Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Student Name: Cindy Luu

Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-6XVSD7N

Pre-Lab Questions
”1. How do banding patterns change when a muscle contracts?”
This is the muscle constriction that make the actin and myosin myofilaments to lower the
length and connect together. They have H and I zone which are eventually became bigger and
the the A band that is remain unchanged.
”2. What is the difference between a muscle organ, a muscle fiber, myofibril and a
myofilament? ”
Muscle organ is consisting of every skeletal muscular system in the body. Every single organ or
muscle are all including of the skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue and the nerve tissue.
Every muscle that binds outside by the connective tissue sheath is known as an epimysium.
Muscle tissue that has something in it then it’s called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers have single
muscle cell. Their main function is to control the physical forces within the body. Myofibril is
just a basis rod with the same number of amounts of the muscle cell. Muscles are containing of
tubular cells is myocytes. The long proteins that hold the myofibrils together are organized into
thick and thin filaments. Which also known as myofilaments.

”3. Outline the molecular mechanism for skeletal muscle contraction. At what point is ATP used
and why? ”
When muscle contract, ATP that connect to myosin later to become ATP to ADP and PI. Calcium
and troponin that connect with each other to make tropomyosin, these let the myosin heads to
become a bridge. ADP and PI are given that make actin to go towards to center of the
sarcomere causing in a stroking power. ATP then release quickly to make a high beats of the
heart rate and also increase body temperature to allow body In a homeostasis.
”4. Explain why rigor mortis occurs. ”
It happens when the partial of the muscle contract and cannot go to the relaxation states
because there is not enough of blood and oxygen that can supply throughout body.
Experiment 1: Tendons and Ligaments
Post-Lab Questions
”1. Label the arrows in the slide images below based on your observations from the
experiment. ”
A- Chrondrocytes
B- Collagen
C- Collagen fibers
D- Skeletal muscle fiber
E- nuclei
F- collagen fibers
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

”2. How does the extra cellular matrix of connective tissues contribute to its function? ”
Cellular matrix that stick together with the tissue types can be different with the connection of
epidermis to the dermis layer which located underneath it.
”3. Why are tendons and ligament tissues difficult to heal? ”
Because there is no blood that can go through to supply them nutrient, blood is a source of
nutrients that help with healing therefore it does not have a nutrient that help them to heal.
”4. What difference do you see between the tendon – muscle insertion image and the tendon
image? ”
The tendon looks smooth and going to one direction, the tendon-muscle insertion image looks
like connective tissue.
”5. What differences do you see between the tendon and ligament sections? ”
the ligament which have the skeletal muscle fibers while Tendons connect muscles to bones.
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Experiment 2: The Neuromuscular Junction

Post-Lab Questions
”1. Are there few or many nuclei at the end plate? ”
Many
”2. What is a motor unit? ”
Motor unit is a medical terminology which binds to a single motor neuron and all of the muscle
fibers that it stimulates. They work closely together to provide muscle contraction.
”3. How is a greater force generated (in terms or motor unit recruitment)? ”
Every neuron will give tens to thousands of signal to other neurons that contracts multiple
muscle fibers also to create a more forces.
”4. What types of sensors are present within the muscle to identify how much force is
generated? ”
The proprioceptors.

Experiment 3: Muscle Fatigue

Table 2: Experimental Counts

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

Predicted Value 19 19 18 19 16

Actual Value 19 19 18 19 16

Post-Lab Questions
”1. How did the predicted results compare to the actual results? ”
Based on an actual prediction results it shown that my predicted results is closer to the actual
result. It shown that the values were within 4 of one to another.
”2. Did you notice any changes in the number of repetitions you could perform, or how your
hand felt after each of the trials? ”
On every single trial I feel like it get more difficulted to move rubber band. The muscles feel
tight, soreness and fatigued to touch. Each single trial the amount of repetitions continue to
loose.
”3. Explain the actions that were occurring at the cellular level to produce this movement.
Include sources of energy and any possible effect of muscle fatigue. ”
This happens when muscle ATP processed of metabolism of biomolecules. When you exercise
there is lower acid that cause the muscle to get tired.
”4. Hypothesize what would happen if blood flow was restricted to the hand when this
experiment is performed. ”
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

If the blood flow was restricted from the hand during this expertise’s it would be even more
difficult to move the rubber band and it would eventually come to the point where the muscles
would no longer able to function due to lack of oxygen being provided to the muscle.
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Experiment 4: Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System

Table 3: Gross Anatomy Data

Movement Muscle(s) Activated Action(s) of Muscle(s)

Deltoid, triceps brachii Lift arm and abducts

Forearm Extended (Step 1) extended away from the
body
Flexor digitorum Flex fingers outward
Fingers Extended and Splayed (Step 1) profundus, flexor
digitorum superficials
Flexor digitorum Fingers flex inward into a
Fingers Retracted (Step 1)
superficals fist
Deltoid, triceps brachii Flexes to keep muscles
Forearm Pressed Down Upon (Step 2)
fixed in place
Biceps brachii Flexes and adducts
Elbow Bent (Step 3)
toward the body
Deltoid, pectoralis Lateral rotation,
Arm Raised to Side with Heavy Object (Step
major, triceps brachii abduction, and flex to
4)
raise weight
Deltoid, pectorals major, Posterior rotation,
Arm Extended Back with Heavy Object (Step
triceps brachia abduction and fled to
4)
raise weight
Illiopsoas, quadriceps Lift leg superiorly and
Life leg and bend the knee
femoris, hartstrings bend knee inward.
Move left leg in a rotation to the left side of Glutinous maximus Toate thigh laterally
the body

Move right leg in a rotation inward towards Gluteus minims Rotate thigh medially
the body

Extensor digitorum Flexes tose apart

Spread toes apart longus, extensor hallucis
longus
Flex sole of the foot outward Soleus Plantarflexion of foot
flexor digitorum longus flexes toes down toward
Clamp toes tightly downward
sole of the foot

Flex the calf Gastrocnemius Tighten muscle to flex

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Movement Muscle(s) Activated Action(s) of Muscle(s)

calf.

