CHAPTER 1

PARTS OF SPEECH
GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE…………………………………

I. Parts of speech table

This is a summary of the eight parts of speech in English.

Part of speech Function Example Context

Show actions or (to) be, have, EITC is a

Verbs verb do, like, sing, fanpage. I like
can must,etc. EITC.
Name persons, dogs, work, This is my dog.
Nouns things, places or music, London, We live in
ideas happiness,etc. London.
Replace a noun I, you, he, she, Tara is Indian.
Pronouns they, we, it, She is beautiful.
some, etc.
Describes nouns a/an, the, 2, I have two
Adjectives and pronouns some, good, dogs. My dogs
big, red, etc. are big.
Describes verbs, quickly, My dogs eat
Adverbs adjective, other silently, well, quickly. When
adverbs, or the badly, very, he is very
whole sentences really, ect. hungry, he eats
really quickly.
Link a noun to to, at, after, on, We went to
Prepositions another word but, etc. school on
Mondays.
Conjunctions Join clauses or and, but, when, I like dogs and
sentences or while, etc. I like cats.
words
Express oh!, ouch!, hi!, Ouch! That
Interjections emotions, or are well, etc. hurt!
fillers in Hi! How are
 sentences you?
II. Parts of speech examples
Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech:

Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Verb

Stop! John works. John is working.

Pronoun Verb Noun Noun Verb Adjective Noun

Noun Verb Noun Adverb Noun Verb Adjective Noun

She loves animals. Animal like kind people.

Tara speaks English well. Tara speaks good English.
s

Pronou Verb Prepositio Adjective Noun Adverb

n n

She rans to the station qiuckly.

PART 1. VERBS

GETTING STARTED………………………………………….
 1. What is a verb?
2. How many kinds of verb are there in English? What are they?
3. How many tenses are there in English? What are they?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE………………………………….

I. Definition

A verb is a kind of word (part of speech) that tells about an action or a

state. It is the main part of sentence; every sentence must have a verb.

 Example:
- The cat slept. - He said: “Hello”
- That is John. - Can you play the piano?
- She loves you. - The sleeping baby looks
- Go there on Monday. beautiful.

II. Classification
Verb can be classified in different ways:
1. According to their role in a sentence (syntactically)
2. Based on their formation (morphologically)
3. Their meaning (semantically)

1. Divisions according to their role (syntactically)

Divisions & sub – divisions Examples

Ododng từ thườngOrdinary Verb
Transitive verbs (ngoại động - I met her yesterday.
từ) - She go to school with her
friends.
Intransitive verbs (nội động - My brother stood here
từ): yesterday.
walk, jump, sleep, sit, stand, - Babies slept in my bed.
lie, weep, keep, fail, fly, flow, (SLEEP) .
remain, die, belong, wait, - The children jump.
come, go, etc. - We walk to the station.
NOTES:
Transitive verbs are use - They are eating. (eat)
intransitively. - We play in the evening.

- I understand.
Finie Verb

At rare times intransitive - How did you cover all that

verbs are used transitively. distance? – We walked it.
(hiếm khi nội động tự được sử - I cannot stand such
dụng như ngoại động từ) nonsense.
Linking verb (VL): động từ - William is excited about
nối giữa chủ từ và bổ nghĩa his promotion.
cho chủ từ the link between the - She appears upset about
subject and the subjective the announcement.
Complement (word or words - The egg smell rotten.
that give information about the - He went red after tripping
subject: on the rug.
(be (trợ động từ thì nó còn - Building the house proves
đóng vai trò là động từ nối) , difficult for them
become, seem, appear, feel,
look, smell, taste, sound, grow,
turn, stay, act, prove, remain,
go, etc. )
Nonfinite verb/

