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in

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

HIGHER SECONDARY
FIRST YEAR

,aw;gpay;
PHYSICS
PREPARED BY
RAJENDRAN M,M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A.,
P.G. ASSISTANT IN PHYSICS,
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
SRM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,
KAVERIYAMPOONDI,
THIRUVANNAMALAI – 606603
murasabiphysics@gmail.com, mrrkphysics@gmail.com

2018 - 2019

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 1 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

01. Before coming to the laboratory, a student should plan the experiment in advance
by consulting with his / her friends and reading this book.

02. As separate observation Note Book must be used and everything regarding the
experiment must be written before coming to the laboratory.

03. Write the date, experiment number, aim, apparatus required, formula, procedure and
result in the right-hand page and diagram (Ray diagrams, and Circuit diagrams),
tabulations, observations and calculations, in the left-hand page of the observation
note book / record note book.

04. After the completion of experiment with all observations in the laboratory, the student
should get the signature of the teacher. Within three days of the experiment the
student should complete the calculations and get the signature of the teacher.

05. Enter the observed reading with the relevant units (gram, cm, mm…) but the final
calculation must be done with SI units only. The result must be given with proper
SI Unit.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 2 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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PHYSICS PRACTICAL – SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Internal Assessment :15 Marks
External Examination : 15 Marks
Total Marks :30 Marks

Internal Assessment (15)

(Teacher should maintain the Assessment Register and the Head of the Institution should
monitor it)
Attendance (Above 90%) : 02 Marks

Internal Test : 04 Marks

Assignment : 02 Marks

Co-curricular Activities : 02 Marks

Performance (while doing the experiment : 02 Marks

In the laboratory
Record Note Book : 03 Marks

External Examination (15)

01. Formula : 02 Marks

(mere expression –1, explanation of notations –1)

02. Brief Procedure : 03 Marks

03. Observations :05 Marks

04. Calculations (Including graphs) : 04 Marks

05. Result : 01 Mark

(Correct Value –½ Mark, Mentioning SI Unit – ½ Mark)

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 3 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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CONTENTS

01. Moment of Inertia of solid sphere of known mass using Vernier caliper
02. Non-uniform bending – verification of relation between the load and the depression
using pin and microscope
03. Spring constant of a spring
04. Acceleration due to gravity using simple pendulum
05. Velocity of sound in air using resonance column
06. Viscosity of a liquid by Stoke’s method
07. Surface tension by capillary rise method
08. Verification of Newton’s law of cooling using calorimeter
09. Study of relation between the frequency and length of a given wire under constant
tension using sonometer
10. Study of relation between length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency
using sonometer
11. Verification of parallelogram law of forces (Demonstration only- not for
examination)
12. Determination of density of a material of wire using screw gauge and physical
balance (Demonstration only- Not for examination).

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 4 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 01
Date :
01. MOMENT OF INER
ERTIA OF A SOLID SPHERE OF KNOWN MASS
M
U
USING VERNIER CALIPER
Aim :
To determine the moment
nt of inertia of a solid sphere of known masss using
Vernier caliper

Apparatus Required: Vernier ccaliper, Solid sphere

Formula:
Moment of inertia of a soli
olid sphere about its diameter Id = MR2
Where M → Mass of the ssphere (known value to be given) in kg
R → Radius of the sphere
re in metre
Diagram:

A model reading MSR = 2.2 cm ; VSC = 4 ddivisions;

Reading = [2.2 cm+(4x0.01cm)] = 2.24 cm

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 5 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAM
AMPOONDI
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Procedure:
1. The Vernier caliper is checked for zero errors and error if found is to be noted
2. The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the Vernier caliper and the main scale
reading (MSR )is noted.
3. Vernier scale division which coincides with some main scale division ( VSD ) is
noted. Zero correction made with this VSD gives Vernier scale reading ( VSR ).
4. Multiply this VSR by Least Count (LC) and add it with MSR. This will be the
diameter of the sphere.
5. Observations are to be recorded for different positions of the sphere and the
average value of the diameter is found. From this value radius of the sphere R is
calculated.
6. Using the known value of the mass of the sphere M and calculated radius of the
sphere R the moment of inertia of the given sphere about its diameter can be
calculated using the given

Least Count (LC):

