Health Sector Support Program (HSSP)

Including
Additional Financing

Updated ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

July, 2018

MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
 Table of contents
Table of contents.................................................................................................................................i
Abbreviations......................................................................................................................................ii
Executive Summary............................................................................................................................iii
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................10
Original Project:............................................................................................................................10
Additional Financing (AF):.............................................................................................................11
2. Environmental issues related to the HNP sector.......................................................................13
3. Review of Present Scenario of MWM in Bangladesh................................................................15
3.1. Current Status of MWM in Bangladesh.............................................................................15
3.2. Existing Legislative/Regulatory Framework for MWM......................................................17
3.3. World Bank Policy.............................................................................................................20
3.4. Compliance Assessment former Project HSDP..................................................................20
3.5. Institutional Framework for MWM...................................................................................21
3.6. Gaps and Challenges in implementation of MWM............................................................22
3.7. Additional Challenges for MWM due to influx of FDMNs..................................................22
4. Improving MWM under the HSSP.............................................................................................24
4.1. Measures to Improve MWM.............................................................................................24
4.2. Measures to improve MWM in FDMN camps and Cox’s Bazar UHCs................................25
4.3. Funding for implementation of MWM Action Plan...........................................................25
4.4. Monitoring of implementation of the MWM action plan..................................................26
5. Consultation..............................................................................................................................27
6. General recommendations.......................................................................................................28
Annex A: Public Consultation for HSSP..............................................................................................29
Annex B: Stakeholder Consultation for HSSP Additional Financing...................................................33
Annex C: Screening Form for Healthcare Facilities (HCFs).................................................................36
Annex D: Screening Form for Health Camps for FDMNs...................................................................40
Annex E: Screening for temporary health camp construction and Risk of Health Workers..............42
Annex F: Design Aspects and Specifications of a Deep Burial Pit......................................................43

i
Abbreviations
BDT Bangladeshi Taka
CC Community Clinic
DGHS Director General Health Services
DLI Disbursement Linked Indicator
DP Development Partner
ECA Environmental Conservation Act
ECR Environment Conservation Rule
EMF Environmental Management Framework
GOB Government of Bangladesh
HCF Health Care Facility
HNP Health, Nutrition and Population
HSSP Health Sector Support Project
IEC Information, Education and Communication
MOHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MWM Medical Waste Management
OP Operational Policy
PDO Project Development Objective
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
UHC Upazila Health Complex
WHO World Health Organization

ii
Executive Summary

The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and development partners (DPs) have pursued a sector-
wide approach (SWAp) since 1998, adopting a series of multi-year strategies, programs and
budgets for management and development of the health nutrition and population (HNP) sector,
with support from both domestic and international financing. The Ministry currently implementing
its fourth Sector Program titled ‘4th Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Program (4th HPNSP)’
covering a 5.5-year period between January 2017 and June 2022 with an estimated cost of US$
14.7 billion. The 4th HPNSP encompasses three components: (a) Governance and Stewardship, (b)
HNP Systems Strengthening, and (c) Provision of Quality HNP Services. The Program’s objective is
“to ensure that all citizens of Bangladesh enjoy health and well-being by expanding access to
quality and equitable healthcare in a healthy and safe living environment.” Like the previous three
sector programs, it is expected that a significant proportion of DPs support will be channeled
through on-budget financing. Since October 2017, the World Bank is implementing its Healh Sector
Support Project (HSSP) having three components through which the Bank is providing support to
the 4th HPNSP. The original HSSP is consistent with the GOB’s program and policies and will play an
important role in advancing key results areas with the use of disbursement-linked indicators (DLIs).
2. The original HSSP will use a set of 16 DLIs in responding to the key HNP challenges. In
supporting parts of the GOB’s 4th HPNSP– including the strengthening of national level systems –
HSSP will benefit, directly and indirectly, the entire 160 million population of Bangladesh, including
50 million in Sylhet and Chittagong divisions, who are of particular focus for several indicators. Out
of the 16 DLIs included in original HSSP, 8 are focused on improving service delivery including
maternal and child health and nutrition services in Chittagong and Sylhet (two out of the eight
administrative divisions of Bangladesh). The original HSSP encompasses three components which
are as follows:
Component 1. Governance and Stewardship
1. Enhancing the Recipient’s citizen feedback system for its health services, including making the
performance of the system and the responses to the messages received more transparent to the
public
2. Improving budget efficiency and allocation in the HNP sector through the increase of budget
allocation and execution towards repair and maintenance to support basic service delivery.
Component 2. HNP Systems Strengthening
1. Improving the Recipient’s financial management, procurement, supply chain management and asset
management systems in the HNP sector.
2. Improving the quality of the health management information system through the completeness of
the reporting and inclusion of gender, for gender-disaggregated report, from the community clinic
level.
3. Improving human resource in the HNP sector through the appointment and retention of qualified
midwives at Upazila Health Complexes
Component 3. Provision of Quality HNP Services
1. Improving coverage of essential services at the primary and first-referral levels for reproductive
(including family planning), maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health and nutrition, including
reducing geographic inequalities.
2. Supporting the Recipient in addressing emerging areas through the strengthening of the
coordination mechanisms with the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and
Cooperatives and urban local governments and the development and implementation of a pilot to
address non-communicable diseases (hypertension), starting from screening and referral services at
the community clinic level.

iii
3. The original HSPP, through the use of its DLIs, is supporting system development at all levels
and service delivery results at the Upazila level and below. Services are delivered by both DGHS
and DGFP, operating through parallel systems. The lowest-level facility is the community clinic (CC),
serving at the ward level as the first point of contact for primary health care services, including
immunization, family planning, and health education.
Additional Financing (AF):
4. The proposed Additional Financing of the World Bank to its HSSP under a new (fourth)
component will strengthen the capacities of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW)
for planning, coordination, management and monitoring; support the expansion and provision of
HNP services with a focus on Camps of forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMNs) and Host
Communities across Cox’s Bazar District; and enhance community-level interventions, as well as
services to address gender-based violence and psychosocial needs. The sub-components of fourth
component of HSSP for additional financing are as follows:
Component 4. Development of HNP Services for FDMNs in Cox’s Bazar District
1. Enhancing the Recipient’s planning, coordination, monitoring and management capacities for
providing scaled up and new HNP services providing care to the FDMNs in Cox’s Bazar District,
including for disease surveillance and outbreak response, service management referral systems, and
medical waste management.
2. (a) Enhancing delivery of the Essential Service Package to the FDMNs at community clinics and
similar facilities in Cox’s Bazar District;
(b) Enhancing delivery of the Essential Service Package to the FDMNs at union level and similar
facilities in Cox’s Bazar District; and
(c) Supporting integrated communication and outreach strategies focused on improving HNP-
related household knowledge and behaviors in Cox’s Bazar District.
3. Enhancing the delivery of the Essential Service Package to the FDMNs at Upazila Health Complexes
and the District Hospital in Cox’s Bazar District.

5. Rational behind additional financing: Since August 2017, more than 700,000 people from the
Rohingya community have crossed the border from Myanmar, with the majority settled in a large
congested camp, along with smaller camps across Cox’s Bazar District, and some living amongst
host communities. The large influx of displaced population outnumbers the host community in the
affected localities, including significant exposure to natural and health risks and potential conflict
with the host communities. The GOB intends to use the financial assistance under the IDA18
Regional Sub-Window for Refugees and Host Communities across Cox’s Bazar District to strengthen
public services in the affected areas, as well as develop its own capacity to respond to this crisis.
6. Under the additional financing, existing structures would be used to serve as community
clinics or health service delivery points. However, these existing structures may need to be
strengthened or enhanced, and some cases small scale temporary structure also may need to be
constructed at vacant land within the camp.
Environmental Instrument
7. Environmental issues associated with the health sector creating adverse impact on
environment vary widely in nature. Although environmental issues are gaining awareness in health
sectors they are not properly addressed in hospitals. Of them medical waste management (MWM)
is considered to be the most significant issue. Under component 3 of the proposed project, a
number of healthcare interventions will be carried out in almost 5000 upazila healthcare facilities
and community clinics in Sylhet and Chittagong divisions. The detailed baseline scenario and status
of medical waste management in these clinics and facilities are unknown at the moment.

iv
Therefore, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) was designed in March 2017 in an
effort to control the medical waste to be implemented at hospital/health facilities premises and
improve environmental performance.
8. Under the additional financing, it may be required to upgrade existing facilities or build small
scale structures to provide health services to FDMNs. Hence, site specific environment screening
along with supplementary mitigation measures will be required to ensure low impact on physical
environment and the health and safety of service providers and communities in Cox’s Bazar
District. In addition, the health-workers delivering service to the refugees may be exposed to a
complex variety of health and safety hazards and they are at risk. Another additional impact would
be on the existing community clinics and upazila health complexes of Cox’s Bazar as these would
be receiving huge number of additional patients (the FDMNs) which will generate more medical
waste than usual. Especially the extensive vaccination campaigns may increase the quantity of
glass and sharps waste that the facility has to manage.
9. This EMF is updated to cover all the relevant activities to be supported under AF, and to also
incorporate the lessons learnt from the existing operations. The EMF provides a template for
screening these facilities, designing suitable MWM protocols and a format for monitoring and
record-keeping.
Environment Issues
10. Medical waste management (MWM) is considered to be the most significant environment
issue Medical wastes contain both general wastes (approximately 75–80%) and infectious wastes
(about20–25%).Medical waste constitutes a public health hazard, if not managed properly.
Although majority of the medical waste is no more dangerous than household/municipal waste,
the hazardous waste, if exposed to the people or environment in an untreated form, pose various
kinds of danger. Thus, the main concern relates to the portion of medical that are defined as
hazardous. In particular, medical waste poses particular health risks to the staff of health care
facilities (HCFs), to the patients and visitors, to workers collecting, transporting and treating the
waste and to the society and environment in general. Thus, there is a need of special effort for
proper management of MW by the concerned authorities.
11. The following table summarizes the key observations related to MWM in Bangladesh:
Observations related to key issues in MWM in Bangladesh

Sl. Issues of MWM Observation

No
.
1. Awareness and Lack of awareness among the HCF professionals (in most cases)
motivation on MWM affecting understanding of proper MWM and its severe adverse
impact on environment.
2. Use of specific color Only few HCFs have introduced use of specific color bins for
coded bin segregation of MW at source and no uniformity in using specific
colored bins in most of the HCFs
3. Segregation of HCF Not properly done in most HCFs; segregation done by sweepers
waste at source need further monitoring and quality control.
4. Management of sharps Some cut off the nozzle of needle from syringe, some do not.

5. Intermediate storage Lack of availability/ use of secured intermediate storage facility for
MW.
6. Internal transport Trolleys are not used regularly for transport of MW to outside
containers.
v
 Sl. Issues of MWM Observation
No
.
7. Occupational health and Adoption of security/protective measure taken by sweepers on
safety measures for very few occasions.
workers.
8. Transport and ultimate  Non-segregated MW directly dumped to public container;
disposal of MW  Segregated MW waste is dumped in closed pits at hospital
premise;
 Segregated wastes are dumped in open pit for burning
(burning is incomplete in most cases);
 Segregated MW are disposed in incinerator for burning, having
no temperature control as required.
 Few HCFs follow strict code of MWM.