Infinitives (V0) động từ

nguyên mẫu - To eat, to play, to be, etc.
- Full infinitives (động - Eat, play, be, etc.
nguyên mẫu không có to)
- Bare infinitives (động từ
nguyên mẫu có to)
Gerunds (Ving) động từ thêm - Eating, palying, being, etc.
ing
 Verbals
Participles (phân từ)
- Present participle - Eating, playing, being.
(Ving) - Eaten, played, been.
(hiện tại phân từ)
- Past participle (Ved/3)
(quá khứ phân từ)
- Perfect participle
(hoàn thành phân từ) - Having eaten, having
played, having been.
(Having Ved/3) - ( thì hiện tại hoàn thành
tiếp diễn)
( trợ động từ)AuxiliariesSpecial verb/ Helping verbs/

Primary Auxiliaries: be (is, am - He is sleeping

are, were, was, been), do (do/ - Is he sleeping?
does, did) , have (has, had, - Does he work here?
have). - It has been raining all
week.
- Have you got a pencil.
- It has been raining all
week.

Modal verbs (động từ khiếm - I will help him.

khuyết, động từ khuyết thiếu)/ - He may not believe your
Modal auxiliaries: story.
will, would, shall, should, may, - Could you help me?
might, can, could, must, ought - You should go to hospital.
to, used to (đã từng, quen với), - I used to be a primary
need student.
- I used to get up at
6:00.

2. Divisions according to their formation (hình thức) .

(morphological)
 Divisions Examples

Regular verbs Work – she/he works – (quá khứ) worked – ( tiếp

(động từ theo nguyên tắc) diễn) working

Irregular verbs Do – does – (quá khứ) did – (hoàn thành)done –

(động từ bất nguyên tắc) doing (doed)

Compound verbs Babysit (chăm sóc), overcome (vượt qua)

( cụm động từ/ động từ kép)
I overcome the exam.

Phrase verbs Come in (vào trong, đến), get up (thức dậy), look
( cụm động từ) after (chăm sóc), awake up (đánh thức)
.
Cụm động từ là một động từ và kèm theo nó là
một giới từ) (preposition)

3. Division according their meaning. (semantically) ( chia theo

nghĩa)

Divisions Examples
Action verb (động từ thể hiện hành - Jenna brings Mrs. Smith lunch
động): verbs that express actions. every day.

Some common action verbs:

Vi :intranstives Verbs (Nội động từ)
bring, send, owe, contain, buy, show,
take, tell, verify, check, get, wash,
finalize, annoy, lay, lend, offer, edit,
make, phone
VT: Transitive verb (ngoại động từ)
come, explode, laugh, sit, rise, excel,
respond, cough, swim, emigrate, smile,
act, cry, immigrate, lie, arrive, continue,
 die, go
Statetive verbs: (Động từ thể hiện - Paul feels rotten today. He
trạng thái) động từ tình thái thể hiện has a bad cold.
trạng thái, tình cảm, cảm xúc. Động - Do you recognize him? He is
từ này không được dùng trong thì a famous rock star.
tiếp diễn (Ving) - Our client appreciated all the
work we did for him.
List: adore, agree, appear (seem),
appreciate, be (exist), believe, belong But:
to, concern, consist of, contain, cost,
deny, depend on, deserve, detest, - I see Micheal, but he can’t
disagree, dislike, doubt, equal, feel, see me. I’m too far away.
hate, have (possession), hear, imagine, # James is seeing Marsha.
include, involve, know, lack, like, They’ve been together for a
loathe (kinh tởm), look (seem), love, month. (He’s dating her.)
matter, mean, measure, mind, need, - Jeremy has a Mercedes. (He
owe, own, possess, promise, realize, owns it.)
recognize, remember, resemble, satisfy, #Sara is having lunch with her
see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, editor. (She’s eating lunch.)
surprise, taste, think (opinion), - I hear music coming from the
understand, want, weigh, wish. Smith’s apartment. Someone
must be home now. (To
experience sound)
# I’m hearing voices. (I’m
imagining it.)

