−01 −9.824744E−01 2.213594E + 01 −7.513561E−02 2.529822E−01 −9.804724E−01 2.213594E + 01 −1.309732E−01
2.529822E−01 −9.781767E−01 2.529822E + 01 −5.783395E−02 2.846050E−01 −9.766928E−01 2.529822E + 01 −1.040662E−01
2.846050E−01 −9.736570E−01 2.846050E + 01 −4.561932E−02 3.162278E−01 −9.728306E−01 2.846050E + 01 −8.380617E−02
3.162278E−01 −9.689648E−01 3.162278E + 01 −3.683581E−02 3.636619E−01 −9.669495E−01 3.162278E + 01 −6.840166E−02
3.636619E−01 −9.616917E−01 3.636619E + 01 −2.783159E−02 3.952847E−01 −9.630034E−01 3.636619E + 01 −5.170694E−02
3.952847E−01 −9.580948E−01 3.952847E + 01 −2.365551E−02 5.375872E−01 −9.453851E−01 3.952847E + 01 −4.360799E−02
5.375872E−01 −9.340335E−01 4.269075E + 01 −2.045240E−02 6.324555E−01 −9.339662E−01 4.269075E + 01 −3.723898E−02
6.324555E−01 −9.189910E−01 4.743416E + 01 −1.690262E−02 7.115125E−01 −9.246968E−01 4.743416E + 01 −3.004421E−02
7.115125E−01 −9.066885E−01 5.375872E + 01 −1.366930E−02 7.905694E−01 −9.156473E−01 5.375872E + 01 −2.343231E−02
7.905694E−01 −8.946509E−01 6.324555E + 01 −1.061295E−02 8.696264E−01 −9.068039E−01 6.324555E + 01 −1.727746E−02
8.696264E−01 −8.828959E−01 7.115125E + 01 −8.959150E−03 9.486833E−01 −8.981501E−01 7.115125E + 01 −1.407907E−02
9.486833E−01 −8.714239E−01 7.905694E + 01 −7.762188E−03 1.106797E + 00 −8.813505E−01 7.905694E + 01 −1.186523E−02
1.106797E + 00 −8.492890E−01 8.696264E + 01 −6.854400E−03 1.264911E + 00 −8.651446E−01 8.696264E + 01 −1.025799E−02
1.264911E + 00 −8.281398E−01 9.486833E + 01 −6.140890E−03 1.423025E + 00 −8.494578E−01 9.486833E + 01 −9.042727E−03
1.423025E + 00 −8.078648E−01 1.106797E + 02 −5.088277E−03 1.581139E + 00 −8.342370E−01 1.106797E + 02 −7.328027E−03
1.581139E + 00 −7.883699E−01 1.264911E + 02 −4.346830E−03 1.739253E + 00 −8.194373E−01 1.264911E + 02 −6.172593E−03
1.739253E + 00 −7.623399E−01 1.423025E + 02 −3.795249E−03 1.897367E + 00 −8.050439E−01 1.423025E + 02 −5.337797E−03
1.897367E + 00 −7.514388E−01 1.581139E + 02 −3.368423E−03 2.213594E + 00 −7.773380E−01 1.581139E + 02 −4.704649E−03
2.213594E + 00 −7.169161E−01 1.739253E + 02 −3.028188E−03 2.529822E + 00 −7.509616E−01 1.739253E + 02 −4.207132E−03
2.529822E + 00 −6.978197E−01 1.897367E + 02 −2.750489E−03 2.846050E + 00 −7.257946E−01 1.897367E + 02 −3.805443E−03
2.846050E + 00 −6.540089E−01 2.213594E + 02 −2.324282E−03 ... ... 2.213594E + 02 −3.168381E−03
... ... 2.529822E + 02 −2.755521E−03
... ... 2.846050E + 02 −2.421855E−03
8
D5881 − 18
TABLE 10 Values of the Dimensionless Water Level
Displacement, w', Versus Dimensionless Time, t, for Construction
of Type Curves, ζ = 5.0 and α = 499404
t w' t w'
3.162278E−02 −9.995993E−01 3.162278E + 00 −7.522230E−01
3.636619E−02 −9.994555E−01 3.636619E + 00 −7.227334E−01
3.952847E−02 −9.993500E−01 3.952847E + 00 −7.039170E−01
4.269075E−02 −9.992370E−01 4.269075E + 00 −6.857313E−01
4.743416E−02 −9.990540E−01 4.743416E + 00 −6.595645E−01
5.375872E−02 −9.987858E−01 5.375872E + 00 −6.266026E−01
6.324555E−02 −9.983344E−01 6.324555E + 00 −5.809008E−01
7.115125E−02 −9.979164E−01 7.115125E + 00 −5.458994E−01
7.905694E−02 −9.974631E−01 7.905694E + 00 −5.134182E−01
8.696264E−02 −9.969772E−01 8.696264E + 00 −4.832304E−01
9.486833E−02 −9.964608E−01 9.486833E + 00 −4.551380E−01
1.106797E−01 −9.953459E−01 1.106797E + 01 −4.045587E−01
1.264911E−01 −9.941348E−01 1.264911E + 01 −3.604938E−01
1.423025E−01 −9.928421E−01 1.423025E + 01 −3.219817E−01
1.581139E−01 −9.914807E−01 1.581139E + 01 −2.882303E−01
1.739253E−01 −9.900617E−01 1.739253E + 01 −2.585794E−01
1.897367E−01 −9.885951E−01 1.897367E + 01 −2.324735E−01
2.213594E−01 −9.855521E−01 2.213594E + 01 −1.890850E−01
2.529822E−01 −9.824077E−01 2.529822E + 01 −1.550702E−01
2.846050E−01 −9.792032E−01 2.846050E + 01 −1.282238E−01