12. Under the previous sector programs, the DGHS has taken initiatives to address some of these
issues related to medical waste management in the health sector. In this regard, the DGHS has
developed an online record-keeping, reporting and monitoring system for in-house waste
management, conducted training on MWM at various levels, explored the feasibility of different
out-house waste management options in several hospitals in the country. DGHS has also
developed new IEC materials promoting awareness campaign on MWM. However due to weak
institutional capacity, inadequate monitoring and lack of awareness and enforcement, the issues
associated with Medical waste management are still persisting.
13. Due to the influx, temporary camps have been set up in various locations within the
settlement to provide healthcare services. Their locations are not fixed and there is limited access
in and out of the camps. The staff at all levels have very limited knowledge of medical waste
management, waste segregation at service delivery point is rarely done. There is minimal
monitoring of correct waste disposal even in those facilities which have the ability to segregate
waste. Often chemical disinfection is practiced exposing the healthcare workers to toxic chemicals
risk. Often open burning is practiced which exposes the surrounding people to air pollution.
Probability of installing an incinerator is not feasible due to lack of space, energy requirement and
dedicated manpower.
14. In Upazila Health Complexes, there is limited physical infrastructure to manage waste safely
within the facility. The influx of FDMNs has resulted in a surge of patients in these facilities of Cox’s
Bazar. This has been compounded by the extensive vaccination campaigns which have increased
the quantity of glass and sharps waste that the facility has to manage.
Existing Legislative/Regulatory Framework for MWM
15. The GOB’s environmental laws and policies are deemed adequate for both protection and
conservation of resources, although enforcement capacity needs to be improved significantly. The
assessment highlights that the Program may generate medical waste and GOB has comprehensive
laws and policies for management of medical waste.
 National Environmental Policy 1992
 Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act (ECA), 1995 amended 2002
 Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) 1997 amended 2003
 Environment Court Act, 2000
 Medical Waste (Management and Treatment) Rules 2008
 Manual for Hospital Waste Management 2001

vi
  Guidelines on Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and Biosafety 2016
 GOB 7th 5-year Plan (FYP)
 Environmental Assessment and Action Plan for HPNSDP, 2011-2016
World Bank Policy
16. The World Bank Safeguard Policy OP/BP 4.01 is triggered because some activities during the
operation will produce negative environmental impacts that should be prevented and mitigated.
However, the potential negative impact is mainly from generation of medical waste. A Medical
Waste Management Plan is therefore prepared as an instrument to safeguard against the effects of
medical waste on the environment and human health. In this regards the project is classified as
Category B according with the OP/BP 4.01. The EMF will be disclosed according to the Bank's policy
of information disclosure.
Measures to Improve MWM
17. Basic best environmental management practice for the health-care sector includes efficient
infection control measures, adequate water supply and sanitation, occupational health and safety
of staff, and proper disposal of infectious wastes and wastewater.
18. The measures to improve MWM under HSSP(2017–2022) are as follows:
Measures to improve MWM under HSSP
Issues Measures to improve MWM
Strengthen policy Under the existing regulatory framework, the health facilities that generate
and legal medical are not sufficiently held accountable for proper handling and managing
framework of medical waste. At the upazila level, the health facilities can be made more
accountable by ensuring proper record-keeping, assigning a focal person for
supervision of medical waste management (MWM) activities, and constructing
burial pits for sharps and infectious wastes.
Strengthen Improve health care waste management, particularly focused on the Upazila
institutional Health Complex and below, by ensuring:
capacity and  use of color-coded bins in health facilities in accordance with Medical
compliance Waste Management Rules 2008;
 segregation of waste in all facilities by using the established color coding
system and recordkeeping of medical waste generated;
 storage of waste in designated temporary storage areas before disposal;
 destruction of sharps before its final disposal in in-house deep-burial pits
as per existing HCWM guidelines; and
 availability and visibility of information, education and communication
materials on health care waste management in health facilities.
Strengthening  Monitoring and reporting on the implementation of MWM, particularly
implementation focused on the Upazila Health Complex and below.
 Capacity building for health workers on MWM, particularly focused on the
Upazila Health Complex and below. Appropriate capacity enhancement
training on infection control as well as management of sharps will be
conducted for the relevant staff of HCFs.
 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to be finalized and promoted
extensively among all HCFs.
 Appropriate training program will be initiated on Occupational Health and
Safety protocols for all employees involved in handling of “in-house” and
out-house MWM needs to be developed with an effective monitoring
vii
 Issues Measures to improve MWM
mechanism.
19. As mentioned earlier, the sparsely located FDMN health camps and the UHCs in Cox’s Bazar
will face challenges regarding MWM due to the influx of Rohigya population. Some measures to
improve MWM are the following:
Table: Measures to improve MWM for the FDMNs
Issues Measures to improve MWM
MWM in Since installing MWM infrastructure and its maintenance will be challenging in
temporary camps this setting, a short term measure could be to contracted out to third party for
safe final disposal of medical waste. This will have to be integrated with
provision of color coded bins, collection points and an extensive training and
monitoring exercise for the personnel associated with health service delivery.
MWM in Cox’s  Construct deep burial pits for permanent disposal of sharps and hazardous
Bazar UHCs solid waste. Construction and operation of deep burial pits should follow the
guidelines described in Annex F. This measure will be helpful in the long run
as there will no longer be a requirement to store the MWM in designated
bags to be shipped out to district level hospitals where incinerators are
available. If space is available on site then final treatment and disposal on
site may be more realistic as this is a permanently located facility.
 Monitoring and safety measures of deep burial pits should be in place. This
includes:
o Monitoring and regular reporting of groundwater quality
around the burial pits. Suggested parameters for monitoring
are: Total and Fecal coliform, pH, Fe, Mn, As, heavy metals,
Total Dissolved Solids
o Ensure that proper precautionary signage in place at the
location near and around the burial pits
o Ensure that the burial pit is constructed with proper
impermeable lining materials at the sides and bottom
 All other measures mentioned in the previous section.

Institutional Arrangement
20. The DGHS currently has a MWM monitoring arrangement. As per agreed measures of EMF, a
Medical Waste Management (MWM) Monitoring Cell has been constituted at the Directorate
General of Health Services (DGHS). A Program Manager and a Deputy Program Manager have been
assigned for MWM under the operational plan (OP) of Hospital Services Management (HSM). The
MOHFW has hired two consultants to support the MWM Monitoring Cell. The Deputy Director of
DGHS is responsible for MWM activities. The HCFs under the proposed program will report to this
section of DGHS. This includes carrying out screening and assessment with recommended actions
(see Annex C: ‘Screening form for healthcare facilities’ for template). The HCF will be responsible
for performing the screening of the corresponding facility and report to the DGHS waste
management cell in Dhaka. The MWM team of DGHS will collect, analyze and summarize the
information from HCFs and share their findings to the World Bank team in a quarterly basis.
21. The same institutional arrangement as stated above will be followed for MWM in the camps
of FDMNs. However, in this case international organizations (e.g.WHO) will be assisting the DGHS
to implement the EMF. This includes filling up screening and assessment forms for camps of
FDMNs (Annex D and E) and improving medical waste management measures as stated in Table 5.

viii
There are already some activities being carried out by WHO and other development partners in the
EWARS which are in line with the basic principles of this EMF:
 Interaction with partners to develop SOPs for medical waste management
 Education of health care facility staff in medical waste management (by WHO)
 Provision of PPE and sharps containers to health facilities to enable safe disposal at point
of use (by WHO).
 Monitoring of compliance to be carried by partners and centrally through the WHO IPC
Program, on an ongoing basis.
22. The DGHS medical waste management cell will closely coordinate with the international
organizations, and share their findings to the World Bank team in a quarterly basis.
General recommendations
23. The proposed program provides an opportunity to improve the medical waste management
scenario in Sylhet and Chittagong in Bangladesh. This may reduce the disease burden associated
with infection and improve the quality of life. It may also reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases
from solid waste dumping sites and pollution of water bodies, which could have a community-wide
impact. In-house management is proposed for primary HCFs and specific set of activities should
follow starting from waste segregation and application of medical waste management guidelines.
Since currently the medical waste is inadequately managed in healthcare facilities primarily due to
weak institutional monitoring mechanism and inadequate enforcement of existing rules and
guidelines, there is scope for improving the scenario and thereby generating a visible positive
outcome from this project. Activities associated with the service-delivery related DLIs can increase
the use of syringes and sharps, recyclable fluid bags, and consequently increase sharp wastes,
recyclable wastes, infectious wastes as well as increase the risk of infection and contamination.
Through effective implementation of HCWM activities in line with the GOB’s MWM 2008, the risks
can be adequately mitigated. Specific activities will include capacity building of relevant personnel,
proper segregation of waste, disposal of sharps and introducing deep burial pits for sharps and
infectious wastes/body parts.
24. Monitoring of the implementation of this EMF will be detailed out in the relevant operational
manual. Some general recommendations for dealing with MWM in the HSSP are given below:
 An MWM monitoring cell with representation of DGHS, DGFP, and other relevant GOB
departments and ministries should be set up to oversee the implementation of EMF related
to MWM;
 Training and awareness building needs to be imparted for carrying out proper MWM;
 Surveys need to be conducted on the status of MWM carried out by the HCFs;
 The MWM monitoring cell should closely supervise MWM of HCFs.

ix
1. Introduction

Original Project:
1. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) and development partners (DPs) have pursued a sector-
wide approach (SWAp) since 1998, adopting a series of multi-year strategies, programs and budgets
for management and development of the health nutrition and population (HNP) sector, with support
from both domestic and international financing. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(MOHFW) has implemented three consecutive Sector programs in between July 1998 and December
2016. The MOHFW is currently implementing its Fourth Sector Program titled ‘4th Health,
Population and Nutrition Sector Program (4th HPNSP)’ covering the 5.5 year period (between
January 2017 and June 2022) with an estimated cost of US$ 14.7 billion. The 4th HPNSP’s overall
objective is “to ensure that all citizens of Bangladesh enjoy health and well-being by expanding
access to quality and equitable healthcare in a healthy and safe living environment.” Like the
previous three sector programs, it is expected that a significant proportion of DPs support will be
channeled through on-budget financing. Since October 2017, the World Bank is implementing its
Health Sector Support Project (HSSP) having three components through which the Bank is providing
support to the 4th HPNSP.
2. The MOHFW considers the 4th HPNSP as a first, foundational, program towards the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The 4th HPNSP builds on a successful
history of the previous sector programs, with well-established planning and consultation processes
as well as monitoring and coordination mechanisms. It encompasses three components: (i)
Governance and Stewardship, (ii) HNP Systems Strengthening, and (iii) Provision of Quality HNP
Services. The original HSSP is consistent with the GOB’s program and policies and will play an
important role in advancing key results areas with the use of disbursement-linked indicators (DLIs).
3. As Bangladesh builds on significant progress in the HNP sector and pursues progress towards
the SDGs, it will face important challenges. These can be characterized in three ways: (i)
foundational financing and system development priorities; (ii) the unfinished agenda relating to the
Millennium Development Goals; and (iii) emerging challenges. The World Bank’s original HSSP, is
using a set of 16 DLIs in responding to these key challenges. In supporting parts of the GOB’s Fourth
Sector Program – including the strengthening of national level systems. The HSSP will benefit,
directly and indirectly, the entire 160 million population of Bangladesh, including 50 million in Sylhet
and Chittagong divisions, who are of particular focus for several indicators. Out of the 16 DLIs
included in original HSSP, 8 are focused on improving service delivery including maternal and child
health and nutrition services in Chittagong and Sylhet (two out of the eight administrative Divisions
of Bangladesh).
4. The Project Development Objective of HSSP is to strengthen the HNP sector’s core
management systems and improve delivery and utilization of essential HNP services, with a focus on
selected geographical areas. The original HSSP encompasses three components as follows:

Component 1. Governance and Stewardship

1. Enhancing the Recipient’s citizen feedback system for its health services, including making the
performance of the system and the responses to the messages received more transparent to the
public
2. Improving budget efficiency and allocation in the HNP sector through the increase of budget
allocation and execution towards repair and maintenance to support basic service delivery.