III. Verb Formation (hình thức của động từ)

It is not always possible to identify a verb by its form. (rất khó để xác
định một từ nào đó có phải là động từ bằng hình thức bên ngoài)
However, some word-end (suffixes) can show that the word is
probably a verb. (Tuy nhiên một vài từ kết thúc bằng ATE, EN, IFY, ISE, IZE
 Những từ này đều là động từ)
TFlat

Suffix (hậu tố) Examples

- ate Appreciate(đáng, xứng đáng), celebrate (kỉ niệm),
 congratulate ( chúc mừng)
- en frighten, soften, widen
- ify identify, specify, qualify
- ise/ - ize realise, realize, reccognise, recognize, modernize,
modernise.
Người Anh – Anh :ize
Người Anh – Mỹ: ise
Verbs sometimes have the same form as nouns or adjectives.
(động từ đôi khi có hình thức như một danh từ hoặc là tính từ)

- Could you ( đưa) hand ( tay, bàn tay) me the

Verbs dictionary?
related to nouns - We should ( đặt) position ( vị trí )the noticeboard
where everyone can see it.
-I’ll ( gửi thư điện tử )email (Thư điện tử) Sally to
see if she is free in Thursday.
- I needed to ( bình tĩnh) calm (bình tĩnh) my nerves
Verbs before the interview.
related to adjective - The government hopes to (giảm bớt lại) slow (chậm)
the growth in road traffic over the next five years.
- As the get older, most people’s hair starts to thin.

Compound Verbs (động từ kép là động từ kèm theo là một giới từ)

Noun + verb (hand-wash) - Sorry, I was daydreaming (mơ giữa ban

Adjective + verb (highlight) ngày). What did you say?
Preposition + verb - Do you have to hand-wash (rửa tay) this
(overcome) sweater or can go to in the washing machine?
- The airline upgraded (…) me to business
class.

IV. Verbs Tenses

A. Rules for forming Singular Verbs in Simple Present Tense. (hiện
tại đơn)
Verbs ending in “SH, CH, S, X, Z, O” washes, watches, misses, fixes, buzzes,
Khi động từ kết thúc có SH, CH, S, goes
X,Z,O  ES
Verbs ending in “Y”
 Consonant: (PHỤ ÂM) -Y  try – tries, but buy – buys
-I-E-S obey – obeys, play – plays, buy – buys
 Vowel: - Y  -Y-S

Add “-S” to other verbs sees, runs, moves, faces

B. Rules for forming Present Participle in Continuous (tiếp diễn)

Tenses.
Add – ING to the Infinitive: drink – drinking, cry – crying, laugh –
V + ING laughing, read – reading, etc.

V.s ending in –E: drop –E before write – writing, smile – smiling, phone –
adding –ING phoning, hate – hating, etc.
BUT: agree – agreeing, see – seeing, age
– ageing, dye – dyeing, singe – singeing
Monosyllable Verbs with 1 vowel hit – hitting, cut – cutting, run – running,
ending in 1 consonant: double the stop – stopping, etc.
consonant before adding – ING
Động từ mà trước nó là một nguyên BUT: mix – mixing, fix –fixing, row –
âm thì gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm rowing, throw – throwing (Irregular
ING verb)
Two-syllable Verbs stressed on the admit – admitting, begin – beginning,
2nd syllable & ending in 1V–1C: prefer – preferring, etc.
double the C before adding –ING
BUT: hammer - hammering
Verbs ending in –IE, change –IE to lie – lying, die – dying, tie – tying
-Y before adding –ING
Động từ kết thúc bằng IE đổi về Y
thêm ING.

Verbs ending in –L: double –L before travel – travelling/ traveling, level –

adding –ING in British English, not levelling/ leveling, marvel –
in American English marvelling/marveling.
 ĐỘNG TỪ KẾT THỨC BẰNG L 
MÌNH SẼ GẤP ĐÔI CHỮ L rồi thêm ANH – ANH : GẤP ĐÔI L
ING. ANH – MỸ: KHÔNG GẤP ĐÔI.

