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    Kinetics Revision

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    pline13579
    This document discusses factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction, including temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area, and the use of catalysts. It explains these factors using collision theory, describing how increasing temperature, concentration, or pressure results in more frequent collisions between reactant particles and therefore a higher reaction rate. It also discusses activation energy, the minimum energy needed for particles to react upon collision, and how catalysts reduce this energy and increase the reaction rate.

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    Kinetics Revision

    Uploaded by

    pline13579
    31 views3 pages
    This document discusses factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction, including temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area, and the use of catalysts. It explains these factors using collision theory, describing how increasing temperature, concentration, or pressure results in more frequent collisions between reactant particles and therefore a higher reaction rate. It also discusses activation energy, the minimum energy needed for particles to react upon collision, and how catalysts reduce this energy and increase the reaction rate.

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    KINETICS REVISION

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    This document discusses factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction, including temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area, and the use of catalysts. It explains these factors using collision theory, describing how increasing temperature, concentration, or pressure results in more frequent collisions between reactant particles and therefore a higher reaction rate. It also discusses activation energy, the minimum energy needed for particles to react upon collision, and how catalysts reduce this energy and increase the reaction rate.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    31 views3 pages

    Kinetics Revision

    Uploaded by

    pline13579
    This document discusses factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction, including temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area, and the use of catalysts. It explains these factors using collision theory, describing how increasing temperature, concentration, or pressure results in more frequent collisions between reactant particles and therefore a higher reaction rate. It also discusses activation energy, the minimum energy needed for particles to react upon collision, and how catalysts reduce this energy and increase the reaction rate.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    KINETICS REVISION

    2.3 (a) Factors affecting the rate of reaction

     Temperature: An increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction.  


     Concentration: An increase in the concentration of a solution of reactants increases the rate of
    reaction. 
     Pressure:  Increasing the pressure of a gas involved in a reaction increases the rate of
    reaction.  Increasing a gas pressure is like increasing the concentration of the gas.
     Surface area of reactants:  An increase in the surface area of a solid reactant increases rate of
    reaction.  The surface area of a solid is increased if it is broken into smaller pieces.
     Catalyst:  The use of a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

    Task 2.3a Complete and extend the table below:

    variable (factor) value high or low rate


         
         
         
         
         

    2.3 (b) Explanations using collision theory


    The collision theory is used to explain changes in reaction rate.  In a reaction between 2 gaseous
    substances A and B, a molecule of A must collide with a molecule of B before reaction can occur. The
    number of collisions in a given time, the collision frequency, controls the rate of reaction. The greater
    the collision frequency the greater the rate of reaction.  Not every collision leads to a reaction.  A
    reaction takes place during a collision if the molecules hit at the correct angle or orientation and if
    they have enough energy.  This amount of energy per mol of molecules is called the activation energy.
    The theory is extended to cover liquids and solids.

    Temperature 
    Increasing the temperature increases the speed of the reacting particles and faster particles collide
    more often than slow ones. The increase in the number of collisions leads to an increase in the
    collision frequency and rate of reaction.  Increasing the temperature also gives the particles more
    energy so that they collide with more violence. Energetic particles have a better chance of their
    collisions leading to a reaction. 

    Concentration 
    The concentration of a substance, normally a solution, is the amount in a given volume. 
    concentration = amount {units = mol/dm3 or M} 
                             volume 
    In a higher concentration solution there are more particles to react therefore there are more collisions
    and a higher collision frequency. As a reaction depends on collisions happening, a higher collision
    frequency leads to a faster reaction rate. If we were doing a reaction with acid and we double the
    number of acid particles, we double the number of collisions and therefore are likely to double the
    reaction rate.

    Pressure
    Increasing the pressure of a gas puts more gas molecules into a given volume.  There will be more
    collisions and a higher collision frequency leading to a higher rate of reaction. 

    Surface area 
    Surface area is controlled by the particle size of a solid.  A powder has a higher surface area than
    lumps and therefore a powder has more atoms or ions exposed on its surface in a position to react.
    More collisions take place between the ions or molecules in the surrounding liquid.  The collision
    frequency in increased and so is the rate of reaction. 

    2.3 (c) Maxwell-Bolzmann distribution

     
    As the temperature is raised the average energy of the molecules increases. The proportion of
    molecules with the activation energy (see section under graph) is greater at higher temperatures.  A
    small increase in temperature gives a large increase in reaction rate.  Simulation of change in
    temperature requires Microsoft Excel (source www.chemit.co.uk )

    2.3 (d) Activation energy


    Activation energy is a measure of the energy needed, when molecules collide, to lead to a reaction. 
    The lower the activation energy the more molecules at a particular temperature will have enough
    energy to react when they collide.  As the temperature increases more molecules will have an amount
    of energy equal to or more than the activation energy.  At a high temperature more collisions therefore
    lead to reaction.

    2.3 (e) Catalysts and activation energy


    Catalysts alter the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction. (e.g. the
    catalyst may end up in the oxidation state it began with). A catalyst reduces the activation energy for a
    reaction by providing an alternative mechanism for the reaction.

    Homogeneous catalysts can form intermediates which contain the catalyst but then decompose to
    form products.  For the reaction 
    A  -----> B + C                                  high activation energy 
    A + catalyst -----> A-catalyst             low activation energy 
    A-catalyst -----> B + C + catalyst       low activation energy

    The catalyst may change oxidation state during the reaction see 

    Heterogeneous catalysts such as surface catalysts involve steps such as; diffusion to surface,
    adsorption on surface, reaction at surface, deadsorption from surface, diffusion from surface.
    If two reactant molecules collide they may react if they have enough energy.  If they are brought
    together on the surface of a catalyst the activation energy may be lower so at a given temperature the
    reaction will be faster. 

    The reaction profile for a catalysed and an uncatalysed reaction is shown below.

    5.4 (a) Rate equations


    For a reaction between A and B : A + B ------> Products 
    If the rate of reaction depends upon the conc. of A and B. The relationship is: 
    Reaction Rate proportional to [A]m[B]n 
    Reaction Rate = k[A]m[B]n  This known as a rate equation and k is the rate constant. The indices m and
    n are usually integers, often 0, 1 or 2, and are characteristic of the reaction.

    5.4 (e) The rate determining step in a reaction


    Reactions often occur in several steps, one of which, the rate determining slow step, is likely to
    control the overall rate of reaction. e.g. for an S N1 reaction two steps are involved 
    RX -------> R+ + X-     step 1   slow 
    R+ + OH- -----> ROH      step 2   fast 
    The rate depends on the slow step 1.          rate = k[RX]    first order
    E.G. RX=(CH3)3CBr

    For an SN2 reaction there is a rate determining slow step involving two species     
    RX + OH- ------> HO--R--X 
    rate = k[RX][OH-]      second order
    E.G. RX = CH3Br

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