10
 Component 2. HNP Systems Strengthening
1. Improving the Recipient’s financial management, procurement, supply chain management and
asset management systems in the HNP sector.
2. Improving the quality of the health management information system through the completeness of
the reporting and inclusion of gender, for gender-disaggregated report, from the community clinic
level.
3. Improving human resource in the HNP sector through the appointment and retention of qualified
midwives at Upazila Health Complexes
Component 3. Provision of Quality HNP Services
3. Improving coverage of essential services at the primary and first-referral levels for reproductive
(including family planning), maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health and nutrition,
including reducing geographic inequalities.
4. Supporting the Recipient in addressing emerging areas through the strengthening of the
coordination mechanisms with the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and
Cooperatives and urban local governments and the development and implementation of a pilot to
address non-communicable diseases (hypertension), starting from screening and referral services
at the community clinic level.

5. The MOHFW is responsible for implementation of the GOB’s 4th HPNSP as a whole, including
achievement of the results to be supported by the Project. The Ministry encompasses a number of
entities: Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Directorate General of Family Planning
(DGFP), Directorate General of Health Economics Unit (DGHEU), Directorate General of Drug
Administration (DGDA). Directorate General of Nursing and Midwifery (DGNM) and Health
Engineering Department (HED).
6. Government health facilities are situated at different administrative levels: national, division,
district, upazila, union, and ward. HSPP, through the use of its DLIs, is supporting system
development at all levels and service delivery results at the Upazila level and below. Services are
delivered by DGHS, DGFP and DGNM, operating through parallel systems. The lowest-level facility is
the community clinic (CC), serving at the ward level as the first point of contact for primary health
care services, including immunization, family planning, and health education. Each CC is intended to
serve 6,000 people; currently, 13,442 CCs are functioning. At the union level, three kinds of facilities,
each of which include physicians on staff, provide outpatient care: rural health centers, union sub-
centers, and union health and family welfare centers. At the Upazila level, services are provided by
Upazila Health Complexes, with inpatient capacity of 30–50 beds. Some of these facilities provide
first-referral (secondary) care including comprehensive emergency obstetrical care. At the district
level, district/general hospitals of different sizes (100–250 beds) provide secondary care, while some
districts also have government medical colleges providing tertiary care. In addition, at the district
level there are 10-20 bed maternal and child welfare centers providing family-planning as well as
maternal care services. The government also runs a number of tertiary and specialized hospitals at
the division and national levels.

Additional Financing (AF):

7. Rationale behind additional financing: Since August 2017, more than 700,000 people from the
Rohingya community have crossed the border from Myanmar, with the majority settled in a large
congested camp, along with smaller camps across Cox’s Bazar District, and some living amongst host
communities. The large influx of displaced population outnumbers the host community in the
affected localities, including significant exposure to natural and health risks and potential conflict

11
with the host communities. The GOB intends to use the financial assistance under the IDA18
Regional Sub-Window for Refugees and Host Communities across Cox’s Bazar District to strengthen
public services in the affected areas, as well as develop its own capacity to respond to this crisis. To
enhance the capacity of the MOHFW to respond to the crisis and support it in extending HNP
services to the FDMNs in Cox’s Bazar district, a fourth component has been added in the HSSP to
channel the Bank’s additional financing. Direct beneficiaries of the 4th component of HSSP are the
FDMNs, whereas, the same for the original three components are Bangladeshi nationals.
8. The proposed Additional Financing will be a new (fourth) component of the original HSSP and
strengthen the capacities of the MOHFW for planning, coordination, management and monitoring;
support the expansion and provision of HNP services with a focus on FDMN Camps and Host
Communities across Cox’s Bazar District.; and enhance community-level interventions, as well as
services to address gender-based violence focusing on mental health needs. The sub-components of
Component 4 of HSSP are as follows:
Component 4. Development of HNP Services for FDMNs in Cox’s Bazar District
1. Enhancing the Recipient’s planning, coordination, monitoring and management capacities for
providing scaled up and new HNP services providing care to the FDMNs in Cox’s Bazar District,
including for disease surveillance and outbreak response, service management referral systems, and
medical waste management.
2. (a) Enhancing delivery of the Essential Service Package to the FDMNs at community clinics and similar
facilities in Cox’s Bazar District;
(b) Enhancing delivery of the Essential Service Package to the FDMNs at union level and similar
facilities in Cox’s Bazar District; and
(c) Supporting integrated communication and outreach strategies focused on improving HNP-related
household knowledge and behaviors in Cox’s Bazar District.
3. Enhancing the delivery of the Essential Service Package to the FDMNs at Upazila Health Complexes
and the District Hospital in Cox’s Bazar District.

9. Under the AF, existing structures would be used to serve as community clinics or health service
delivery points. However, these existing structures may need to be strengthened or enhanced, and
some cases small scale temporary structure also may need to be constructed at vacant land within
the camp.
Environmental Instrument
10. Environmental issues associated with the health sector creating adverse impact on
environment vary widely in nature. Although environmental issues are gaining awareness in health
sectors they are not properly addressed in hospitals. Of them medical waste management (MWM) is
considered to be the most significant issue. Under component 3 of the proposed project, a number
of healthcare interventions will be carried out in almost 5000 upazila healthcare facilities and
community clinics in Sylhet and Chittagong divisions. The detailed baseline scenario and status of
medical waste management in these clinics and facilities are unknown at the moment. Therefore, an
Environmental Management Framework (EMF) was designed in March 2017 in an effort to control
the medical waste to be implemented at hospital/health facilities premises and improve
environmental performance.
11. Under the AF, it may be required to upgrade existing facilities or build small scale structures to
provide health services to FDMN. Hence, site specific environment screening along with
supplementary mitigation measures will be required to ensure low impact on physical environment
and the health and safety of service providers and communities in Cox’s Bazar District. In addition,
the health-workers delivering service to the refugees may be exposed to a complex variety of health

12
and safety hazards and they are at risk. Another additional impact would be on the existing
community clinics and upazila health complexes of Cox’s Bazar as these would be receiving huge
number of additional patients (the FDMNs) which will generate more medical waste than usual.
Especially the extensive vaccination campaigns may increase the quantity of glass and sharps waste
that the facility has to manage.
12. The EMF provides a template for screening these facilities, designing suitable MWM protocols
and a format for monitoring and record-keeping.
13. The MOHFW prepared two Environmental Assessment and Action Plans in 2004 and 2011. This
report builds on the findings and implementation progress of the previous plans. The report also
includes a gap analysis of the present MWM system and an action plan for the period 2017–2022,
including tentative budget.

2. Environmental issues related to the HNP sector

14. Medical activities safeguard the health of the community but their functioning results in the
production of wide varieties of wastes. Medical waste, which is also referred as clinical waste, has to
be handled and disposed in a proper manner to eliminate the possibility of injury or infection and
safeguarding the environment in general. The impacts associated with improper MWM can damage
the environment and adversely affect public health directly and indirectly.
15. Medical wastes contain both general wastes (approximately 75–80%) and infectious wastes
(about 20–25%).Medical waste constitutes a public health hazard, if not managed properly. Although
majority of the medical waste is no more dangerous than household/municipal waste, the hazardous
waste, if exposed to the people or environment in an untreated form, pose various kinds of danger.
Thus, the main concern relates to the portion of medical that are defined as hazardous. In particular,
medical waste poses particular health risks to the staff of health care facilities (HCFs), to the patients
and visitors, to workers collecting, transporting and treating the waste and to the society and
environment in general. Thus, there is a need of special effort for proper management of MW by the
concerned authorities.
16. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) medical wastes are categorized as follows:
 Infectious: Materials containing pathogen in sufficient quantities, that if exposed can cause
diseases.
 Sharps: Disposable needles, syringes, saw, blades, broken glasses, nails or any other item that
could cause a cut.
 Pharmaceuticals: Drugs and chemicals that return from wards, spilled, outdated,
contaminated or are no longer required.
 Radioactive: Solids, liquids and gaseous wastes contaminated with radioactive substances
used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases (e.g. toxic goiter).
 Others: Wastes from office, kitchen, room including bed linen, utensils, paper etc.
 While the adoption of disposable sharps provides safety to health workers reducing risk from
needle pricks and sharp-cuts it has caused sudden increase of the MW production and it has also
created problem of plastic waste and the repacking and resale of MW such as improperly
treated contaminated syringes, needles and other recyclable items used for treatment which can
result in community exposure to infection such as HIV/AIDS, sepsis, hepatitis and multi-drug

13
 resistant bacteria. Proper MWM helps control of hospital acquired infections (nosocomial
diseases), and negative long-term health effects like cancer, from the environmental release of
toxic substances e.g. dioxin, mercury and others.
17. The major components of MWM includes:
 Proper waste collection and segregation at source – use of standardized color-coded bins for
different wastes;
 Waste streams - general, contaminated, cytotoxic/pharmaceuticals, body parts;
 Storage and transport - cold storage for contaminated waste and body parts, transport in
safe and leak proof containers;
 Waste treatment – sterilization of contaminated waste (steam autoclave), incineration of
cytotoxics, pharmaceuticals and body parts in incinerator meeting relevant standards and
statues.
 The hospitals (especially the large-sized) have the opportunity to take a proactive role in the
community by:
 Increasing commitment to quality assurance activities to maximize patient protection against
adverse outcome;
 Promoting environmental health by support for waste reduction, reuse and recycling; use of
energy efficient, environment-friendly building; and greener and organic gardens.
18. The original HSSP focuses on improving health service delivery in primary level healthcare
facilities in Sylhet and Chittagong. Improving health services would entail generation of medical
waste, which will have risks associated with it regarding its handling and treatment. Some general
risks associated with medical waste is described below.
19. Medical wastes cause numerous health risks directly or indirectly. There is risk of spread of
infection through poorly managed (i) sharp waste (e.g., hypodermic needles, scalpels etc.); (ii)
chemical waste (e.g., reagents, solvent etc.); pathological waste (e.g., human tissues, body parts,
fetus, etc.); (iii) infectious waste (e.g., blood and body fluids etc.); (iv) pharmaceutical waste (e.g.
outdated medications, etc.); and (v) waste with high heavy metal content (e.g., batteries,
thermometers etc.).Unhygienic and unsanitary conditions at healthcare facilities can increase the
risk and potential for patients to get Hospital Acquired Infections.
20. Poor infection control and occupational health and safety practices due to lack of usage of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and lack of training, awareness and understanding of health
risks of such poor practices can contribute to increased risk of infection in healthcare facilities. When
the workers expose to the hospital environment and do not use appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE) they become vulnerable to different diseases.
21. Additional poor practices with regard to general (non-infectious) waste, such as inadequate
storage, poor collection and untimely disposal can attract stray animals and rag pickers and become
breeding grounds for vector- borne, water-based and fecal-oral infections. There is also the risk of
contamination of water bodies through inadequate disposal of drug waste, expired pharmaceuticals,
heavy metals such as mercury, phenols and disinfectants which can potentially affect a larger
community beyond the hospital workers and rag-pickers.
22. The original HSSP will finance a slice of the GOB’s 4th HPNSP through IPF-DLI mechanism to
support provision of services at the upazila and below levels. Almost 5000 such facilities are likely to
be supported by the project. Such activities will generate healthcare waste and the improper
management of this may pose significant environmental risk. In Bangladesh, at the upazila level the

14
low amount of waste generated does not encourage outhouse facilities to be developed as it is not
financially viable. Moreover, although the policies and regulations related to HCWM are there, the
healthcare waste management and monitoring/enforcement institutions are weak at the central
level. The institutional limitations are percolated downwards and also likely to be reflected in the
primary healthcare facilities. But the volume of waste generated in these facilities are generally low
and therefore the negative impact will be not be as high as in district hospitals for most upazila
health complexes.
23. Activities planned under the proposed addiitoinal financing will include some small-scale
physical interventions such as construction, rehabilitation or renovation works. These will be
constructed in existing healthcare facilities. No land acquisition will be required. Negative
environmental effects, any loss or conversion of natural habitats, any changes in land or resource
use, are not anticipated. The present scenario of MWM in Bangladesh has generally improved,
although much more improvements can be done. Section 3 provides an assessment of the current
situation of MWM.

