CSIR NET/GATE/JEST/TIFR/IIT-JEE

Solid State Physics

Lec 1
Condensed Matter Physics/Solid State Physics

1.Solid State Physics by Puri and Babbar

2.Introduction to Solid State Physics
by Charles kittel

https://www.4piacademy.com/books
https://archive.org/details/SolidStatePhysicsR.K.PuriV.K.Babbar/mode/2up

4π Academy
 Solid State Physics Syllabus
CSIR NET

GATE
 Lattice/Space
lattice
Basis/Motif

Types of
Solid

Unit Cell
Bravais
Lattice

4π Academy
 Solid State Physics

Solid State Physics is a branch of Physics which deals

with physical properties of solids, more specifically
Crystals and also the behavior of electrons inside the
solids
 Types of Solid

Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids

The atoms/molecules are arranged in a The atoms/molecules are arranged in a
Regular manner for long range random fashion i.e. are disordered at
atomic/molecular level

Ex: Salt, Sugar, Diamond, Quartz Ex: Glass, plastic

4π Academy
 Si
O
Si
O

Quartz(Crystalline) Glass(Amorphous)

Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid

Regular arrangements of Irregular arrangements of
atoms atoms
Possesses a definite shape No definite shape
Definite melting point Melt over a range of
temperature
Difference Between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Crystals have an orderly arrangement of their constituent particles. In
comparison, amorphous solids have no such arrangement. Their particles are
randomly organized..
Crystals have a specific geometric shape with definite edges. Amorphous solids
have no geometry in their shapes.
Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point on which they will definitely melt.
An amorphous solid will have a range of temperature over which it will melt,
but no definite temperature as such
Crystals have a long order arrangement of their particles. This means the
particles will show the same arrangement indefinitely. Amorphous solids have a
short order arrangement. Their particles show a lot of variety in their
arrangement.
Crystalline solids cleavage (break) along particular points and directions.
Amorphous solids cleavage into uneven parts with ragged edges.
In Crystal atoms/molecules are periodically arrangement
up to a long range
Most of the solids are crystals because it’s a low energy state

Crystal
Single Crystal Polycrystalline Solid
Periodic order of Atoms/molecules Aggregates of small crystallites
extends throughout the whole (grains), Which are randomly
material (Diamond, quartz etc.) oriented & separated by boundaries
(few metals, ceramics)
To describe the arrangement of atoms/molecules/ions in a crystal, for convenience
arrangements of points(imaginary) in space is described

Lattice The set of imaginary points in space which are periodically

arranged and on which the actual crystal is based

2 D Lattice

 Lattice is also known as Space lattice, Point Lattice

 So, Lattice is a hypothetical periodic arrangements of points in
space & it behaves as a blueprint for the crystal
 In nature there are only few fixed Lattices, known as Bravais Lattice

4π Academy
Basis (Motif) Atom, group of atoms, molecules or ions
When associated with the lattice points give
complete crystal

Basis lattice Crystal

Basis + lattice = Crystal

4π Academy
 Basis + Lattice = Crystal

Crystal Structure in 3 D
 What we have learn till now?

Crystalline Solids Lattice/Space

Solid lattice/point Lattice
Amorphous Solids
A hypothetical periodic
arrangements of points
in space

Basis + lattice = Crystal Basis(Motif)

Atom, group of atoms,
molecules or ions

4π Academy
Unit Cell
A smallest repeating unit of Crystal lattice is called Unit cell.
If we continuously repeat the unit cell in 3 dimension we get the
complete crystal

Crystal Unit cell

4π Academy
 Symmetry Operations
In crystallography, symmetry is used to characterize crystals, identify
repeating parts of molecules, and simplify both data collection and nearly all
calculations. Also, the symmetry of physical properties of a crystal such as
thermal conductivity and optical activity must include the symmetry of the
crystal.

An object is described as symmetric with respect to a transformation if the

object appears to be in a state that is identical to its initial state, after the
transformation. In crystallography, most types of symmetry can be described
in terms of an apparent movement of the object such as some type of rotation
or translation. The apparent movement is called the symmetry operation. The
locations where the symmetry operations occur such as a rotation axis, a
mirror plane, an inversion center, or a translation vector are described
as symmetry elements.
Symmetry Operations

Translations
Rotations
Reflection
Inversion ( Only for 3 D crystal)
 Types of Unit cell on the basis of atom/molecule arrangement

Unit Cell

Primitive Unit cell Non Primitive Unit cell

A Unit cell in which all the In this Unit cell, the lattice
lattice point lie only at its points lie at the corner as well
corners, it means that the as at other locations as inside
effective number of lattice & on the surface of the cell
points in this cell is one

Simple cubic BCC FCC EC

BCC- body centered cubic, FCC-Face centered cubic, EC- end centered 4π Academy
 Types of Unit cell on the basis of cell parameters ( 3 Dim)
y
𝒂, 𝒃 & 𝒄 = 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒔
𝜶, 𝜷 & 𝜸 = 𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝒄

𝛽 𝜶 𝒃 x
𝒂 𝜸

z
We have seven types of cells on the basis of these parameters.
For all the possible combinations of these 6 parameters, we get 7
Different structures or cells.