Least Count ( LC ) = 1 Main Scale Division (MSD)
Total Vernier scale divisions

One main scale division (MSD) = 0.1cm

Number of Vernier scale division = 10
The length of the vernier scale = 0.9cm
L.C = 1 MSD – 1 VSD = 0.01cm

Zero Error: No Error Zero Correction: No Correction

Observation:

VSR = (VSD ±
Diameter of the Sphere
S. MSR Vernier
(2R) =
No. (cm) coincidence (VSD.) ZC) (cm)
MSR + (VSR x LC) (cm)
01 1.9 10 0.10 2.0
02 1.9 10 0.10 2.0
03 1.9 10 0.10 2.0
04 1.9 10 0.10 2.0
05 1.9 10 0.10 2.0
06 1.9 10 0.10 2.0

Mean Diameter (2R) : 2.0cm

Radius of the sphere (R) : 1.0x10-2m

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 6 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Calculation:
Mass of the sphere M = 27.75 x 10-3 kg (Known value is given)
-2
Radius of the sphere R =. 1.0x10 m

S. No. 1: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) (cm)

= 1.9 + (0.10)
2R = 2.0cm

S. No. 2: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) (cm)

= 1.9 + (0.10)
2R = 2.0cm

S. No. 3: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) (cm)

= 1.9 + (0.10)
2R = 2.0cm

S. No. 4: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) (cm)

= 1.9 + (0.10)
2R = 2.0cm

S. No. 5: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) (cm)

= 1.9 + (0.10)
2R = 2.0cm

S. No. 6: Diameter of the Sphere (2R) = MSR + (VSR x LC) (cm)

= 1.9 + (0.10)
2R = 2.0cm

Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter Id = MR2

Id = x (27.75x10-3x(1x10-2)2
Id = 11.1028 x 10-7kgm2

Result:

The moment of inertia of the given solid sphere about its diameter using
Vernier caliper Id = 11.1028 x 10-7kgm2

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 7 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 02
Date :

02. NON – UNIFORM BENDIN

ING – VERIFICATION OF RELATION BETW
WEEN LOAD
AND DEPRESSSION USING PIN AND MICROSCOPE
Aim:
To verify the relation betw
tween the load and depression using non-uni
niform bending
of a beam.
Apparatus Required:
A long uniform beam (usu
sually a metre scale), two knife – edge suppo
orts,
mass hanger, slotted mas
asses, pin, Vernier microscope
Formula:

= a constant

where M → Load applied

d (mass) (kg) , s → depression for the applied
ied load(metre)
Diagram:

Model Graph:
Load (M) vs Depression (s)
A graph between M and s can be drawn
by taking M along X- axis and s aalong Y
– axis. This is a straight line.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 8 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAM
AMPOONDI
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Procedure :
1. Place the two knife – edges on the table.
2. Place the uniform beam (metre scale) on top of the knife edges.
3. Suspend the mass hanger at the centre. A pin is attached at the centre of the
scale where the hanger is hung.
4. Place a vernier microscope in front of this arrangement
5. Adjust the microscope to get a clear view of the pin
6. Make the horizontal cross-wire on the microscope to coincide with the tip of the
pin. (Here mass hanger is the dead load M).
7. Note the vertical scale reading of the vernier microscope
8. Add the slotted masses one by one in steps of 0.05 kg (50 g) and take down the
readings.
9. Then start unloading by removing masses one by one and note the readings.
10. Subtract the mean reading of each load from dead load reading. This gives the
depressions for the corresponding load M.
Observations:

To find

Microscope Reading (m) Depression

Load
S. For M (S)
No.
(M) Increasing Decreasing
Mean (10-2m) (kgm-1)
10-3 (kg) Load Load
01 50 9.413 9.381 9.397 - -
02 100 9.314 9.290 9.302 0.095 52.63
03 150 9.237 9.186 9.211 0.186 53.76
04 200 9.109 9.109 9.109 0.288 52.08
05 250 9.019 9.019 9.019 0.378 52.91

Mean = 52.85 kgm-1

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 9 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Calculation:
.
(i) = = 52.63 kgm-1
.

.
(ii) = = 53.76 kgm-1
.

.
(iii) = .
= 52.08 kgm-1

.
(iv) = = 52.91 kgm-1
.