3. Review of Present Scenario of MWM in Bangladesh

3.1. Current Status of MWM in Bangladesh

24. According to the Dhaka City Corporation's research report, 3700 metric tons of wastes are
generated per day in Dhaka City and about 200 tons are hospital waste of which 40 tons are
infectious wastes (Bangladesh Observer, 2000). Estimated amounts of hazardous wastes in
Bangladesh, tons/ year, 2009-2015 are shown in the following table (which includes all facilities that
do not fall under the scope of HSSP):
Table 1: Hazardous waste generated, tons/year
Area/HCF 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Dhaka 1275 1313 1353 1392 1435 1478 1522
Chittagong 663 683 703 724 746 769 792
Rajshahi 920 948 976 1005 1035 1066 1098
Khulna 388 400 412 424 437 450 463
Barisal 270 278 286 295 304 313 322
Sylhet 292 301 310 319 329 339 349
Maternal and Child Welfare 161 166 171 176 181 187 192
Centers
Total Public HCFs 3969 4088 4211 4337 4467 4601 4739
Private HCFs 4239 4366 4497 4632 4771 4914 5062
Total 8208 8454 8708 8969 9238 9515 9801

25. During implementation of EMP 2011, the following challenges were identified:
- The Medical Waste Generators by and large do not maintain any proper record of the different
streams of medical waste generated. Inadequate number of color-coded bins, often improperly
placed, results in different waste streams getting mixed.
- The segregation of waste is delegated to the ward boys and the sweepers who do not have
formal training. The nurses or the ward-in-charge who has received MWM training are not being

15
able to supervise or transfer their knowledge adequately resulting in MWM practices not being
implemented.
- There is lack of uniformity in color-coding and segregation procedures among the facilities.
- Needles and syringes were not destroyed before disposal. The needle cutters were not
functional (blades becoming blunt after one or two uses) and more often the needle-cutters are
usually kept inside the cupboards and are not used. It was also observed that bins used for sharps
are not properly designed as per international standards. There is a general reluctance of destroying
the sharps and needles.
- Information, education and communication (IEC) materials were not visible at the appropriate
places in the facilities.
- The waste trolleys have become defunct and instead the trolleys used for ferrying patients were
used for transporting the waste from the wards.
- The temporary storage of the different streams of Medical Waste is not done properly at the
HCFs especially in the Public Hospitals.
- The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks, boots, etc. is partial. The
employees/waste pickers also do not undergo immunization at regular periods, as is required under
the Infection Control guidelines.
26. The following table summarizes the key observations related to MWM in Bangladesh:
Table 2: Observations related to key issues in MWM in Bangladesh

Sl. Issues of MWM Observation

No
.
1. Awareness and Lack of awareness among the HCF professionals (in most cases)
motivation on MWM affecting understanding of proper MWM and its severe adverse impact
on environment.
2. Use of specific color Only few HCFs have introduced use of specific color bins for
coded bin segregation of MW at source and no uniformity in using specific
colored bins in most of the HCFs
3. Segregation of HCF Not properly done in most HCFs; segregation done by sweepers need
waste at source further monitoring and quality control.
4. Management of sharps Some cut off the nozzle of needle from syringe, some do not.
5. Intermediate storage Lack of availability/ use of secured intermediate storage facility for
MW.
6. Internal transport Trolleys are not used regularly for transport of MW to outside
containers.
7. Occupational health and Adoption of security/protective measure taken by sweepers on very
safety measures for few occasions.
workers
8. Transport and ultimate Non-segregated MW directly dumped to public container;
disposal of MW Segregated MW waste is dumped in closed pits at hospital premise;
Segregated wastes are dumped in open pit for burning (burning is
incomplete in most cases);
Segregated MW are disposed in incinerator for burning, having no
temperature control as required.
Few HCFs follow strict code of MWM.

16
27. Under the previous sector programs, the DGHS took initiatives to address some of these issues
related to medical waste management in the health sector. In this regard, the DGHS has developed
an online record-keeping, reporting and monitoring system for in-house waste management,
conducted training on MWM at various levels, explored the feasibility of different out-house waste
management options in several hospitals in the country. DGHS has also developed new IEC materials
promoting awareness campaign on MWM. However due to weak institutional capacity, inadequate
monitoring and lack of awareness and enforcement, the issues associated with Medical waste
management are still persisting.
28. HSSP provides an opportunity to enhance systems to ensure provision of safe, clean and
hygienic health services while also providing an opportunity to improve measures for waste recycling
and minimization. This may reduce the disease burden associated with infection and improve the
quality of life. It may also reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases from solid waste dumping sites
and pollution of water bodies, which could have a community-wide impact. In-house management
should be the only discourse in this case and specific set of activities should follow starting from
waste segregation and application of medical waste management guidelines. Since currently the
medical waste is inadequately managed in healthcare facilities primarily due to weak institutional
monitoring mechanism and inadequate enforcement of existing rules and guidelines, there is scope
for improving the scenario and thereby generate a visible positive outcome from this project.
Activities associated with the service-delivery related DLIs can increase the use of syringes and
sharps, recyclable fluid bags, and consequently increase sharp wastes, recyclable wastes, infectious
wastes as well as increase the risk of infection and contamination.
29. MWM at Upazila level HCFs are in progress. Since 2006, the MOHFW has prioritized MWM as
an activity under improved hospital service component. The MOHFW also incorporated the waste
management initiative for HCFs at the Upazila and below as a component of essential service
delivery in line with the national goal to ensure safe, environment-friendly, cost-effective and
sustainable management of medical wastes derived from curative, diagnostic, preventive and
rehabilitative health care services both in public and private sectors.
30. To implement proper MWM at primary health care level the following strategies are being
used:
a) Development of pits (for infectious, sharps, general and recyclable waste) in UpazilaHealth
Complexes.
b) Regular supply of logistics for collection and transportation of waste and the safety material
for the waste handles.
c) Training/orientation of personal on proper MWM.
d) Community awareness on waste, its management and individual responsibility.

3.2. Existing Legislative/Regulatory Framework for MWM

31. The GOB’s environmental laws and policies are deemed adequate for both protection and
conservation of resources, although enforcement capacity needs to be improved significantly. The
assessment highlights that the Program may generate medical waste and GOB has comprehensive
laws and policies for management of medical waste.

17
National Environmental Policy 1992
32. The concept of environmental protection through national efforts was first recognized and
declared in Bangladesh with the adoption of the Environment Policy, 1992 and the Environment
Action Plan, 1992. The major objectives of Environmental policy are to i) maintain ecological balance
and overall development through protection and improvement of the environment; ii) protect
country against natural disaster; iii) identify and regulate activities, which pollute and degrade the
environment; iv) ensure environmentally sound development in all sectors; v) ensure sustainable,
long term and environmentally sound base of natural resources; and vi) actively remain associate
with all international environmental initiatives to the maximum possible extent.

Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act (ECA), 1995 amended 2002

33. This umbrella Act includes laws for conservation of the environment, improvement of
environmental standards, and control and mitigation of environmental pollution. It is currently the
main legislative framework document relating to environmental protection in Bangladesh, which
repealed the earlier Environment Pollution Control ordinance of 1977. The first sets of rules to
implement the provisions of the Act were promulgated in 1997 (see below: “Environmental
Conservation Rules 1997”). The Department of Environment implements the Act. Under the Act,
operators of industries/projects must inform the Director General of the Department of
Environment of any pollution incident. In the event of an accidental pollution, the Director General
may take control of an operation and the respective operator is bound to help. The operator is
responsible for the costs incurred and possible payments for compensation.

Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) 1997 amended 2003

34. These are the first set of rules, promulgated under the Environment Conservation Act 1995.
Among other things, these rules set (i) the National Environmental Quality Standards for ambient air,
various types of water, industrial effluent, emission, noise, vehicular exhaust etc., (ii) requirement
for and procedures to obtain Environmental Clearance, and (iii) requirements for environmental
impact assessment according to categories of industrial and other development interventions. Any
proponent planning to set up or operate an industrial project is required to obtain an
"Environmental Clearance Certificate" from the Department of Environment, under the Environment
Conservation Act 1995 amended in 2002. The wastewater generated from healthcare facilities are
subjected to the discharge standards set in ECR 1997.

Environment Court Act, 2000

35. The aim and objective of the Act is to materialize the Environmental Conservation Act, 1995
through judicial activities. This Act established Environmental Courts (one or more in every division),
set the jurisdiction of the courts, and outlined the procedure of activities and power of the courts,
right of entry for judicial inspection and for appeal as well as the constitution of Appeal Court.

Medical Waste (Management and Treatment) Rules 2008

36. The Government of Bangladesh promulgated the Medical waste (management and processing)
Rule, 2008 for processing and management of MW in Bangladesh. It was prepared through active
participation of MOHFW, MOL and MOEF mainly with the objective of proper management of
medical waste and protecting the environment.
37. The Medical Waste (Management and Treatment) Rules 2008 forms the base of management
of all medical waste in the country. The rules are applicable only to waste management

18
facility/operators i.e. those involved in transportation, treatment and disposal of medical waste. The
law provides for guidance on the collections, storage treatment and disposal of medical waste for
management facilities/operators. The institutions or agencies involved in collection, transport,
storage, have to obtain authorization from the Department of Environment.
38. The existing Environment conservation Act, 1995 and the Environment Conservation Rules,
1997 had no specific by laws directly related to management of MW management. According to
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act wastes are classified under section 2(1) as “any liquid,
solid and radioactive substance that is discharged, disposed or dumped which may cause adverse/
negative change to the environment. All these procedures were very general for all kind of
establishments and not specific for Management of MW. The shortcoming has been addressed by
the new medical waste rules, 2008.
39. Broadly the rule has classified the medical waste (schedule-1) with examples and environment-
friendly technologies of management. It also contain suggestion for use of different color bins
(schedule-3) for segregation of medical –waste at source and symbol to be used on the packaging of
medical-waste (schedule-4) for transporting. In schedule -6 the rule specifies the standard
Incineration/ Autoclaving, standard of liquid waste with permissible limits, standard of microwaving,
standard for deep burial and standard for radioactive waste treatment and disposal along with other
issues related to MWM (The important part of the Medical waste Rule, 2008 has been enclosed in
the annexure).The new medical waste rule has urged for ‘formation of authority’ within 3 months of
proclamation which will be will be in charge of all activities related to MWM of their area.
40. The regulation specified for different (6 nos.) color bins to be used for segregation of different
MW along with specification of container, standard for operation of equipment, effluent and
emission standards.