Post-Lab Questions
1. Label the human muscle diagram.
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

A - pectoralis major
B - palmari longus
C - Vantus medialis
D - Biceps
E - flexor carpi radialis
F - Deltoid
G - vast lateral
H - peroneus longus

2. Which muscle(s) were used to extend your arms backward?

Triceps brachii
3. Which muscle(s) were used to extend and splay your fingers outward?
extensor digitorum
Experiment 5: ATP and Muscle Fatigue
Table 4: Muscle Fatigue Data

Trial Time (seconds)

Trial 1 70 seconds

Trial 2 63 seconds

Trial 3 39 seconds

Post-Lab Questions
”1. What happened to the time intervals between Trial 1 and Trial 3? What caused this
change? ”
It shown the number of the seconds steadily shortened as the muscles fatigued with the
continued exercise.
”2. Identify three muscles which were engaged during the wall-sit. ”
Gluteus Maximus, rectus femurs, vast laterals.
”3. Explain the biochemical reasoning behind muscle fatigue. ”
Continued physical activity causes the muscle tissues to lose their ability to contract and the
movement of muscles decreases. Therefore, muscle tissues may feel tired or exhausted due to
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

lack of energy and the ability to perform decreases.

Experiment 6: The Virtual Model – The Muscular System (Upper Body)
Insert screenshot of the latissimus dorsi muscle:

Insert screenshot of the greater pectoral muscle:

Insert screenshot of the brachial muscle:

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Post-Lab Questions
”1. What is the scientific term for the muscles of the mouth? ”
Orbicularis oris
”2. What is the scientific name of the muscle that facilitates the raising of the lower lip? Is it on
the ventral or dorsal side of the body?
Mentails and it is a ventral side of the body.
”3. Which muscle is deeper in the body: the internal oblique muscle or the transverse
abdominal muscle?
Transversus abdominis muscle.
4. Is the trapezius muscle located in the abdomen, back, head, neck or thorax? ”
Back and neck
”5. What muscle is more medial, the deltoid muscle or the greater pectoral muscle?
Deltoid

Experiment 7: The Virtual Model – The Muscular System (Lower Body)

Insert screenshot of the semitendinous muscle:
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Insert screenshot of the soleus muscle:

Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Insert screenshot of the gracilis muscle:

Post-Lab Questions
1. What is the role of the long extensor muscle of the toes? Which toes does it control?
The function of the long extensor muscle of the toes is to extend the toes upward. The
gracilis muscle is located in the thigh.
2. What is an adductor muscle? List three examples of adductor muscles here.
The muscle that make a line away of the body go toward median line. 3 examples are
adductor longus, adductor brevis and adductor magnus.
3. Is the gracilis muscle located in the foot, hip, leg, or thigh muscle group?
hip
4. Relate the location of the semitendinous muscle and the greater gluteal muscle.
The ischial attachment of the semitendinosus lies deep to gluteus maximus muscle.
Being in the same plane and located medial to biceps femoris the muscle belly and its
tendon course posteriorly to adductor magnus and semimembranosus in the thigh.
5. Which muscle is most distal: the pectineal muscle, the soleus muscle, or the abductor
muscle of the great toe?
Great toe.

Experiment 8: Fetal Pig Dissection - Muscular System

Table 5: Experimental Data
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

Muscle Origin Insertion Movement

Proximal end of the

Pectoralis major Sternum numerous of the Adducts te front leg
front leg
Lumbar and
Moves the front lef
Latissimus dorsi thoracic Humerus
posterior.
vertebrae
Spine and
Deltoids Humerus Adducts the front leg
scapula
Pubris crest and Ribs 5,6,7 and
Rectus abdominis Holds pelvis stable
sympgysis xyphoid process
Iliac crest and Expands and constricts the
Transverse abdominis Xyphoid process
ribs abdomen
Lumbar dorsal Proximal at the end
Gluteus medius Abducts the thigh
facia of femur

Post-Lab Questions
”1. Describe the tissue that covers muscles. ”
It’s a thick smooth layer of fascia that made oft he connective tissue.
”2. How many layers of abdominal muscle are there? ”
4 layers
”3. What direction do the muscle fibers of the external oblique run? ”
Inferior to superior
”4. Why are muscle fibers considered excitable? ”
Because they are able to perform the action potentials after stimulus.
”5. Why is it important to have both flexors and extensors? ”
Muscle can pull bones, but they can not push back the original position. So they work in pairs of
flexors and extensors. The flexors contracts to the end a limb at a joint. Then, when the
movement is compleeted.
”6. How can muscle mass be influenced by training or age? ”
The More we use our muscle the more muscle we will have. If we don’t use it then we will lose
it. Training that will help to build up your muscle because you will gain it due to more
frequently use o fit. However, as we aged the muscle mass will loss naturally.
Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L

”Insert image of pig with skin removed with your name and kit code clearly visible in the
background: ”