Result:
The ratio between mass and depression for each load is calculated. This is found to
be constant.
Thus the relation between load and depression is verified by the method of
non-uniform bending of a beam.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 10 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 03
Date :

03. SPR
RING CONSTANT OF A SPRING
Aim :
To determine the spring constant
c of a spring by using the method off vertical
v
oscillations
Apparatus Required:
Spring, rigid support, hook
ok, 50 g mass hanger, 50 g slotted masses,, stop
s clock,
metre scale, pointer
Formula:

pring K = 4
Spring constant of the spr

where M1, M2 → selected

d loads in kg
T1, T2 → time period corre
rresponding to masses M1 and M2 respectivel
ely in second

Procedure:
1. A spring is firmly suspend nded vertically from a rigid clamp of a wood oden stand at its
upper end with a mass hanger
ha attached to its lower end. A pointer fixed
fix at the lower
end of the spring moves o over a vertical scale fixed.
2. A suitable load M (eg; 10 100 g ) is added to the mass hanger and the e reading on the
scale at which the pointerer comes to rest is noted. This is the equilibriu
rium position.
3. The mass in the hange er is pulled downward and released so tthat the spring
oscillates vertically on eith
ither side of the equilibrium position.
4. When the pointer crosse ses the equilibrium position a stop clock is sstarted and the
time taken for 20 vertical al oscillations is noted. Then the period off oscillation T is
calculated.
5. The experiment is repeat ated by adding masses in steps of 50 g to the th mass hanger
and period of oscillation aat each time is calculated.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 11 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
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6. For the masses M1 and M2 ( with a difference of 50 g ), if T1 and T2 are the

corresponding periods, then the value is calculated and its average is

found.
7. Using the given formula the spring constant of the given spring is calculated.

Observations:
Time Taken for 20
Time
Load M Oscillations T2
S. No. Period
(g) Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean (s2)
(s) (s) (s)
T (s) kgs-2
01 150 16.5 16.5 16.5 0.825 0.681 -----
02 200 18.5 18.5 18.5 0.925 0.856 0.286
03 250 20.5 20.5 20.5 1.025 1.05 0.258
04 300 22.5 22.5 22.5 1.125 1.26 0.238
05 350 24.0 24.0 24.0 1.200 1.44 0.278

Mean = 0.265 kgs-2

Calculations:

= =
. . . .

. .
= 0.286 kgs-2 = 0.258 kgs-2
. .

= =
. . . .

. .
= 0.238 kgs-2 = 0.278 kgs-2
. .
Spring constant of a spring

. + . + . + .
K=4
=
= 4 x 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.265x10-3
.
K = 10.45 Nm-1
= 0.265 kgs-2

Result:
The spring constant of the given spring K = 10.45 Nm-1

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 12 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 04
Date :

04. ACCELERATION DUE

D TO GRAVITY USING SIMPLE PENDU
DULUM

Aim:
To measure the accelerat
ation due to gravity using a simple pendulum
Apparatus Required:

Retort stand, pendulum bob,

bo thread, meter scale, stop watch.

Formula:

Acceleration due to gravitity g = 4 ms-2

where T → Time period of simple pendulum (second)

g → Acceleration due to gravity

g (metre sec-2)
L → Length of the pendulu
ulum (metre)

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 13 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
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Procedure:
1. Attach a small brass bob b to
t the thread
2. Fix this thread on to the st
stand
3. Measure the length of th the pendulum from top to the middle off the t bob of the
pendulum. Record the len ength of the pendulum in the table below.
4. Note the time (t) for 10 osscillations using stop watch
.
&/
5. The period of oscillation T =
6. Repeat the experiment fo for different lengths of the pendulum ‘L’. Fin
ind acceleration
due to gravity g using thee given formula.

Observations:
To find the acceleration due
du to gravity ‘g’

Length of Timee TTaken for 20 Period of

S. Simple Osscillations oscillation T2 ms-2
No. Pendulum Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean . (s2)
/
T= (s)
l (cm) (s) (s) (s)
01 40 27.06 27.54 27.27 1.36 1.85 0.22
02 50 30.03 29.07 29.61 1.48 2.19 0.23
03 60 31.72 31.53 31.54 1.57 2.48 0.24
04 70 33.81 33.72 33.84 1.69 2.86 0.24
05 80 36.03 36.18 36.10 1.80 3.25 0.25
06 90 38.28 38.18 38.18 1.90 3.64 0.25

Mean .245 ms-2

= 0.2
Model Graph:

∆! #$ & ,
Slope = = ; =
∆" % '()*+ -$

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 14 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
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. .
= =
. .
= 0.22 = 0.23

.
=
. .
= 0.24
= .
= 0.24

.
= =
.
.
= 0.25
.
= 0.25

. + . + . + . + . + .
012 =

= 0.245

Calculation:

Acceleration due to Gravity g = 4 ms-2

= 4x3.142x0.25
g = 9.85ms-2

Result :
The acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ determined using simple pendulum is
i) By calculation g = 9.85ms-2

ii) By graph g = 9.85ms-2

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 15 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 05
Date :

05. VELOCITY OF SO
SOUND IN AIR USING RESONANCE COLU
UMN
Aim :

To determine the velocity

ty of sound in air at room temperature using the
th resonance
column.

Apparatus Required:

Resonance tube, three tun

tuning forks of known frequencies, a rubber hammer,
h one
thermometer, plumb line,, set squares, water in a beaker.

Formula:

V =2v (l2 – l1) m s-1

und in air (m s-1)
where V → Speed of soun
l2, l1→The length of the air ccolumn for the first and second resonance re
respectively (m)
v → Frequency of the tuni
ning fork (Hz)

Procedure :
1. The inner tube of the reso
sonance column is lowered so that the lengt
gth of air column
inside the tube is very sm
mall.
2. Take a tuning fork of kn nown frequency and strike it with a rubber
er hammer. The
tuning fork now produces es longitudinal waves with a frequency equaal to the natural
frequency of the tuning fo
fork.
3. Place the vibrating tunin ing fork horizontally above the tube. Sounnd waves pass
down the total tube and rereflect back at the water surface.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 16 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
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4. Now, raise the tube and the tuning fork until a maximum sound is heard.
5. Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the first
resonating length, l1
6. Then raise the tube approximately about two times the first resonating length.
Excite the tuning fork again and place it on the mouth of the tube.
7. Change the height of the tube until the maximum sound is heard.
8. Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the second
resonating length l2
9. We can now calculate the velocity of sound in air at room temperature by using the
relation.
10. V = 2v(l2 − l1)
11. Repeat the experiment with forks of different frequency and calculate the velocity.
12. The mean of the calculated values will give the velocity of sound in air at room
temperature.

Observations:

S. Frequency First
Second resonating V=
No of resonating length l2 – l1
length l2 (cm) 2v (l2 – l1)
tuning l1 (cm) (x10-2m)
Trial Trail Trial Trail m s-1
fork v HZ 1 2
Mean
1 2
Mean

01 512 13.2 13.2 13.2 46.0 46.0 46.0 0.328 335.9

02 480 17.3 17.3 17.3 51.6 51.6 51.6 0.343 329.3

03 426 17.6 17.6 17.6 53.6 53.6 53.6 0.38 323.8

Mean V = 329.7 m s-1

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 17 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Calculation:

1) V = 2v (l2 – l1) ms-1

= 2 x 512 x 0.328
V = 335.9 ms-1

2) V = 2v (l2 – l1) ms-1

= 2 x 480 x 0.343
V = 329.3 ms-1

3) V = 2v (l2 – l1) ms-1

= 2 x 426 x 0.380
V = 323.8 ms-1

. 3 . 3 .
Mean (V) = = 329.7ms-1

Result:
Velocity of sound in air at room temperature, (V) = 329.7 m s-1

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 18 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 06
Date :

06. VISCOSITY
TY OF A LIQUID BY STOKE’S METHOD

Aim:

To determine the co-effici

icient of viscosity of the given liquid by stoke’s
’s method

Apparatus Required:

A long cylindrical glass jar

jar, highly viscous liquid, metre scale, spheric
ical ball, stop
clock, thread.

Formula:

4$ 5 6 7
N s m-2
89
η=

viscosity of liquid (N s m–2)

where η - Coefficient of vi
r → radius of spherical ba
all ( m )
sphere ( kg m–3 )
δ → density of the steel sp
σ → density of the liquid ( kg m–3 )
g → acceleration due to gravity
g (9.8 m s–2 )
city ( m s–1 )
V → mean terminal veloci

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 19 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
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Procedure:
1. A long cylindrical glass jar with markings is taken.
2. Fill the glass jar with the given experimental liquid.
3. Two points A and B are marked on the jar. The mark A is made well below the
surface of the liquid so that when the ball reaches A it would have acquired terminal
velocity V.
4. The radius of the metal spherical ball is determined using screw gauge.
5. The spherical ball is dropped gently into the liquid.
6. Start the stop clock when the ball crosses the point A. Stop the clock when the ball
reaches B.
7. Note the distance between A and B and use it to calculate terminal velocity.
8. Now repeat the experiment for different distances between A and B. Make sure that
the point A is below the terminal stage.