Manual for Hospital Waste Management 2001

41. DGHS has developed a manual for hospital waste management in 2001 which was later
updated. The manual is aimed for the hospital managers, health providers, policy makers and all the
administrators, with an interest for and with responsibility to ensure hospital wastes are disposed of
efficiently and economically as far as possible with a minimal environmental and health impact.

Guidelines on Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and Biosafety 2016

42. WHO Bangladesh has supported the development of updated guidelines on infection
prevention and control (IPC) and biosafety for health care providers. The guidelines focus on
measures to ensure patient safety as well as the safety of health care and laboratory personnel.

GOB 7th 5-year Plan (FYP)

43. Under the 7thFYP, the government aims to attain a number of broad goals, including
good governance in environmental sustainability, addressing population growth, ensuring the
sustainability of cities with improved infrastructure, production and economic activity with
minimal degradation, meeting national air and water quality standards, protecting endangered
species, sustainable conservation of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest and reducing potential
economic losses from natural disasters. Among the array of activities that will be implemented
under 7th FYP, it is mentioned that the GOB will take the following steps to counteract the harmful
effects of pollution due to medical wastes:

19
44. GOB will take measures to improve medical waste management in the country by
delivering specific disposal training and with strict enforcement of separate collection & disposal
systems.
a. GOB will establish environmentally acceptable treatment centers for infectious wastes in
each divisional city.
b. Strict compliance of Medical Waste Rules along with in-house and off-the-house
management should be established.

Environmental Assessment and Action Plan for HPNSDP, 2011-2016

45. The action plan concentrates on review and mitigation of the potential impacts of MW disposal
on environment and focuses on status of MWM in Bangladesh, in which some efforts have been
initiated presently. This was a sector-wide assessment and action plan of MWM issues in
Bangladesh. It provides recommendations for improvement of medical waste management scenario
for Bangladesh. The current Environmental management framework is actually a subset of the
previous assessment and action plan of 2011-2016. This EMF has been tailored to suit the specific
conditions of the primary level healthcare facilities of Chittagong and Sylhet divisions. Since the
scope of the EMF is only primary HCF in selected regions in the country, many of the policy-level and
broad-based recommendations as well as specific MWM features of big hospitals are excluded.

3.3. World Bank Policy

46. The World Bank Safeguard Policy OP/BP 4.01 is triggered because some activities during the
operation will produce negative environmental impacts that should be prevented and mitigated.
However, the potential negative impact is mainly from generation of medical waste. A Medical
Waste Management Plan is therefore prepared as an instrument to safeguard against the effects of
medical waste on the environment and human health. In this regards the project is classified as
Category B according with the OP/BP 4.01 and this category will be retained for Additional Financing.
The EMF will be disclosed according to the Bank's policy of information disclosure.

3.4. Compliance Assessment former Project HSDP

47. Under the third Sector program HPNSDP, DGHS took initiatives to address some of these issues
related to medical waste management in the health sector. Traditionally, medical waste used to be
mixed with municipal wastes from the bins and disposed of, using the conventional disposal
methods like burying or incineration. The issue of medical waste management (MWM) is becoming
important gradually as the amounts of hazardous/ infected waste is increasing This has necessitated
more attention to blood safety, disposal of needles, syringes and other infectious wastes. To address
the issue - the MWM program was introduced during the second Sector Program. It has developed
an online record-keeping, reporting and monitoring system for in-house waste management,
conducted training on MWM at various levels, explored the feasibility of different out-house waste
management options in several hospitals in the country. DGHS has also developed in house
operational guidelines, training modules, pocketbook for service providers and new IEC materials
promoting awareness campaign on MWM. However due to insufficient institutional capacity,
inadequate monitoring and lack of participation, insufficient inter-ministerial coordination and

20
enforcement, the issues associated with Medical waste management are still persisting. Till June,
2015, 14 MCH, 15 DH and 8 specialist hospitals introduced standard in-house medical waste
management. All the public and private HCFs of Dhaka, Comilla and private health care facilities of
Chittagong city are now under the MWM scheme of NGOs such as PRISM and INNOVATION. An
NGO named SHOPNO have contracted to take care of the MWM of all the HCFs o fBagura, Rangpur
and Dinajpur. For the rest of the country, no out-house medical waste management operations exist.
48. Assessments were carried out on the status of medical waste management in Bangladesh in
several instances by MOHFW and World Bank 1. The following recommendations were provided:
- proper record of the different streams of MW generated should be kept .
- Formal training on MWM practices to nurses, ward boys and the cleaners needs to be
carried out
- the used needles and syringes should be properly destroyed before disposal.
- The IEC materials should be visible at the appropriate places in the HCF during the visit to
these facilities.
- Proper transportation of the medical waste from the wards by waste trolleys should be
done
- The temporary storage of the different streams of Medical Waste should be done properly.
- The use of PPE such as Gloves, Masks, Boots, etc. should be available as required.
- The regulatory framework for medical waste management does not comprehensively cover
the primary producers of medical waste. Also the licenses obtained by the Health Care facilities
i.e. Operating License from DGHS and Trade License from the City Corporation do not provide
any cross linkages to the medical waste management. Under the existing institutional
mechanism, the regulatory authorities do not have any information about the waste generated,
treated and disposed. Neither the healthcare facilities nor the CTDE Operators provide any
information to the regulators in this regard. In this regard, the loopholes in the regulatory
framework should be corrected and the institutional mechanism on MWM should be more
coordinated. However, this would require policy interventions involving three different
ministries.
- Timely collection, transportation and disposal of medical waste should be done by city
corporation/ pourashava
- Enhance capacity building for managing of Medical Waste in the organizations i.e. DGHS,
Pourashavas/city corporations and MoEF/DoE.

3.5. Institutional Framework for MWM

49. In house medical waste management is the responsibility of MOHFW while the out-house
medical waste management (collection, transportation and final disposal of medical waste) is the
responsibility of MOLGRDC (by City Corporation / Pouroshova). City corporation/Pourosova can
contract out-house management through NGOs. Government hospital pays service charge to the
City Corporation /Pourashova for MWM. At the ministry level, a National Implementation

Environmental Assessment and Action Plan for HPNSDP, 2011-2016 and Environmental Safeguards Assessment Report:
Review of EMP Implementation: Health, Population And Nutrition Sector Development Program, 2014

21
Coordination Committee (NICC) and committee for different administrative level for Out-house
management for MWM is formed.
50. In the Upazila level government health care facilities, the current directives state that out-
house MWM will be conducted by the hospital authority within the hospital premises by pit method
till Pourashovas develop sufficient capacity for MWM or NGOs are available to contract out the
MWM.
51. The DGHS has the responsibility to provide technical support to MWM programme at all
Government hospital and Private clinics. It provides waste management related logistics to all
healthcare facilities, facilitation of training and dissemination of IEC materials.

3.6. Gaps and Challenges in implementation of MWM

52. There has not been significant or widespread improvement in MWM implementation since the
Rule was promulgated. The primary reasons are as follows:
 Low awareness and capacity in the HCFs
 Inadequate legal provisions
 Lack of sufficient expertise on the issue
 Resource constraints.
 Inter-ministerial coordination and cooperation
 Insufficient supervision and monitoring
53. Lack of manpower (in DoE, various hospitals etc.), lack of coordination (among the
implementers of MWM), lack of required fund are the main reasons for delay in the implementation
of proper MWM in the country.
54. Implementation of proper MWM requires both investments in equipment and on human
resources (employees and staff) for building their capacity in managing MWM activities. Achieving
improved performance on a sustainable basis also demands investments in creating appropriate
systems and frameworks. The increased budget required for improved MWM is not normally
included in the regular health budget, which is considered as a significant barrier to improve the
MWM. Appropriate allocation by introducing a budget line in the HCF operation budget can solve
the problem.

3.7. Additional Challenges for MWM due to influx of FDMNs

55. Due to the influx of FDMNs, temporary camps have been set up in various locations within the
settlement to provide healthcare services. Their locations are not fixed and there is limited access in
and out of the camps. Currently over 75 partners are involved in the provision of healthcare service
through static and mobile health care facilities (HCFs) scattered across all camps of the settlement
areas. These facilities are of varying capacity and as of 3 June 2018, over 170 static centers had been
registered with the Early Warning Alert and Response Systems (EWARS) network as centers
providing patient care services. This includes both inpatient and outpatient service provision in the

22
field. Table 3 summarizes the main diseases that have been reported through EWARS from
epidemiological week 1 up to week 22 (ending 03 June 2018).
Table 3: Summary of main diseases reported through EWARS from epidemiological week 1 up to
week 22 (ending 03 June 2018).2
Diseases/Syndromes <5 cases 5+ cases Total cases

Unexplained fever 70,621 157,307 227,928

Acute respiratory infection 115,026 108,625 223,651
Acute watery diarrhoea 45,085 64,860 109,945
Bloody diarrhea 24,687 25,027 49,714
Other diarrhea 10,475 22,426 32,901
Suspected malaria 528 19,232 19,760
Acute jaundice syndrome 5,020 7,822 12,842
Suspected measles/rubella 687 1,566 2,253
Mumps 1,110 264 1,374

56. There is also very limited space within the camps for a separate infrastructure for medical
waste management on-site. The staff at all levels have very limited knowledge of medical waste
management, waste segregation at service delivery point is rarely done. There is minimal monitoring
of correct waste disposal even in those facilities which have the ability to segregate waste. Often
chemical disinfection is practiced exposing the healthcare workers to toxic chemicals risk. Often
open burning is practiced which exposes the surrounding people to air pollution. Probability of
installing an incinerator is not feasible due to lack of space, energy requirement and dedicated
manpower.
57. In Upazila health complexes, there is already lack of physical infrastructure to manage waste
safely within the facility. The influx of FDMNs has resulted in a surge of patients in these facilities of
Cox’s Bazar. This has been compounded by the extensive vaccination campaigns which have
increased the quantity of glass and sharps waste that the facility has to manage.
58. The Concerns regarding medical waste management at health care facilities in camps for
FDMNs, Cox's Bazar are the following:
 Incorrectly managed medical waste, including sharps, are now visible on the ground or are
just below the ground surface in areas within the camps in public areas
 Sharps have been burnt inappropriately and remnants of sharps broken vaccine vials, are
visible on the ground close to some health care centres.
 Waste is not always being sorted appropriately which can result in excess quantities of
infectious waste and non-infectious waste being processed together.
 Low temperature burning of waste can result in hazardous by products. The smoke from
burning of both infectious and non-infectious waste can contribute to disease in the FDMN
population via inhalation of irritants and carcinogenic dioxins.
 Correct management of medical waste by many of the health care facilities within the camps
may not currently be possible due to a lack of waste management infrastructure.

WHO Briefing on the communicable disease situation in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

23
  Managing infectious medical waste at each health facility will not be sustainable as, there
are now approximately 770,000 people living within the camps and finding suitable space for
burying waste ash will become increasingly problematic over time.
59. The MOHFW will require additional capacity to plan, coordinate, manage and monitor the
management of medical waste in DGHS facilities that are experiencing additional patient load and
the large number of new facilities.