Verbs ending in –C: add –K before mimic – mimicking, picnic - picnicking

adding –ING
ĐỘNG TỪ KẾT THÚC BẰNG CHỮ
C  THÊM K rồi thêm ING.

C. Conjugation

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Interro-Negtive

Present S + am/is/are… S + are/is/are + Am/is/are + S...? Is/are/ + S + not...
simple not…
S + Ve/es…. S + do/does + not Do/Does + S + Do/does + S +
+ Vo Vo ? not…?
S + modal + Vo S + modal + not + Modal + S +
Vo Modal + S + Vo? not…?
He is nice. He is not nice. Is she nice? Isn’t she nice?
They do not Do they
They work. work/sing. work/sing? Don’t they work?

Shen can sing. She cannot/can’t Can she sing? Can’t she sing?
sing.
Past simple S + was/were… S + was/were + Was/were + S Was/were + S +
S + Ved/3 …. not… …? not …?
S+ did + not + Vo Did + S +…? Did + S + not…?
He was nice. She was not nice. Was she nice? Wasn’t she nice?

They worked. They didn’t work. Did the work? Didn’t the work?

She could sing. She couldn’t sing. Could she sing? Couldn’t she sing?
Future S + will + Vo S + will + not + Vo Will + S + Vo ? Will + S + not +
simple Vo ?
He will be here. He will not be Will he be here? Won’t he be here?
here.
They will work. They will not Will they work? Won’t the work?
work.
 She will sing. Will she sing? Won’t she sing?
She will not sing
Present S + is/am/are + S + is/am/are + not Am/is/are + S + Am/is/are + S +
Continuous Ving ... + Ving Ving? not + Ving?

They are They are not Are they Aren’t they

working. working. working? working?

She is singing. She is not Is she singing? Isn’t she singing?

singing.

Past S + was/ were S + was/ were + Was/were + S + Was/were+ not +

Continuous +Ving … not +Ving … Ving …? S + Ving …?
They were They were not Were they Weren’t they
working. working. working? working?

She was singing. She was not Was she Wasn’t she
singing. singing? singing?

Present S + have/has + S + have/has + not Have/has + S + Have/has + not +

Perfect Ved/3… + Ved/3… Ved/3…? S + Ved/3…?
He has been nice. He has not been Has she been Hasn’t she been
nice. nice? nice?
The have worked. The have not Have the Haven’t the
worked. worked? worked?
She has sung. She has not sung. Hasn’t she sung?
Has she sung?

Past S + had + Ved/3… S + had + not + Had + S + Ved/3?Had + not + S +

perfect Ved/3… Ved/3…?
He had been nice. He hadn’t been Had she been Hadn’t she been
nice. nice? nice?
They had They hadn’t Hadn’t the
worked. worked. Had the worked? worked?

She had sung. She hadn’t sung. Had she sung? Hadn’t she sung?

Future S + will have + S + will not have + Will + S + have Will + not + S +
Perfect Ved/3… Ved/3… + Ved/3…? have + Ved/3…?
They will have They will not have Will they have Won’t they have
worked. worked. worked? worked?
 She will have She will not have Will she have Won’t she not
sung. sung. sung have sung
Present S + have/has + S + have/has + not Has/Have + S + Has/Have + not +
perfect been + Ving… + been + Ving… been + Ving …? S + been + Ving …?
Continuous
They have been They have not Have the been Haven’t the been
working. been working. working ? working ?

She has been She has not been Has she been Hasn’t she been
singing. singing. singing? singing?
Past S + had been + S + had not been + Had + S + been Had + S + not +
perfect Ving… Ving… + Ving…? been + Ving…?
Continuous
They had been They had not been Had they been Had they been
working. working. working? working?

She had been She had not been Had she been Had she been
working. working. singing? singing?
Future S + will have S + will not have Will + S + have Will + not + S +
Perfect been + Ving… been + Ving… been + Ving…? have been +
Continuous Ving…?
They will have They will not have Will they have Won’t they have
been working. been working. working? working?