4π Academy
 Crystal System Parameters Bravais
lattice
3 Dim 1. Cubic 𝒂=𝒃=𝒄 SC, BCC,
𝜶 = 𝜷 = 𝜸 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 SC,FCC
BCC, 3
FCC
2. Tetragonal 𝒂=𝒃≠𝒄 SC, BCC
𝜶 = 𝜷 = 𝜸 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 SC, BCC 2
3. Orthorhombic 𝒂≠𝒃≠𝒄 SC, BCC,
SC, BCC, 4
𝜶 = 𝜷 = 𝜸 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 FCC, EC
FCC, EC
4. Monoclinic 𝒂≠𝒃≠𝒄 SC, EC 2
𝜶 = 𝜷 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 , 𝜸 ≠ 𝟗𝟎𝟎 SC, EC

5. Triclinic 𝒂≠𝒃≠𝒄 SC 1
SC
𝜶 ≠ 𝜷 ≠ 𝜸 ≠ 𝟗𝟎𝟎
6. Hexagonal 𝒂=𝒃≠𝒄 SC
SC
𝜶 = 𝜷 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 , 𝜸 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 1
7. Rhombohedral 𝒂=𝒃=𝒄 SC
SC 1
or Trigonal 𝜶 = 𝜷 = 𝜸 ≠ 𝟗𝟎𝟎

14 Bravais Lattice
On the basis of atoms/molecules arrangements
4 unit cells
SC, BCC, FCC & EC

On the basis of Cell parameters

7 Unit cells

Their combinations give (experimentally)

3 Dim 14 unique Unit Cells

Bravais Lattices

4π Academy
 Bravais Lattice
Bravais Lattice refers to the 14 different 3-dimensional configurations into
which atoms can be arranged in crystals.
Here, a, b, and c have been used to denote the dimensions of the unit cells
whereas the letters 𝛂, 𝞫, and 𝝲 denote the corresponding angles in the unit cells.

3 possible cubic Bravais

lattices are –
Primitive (or Simple)
Cubic Cell (P)
Body-Centered Cubic
Cell (I)
Face-Centered Cubic
Cell (F)
Examples: Polonium has
a simple cubic structure,
iron has a body-centered
cubic structure, and
copper has a face-
centered cubic structure.
Rhombic Sulphur has a simple orthorhombic structure
Cubic lattices
Cubic lattices are of interest since a large number of materials have a cubic lattice.
The three cubic Bravais lattices are the simple cubic lattice, the body centered
cubic lattice and the face centered cubic lattice.
A lattice point or atom at the corner of cell is shared by 8 such cells, and atom lying
at the face position is shared by 2 cells. So contribution of a lattice point lying at
corner is 1/8 anf for face lattice point, the contribution is ½

So the equation to calculate effective number

of lattice points

𝑵𝒇 𝑵𝒄
So, 𝑵 = 𝑵𝒊 + +
𝟐 𝟖
Radius & Packing fraction

1. Simple Cubic

In SC, atoms are situated only at the corners.

And a is the edge of cube and r is radius of the
sphere (atoms). As atoms are touching each other so
a = 2r so simply radius r = a/2

Coordination number of each atom here is 6

 𝟒
𝟏 (𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟑 )
P𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐
𝒂𝟑

𝟒
𝟏 ( 𝝅𝒓𝟑 )
𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟐%
𝒂 𝟑
Body Centred Cubic Structure

In BCC, atoms are at corners and and an atom at body centre.

Coordination number of each atom here is 8.
The atoms touch each other along the body diagonal.
So
4𝑟 = 𝑎 3

R𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 = 𝑎 3/4

𝟒
𝟐 (𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟑 )
P𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
𝒂𝟑

𝟒
𝟐 ( 𝝅𝒓𝟑 )
𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟔𝟖%
𝒂 𝟑
Face Centred Cubic Structure

In FCC, atoms are at corners and atom at face center..

Coordination number of each atom here is 12.
The atoms touch each other along the body diagonal.
So
4𝑟 = 𝑎 2

R𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 = 𝑎 2/4

𝟒
𝟒 (𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟑 )
P𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒
𝒂𝟑

𝟒
𝟒 ( 𝝅𝒓𝟑 )
𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟒%
𝒂 𝟑
Coordination number
In an unit cell the coordination number of an atom is the number of its nearest
neighbours

Coordination number of
Simple cubic

In SC Unit cell the coordination

number for each atom is 6 check
the image
Coordination number of BCC Lattice

Each lattice points has 8 nearest neighbuors and 6 next-nearest

neighbours.
Coordination number of FCC Lattice

Each lattice points has 12 nearest neighbuors

Thanks