Observations:
Distance covered by the spherical ball (d) = 0.325(m)
Radius of spherical ball (r ) = 5.5x10-3m

To find the terminal velocity:

Distance covered Terminal velocity

:
Time taken
S. No. by the spherical
t (s) ms-1
;
ball (d) (m) (V) =
01 0.325 1.062 0.306
02 0.325 1.091 0.297
03 0.325 1.045 0.311
04 0.325 1.089 0.298
05 0.325 1.069 0.304
06 0.325 1.057 0.307

Average: V = 0.304 ms-1

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 20 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Calculation:

4$ 5 6 7
N s m-2
89
η=

$
= < = . < &/>? @ < ABC/ & C/ < 8.B
8 < /.D/E
= D.8&D
.ADC
η = 1.43 N s m-2

Result:
The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by stoke’s method η = 1.43 N s m-2

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 21 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 07
Date :

07. SURFACE T
TENSION BY CAPILLARY RISE METHOD
Aim:

To determine surface tens

nsion of a liquid by capillary rise method.

Apparatus Required:

A beaker of Water, capilla

llary tube, vernier microscope, two holed rubb
bber stopper, a
knitting needle, a short rub
rubber tubing and retort clamp.

Formula:

FGHI
he liquid T =
The surface tension of the N m-1
sion of the liquid (N m–1)
Where T → Surface tensio
h → height of the liquid in the capillary tube (m)
r → radius of the capillary
ry tube (m)
g m–3) (σ = 1000 kg m–3)
σ → Density of water (kg
gravity (g = 9.8 m s–2)
g → Acceleration due to g

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 22 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
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Procedure:
1. A clean and dry capillaryy tube
t is taken and fixed in a stand
2. A beaker containing water ter is placed on an adjustable platform and theth capillary
tube is dipped inside the b beaker so that a little amount of water is rais
ised inside.
3. Fix a needle near the capi pillary tube so that the needle touches the water
wa surface
4. A Vernier microscope iss ffocused at the water meniscus level and the he
corresponding reading iss ttaken after making the cross wire coinciden nce.
5. Vernier microscope is focu cused to the tip of the needle and again read ading is taken
and noted.
6. The difference between th the two readings of the vertical scale gives ththe height (h) of
the liquid raised in the tub
be.
7. Now to find the radius off tthe tube, lower the height of the support bas ase and remove
the beaker, carefully rotat
ate the capillary tube so that the immersed lower
lo end face
towards you.
8. Focus the tube using Vern rnier microscope to clearly see the inner wallalls of the tube.
9. Let the vertical cross wirere coincide with the left side inner walls of the
e tube. Note
down the reading (L1)
10. Turn the microscope scre rews in horizontal direction to view the right side
si inner wall
of the tube. Note the read ding (R1). Thus the radius of the tube can be calculated as
&
(l1 – R1)
11. Finally calculate the surfa
face tension using the given formula.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 23 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
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Observations:
To measure height of the liquid (h)

Microscope Reading
For the position of lower meniscus For the position of lower tip of
S. of liquid the needle Height of
N TR = the liquid
TR =
o. MSR VC VSR MSR VC VSR MSR + h (cm)
MSR + VSR
(cm) (Div.) (cm) (cm) (Div.) (cm) VSR
(a) cm
(b) cm
01 5.15 39 0.039 5.189 4.05 16 0.016 4.066 1.123
02 5.30 26 0.26 5.326 4.15 5 0.005 4.155 1.171
03 5.65 4 0.004 5.654 4.50 49 0.049 4.549 1.105

Mean h = 1.133 cm

Radius of the capillary tube:

Microscope Reading
Radius of
For the position of inner left wall For the position of inner right the
of the tube l1 wall of the tube R1 capillary
S.
TR = tube.
No TR =
MSR VC VSR MSR VC VSR MSR + r=
MSR + VSR &
(cm) (Div.) (cm) (cm) (Div.) (cm) VSR (l1 – R1)
(a) cm
(b) cm
01 4.50 6 0.006 4.506 4.25 30 0.03 4.280 0.113
02 10.30 4 0.004 10.304 10.05 15 0.015 10.065 0.1195