She will have She will not have Will she have Won’t she have
been singing. been singing. been singing? been singing?

D. Contraction

Contraction are not = aren’t do not = don’t can not = can’t

of is not = isn’t does not = doesn’t could not = couldn’t
Auxiliaries was not = wasn’t did not = didn’t would not = wouldn’t
with NOT were not = weren’t have not = haven’t must not = mustn’t
ought not = oughtn’t has not = hasn’t should not = shouldn’t
had not = hadn’t
Contraction AM  I’m reading a book.  She’s been here for a
HAS
of IS  She’s stuying. year.
Auxiliaries ARE  You’re working hard.HAVE  I’ve finished my
with DID  Ø work.
Pronouns WILL  I’ll come later. HAD  They’d never waiting
for you.
WOULD He’d go to here.
Contraction AM  Ø HAS  Sally’s never met
of IS  My book’s on the table. him.
Auxiliaries ARE  The teachers’re at the HAVE  The students’ve
with Nouns meeting. finished their test.
DID  Ø HAD  The books’d been s
WILL  The weather’ll be nice. tolen.
Contraction AM  What’m I supposed to HAS  Where’s Sally been
of do? living?
Auxiliaries IS  Where’s Sally? What’s been going
with What’s that man? on?
Questions ARE  What’re you doing? HAVE  Where’ve you been?
Words? Where’re they doing? How’ve you been?
DID  What’d you do last HAD  Who’d been there
night? before?
How’d you do on the Where’d you been
test? before?
WILL  Who’ll be at meeting? WOULD  Where’d you like to
Where’ll you be at go?
ten?

EXERCISE
Exercise 1: Decide whether the following verbs are transitive,
intransitive or both:
1. The workmen have been painting for hours.
2. When they call from the charity, Mrs. Alpert always gives generously.
3. Before you send the proposal, make sure you edit it carefully.
 4. That perfume smells nice.
5. My new car cost me a small fortune.
6. Jim owed his lanlord $450.
7. Pete emigrated from Australia in 1998.
8. The customer was tired to paint the celling too?
9. Please take the documents over to Mrs. Samueles’s office.
Exercise 2: Use suffixes o form verbs. The spelling of the base form
may change when you add the suffix.

-fy -ify -ize -ate -en

Example: hospital => hospitalize

deep => deepen
regular => regulate
1. Immune  6. Fright  11. General 
2. Broad  7. Liberty  12. Origin 
3. False  8. Sympathy  13. Simple 
4. Captive  9. Flat  14. Dark 
5. Solid  10. Beauty 15. Identity 

INFINITIVE
A. Form

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present Infinitive (to) V (to) be + Ved/3

Continous Infinitive (to) be + V-ing (to) be + being + Ved/3

Perfect Infinitive (to) have+ Ved/3 (to) have been + Ved/3

Perfect Continous (to) have been + V-ing (to) have been being + Ved/3
Infinitive

B. Function

1. As subject - To love is to forgive.

2. Object of Verb - I like to walk in the rain.
3. Complement - My hobby is to collect money.
4. Object of Preposstion - He did everything but learn.
5. Modifier as Adverb - This sentence is hard to understand.
6. Modifier as Adjective - This is a house to rent.

C. Use

1. Bare infinitive (Infinitive without “To”)

a. After Auxilaries.
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, - He can swim.
WILL, WOULD, SHALL, MUST,
HAD BETTER = HAD BETTER, - I’d rather work on the land than
in a factory.
WOULD RATHER/SOONER…(THAN)
= HAD RATHER/ SOONER…(THAN). - You’d better not to go near the
lake.

But: - You ought to pay

OUGHT = You should to pay.

+ TO V
HAVE - He need not wait.

- He doesn’t need to wait.

NEED + V  (Auxilary)
- He dare not interrupt.
DARE + TO V  (common V)
- He didn’t dare to interrupt.