4. Improving MWM under the HSSP

4.1. Measures to Improve MWM

60. Basic best environmental management practice for the health-care sector includes efficient
infection control measures, adequate water supply and sanitation, occupational health and safety of
staff, and proper disposal of infectious wastes and wastewater.
61. The measures to improve MWM under HSSP(2017–2022) are as follows:
Table 4: Measures to improve MWM under HSSP
Issues Measures to improve MWM
Strengthen Under the existing regulatory framework, the health facilities that generate medical
policy and legal are not sufficiently held accountable for proper handling and managing of medical
framework waste. At the upazila level, the health facilities can be made more accountable by
ensuring proper record-keeping, assigning a focal person for supervision of medical
waste management (MWM) activities, and constructing burial pits for sharps and
infectious wastes. Construction and operation of deep burial pits should follow the
guidelines described in Annex F.
Strengthen Improve health care waste management, particularly focused on the Upazila Health
institutional Complex and below, by ensuring:
capacity and
 use of color-coded bins in health facilities in accordance with Medical Waste
compliance
Management Rules 2008;
 segregation of waste in all facilities by using the established color coding system
and recordkeeping of medical waste generated;
 storage of waste in designated temporary storage areas before disposal;
 destruction of sharps before its final disposal in in-house deep-burial pits as per
existing HCWM guidelines; and
 availability and visibility of information, education and communication materials
on health care waste management in health facilities.
Strengthening  Monitoring and reporting on the implementation of MWM, particularly focused
implementatio on the Upazila Health Complex and below.
n  Capacity building for health workers on MWM, particularly focused on the
Upazila Health Complex and below. Appropriate capacity enhancement training on
infection control as well as management of sharps will be conducted for the relevant
staff of HCFs.
 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to be finalized and promoted extensively
among all HCFs.
 Appropriate training program will be initiated on Occupational Health and Safety
protocols for all employees involved in handling of “in-house” and out-house MWM

24
 Issues Measures to improve MWM
needs to be developed with an effective monitoring mechanism.

4.2. Measures to improve MWM in FDMN camps and Cox’s Bazar UHCs
62. As mentioned earlier, the sparsely located FDMN health camps and the UHCs in Cox’s Bazar will
face challenges regarding MWM due to the influx of Rohigya population. Some measures to improve
MWM are the following:
Table 5: Measures to improve MWM for the FDMN Population
Issues Measures to improve MWM
MWM in Since installing MWM infrastructure and its maintenance will be challenging in this
temporary setting, a short term measure could be to contract out to third party for safe final
camps disposal of medical waste. This will have to be integrated with provision of color
coded bins, collection points and an extensive training and monitoring exercise for
the personnel associated with health service delivery.
MWM in Cox’s  Construct deep burial pits for permanent disposal of sharps and hazardous solid
Bazar UHCs waste. This measure will be helpful in the long run as there will no longer be a
requirement to store the MWM in designated bags to be shipped out to district
level hospitals where incinerators are available. If space is available on site then
final treatment and disposal on site may be more realistic as this is a permanently
located facility. Construction and operation of deep burial pits should follow the
guidelines described in Annex F.
 Monitoring and safety measures of deep burial pits should be in place. This
includes:
o Monitoring and regular reporting of groundwater quality around the burial
pits. Suggested parameters for monitoring are: Total and Fecal coliform, pH,
Fe, Mn, As, heavy metals, Total Dissolved Solids
o Ensure that proper precautionary signage in place at the location near and
around the burial pits
o Ensure that the burial pit is constructed with proper impermeable lining
materials at the sides and bottom
 All other measures mentioned in the previous section.

4.3. Funding for implementation of MWM Action Plan

63. The MOHFW has estimated cost of implementing MWM for the period 2017-2022. The
following table provides the tentative budget:
Table 6: Estimated budget for MWM, 2017-2022
Item BDT lakh US$ The mitigation measure
issues addressed
Suppliesand logistics 1176 1,507,692 Strengthen institutional
capacity and compliance
Disposal of general waste by Municipality 64.5 82,692 Strengthen institutional
from Upazila Health Complex capacity and compliance
Activation of different committee for 16 20,513 Strengthen policy and legal
facilitating MWM framework
Capacity development/Training on MWM 750 961,538 Strengthening implementation
(Foreign)

25
 Item BDT lakh US$ The mitigation measure
issues addressed
Capacity development/Training on MWM 175 224,359 Strengthening implementation
TV show, audio visual materials, radio 50 64,103 Strengthen institutional
program etc. capacity and compliance
Development of IEC & BCC materials 50 64,103 Strengthen institutional
capacity and compliance
Printing & distribution of Manuals 50 64,103 Strengthening implementation
Technical assistance requirement 20 25,641 Strengthening implementation
Total 2356.5 3,021,154

4.4. Monitoring of implementation of the MWM action plan

64. Monitoring of the implementation of MWM is essential to ensure the reduction of infection
from wastes generated from HCFs and ensuring restoration of environmental qualities in general to
ensure the quality of human life and sustainable environment for future perspective. Monitoring of
the status of present practices of the HCFs is also important. The MWM situations of various HCFs
are quite different in different areas. Some HCFs, where training has been imparted and logistics are
available have got different scenario than those HCFs, where no training has been arranged, no and
no logistics available.
65. There is a need of preparation of a uniform format for reporting of MWM activities at all the
HCFs of the country, which will furnish information/data regarding the present status of MWM in
the particular HCF, to be submitted to DGHS/DGFP annually. Moreover, monitoring of the MWM
activities of HCFs who have already practicing MWM as per guidelines is also crucial, as there might
exist many gaps in some HCFs which might require further improvement. Information related to the
following would be monitored on a yearly basis:
 Training of total hospital staff
 Segregation efficiency and disinfection and storing quality;
 Transporting efficiency and safety;
 Occupational health and safety aspects of related health workers;
 Environmental impacts around disposal sites Emission and effluents characteristics from
facilities;
 Monitoring the total MWM in the light of Environmental Regulation of MWM 2008.
66. At the upazila and below level facilities, the relevant guidelines of MWM 2008 will be adopted.
Different colour bins will be supplied to the UHCs for collection of waste at their generation points.
Mainly nurses and cleaners will segregate and collect the waste while the doctors will be responsible
for their monitoring. The UHCs will also be provided with trolley for transporting the segregated
waste to storage.
67. As per agreed measures of EMF, a Medical Waste Management (MWM) Monitoring Cell has
been constituted at the DGHS. A Program Manager and a Deputy Program Manager have been
assigned for MWM under the operational plan (OP) of Hospital Services Management (HSM). The
MOHFW has hired two consultants to support the MWM Monitoring Cell. The Deputy Director of
DGHS is responsible for MWM activities. The HCFs under the proposed program will report to this
section of DGHS. This includes carrying out screening and assessment with recommended actions
(see Annex C: ‘Screening form for healthcare facilities’ for template). The HCF will be responsible for

26
performing the screening of the corresponding facility and report to the DGHS waste management
cell in Dhaka. The MWM team of DGHS will collect, analyze and summarize the information from
HCFs and share their findings to the World Bank team in a quarterly basis.
68. The same institutional arrangement as stated above will be followed for MWM in the camps of
FDMNs. However, in this case international organizations (e.g.WHO) will be assisting the DGHS to
implement the EMF. This includes filling up screening and assessment forms for camps of FDMNs
(Annex D and E) and improving medical waste management measures as stated in Table 5. There are
already some activities being carried out by WHO and other development partners in the EWARS
which are in line with the basic principles of this EMF:
 Interaction with partners to develop SOPs for medical waste management
 Education of health care facility staff in medical waste management (by WHO)
 Provision of PPE and sharps containers to health facilities to enable safe disposal at point of
use (by WHO).
 Monitoring of compliance to be carried by partners and centrally through the WHO IPC
Program, on an ongoing basis.
69. The DGHS medical waste management cell will closely coordinate with the international
organizations, and share their findings to the World Bank team in a quarterly basis.

5. Consultation

70. As part of preparation of the Government’s program, the MOHFWe discussed the project
objective and its impacts with the relevant stakeholders in different geographic divisions of the
country including Chittagong and Sylhet. Also, a national level consultation meeting held at Dhaka on
March 14, 2017, the EMF was presented. Representatives from different districts (both government,
CSOs and TPs) participated in the meeting (Consultation details and List of participants provided in
Annex -A). 
71. As part of preparation of the AF under the new component 4, MoHFW has held consultations
with a group of stakeholders (list of the participants provided in the Annex – B.) involving the
government, NGOs & civil society, and UN agencies active in Cox’s Bazar with the FDMNs on August
13-15, 2018 and subsequently on 2-6 September 2018. The August consultations also involved focus
group discussions (FGDs) with the FDMNs including one held with the orphan children.

6. General recommendations
72. The proposed program provides an opportunity to improve the medical waste management
scenario in Sylhet and Chittagong in Bangladesh. This may reduce the disease burden associated with
infection and improve the quality of life. It may also reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases from
solid waste dumping sites and pollution of water bodies, which could have a community-wide
impact. In-house management is proposed for primary HCFs and specific set of activities should
follow starting from waste segregation and application of medical waste management guidelines.
Since currently the medical waste is inadequately managed in healthcare facilities primarily due to
weak institutional monitoring mechanism and inadequate enforcement of existing rules and

27
guidelines, there is scope for improving the scenario and thereby generating a visible positive
outcome from this project. Activities associated with the service-delivery related DLIs can increase
the use of syringes and sharps, recyclable fluid bags, and consequently increase sharp wastes,
recyclable wastes, infectious wastes as well as increase the risk of infection and contamination.
Through effective implementation of HCWM activities in line with the GOB’s MWM 2008, the risks
can be adequately mitigated. Specific activities will include capacity building of relevant personnel,
proper segregation of waste, disposal of sharps and introducing deep burial pits for sharps and
infectious wastes/body parts.
73. Monitoring of implementation of this EMF will be detailed out in the relevant operational
manual. Some general recommendations for dealing with MWM in the HSSP are given below:
 An MWM monitoring cell with representation of DGHS, DGFP, and other relevant GOB
departments and ministries should be set up to oversee the implementation of EMF related
to MWM;
 Training and awareness building needs to be imparted for carrying out proper MWM;
 Surveys need to be conducted on the status of MWM carried out by the HCFs;
 The MWM monitoring cell should closely supervise MWM of HCFs.

28
 Annex A: Public Consultation for HSSP

A stakeholder discussion was organized by the MOHFW on 14 March, 2017 in the Conference Room
of MOHFW, Bangladesh Secretariat on the Environment Management Plan. A wide range of
stakeholders (participant list below) including Health Ministry officials (MOHFW, DGHS), Local
Government officials (City Corporations), Public works department, health care facilities from Sylhet
and Chittagong division attended the meeting (Figure A1). The meeting was chaired by Joint Chief,
MOHFW.