Radius r = 0.116x10-2m
Calculation:
Radius of the capillary tube r = 0.116x10-2m
Density of the liquid σ = 1000 kg m-3
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m s-2
FGHI
The surface tension of the liquid T = N m-1

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 24 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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FGHI
Surface Tension T =
/.&&C J &/>$ J&.&DDJ&/>$ J&///J8.B
=
& B.A8 J &/>?
=

T = 64.39 x 10-3 Nm-1

Result:

Surface tension of the given liquid by capillary rise method T = 64.39 x 10-3 Nm-1

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 25 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 08
Date :

08. NEWTON’S L
LAW OF COOLING USING CALORIMETER
R
Aim:

To study the relationship

p between
b the temperature of a hot body and
d time by
plotting a cooling curve.

Apparatus Required:

Copper calorimeter with stirrer,

s one holed rubber cork, thermometer,
r, stop clock,
heater / burner, water, cla
lamp and stand

Newton’s Law of Cooling:

Newton’s law of cooling ststates that the rate of change of the tempera
rature of an
object is proportional to th
the difference between its own temperature and
a the
ambient temperature. (i.e.
.e., the temperature of its surroundings)

K K
∝
KL KL
(T – T0) whe
here
→ Rate of change of temperature (°C
°C)

T → Temperature of
o water (°C)
T0 → Room Tempe
perature (°C)
Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Note the room temperaturure as (T0) using the thermometer.

2. Hot water about 90°C is poured
p into the calorimeter.
3. Close the calorimeter with
ith one holed rubber cork

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 26 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
www.kalviseithi.Net www.tnstudy.in
4. Insert the thermometer ininto calorimeter through the hole in rubber cork
co
5. Start the stop clock and o
observe the time for every one degree fall of temperature
from 80°C
6. Take sufficient amount of reading, say closer to room temperature
7. The observations are tabu
bulated
8. Draw a graph by taking tim
time along the x axis and excess temperature re along y axis.

Model Graph:

Observations:
Measuring the change in tem
mperature of water with time

T
Temperature Excess temperature
Time (s)
o
of water (T) °C (T – T0) °C
0 89 59
180 83 53
360 77 47
540 72.5 42.5
720 68.5 38.5
900 65 35
1080 61.5 31.5
1260 59 29
1440 56.5 26.5
1620 54 24
1800 52.5 22.5
1980 50 20

Result:
The cooling curve is plotte
tted and thus Newton’s law of cooling is verifi
ified.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 27 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
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Expt. No. : 09
Date :

09. STUDY OF RELATION BET

TWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF A GIVEN WIRE
UNDER CONSSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER
Aim:

To study the relation betw

tween frequency and length of a given wire under
un constant
tension using a sonometeter.

Apparatus Required:

Sonometer, six tuning forkrks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubbe

ber pad, paper
rider, hanger with half – ki
kilogram masses, wooden bridges

Formula:

& #
The frequency n of the fundamen
ental mode of vibration of a string is given by
yn= O HZ
N P
&
ed T. n ∝
N
a) For a given m and fixed (or) nl = constant
where n → Frequency off tthe fundamental mode of vibration of the string
str (Hz)
–1
m → Mass per unit length th of the string ( kg m )
l → Length of the string be
between the wedges (m)
T → Tension in the stringg (including the mass of the hanger) = Mg ( N )
M → Mass suspended, including
in the mass of the hanger (Kg)

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 28 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
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Procedure:
1. Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure
minimum friction
2. Stretch the wire by placing suitable mass in the hanger
3. Set the tuning fork into vibrations by striking it against the rubber pad. Plug the
sonometer wire and compare the two sounds.
4. Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by sliding the bridge B till the sounds appear
alike.
5. For the final adjustment, place a small paper rider R in the middle of the wire AB.
6. Sound the tuning fork and place its shank stem on the bridge A or on the
sonometer box and slowly adjust the position of bridge B until the paper rider is
agitated violently indicating resonance.
7. The length of the wire between the wedges A and B is measured using meter
scale. It is the resonant length. Now the frequency of vibration of the fundamental
mode equals the frequency of the tuning fork.
8. Repeat the above procedure for other tuning forks by keeping the same load in the
hanger.