3.162278E−01 −9.759688E−01 3.162278E + 01 −1.069007E−01
3.636619E−01 −9.711069E−01 3.636619E + 01 −8.264429E−02
3.952847E−01 −9.678791E−01 3.952847E + 01 −7.033634E−02
4.269075E−01 −9.607577E−01 4.269075E + 01 −6.035508E−02
5.375872E−01 −9.536742E−01 4.743416E + 01 −4.871115E−02
6.324555E−01 −9.445502E−01 5.375872E + 01 −3.762513E−02
7.115125E−01 −9.371475E−01 6.324555E + 01 −2.698853E−02
7.905694E−01 −9.299074E−01 7.115125E + 01 −2.139780E−02
8.696264E−01 −9.228118E−01 7.905694E + 01 −1.755806E−02
9.486833E−01 −9.158457E−01 8.696264E + 01 −1.482285E−02
1.106797E + 00 −9.022552E−01 9.486833E + 01 −1.280765E−02
1.264911E + 00 −8.890648E−01 1.106797E + 02 −1.007026E−02
1.423025E + 00 −8.762274E−01 1.264911E + 02 −8.316009E−03
1.581139E + 00 −8.637098E−01 1.423025E + 02 −7.096335E−03
1.739253E + 00 −8.442461E−01 1.581139E + 02 −6.196777E−03
1.897367E + 00 −8.395387E−01 1.739253E + 02 −5.503989E−03
2.213594E + 00 −8.164029E−01 1.897367E + 02 −4.952866E−03
2.529822E + 00 −8.075058E−01 2.213594E + 02 −4.129436E−03
2.846050E + 00 −7.728430E−01 2.529822E + 02 −3.542355E−03
... ... 2.846050E + 02 −3.102085E−03
REFERENCES
(1) Kipp, K. L., Jr., “Type Curve Analysis of Inertial Effects in the Research, Vol 12, No. 1, 1976, pp. 71–77.
Response of a Well to a Slug Test,” Water Resources Research, Vol 21, (5) Smart, C.C., 1999, Subsidiary conduit systems: a hiatus in aquifer
No. 9, 1985, pp. 1397–1408. motoring and modeling, in, Palmer, A.N., Palmer, M.V., and
(2) Bird, R. B., W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, Sasowski, I.D., (eds) Karst Waters Institute Special Publication, No.
John Wiley, New York, 1960. 5., Proceedings of the symposium, Charlottesville, Virginia, p. 146-
(3) Cooper, H. H., Jr., Bredehoeft, J. D., and Papadopulos, I. S., 157.
“Response of a Finite-Diameter Well to an Instantaneous Charge of (6) Worthington, S.R.H., Davies, G.J., and Alexander, E.C., jr, 2016,
Water,” Water Resources Research, Vol 3, No. 1, 1967, pp. 263–269. Enhancement of bedrock permeability by weathering, Earth Science
(4) van der Kamp, Garth, “Determining Aquifer Transmissivity by Means Reviews160: 188-202, Elsevier, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/
of Well Response Tests: The Underdamped Case,” Water Resources j.earscirev.2016.07.002.
9
D5881 − 18
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D5881 – 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (December 1, 2018)
(1) Revised standard from a Test Method to a Practice in (4) Section 9—Reports: Revised title and added D6026 stan-
accordance with ASTM Form and Style Manual and D18 dard wording.
Procedures. (5) Section 10—Deleted Precision and Bias section.
(2) Section 1—Scope: Added D6026 standard paragraph. (6) General—Removed or revised jargon and superlatives
Added professional judgment caveat. throughout.
(3) Section 6—Significance and Use: Removed Note 1 on
D3740. Added note on fractured terrain.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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10

(Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Critically Damped Well Response To Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Standard Practice for

1. Scope* this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

3.3.15 t̂—dimensionless time [nd]. where:

dimensionless inertial parameter:

dimensionless skin factor:

dimensionless frequency parameter:

dimensionless decay parameter:

and dimensionless damping factor:

The best fit was for a dimensionless damping factor of 0.25. A

9.2.1 Prepare the report including the following informa-

The construction, diameter, depth, and open interval of obser-

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