Figure A1: Consultation workshop organized by MOHFW on 14 March, 2017

A general introduction and salient features of the Environmental Management Plan was presented
through PowerPoint slides. Various limitations of the MWM system in Bangladesh, with particular
emphasis in the Sylhet and Chittagong Divisions were discussed. The participants in general agreed
that healthcare waste management should be given more priority by the concerned authorities
involved. A summary of their feedback and response from the PMU team is given below:
Comments Response
It was brought to notice that the monitoring of MWM The PMU agreed with the feedback. PMU
activities generally received very small budget allocation. The informed that a separate budget has been
allocation for monitoring should be increased to have a allocated in 2017-2022 for medical waste
positive outcome in this regard. management. The PMU will look into

29
Comments Response
issues of monitoring.
In most of the upazila health complexes (UHCs, 20-bed/10- The MOHFW officials assured that they will
bed health clinics), there is no system for segregating solid take measures to provide color-coded bins
and liquid medical waste. Even all UHCs have not been to all UHCs under the current program.
provided color-codes bins as specified in the medical waste
management guidelines. Open dumping is practiced in these
cases.
The health official from Sylhet informed that although the PMU informed that segregation has to be
waste is segregated in some of his facilities, when the city done in the HCF. And disposal of sharps
corporation collects the waste they take away the whole thing and hazardous waste need to be done at
together which undermines the effort of segregation. This is the facility and should not be handed over
because the city corporation does not have a separate facility to city corporations.
to manage the medical waste and treats medical waste and
municipal solid waste in the same manner.
In many clinics in Sylhet, there are no separate bins for The MOHFW officials assured that they will
different kind of medical wastes. This indicated that the take measures to provide color-coded bins
MWM efforts by MOHFW have not reached some of the to all UHCs under the current program.
locations in this region and there is need to ramp up efforts in
the region.
Some participants stated that all primary HCFs should have The MOHFW officials assured that they will
burial pits for treating a part of the medical wastes since out- take measures to construct burial pits
house medical waste management facilities are not available under the current program as per current
in these regions. Some other participants mentioned that not directives of MWM.
all primary HCFs may have enough space to construct a burial
pit.
Some participant opined that some sort of indicator for the The PMU will look into it in future.
performance of medical waste management may be
incorporated in the DLIs so that its progress can be tracked
over time.
Some participants stated that the Chittagong hill tracts and The feedback was acknowledged by the
Bandarbans have different geographic features (i.e. hilly PMU. The PMU will look into devising
regions) compared to other flat regions in Bangladesh and appropriate MWM options on a case by
hence the traditional medical waste collection and case basis.
management system may face challenges (geographically
remote areas, inaccessible areas etc.). These should be
addressed in the medical waste management plan.
One of the participants mentioned that the Expanded Feedback acknowledged by the PMU.
Programme on Immunization (EPI) is facing challenges in Onsite sharps burial pits can relieve the
managing its sharp wastes. Often the sharps are not collected pressure of storage of EPI sharps under the
for a very long time, remain stacked up in storage places for proposed program.
extended periods of time before they are transported from
primary health complex to secondary and tertiary facilities.
This is because the primary level UHCs do not have the facility
to dispose EPI sharps and these had to be transported to
higher facilities. Since the collection of wastes from primary
HCFs occur very infrequently, the waste is stacked there for
extended period which is not safe. In such situations, in-house
sharps management facility needs to be developed.
Some participant mentioned that there is both coordination The PMU will bring these issues forward in

30
Comments Response
and information gap between the health ministry and the inter-ministerial meetings.
LGRD ministry regarding MWM. The efforts from both
ministries need to be well-coordinated to improve the MWM
scenario of Bangladesh in general.

31
 Participant list of Stakeholder Consultation on EMF, FTPP & SMF for the 4 th Health
Population & Nutrition Sector Program (HPNSP) of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(MOHFW)
SL No. Name Designation Phone

1. Dr. Nilo Kumar Tandangya Councilor, CHTRC 01819675793

2. M.M. Reza CTA, PMMU 01819555525
3. Dr. Mir MustafizurRahman Health Officer 01711547578
Dhaka South City Corporation
4. Dr. UdaySarkarChakma Civil Surgeon, Bandarban 01746215350
5. Begum ShahaNaz Deputy Director of Family 01711146922
Planning
6. M. A. Jabbar Councilor, KHDC 01553559274
7. BiplobBarun Deputy Director 01815592827
Family Planning, Khagrachari
8. Dr. ShahidTalukder Civil Surgeon, Rangamaty 01554303477

9. SabirkumarChakm Councilor, R. H. D. C 01720693062

01818930037
10. ThowaiHlamongmarma Councilor, B. H. D. C 01553645252

11. Dr. Md. MazedChyOvi Representative, CS. Civil Surgeon 01819173997

office, Chittagong
12. Dr. AbulKalamAzad Civil Surgeon office 01711111429
Sylhet
13. K M Hasanuzzaman Executive Engineer, HED 01718780526

14. Dr. U Khey Win DDFP, Chittagong 01817734833

15. Dr. Md. Abdus Salam Civil Surgeon, Khagrachari 01819361412

16. Dr. Aung THA Loo DDFP, Bandarban 01715546605

17. Dr. LuthfunnaherJasmin DDFP, Sylhet 01711174222

18. Dr. Md. LutforRahman VO, DNCC, Dhaka 01711341086

19. Rabindranath Sarkar 01712278211

20. Dr. Abdus Salam Howlader PM (Research) PMR, DGHS, 01712219534

Mohakhali
21. Md. AbdurRakib Deputy Chief 01552474175
Ministry of cultural Affairs
22. Md. HumayunKabir Assistant Chief 01911361300
PM, DGFP
23. Md. Faruk Ahmed Bhuiya Line Director, DGHS 01715165914

24. Dr. T.M. MoziburHoque Director, ESD, DGHS 01922455723

25. SubinayBhattacharge Deputy Secretary 01711156702

MOCHTA
26. HossainShohid UNDP 01819241272

27. S.Y. Khan Mojlish CHTDF-UNDP 01610012347

32
SL No. Name Designation Phone

28. Most. Salma Khatun Deputy Director, Admin 01716357755

DGNM
29. Most. Shahinoor Begum Assistant Director, COD, DGNM, 01731-926976
Dhaka
30. Dr. Saiful Islam DPM, CBHC, DGHS 01818031386

31. S.M. Sadekul Islam Executive Engineer, PWD 9552912

32. KamrunNaharSumi Assistant Chief, MOHFW 01716597221

33. Dr. Md. Abdul Wadud DPM (HSM), DGHS 01711300721

34. NurunNahar SAC, MOHFW 01550153612

35. MahfuzaAkhter Deputy Secretary, ERD 01711003657

36. Md. Huzur Ali SAC, MOHFW 01814-126168

37. RejwanulHoque SAC, MOHFW 01715238975

38. Mohammad Abdul Azim Assistant Director, DOF 01552361091

39. Md. Rafiqul Islam SAC, MOHFW 01712659160

40. ShereenAkhter SAC, MOHFW 01716323838

41. Dr. Md. JaynalHoque PM (ARRH), MCH-S unit, DGFP 01534304749

42. Dr. NurunNahar Begum DD & PM (OA), CCSDP, DGFP 01911344276

43. Prof. FerdousJahan WB 01714133008

44. Sylvia Islam Senior Development Advisor 01713013204

Global Affairs Canada
45. Dr. IqbalKabir Coordinator 01714165204
CCHPU, MOHFW
46. A.Waheed Khan Planning & Coordinator Advsor 01713017615
PMMU, MOHFW
47. Dr. Tanvir Ahmed Assoc. Prof. BUET

48. ZaminaIsrat Technical Support 01711243411

Nutrition to Add. Sec.
PH&WH, MOHFW
49. Md. Abdul Mannan P&C Specialist, 01552443625
PMMU, MOHFW
50. ShailaSharminZaman M&C Specialist, PMMU, MOHFW 01733505577
51. Md. Zahidul Islam PMO (FP), 01552344528
PMMU, Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, Azimpur, Dhaka.
52. Md. Ibrahim Khalil SAC, MOHFW 01709600472

53. Md. Akteruzzaman PMMU

Annex B: Stakeholder Consultation for HSSP Additional Financing

33
 List of Participants for the Micro Planning Workshop for sub-window fund for FDMN
Hotel Sayeman, Cox’s Bazar,

Sl. Name, Designation & Organization Contact Details

1. Dr. Md. Abdus Salam Cell: 01819361412;
Civil Surgeon email: coxsbazar@cs.dghs.gov.bd;
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare PS: Mr. Osman Gani
Cox’s Bazar Cell: 01554315660
2. Dr. Pintu Kanti Bhattacharya PS – Mr. Amanullah;
Deputy Director (Family Planning) Cell 01858529074;
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare email: amanmito@gmail.com;
Cox’s Bazar
3. Brig. Gen. (Retd.) Dr. Mohammad Ali Cell: 01718948266
DGHS Coordination Center email: m.alir19@hotmail.com
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Cox’s Bazar
4. Dr. ASM Ishtiak Cell: 01717989345
DGHS Coordination Center email: ishtiak@yahoo.com
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Cox’s Bazar
5. Dr. Sumon Barua Cell: 01819179569
UHFPO email: teknaf@uhfpo.dghs.gov.bd
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Teknaf
6. Dr. Abdul Mannan Cell: 01818120180
UHFPO email: ukhia@uhgpo.dghs.gov.bd
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Ukhiya
7. Dr. Dilip Kumar Brahma Cell: 01711267566
Sr. Medical Officer
Directorate General Family Planning
Teknaf
8. Shruti Purna Chakma Cell: 01823973007
UFPO
Directorate General Family Planning
Teknaf
9. Dr. Md. Saied Uddin Yiahia
Assistant Director
AIDS/STD Control
Directorate General Health Service
Dhaka
10. Dr. Rupali Sisir Banu
National Program Coordinator
NTP
Directorate General Health Service
Dhaka
11. Mr. Jashimuddin Md. Yousuf
UFPO
Directorate General Family Planning
Ukhiya
12. Dr. Md. Mazibul Hoque
Sr. Medical Officer
Family Planning
13. Mr. Edwin Salvador Cell: 01709662055
Deputy WHO Representative email: salvadore@who.int
World Health Organization (WHO)

34
 Gulshan
Dhaka
14. Patricia Thornhill Cell: 01701208840
Emergency Coordinator email: thornhillp@who.int
Health Sector
World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO Emergency Office
Allegro Suites
Plot 65, Block A Kolatoli Road Cox’s Bazar
15. Dr. Suraj Man Shrestha Cell: 01701208833
Health Operations & Technical Expertise Lead mail: shresthasu@who.int
World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO Emergency Office
Allegro Suites
Plot 65, Block A Kolatoli Road Cox’s Bazar
16. Dr. Feroz Hayat Khan Cell: 01701202994
World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO Emergency Office
Allegro Suites
Plot 65, Block A Kolatoli Road Cox’s Bazar
17. Dr. Kazuhiko Zde
World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO Emergency Office
Allegro Suites
Plot 65, Block A Kolatoli Road Cox’s Bazar
18. Dr. Sabera Sultana
National Program Officer
World Health Organization (WHO)
Gulshan Dhaka
19. Rosie Jefferis email: coord_cxb@who.int
Health Sector
World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO Emergency Office
Allegro Suites
Plot 65, Block A Kolatoli Road Cox’s Bazar
20. Dr. Jucy Merina Adhikari Cell: 01711836787
Immunization Specialist email: jmadhikari@unicef.org
UNICEF
BSL Office Complex 1 Minto Road Dhaka
21. Dr. Yulia Widiati Cell: 01701208908
Health Specialist & Team Lead email: ywidiati@unicef.org
UNICEF Cox’s Bazar
22. Pragya Mathema Cell: 01787285694
Nutrition Specialist email: prmathema@unicef.org
UNICEF BSL Office Complex 1 Minto Road
Dhaka
23. Dr. Abdullah Bin Akhtar Cell: 01711453622
Health Specialist email: abakhtar@unicef.org
UNICEF Cox’s Bazar
24. M. A. Rifat Cell: 01684774313
Emergency Nutrition Officer email: rifat.ahmed.official@gmail.com
UNICEF Cox’s Bazar
25. Dr. Mainul Hasan Cell: 01711419108
UNICEF Cox’s Bazar
26. Saira Khan Cell: 01701208988
UNICEF Cox’s Bazar