Observations:

Variation of frequency with length

Frequency of the Resonant nl

tuning fork ‘n’ (Hz) length ‘l’

n1 = 288 32.5 3.07 93.60

n2 = 320 30.1 3.32 96.32
n3 = 341 27.6 3.62 94.12
n4 = 480 19.5 5.12 93.40

Mean = nl = 94.36 Hzm

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 29 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Calculation:
The product nl for all the tuning forks remain constant (last column in the table)

1) n x l = 288 x 0.325 = 93.60

2) n x l = 320 x 0.301 = 96.32

3) n x l = 341 x 0.276 = 94.12

4) n x l = 480 x 0.195 = 93.40

8D.C/38C.D 38E.& 38D.E/ DAA.EE

nxl= = = 94.36
E E

Result:

For a given tension, the resonant length of a given stretched string varies as reciprocal
&
of the frequency (i.e., n ∝
N
)
The product nl is a constant and found to be 94.36 (Hz m)

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 30 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

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Expt. No. : 10
Date :

10. STUDY OF RELATION BET

ETWEEN LENGTH OF THE GIVEN WIRE AND
A TENSION
FOR A CONSTA
TANT FREQUENCY USING SONOMETER

Aim:

To study the relationship

p between
b the length of a given wire and tens
nsion for
constant frequency usingg a sonometer

Apparatus Required:

Sonometer, tuning fork of known frequency, meter scale, rubber pad,

d, paper rider,
hanger with half – kilogram
am masses, wooden bridges.

Formula:
The frequency of the fund
damental mode of vibration of a string is give
iven by,
& #
O
N P
n= HZ

If n is a constant, for a giv

iven wire (m is constant)
√#
N
is constant
where n → Frequency off tthe fundamental mode of vibration of a strin
ing (Hz)
th of string (kg m–1)
m → Mass per unit length
T → Tension in the string
g (including the weight of the hanger) = Mg (N)
(N
l → Length of the string be
between the wedges ( metre )
M → Mass suspended, inc
including the mass of the hanger (kg)
Diagram:

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed.,

d., C.C.A., 31 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYA
YAMPOONDI
www.kalviseithi.Net www.tnstudy.in

Procedure:
1. Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure
that it has minimum friction.
2. Set a tuning fork of known frequency into vibration by striking it against the rubber
pad. Plug the sonometer wire and compare the sound due to the vibration of tuning
fork and the plugged wire.
3. Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by the adjusting the bridge B till the two
sounds appear alike.
4. Place a mass of 1 kg for initial reading in the load hanger.
5. For final adjustment place a small paper rider R in the middle of the wire AB.
6. Now, strike the tuning fork and place its shank stem on the bridge A and then
slowly adjust the position of the bridge B till the paper rider is agitated violently
(might eventually falls) indicating resonance.
7. Measure the length of the wire between wedges at A and B which is the
fundamental mode corresponding to the frequency of the tuning fork.
8. Increase the load on the hanger in steps of 0.5 kg and each time find the
resonating length as done before with the same tuning fork.
9. Record the observations in the tabular column.

Model Graph:

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 32 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI

www.kalviseithi.Net www.tnstudy.in

Observations:

Variation of resonant length with tension

S.
Mass M (kg)
Tension
√
Vibrating
l2 √R
S
No. T = Mg (N) length l (m)
1 2.0 19.6 4.43 27.5 756.25 16.11
2 2.5 24.5 4.95 30.1 906.01 16.44
3 3.0 29.4 5.42 32.6 1062.76 16.63
4 3.5 34.3 5.86 35.3 1246.09 16.60

√#
=
N
16.42

Calculation:
√#
N
Calculate the value for the tension applied in each case.

√# E.E D
N
= /. A
= 16.11

√# E.8
= = 16.44
N /.D/&

√# .E
= = 16.63
N /.D C

√# .BC
= = 16.60
N /.D D
√# &C.&&3&C.EE3&C.CD3&C.C/ C .AB
= = = 16.45
N E E
Mean

Result:
The resonating length varies as square root of tension for a given frequency of
√#
N
vibration of a stretched string. found to be a constant.

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., 33 SRM HR.SEC.SCHOOL, KAVERIYAMPOONDI