35
 27. Mohammad Alamgir Cell: 01732119429
C4D Specialist email: moalamgir@unicef.org
UNICEF Cox’s Bazar
28. Mohammad Zahidul Manir
Nutrition Officer
UNICEF Cox’s Bazar
29. Mohiuddin Hussain Khan Cell: 01714165298
National Program Officer email: mhkhan@iom.int
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Dhaka
30. Andrew Mbala Cell: 01794533628
Emergency Health Programme Coordinator email: ambala@iom.int
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Cox’s Bazar
31. Nafiul Azim Cell: 01670426541
National SRH Information Management Specialist email: azim@unfpa.org
UNFPA Cox’s Bazar
32. Hassan Abdi Cell: 0170890666
SRH sub-sector coordinator email: habdi@unfpa.org
UNFPA Cox’s Bazar
33. Dr. Sathyanarayanan Doraiswamy Cell: 01709631780
Chief - Health email: doraiswamy@unfpa.org
UNFPA Bangladesh
IDB Bhaban (15th floor)
E/8-A, Begum Rokeya Sarani Dhaka
34. Dr. Abu Sayed Hasan Cell: 01711178635
UNFPA Bangladesh email: ahasan@unfpa.org
IDB Bhaban (15th floor)
E/8-A, Begum Rokeya Sarani Dhaka

Issues covered during these meetings:

        Identifying HNP needs of the beneficiaries based on disease burden recorded thus far and
disease surveillance data.
        Mapping of the various health posts inside the camp and health facilities outside the
camp that are providing HNP services to the FDMNs . This also included capacity assessment of
each of the health facility/post in terms of doctors, nurses, medicines, equipment, etc.
available.
        Identifying specific needs of women and children as well as victims of gender-based
violence (GBV). Capacity assessment of the Women Friendly Spaces that deal with GBV and
sexual and reproductive health issues.
        Taking stock of the vaccination campaign held to understand the future needs for
immunization of children.
        Identifying the needs for family planning interventions and commodities, as well as
scoping of implementation modality.
        Assessment of the ongoing nutrition interventions to identify additional treatment needs
to deal with moderate and severely malnourished children. The assessment also included
identifying needs/activities for prevention of malnutrition among children and pregnant
women.

Annex C: Screening Form for Healthcare Facilities (HCFs)

36
1. Name & Address of the :
Hospital/Healthcare centre

2. Type of Healthcare Centre :

3. Name & Designation of :

Responding Person

4. Population of City/Town :

5. No. of Beds in HCF – what is occupancy rate? How many OPD patients on an
average?

6. What kind of care is primarily provided – eg immunization, deliveries, HIV, TB, Minor
Surgeries, OPD etc.

7. Are you aware of the MWM concept and the Policy? Is your facility in compliance?
Have you received all the necessary clearances for implementing the policy?

8. What steps have been undertaken to improve the MW Management in your

Healthcare facility l? How has MW Management progressed over time with the
implementation of the various Government ‘s initiative in the Health Sector ?

9. What is the quantity and mode of disposal of different types of wastes generated at
your hospital?

Sl Quantity Method of
No. Nature of Waste Generated Per Treatment/
Day Disposal
Outdated Drugs, Chemicals and disinfectants used in
1
Labs & for Decontamination of Needles etc.
Syringes, Conules,
2
Catheters, (Infectious Plastics)
Pathological and anatomical Waste, Infectious
3
Waste, Infected Blood, Cytotoxic waste, etc.
4 Glass Waste (both broken and non-broken)
5 Needles, Blades and Scalpels

10. Do you use reusable syringes? Do you have sterilization equipment in place?

11. What is the mode of collection and transportation of different types of waste
generated at the Healthcare Unit ?

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12. Is there any color-coding used being for collection of different types of wastes?
Please elaborate.

Type of Waste Color of Container Type of container

and markings
Highly Infectious Waste Red Strong Leak-proof plastic bag or
container capable of being
autoclaved
Other infection waste, Yellow Leak-proof plastic bag or
pathological and anatomical container
waste
Sharps Yellow, marked Puncture-proof container
“SHARPS”
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Brown Plastic bag or container
waste
Radioactive Waste - Lead box, labeled with the
radioactive symbol
General Healthcare waste Black Plastic bag

13. Is there any wastage (eg small volumes in large bags etc)?

14. What is the durability of the bins provided under the project? Please elaborate.

15. Do you have in-house facilities for treatment of infectious wastes & other wastes? If
yes, please give details.

16. Do you have deep burial pits for final disposal?

17. If yes, are the following monitoring activities carried out associated with the burial
pits

a. Is the groundwater quality around the burial pits monitored?

b. Are the bottom and sides of the burial pit constructed with impermeable
materials?
c. Are appropriate safety precautionary signage provided with the burial pits?

18. Is there a recycling system in place for the plastics and glass?

19. How durable are the needle cutters/destroyers?

20. Are they being effectively used in all wards?

21. If No, are your using external facilities such as Common Waste Treatment Facilities
(CWTFs) for treatment & disposal of waste?

22. How is the MW transported to the CWTF?

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23. What are charges per tonne of MW paid to CWTF?

24. What is the average quantity of MW sent to CWTF for treatment? Please Elucidate.

25. What is the level of awareness and training provided to the different levels of staff
for better MW management in the hospital?

26. How often has training been provided? Is there ongoing refresher training?

Type General Ongoing Refresher Training About MWM Frequency

Awareness
Level
Doctors
Nurses
Technician
Sanitary & Lower
Level Staff

27. Who monitors the effective implementation at each facility?

28. How often does the MWM Team meet?

29. What do they discuss and evaluate?

30. Who is in charge of daily operations?

31. Did you experience any difficulty in obtaining clearances/assistance from the
regulatory bodies? Please elaborate.

32. Did you receive adequate assistance from the Ministry of Public Health/Project
Management Unit?

33. Have any guidelines/plans been provided to you by the Government?

34. What has been the attitude of the community /NGOs/people at large?

35. Have they contributed towards achieving better MW Management at the HCF?

36. Are you aware of the environmental and health implications of MWM?

37. Which major difficulties/constraints have you faced in implementing better MW

Management Systems at the HCF?

38. Which are the critical issues (Both External & Internal) ?

39. Which are the 3-4 major actions you have taken to improve the MW management at
the Facility?

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40. Are any External Agencies such as Independent M&E organizations and/or NGOs
who are working with you? Please provide details

41. What kind of support do you get from different agencies such as City
Corporations/Pourashava DoE, NGOs, DGHS etc. ? Kindly elaborate

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 Annex D: Screening Form for Health Camps for FDMNs

1. Name & Designation of :

Staff member in charge

2. What kind of care is primarily provided – e.g. immunization, deliveries, HIV, TB,
Minor Surgeries, OPD etc.

3. Are you aware of the MWM concept and the Policy?

4. Are you aware of the environmental and health implications of MWM?

5. What is the quantity and mode of disposal of different types of wastes generated at
the camp? (Give approximate estimates if actual information is not available)

Sl Quantity Method of
No. Nature of Waste Generated Per Treatment/
Day Disposal
Outdated Drugs, Chemicals and disinfectants used in
1 Labs & for Decontamination of Needles etc.

Syringes, Conules,
2 Catheters, (Infectious Plastics)

Pathological and anatomical Waste, Infectious

3
Waste, Infected Blood, Cytotoxic waste, etc.

Glass Waste (both broken and non-broken)

4

Needles, Blades and Scalpels

5

6. Do you use reusable syringes? Do you have sterilization equipment in place?

7. What is the mode of collection and transportation of different types of waste

generated at the Healthcare Unit ?

8. Is there any color-coding used being for collection of different types of wastes?
Please elaborate.

Type of Waste Color of Container Type of container

41
 and markings
Highly Infectious Waste Red Strong Leak-proof plastic bag or
container capable of being
autoclaved
Other infection waste, Yellow Leak-proof plastic bag or
pathological and anatomical container
waste
Sharps Yellow, marked Puncture-proof container
“SHARPS”
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Brown Plastic bag or container
waste
Radioactive Waste - Lead box, labeled with the
radioactive symbol
General Healthcare waste Black Plastic bag

9. Is medical waste burnt at the site?

10. Do you have in-house facilities for treatment of infectious wastes & other wastes? If
yes, please give details.

11. Is there a third party available in the area for contracting out medical waste
management services?

12. Are needle cutters/destroyers available on-site?

13. What is the level of awareness and training provided to the different levels of staff
for better MW management in the hospital?

14. Have any guidelines/plans for MWM been provided to you by the Government?

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Annex E: Screening for temporary health camp construction and
Risk of Health Workers

Guideline Construction Issues

Will the construction work generate significant amounts of dust, odour or noxious
gases that are likely to disturb FDMNs and host communities?
Will the construction work cause a noise nuisance due to the operation of heavy
machinery and other on-site activities?
Will the construction work produce significant amounts of runoff, change drainage
patterns and/or erosion?
Will the construction work disrupt traffic (pedestrian and vehicular) or distributing
relief?
Will the construction of the sub-project affect access to existing land uses (for
example, will the movement and location of heavy equipment, trenching, etc. for
rural roads, large drains, interfere with access to private property)?
Is the location suitable for treated wastewater or grey water re-use?
Is the location easily accessible for differently-able (physically challenged)
individuals?

Health and safety: Health-workers

Will Health-workers be exposed to a complex variety of health and safety hazards?

Will the required measures be provided for the protection of health workers from
these workplace hazards (PPE, masks etc.)?
Is there an emergency response plan in the event of an accident on site (e.g. fire)?

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Annex F: Design Aspects and Specifications of a Deep Burial Pit
Design Aspects of Sharps Disposal Pit

Since sharps are usually the main cause of concern, and make up only a small quantity of
the total health care waste, they may be appropriately disposed of on-site. The remaining
waste may be sent to the municipal (or common) disposal site. A system that may be
used in small health care centres is described below.

A circular or rectangular pit is dug and lined with brick, masonry or concrete rings or any
other impermeable material. The pit is covered with a heavy concrete slab that is with an
internal diameter of about 200mm. Needles and scalpel blades (without the syringe body
or drip tubing) are dropped into the pit through the steel pipe. When the pit is full it can
be sealed permanently after another has been prepared. Advantages of such pits are that
these discourage recycling of sharps by scavengers due to their inaccessibility. The height
of the pipe discourages children from dropping soil or stones into the pit filling it up
prematurely.

The Specification for a Waste Burial Pit

The specification for a waste burial pit is provided below.

1 A pit or trench should be dug about 2 meters deep. It should be half-filled
with waste, and then covered with lime up to 50 cm of the surface,
before filling the rest of the pit with soil.
2 Animals should not have any access to the waste burial sites. Covers of
galvanized iron/wire meshes may be used to protect the area from
trespassing. There should be adequate safety precautionary signage
around the burial pit
3 On each occasion, when wastes are added to the pit, a layer of 10 cm of
soil shall be added to cover the wastes.
4 Waste disposal into the pits should be performed under close and
dedicated supervision.
5 The deep burial site should be relatively impermeable and no shallow
well should be close to the site.
6 The pits should be distant from habitation, and sited so as to ensure that
no contamination occurs of any surface water or ground water. The area
should not be prone to flooding or erosion. Regular groundwater
monitoring around the burial pit area should be conducted.
7 The location of the deep burial site should be authorized by the
prescribed authority
8 The institution should maintain a record of the kind of waste sent for
deep burial.
9 A permanent Record of the size and location of all burial pits needs to be
strictly maintained and displayed at strategic place with due precautions
to prevent construction workers, builders and other from digging in those
areas in the future

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Figure: Layout Specifications for Burial Pit
(Source “Implementation Experience in India & Tool-Kit for Managers, The World Bank)

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